PTE Writing
PTE Writing
Test Structure Part II: Writing (total (total time 40, 50 or 60 minutes) Item Type
Summarize
Number of tasks
2-3 (Part (Partial ial credit credit))
written text
Task Description
After After read reading ing a pass passage age,, write write a oneone-
Skills assessed
Reading Writing
sentence (5-75 words) summary of
Text/
Time to
Recording
answer
length Text up to
10 minutes
300 words
the passage. Write rite essa essay y
1-2 1-2 (P (Parti artial al cred credit it))
Write rite an essa essay y of of 200 200-3 -300 00 word wordss on on a given topic.
Writing
Up to 4 sentences
20 minutes
PTE Writing
Summarize written text ( 2 – 3 Que Ques stion tions) s)
PTE Writing
Summarize written text ( 2 – 3 Q) Instructions: Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You will have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
mpor an : Answer length:
5 – 75 words
Time:
10 minutes
Answer format:
Single sentence
PTE Writing
Summarize written text ( 2 – 3 Q) THREE QUESTION TYPES: TYPE 1: Contrasting main ideas/topic sentences
TYPE 2: Multiple main ideas/topic sentences
TYPE 3: Multiple details a.
Descriptive paragraphs i. Superlatives ii. Wh - Questions
b.
Reports
PTE Writing
Summarize written text 1. Contrasting main ideas/topic sentences
(contd.)
PTE Writing
Summarize written text 1. Contrasting main ideas/topic sentences
(contd.)
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
1. Contrasting main ideas/topic sentences
As a social practice developed for various functions, a dowry is still seen as a usual part of marriage in some traditional cultures, although not as common as it used to be. USE TRANSITION WORD TO SHOW THE CONSTRAST. The practice of dowry was common in ancient world and medieval Europe, whereas it is not so popular today.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
FUNCTION
TRANSITIONS for example
next
such
for instance at this point
to illustrate furthermore
such as in fact
because as a result of
how because of
in this case one reason is
because accordingly
due to consequently
since therefore
as a result although
conversely
otherwise instead
nevertheless
thus rather
unlike
however
in contrast
on the contrary
on the other hand
whereas
while
Illustrate
Explain
Give Reasons
Contrast
Add
also
finally
moreover
another
first, second, third…
not only…but also
as well as although
furthermore except for
too however
but certainly
even though indeed
yet most importantly
clearly
in fact
surely
Limit
Emphasize
PTE Writing
Summarize written text ( 2 – 3 Q) Practice using compound and complex sentences Your response must be expressed within one sentence, so you will need to use a complex or compound sentence to be able to summarize the main point of the passage and also briefly mention the supporting detail. For example, look at the clause structures used in these summaries to link supporting ideas to the main point: Pronoun ‘which’ Introduces a relative , complex sentence
Conjunction ‘and’ joins two simple sentences together to produce a compound
PTE Writing
Write essay
(contd.)
Sentence variety 1. Complex vs. compound sentence A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 1. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence and makes a complete thought. 2. A dependent clause can not stand alone, even though it has a subject and a verb. e.g., Evergreen trees are a symbol of fertility because they do not die in the winter. When the cost goes up, customers buy less clothing.
PTE Writing
Write essay
(contd.)
Sentence variety 1. Complex vs. compound sentence A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses joined together with a coordinator such as for, and, but, or, yet or so. 1. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence and makes a complete thought. e.g., I always wanted to be somebody, but I should have been more specific. (Jane Wagner) Becky wishes she could be younger, for everyone else in the program is half her age.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text ( 2 – 3 Q) Other sentence varieties 1. Noun + Clause / Appositives Sydney is a beautiful city. It is in New South Wales. Revision: Sydney, a beautiful city, is in New South Wales. My room, which is very small, has three occupants including me.
2. Prepositional Phrase In my room, the air conditioning does not work properly and also makes a lot of noise. For a limited time, Woolworths is having a sale.
3. Start Sentences with Transitions Although, Though, Despite …
PTE Writing
Summarize written text 2. Multiple topic sentences/main ideas
(contd.)
PTE Writing
Summarize written text 2. Multiple topic sentences/main ideas
(contd.)
