Purchase Process & Post Purchase Behavior
Consumer Purchasing Process. purchase - the acquisition of something for payment; "they closed the purchase with a handshake." It consists five steps…
Recognition Recognitio n of an unsatisfied needs.
Information Search
Evaluation of alternatives
Purchase decision.
Post purchase behavior.
Key Terms Buying Behavior
– The
decision processes and acts of people involved in buying and using products
Consumer Buying Behavior
– Buying
behavior of people who purchase products for personal use and not for business purposes…
Consumer Decision-Making Process Need Need Recognition Recognition
Cultural, Cultural, Social, Social, Individual Individual and and Psychological Psychological Factors Factors affect affect all all steps steps
Information Information Search Search Evaluation Evaluation of of Alternatives Alternatives Purchase Purchase Postpurchase Postpurchase Behavior Behavior
1. Need Recognition • Marketing helps consumers recognize (or create) an imbalance between present status and preferred state
When a current product isn’t performing properly
•
When the consumer is running out of an product
Preferred State •
When another product seems superior to the one currently used….
2. The information search stage
An internal search involves the scanning of one's memory to recall previous experiences or knowledge concerning solutions to the problem-- often sufficient for frequently purchased products. An external search may be necessary when past experience or knowledge is insufficient, the risk of making a wrong purchase decision is high, and/or the cost of gathering information is low.
Personal sources (friends and family) Public sources (rating services like Consum Consumer er Reports) Marketer-dominated sources (advertising or sales people)
The evoked
set:
a group of brands from which the buyer can choose
Determinants of External Search
3. Evaluation of Alternatives
Product Choice
Brand Choice
Dealer Choice
Purchase Timing
Purchase Amount….
4. Purchase – Choosing
the product or brand to be bought based on the outcome of the evaluation stage
– The
choice of seller may affect the final product selection.
– Factors
such as terms of sale, price, delivery, and warranties may affect the sale….
5. Post Purchase Behaviour Cognitive Dissonance
?
Did I make a good decision? Did I buy the right product? Did I get a good value?
Can minimize through:
•Effective Communication •Follow-up •Guarantees Warranties •Under promise & •Over deliver
Post - Purchase Behaviour
Satisfaction
Actions
Use and Disposal….
Corporate Purchasing Process.
• •
All production firms have the need of supplies of materials and services from external sources. This makes purchasing, one of the most significant functions of any Production Manager. Purchasing function may include the purchase of Raw Materials. In simple words we can say that Purchasing is the act of exchange of goods and services for money or money’s worth.
Definition According to LEVIS LEVIS::“Purchasing is the acquisition by manufacture of any necessary primary material suppliers, equipments by any method whatsoever”.
Objectives
Purchasing items with right price.
Purchasing items with right quality.
Purchasing items at right time.
Purchasing items from right source.
Purchasing items of right quantity.
Steps Of Purchasing Procedure The purchasing generally comprises the following steps: 1) Recognition of the need 2) Selection of the supplier 3) Placing the purchase order 4) Follow up of the order 5) Receiving and inspection of the materials 6) Payment of the invoice 7) Maintenance of the records & Maintenance of the vendor relations.
PURCHASE SYSTEMS
Pre-purchase System.
Ordering System
Post Purchasing System.
Pre-purchase System: Includes making requisitions, requirement programmes,selection of suppliers, obtain quotations and evaluating them.
•
Ordering System: Once the decision on supplier & the rates are finalized the order is placed with the selected supplier. The next task is to place the Order.
Order form Contains….
Purchase Order reference number
Description Of materials & detailed spcs.
Quality Required and Delivery Schedule.
Price and Discounts.
Shipping Shippi ng Instructions.
Location Where Matls. Are to be shipped.
Signature Of materials Manager.
Detailed Terms Of Conditions.
Post Purchase System
Includes follow-up procedure, receipt and checking invoices.
Whole sys operates in probabilistic condition.
Once items are received, they are checked for quality, quantity, specifications etc.
Invoices are also checked for correct tally with PO details.
Special Purchase Systems
Forward Buying
Tender Buying
Blanket Order
Zero Stock
Rate Contract
Forward buying
the purchasing period say 1 yr. will be taken in advance and Commitment is made for qty, rate, delivery schedule by considering availability of funds and the requirements. Used for public buying to avoid favourism to a specific vendor.
Tender Buying:
Preparing Bidders list Advertising tenders Receiving bids Evaluating Bids Placing of orders with bidders with lowest cost.
Blanket Order
Organization will enter in to agreement with its supplies to receive items for a required qty at a particular rate over a period of time.
Zero Stock :
JIT and Zero inventory concept
Suppliers near to plant are considered.
Organization even provide technical know-how, QC support etc. to its suppliers.
Rate Contract
Very much used in public sector and Govt. departments
The suppliers are on rate contract with DGS&D for a specific period.
Organization can place orders to straight away with such firms without going through the lengthy procedure of purchasing.
Aspects Of Purchase Management
Price forecasting
Purchasing of capital equipments
International purchasing
Public buying
Price Forecasting
Its prediction of future prices
It helps in buying materials in right r ight time and of right qty.
Especially while impact of seasonal variation is present.
Methods….
Charting method
Moving average method
Regression methods
Exponential smoothing method
Purchasing Of Capital Equipments
These are having very less frequency.
As having huge capital outlay under fixed Over heads, a careful ansys should be done before buying these items.
Various Approaches:
Pay back period method
Rate of Return method
Present worth method
Annual equivalent method
Future worth method
Options
Purchase of new equipment
Purchased of used equipments
Leasing
Public Buying
Here the centralized buying concept was promoted to satisfy the demand of the organizations like defense, Railways, Post & telegraphs, State govts, public sector & quasi public bodies through DGS&D which is the centralized purchasing organization of India.
5. Post Purchase Behaviour Cognitive Dissonance
?
Did I make a good decision? Did I buy the right product? Did I get a good value?
Can minimize through:
•Effective Communication •Follow-up •Guarantees Warranties •Under promise & •Over deliver
Post Purchase Behavior
This refers to the behavior of a consumer after purchasing a product. They may be satisfied or dissatisfied with it. This satisfaction/dissatisfaction satisfaction/dissati sfaction will result in certain consequences.
They first exhibits a behavior and latter tries to justify it by forming an attitude in self justification.
If satisfied.. He would regularly regularly buy the product and develop a loyalty. loyalty. Also there there exist positive word of mouth.
If Dissatisfied.. He would stop stop buying the products, there is no loyalty building. Also there exist negative word of mouth. He feels mental tension also.
Continue..
If Dissatisfied.. He would stop buying the products, there is no loyalty building. Also there exist negative word of mouth. He feels mental tension also.
This is known as Cognitive dissonance or Post purchase dissonance.
It refers to the anxiety or doubts the consumer have after making purchase .