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
2. Multiple topic sentences/main ideas
The media scrutiny of public figures, who often misuse their publicity, should be supported because their income is sourced from the public and their lifestyle has an impact on the issues related to the public.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
3. i. Multiple details (Descriptive Paragraphs) By far the most popular and most consumed drink in the world is water, water, but it may come as no surprise surpri se that the second most popular beverage beverage is tea. Although tea was was originally grown only in certain parts of Asia - in countries such as China, Burma and India - it is now a key export export product in more than 50 countries around the globe. Countries that grow tea, however, however, need to have the right tropical climate, which includes up to 200 centimetres of rainfall per year to encourage fast growth, growth, and temperatures that range from ten to 35 degrees centigrade. They also need to have quite specif ic geographical features, such as high altitudes to promote the flavour and taste of the tea, and land that can offer plenty of shade in the form of other trees and vegetation to keep the plants cool and fresh. Together Together these conditions contribute to the production of the the wid wide e ran ran e of of hi hi h- ualit ualit teas teas tha thatt are are in such such hu e dem deman and d amo amon n the the worl world's d's cons consum umer ers. s. Ther There e is green tea, jasmine tea, earl grey tea, peppermint tea, tea to help you sleep, tea to promote healing and tea to relieve stress; but above all, tea is a social drink that seems to suit the palates and consumption habits of human beings in general.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
3. i. Multiple details (Superlatives) (Superlatives) By far the most popular and most consumed drink in the world is water, water, but it may come as no surprise surpri se that the second most popular beverage is tea. Although tea was originally grown only in certain parts of Asia - in countries countries such as China, China, Burma and India India - it is now a key export product in more than 50 countries around the globe. Countries that grow tea, however, however, need to have the right tropical climate, climate, which includes up to 200 centimetres of rainfall per year to encourage fast growth, growth, and temperatures that range from ten to 35 degrees centigrade. They also need to have quite specific geographical features, features, such as high altitudes to promote the flavour and taste of the tea, and land that can offer plenty of shade in the form of other trees and vegetation to keep the plants cool and fresh. Together Together these conditions contribute to the production of the the wid wide e ran ran e of of hi h- ualit teas that are in suc such h hu e dema demand nd amon the world's world's consumers. consumers. There There is green tea, jasmine tea, earl grey tea, peppermint tea, tea to help you sleep, tea to promote healing and tea to relieve stress; but above all, tea is a social drink that seems to suit the palates and consumption habits of human beings in general.
LOOK FOR SUPERLATIVES
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
3. i. Multiple details (Superlatives) (Superlatives) By far the most popular and most consumed drink in the world is water, water, but it may come as no surprise surpri se that the second most popular beverage is tea. Although tea was originally grown only in certain parts of Asia - in countries countries such as China, China, Burma and India India - it is now a key export product in more than 50 countries around the globe. Countries that grow tea, however, however, need to have the right tropical climate, climate, which includes up to 200 centimetres of rainfall per year to encourage fast growth, growth, and temperatures that range from ten to 35 degrees centigrade. They also need to have quite specific geographical features, features, such as high altitudes to promote the flavour and taste of the tea, and land that can offer plenty of shade in the form of other trees and vegetation to keep the plants cool and fresh. Together Together these conditions contribute to the production of the the wid wide e ran ran e of of hi h- ualit teas that are in suc such h hu e dema demand nd amon the world's world's consumers. consumers. There There is green tea, jasmine tea, earl grey tea, peppermint tea, tea to help you sleep, tea to promote healing and tea to relieve stress; but above all, tea is a social drink that seems to suit the palates and consumption habits of human beings in general.
Tea, the second most popular beverage and a social drink, is grown in certain parts of Asia with right rig ht tropical climate and specific geographical features so that high quality products can be exported to meet the global demands.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
3. ii. Multiple details (Wh - Questions) For millions of years, Mediterranean sea turtles have been coming to the shore of southern Lebanon to lay their eggs. Every summer, their babies hatch and literally run for their lives on the strip of sand that separates their nests from the sea. An endangered species, they have had been largely ignored in this part of Lebanon until two women set out to protect them. Mona Khalil was inspired by a walk on the beach during a visit to her homeland, when she first saw the turtles. Upon learning that they were close to disappearing from her country, Khalil decided to "come back and do something about them." The next year, 2000, she returned and teamed up with Habiba Fayed, who shares her passion for the environment. They opened a bed-and-breakfast in the Khalil family home to finance their efforts. Guests could simply vacation or, in the spirit of ecotourism, they could help the owners protect the turtles' nests and keep the beach clean. Female turtles travel to the exact spot where they were born to dig their nests in the sand, laying an average of 70 to 100 eggs. This is the moment when the women intervene. They protect the nests from predators by burying an iron grid in the sand above the eggs. The spaces on the grid are large enough to allow the baby turtles to emerge after a month and find their way to the sea and to a chance at life.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text 3. ii. Multiple details (Wh - Questions)
(contd.) ASK WH - QUESTIONS
For millions of years, Mediterranean sea turtles have been coming to the shore of southern Lebanon to lay their eggs. Every summer, their babies hatch and literally run for their lives on the strip of sand that separates their nests from the sea. An endangered species, they have had been largely ignored in this part of Lebanon until two women set out to protect them. Mona Khalil was inspired by a walk on the beach during a visit to her homeland, when she first saw the turtles. Upon learning that they were close to disappearing from her country, Khalil decided to "come back and do something about them." The next year, 2000, she returned and teamed up with Habiba Fayed, who shares her passion for the environment. They opened a bed-and-breakfast in the Khalil family home to finance their efforts. Guests could simply vacation or, in the spirit of ecotourism, they could help the owners protect the turtles' nests and keep the beach clean. Female turtles travel to the exact spot where they were born to dig their nests in the sand, laying an average of 70 to 100 eggs. This is the moment when the women intervene. They protect the nests from predators by burying an iron grid in the sand above the eggs. The spaces on the grid are large enough to allow the baby turtles to emerge after a month and find their way to the sea and to a chance at life.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
3. ii. Multiple details (Wh - Questions) For millions of years, Mediterranean sea turtles have been coming to the shore of southern Lebanon to lay their eggs. Every summer, their babies hatch and literally run for their lives on the strip of sand that separates their nests from the sea. An endangered species, they have had been largely ignored in this part of Lebanon until two women set out to protect them. Mona Khalil was inspired by a walk on the beach during a visit to her homeland, when she first saw the turtles. Upon learning that they were close to disappearing from her country, Khalil decided to "come back and do something about them." The next year, 2000, she returned and teamed up with Habiba Fayed, who shares her passion for the environment. They opened a bed-and-breakfast in the Khalil family home to finance their efforts. Guests could simply vacation or, in the spirit of ecotourism, they could help the owners protect the turtles' nests and keep the beach clean. Female turtles travel to the exact spot where they were born to dig their nests in the sand, laying an average of 70 to 100 eggs. This is the moment when the women intervene. They protect the nests from predators by burying an iron grid in the sand above the eggs. The spaces on the grid are large enough to allow the baby turtles to emerge after a month and find their way to the sea and to a chance at life. Mediterranean sea turtles, an endangered sea species, were protected by two women by opening a bed and breakfast to finance their effort to cover the turtle eggs with an iron grid.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
3. Multiple details (Reports) The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released a new report on anthropogenic climate change. The findings of the report include the following: • The world's average surface temperature has increased by around 0.74°C over the past 100 years (1906-2005). A warming of about 0.2°C is projected for each of the next two decades. • The best estimates for sea-level rise due to ocean expansion and glacier melt by the end of the century (compared to 1989 - 1999 levels) have narrowed to 28 - 58 cm versus 9 - 88 cm in the 2001 report due to improved understanding. However, larger values of up to 1 m by 2100 cannot be ruled out if ice sheets continue to melt as temperature rises. • Sea ice is projected to shrink in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Large areas of the Arctic Ocean could lose year-round ice cover by the end of the 21st centur if human emissions reach the hi her end of current estimates. The extent of Arctic sea ice has alread shrunk b about 2.7 per cent per decade since 1978, with the summer minimum declining by about 7.1 per cent per decade. • Snow cover has decreased in most regions, especially in spring. The maximum extent of frozen ground in the winter/spring season decreased by about 7 per cent in the Northern Hemisphere over the latter half of the 20th century. The average freezing date for rivers and lakes in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 150 years has arrived later by some 5.8 days per century, while the average break-up date has arrived earlier by 6.5 days per century. • It is "very likely" that precipitation will increase at high latitudes and "likely" it will decrease over most subtropical land regions. The pattern of these changes is similar to what has been observed during the 20th century.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
3. Multiple details (Reports) The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released a new report on anthropogenic climate change. The findings of the report include the following: • The world's average surface temperature has increased by around 0.74°C over the past 100 years (1906-2005). A warming of about 0.2°C is projected for each of the next two decades. • The best estimates for sea-level rise due to ocean expansion and glacier melt by the end of the century (compared to 1989 - 1999 levels) have narrowed to 28 - 58 cm versus 9 - 88 cm in the 2001 report due to improved understanding. However, larger values of up to 1 m by 2100 cannot be ruled out if ice sheets continue to melt as temperature rises. • Sea ice is projected to shrink in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Large areas of the Arctic Ocean could lose year-round ice cover by the end of the 21st centur if human emissions reach the hi her end of current estimates. The extent of Arctic sea ice has alread shrunk b about 2.7 per cent per decade since 1978, with the summer minimum declining by about 7.1 per cent per decade. • Snow cover has decreased in most regions, especially in spring. The maximum extent of frozen ground in the winter/spring season decreased by about 7 per cent in the Northern Hemisphere over the latter half of the 20th century. The average freezing date for rivers and lakes in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 150 years has arrived later by some 5.8 days per century, while the average break-up date has arrived earlier by 6.5 days per century. • It is "very likely" that precipitation will increase at high latitudes and "likely" it will decrease over most subtropical land regions. The pattern of these changes is similar to what has been observed during the 20th century.
PTE Writing
Summarize written text
(contd.)
3. Multiple details (Reports) The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released a new report on anthropogenic climate change. The findings of the report include the following: • The world's average surface temperature has increased by around 0.74°C over the past 100 years (1906-2005). A warming of about 0.2°C is projected for each of the next two decades. • The best estimates for sea-level rise due to ocean expansion and glacier melt by the end of the century (compared to 1989 - 1999 levels) have narrowed to 28 - 58 cm versus 9 - 88 cm in the 2001 report due to improved understanding. However, larger values of up to 1 m by 2100 cannot be ruled out if ice sheets continue to melt as temperature rises. • Sea ice is projected to shrink in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Large areas of the Arctic Ocean could lose year-round ice cover by the end of the 21st centur if human emissions reach the hi her end of current estimates. The extent of Arctic sea ice has alread shrunk b about 2.7 per cent per decade since 1978, with the summer minimum declining by about 7.1 per cent per decade. • Snow cover has decreased in most regions, especially in spring. The maximum extent of frozen ground in the winter/spring season decreased by about 7 per cent in the Northern Hemisphere over the latter half of the 20th century. The average freezing date for rivers and lakes in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 150 years has arrived later by some 5.8 days per century, while the average break-up date has arrived earlier by 6.5 days per century. • It is "very likely" that precipitation will increase at high latitudes and "likely" it will decrease over most subtropical land regions. The pattern of these changes is similar to what has been observed during the 20th century.
A new UN report finds that increasing surface temperatures around the world are causing rising sea levels, shrinking sea ice and snow cover, and changes in precipitation. According to a new report provided by IPCC, increase in the surface temperature … (BEST WAY TO START AN ANSWER FOR A REPORT)
PTE Writing
Write Essay ( 1 – 2 Questions)
PTE Writing
Write essay
Item Type
Number of tasks
(1 – 2 Q)
Task Description
Skills
Text/
Time to
assessed
Recording
answer
length Write essay
1-2 (Partial credit)
Write an essay of 200-300 words on a iven to ic.
Writing
Up to 4
20
sentences
minutes
PTE Writing
Write essay
(contd.)
You will have 20 minutes to plan, write and revise an essay about the topic below. Your response will be judged on how well you develop a position, organize your ideas, present supporting details, and control the elements of standard written English. You should write 200 - 300 words.
Age discrimination occurs when a decision is made on the basis of a person's age. In the workplace, these are most often decisions about being employed in the first place, winning promotions or being unfairly dismissed. Should discrimination against older workers be made illegal?
PTE Writing
Write essay
(contd.)
Important: Recommended length: 200 – 210 words
PTE Writing
Write essay
(contd.)
Start by analyzing the task Before you write anything, note key words in the prompt. Find out the topic, what key points you should focus on to answer the question and any points of view to present and discuss:
PTE Writing
Analyzing these four areas will help you to approach the task, structure your essay and decide on your main ideas. The content of your answer is very important. If you do not write about the topic in the prompt, you will receive no score points at all for this item type.
PTE Writing
Write essay
(contd.)
PTE Essay Question Types Type 1 – Agree or Disagree Type 2 – Opinion (argue for and against ) T
e 3 – Advanta es and disadvanta es
Type 4 – Consider how different groups of people might feel about a particular situation
PTE Writing
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(contd.)
PTE Essay Question Types Type 1 – Agree or Disagree Question format
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with this statement.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Do you agree with the notion …? Which of these points of view do you agree with most? Do you agree or disagree?
Sample 'Schools should prepare students for university, rather than for work.' How far do you agree with this statement? Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience or observations.
PTE Writing
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(contd.)
ANSWER FORMAT
Type 1 – Agree or Disagree 'Schools should prepare students for university, rather than for work.' How far do you agree with this statement? Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience or observations.
Introduction: Background sentence about schools. Something like: Nowadays, the schools play an important role in shaping the future of a child. Position: Completely disagree: schools should not gear students for university. Alternatively, it will be beneficial to prepare them for work for both economic and personality reasons. Body Paragraph 1: Economic reason Not everyone can afford university fees – since the university fees are exceedingly high. Also, the job after the university degree is not guaranteed in this over populated earth. So better to learn a trade in the school to go to work directly after school. Body Paragraph 2: Personality University degree requires diligence and me ntal capability. Not everyone has the mental capacity to get a degree. If you struggle in the university and get an average score, then job may be unreachable. So, it’s better for schools to provide education to the students so that they become ready for work after school. Conclusion: In conclusion, schools should make the students ready for work as it beneficial for wider society in term s of economic and
PTE Writing
Write essay
(contd.)
Type 1 – Agree or Disagree (Complete Essay) 'Schools should prepare students for university, rather than for work.' How far do you agree with this statement? Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience or observations.
In the modern society, schools play an important role in shaping the future of a child. A majority of population believe that schools should prepare the students for university. On the contrary, it will be beneficial to prepare the students for work because of economic reasons and different personality traits. The work is a feasible o tion for man economicall ailin middle class families. Most of the families cannot afford the high tuition of the university. In addition, the government cannot guarantee employment after graduation. Further, many graduates remain unemployed after their graduation due to ever increasing competition for jobs. In this situation, starting to work after finishing school will be desirable. To prepare students for work after schools, vocational education should be prioritized. The university degree requires diligence and mental capability. Not everyone has the mental capacity to get a degree. If you struggle in the university and get an average score, then the prospective employer may not employ you due to mediocre performance in the university. Keeping in mind the personality traits of a majority of population, it’s better for schools to provide education to the students so t hat they become ready for work after school. In conclusion, schools should make the students ready for work as it beneficial for wider society in terms of economic and personality reasons. Word count: 203 words
PTE Writing
Write essay
(contd.)
You will have 20 minutes to plan, write and revise an essay about the topic below. Your response will be judged on how well you develop a position, organize your ideas, present supporting details, and control the elements of standard written English. You should write 200 - 300 words.
ssessmen i. ii. iii. iv.
r er a:
Develop a position Organize your ideas Present supporting details Control the elements of standard written English
PTE Writing
Write essay
(contd.)
Type 1 – Agree or Disagree (Complete Essay) 'Schools should prepare students for university, rather than for work.' How far do you agree with this statement? Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience or observations.
i.
Develop a position
In the modern society, schools play an important role in shaping the future of a child. A majority of population believe that schools should prepare the students for university. On the contrary, it will be beneficial to prepare the students for work because of economic reasons and different personality traits.
ii.
Organize your ideas
The work is a feasible o tion for man economicall ailin middle class families. Most of the families cannot afford the high tuition of the university. In addition, the government cannot guarantee employment after graduation. Further, many graduates remain unemployed after their graduation due to ever increasing competition for jobs. In this situation, starting to work after finishing school will be desirable. To prepare students for work after schools, vocational education should be prioritized.
iii. Supporting details
The university degree requires diligence and mental capability. Not everyone has the mental capacity to get a degree. If you struggle in the university and get an average score, then the prospective employer may not employ you due to mediocre performance in the university. Keeping in mind the personality traits of a majority of population, it Is better for schools to provide education to the students so that they become ready for work after school.
iv. Standard elements of English
In conclusion, schools should make the students ready for work as it beneficial for wider society in terms of economic and personality reasons. Word count: 203 words
PTE Writing
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(contd.)
Type 2 – Opinion (argue for and against ) Question format
What is your opinion? Is it a good or bad phenomenon? What is your opinion? Express your opinion, and support your answer with reasons and examples. Do you think … are good for …? Do you think these … are beneficial? Discuss.
Sample Most people in what are known as the developed nations have homes full of gadgets and laborsaving devices, from vacuum cleaners and dishwashers to the latest in computer technology. Some people claim that despite all these labor-saving devices, we seem to have less free time. In your opinion, has technology improved the quality of life or made it more complicated? Support your arguments with reasons and/ or examples from your own experience and observations.
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(contd.)
Type 3 – Advantages and disadvantages Question format
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ... Support your arguments with reasons and/or examples from your own experience and observations. Do you think this has more advantages or disadvantages for …? Support your point of view with reasons and examples from your own experience. disadvantages of …? Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience or observations.
Sample 'Nowadays many young people leave home at an early age to either study or work in another city.' Do you think this has more advantages or disadvantages for young people? Support your point of view with reasons and examples from your own experience.
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(contd.)
Type 4 – Consider how different groups of people might feel about a particular situation Question format
Do governments have a legitimate role to legislate to protect citizens from the harmful effects of their own decisions to smoke, or are such decisions up to the individual? Do you think consumers should avoid over packaged products or is it the responsibility of producers? In big companies, marketing strategy emphasize offers and discounts. In what ways, does this impact their reputation?
Sample Do you think governments and companies should combat climate change or is it the responsibility of the individuals?
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(contd.)
Type 4 – Consider how different groups of people might feel about a particular situation Do you think governments and companies should combat climate change or is it the responsibility of the individuals? Climate change has become one of the biggest predicaments of human civilization. The rampant use of fossil fuel has increased the level of green house emissions leading to an environmental crisis. The responsibility to combat climate change should lie on the government because the government has more influence and resources. The influence of government in fighting climate change is paramount. The primary role of the government is to regulate and govern various sectors within a country. This role allows the government to exercise greater influence, which in turn paves way or e ective imp ementation o protective environmenta po icies. Furt ermore, t e government can impose e ty fines for non compliance. This step has been crucial in regulating green house emissions in the Western countries. On the contrary, the ineffective governments of developing and underdeveloped countries have not been able to implement the environmental policies strictly. Thus, the western world has less environmental degradation than the others. The government has access to extensive range of resources to tackle climate change. Firstly, it can use its media network to create more awareness about the climate change. The use of nationwide blanket awareness campaigns has been successful in many countries. Secondly, the government can prioritize use of renewable power sources such as wind, solar and water. These will reduce the level of green house gas emissions. Thirdly, government can provide incentives to reduce the use of plastics and other non biodegradable materials. The focus on the biodegradable materials will help to conserve our environment less use of pollution generating resources. In conclusion, the government plays a vital part in controlling the climate change through implementation of strict policies and utilization of resources. (Word count: 276 words)
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(contd.)
How to bring COHERENCE to your essay Meaning:
1.
the quality of being logical and consistent.
2.
the quality of forming a unified whole.
When organizing your ideas, think about what type of organization is the best for your topic or essay type. Some good examples of organization.
Type of Writing
Type of organization
Chronology (historical events, personal narratives, processes)
Order by time or order of events/ steps
Description
Order by position, size, and shape of things
Classification
Group ideas and explain them in a logical order
Comparison/ Contrast
Organize ideas point-by-point or block style
Argumentation/ Persuasion/ Cause and effect
Order from most important to least important
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(contd.)
Word List for different categories Environment 1. degradation - mining, deforestation 2. global warming - emission of green house gases, carbon footprint 3. climate change - build-up of manmade gases, methane 4. Pollution - harmful pollutants - cancer, respiratory diseases, environmental and health impact 5. Over use of fertilizers - excess runoff to water bodies 6. conservation - excess consumption of resources, environmental policy 7. Alternative energy sources - wind, solar, water 8. anthropogenic activities - mining, industrial waste/hazardous waste, garbage 9. biodegradable – plastics 10. biodiversity - ecosystem, environmental management, environmental sustainability, loss of habitat
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(contd.)
Word List for … Health 1. wellness, homemade, healthy, nutrition, calorie 2. fitness, guideline, habit, discipline, laziness, motivation, sensible, unhealthy 3. cure, prevention, World Health Organization 4. disease, overweight, diagnostic, disorders 5. abstain/ accessible, flavor, convenience 6. physical activity, inactivity 7. anxiety/stress, depression, drinking, smoking, optimism, balance 8. pollution – exposure 9. consequence, epidemic 10. Antioxidants, toxins
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(contd.)
Word List for … Education 1. Analysis, assessment, literacy, critical thinking, creativity 2. Computer based learning, multimedia, advanced, applied, theoretical, interdisciplinary 3. professional, specialist 4. vocational, apprenticeship 5. improvement, refinement, training, civilization 6. Preparation, proficiency, ability 7. Qualification, credentials, pedagogy 8. Skill enhancement 9. Career development 10. Rational thinking, logical thinking
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(contd.)
Word List for … Technology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Multitasking, innovative Internet surfing, cloud computing, virtual reality efficient, information technology, appropriate technology Integrate, disseminate Enhancement, information storage and retrieval, quantity, advantage, applications, databases, impact, influence 6. on line, off line, labor saving 7. Business, economy, effective, exposure, capacity 8. globalization, infrastructure, internationalized 9. innovation, advance, develop, progress, revolution 10. breakthrough, mobile, portable devices
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(contd.)
Word List for … Society 1. Cultural Diversity - Migrant/Migration, Multiculturalism, integration, refugee, acceptance 2. Racism 3. Humanity 4. general public, rat race, consumer society, sociological 5. Conventional 6. class – upper class, upper crust, high society, ruling class 7. civilization, primitive, advanced 8. Prejudice, familiarity 9. Segregation 10. communities, coexistence, solidarity
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(contd.)
Word List for … Economy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Capital, inflation, depression global, investment, finance consumer, demand, supply, agronomics Austerity, boom, capitalist, consumer confidence deflation, economic indicator market forces, sector Free enterprise, industrialization planned economy, capitalism, gross domestic product, per capita income 9. Post industrialization, deindustrialization 10. Assets, fiscal
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(contd.)
Sentence variety 1. Complex vs. compound sentence A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 1. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence and makes a complete thought. 2. A dependent clause can not stand alone, even though it has a subject and a verb. e.g., Evergreen trees are a symbol of fertility because they do not die in the winter. When the cost goes up, customers buy less clothing.
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(contd.)
Sentence variety 1. Complex vs. compound sentence A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses joined together with a coordinator such as for, and, but, or, yet or so. 1. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence and makes a complete thought. e.g., I always wanted to be somebody, but I should have been more specific. (Jane Wagner) Becky wishes she could be younger, for everyone else in the program is half her age.
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(contd.)
Sentence variety 2.
Noun + Clause / Appositives
Sydney is a beautiful city. It is in New South Wales. Revision: Sydney, a beautiful city, is in New South Wales. My room, which is very small, has three occupants including me.
3.
Prepositional Phrase
In my room, the air conditioning does not work properly and also makes a lot of noise. For a limited time, Woolworths is having a sale.
4.
If/When – Conditionals
When all three of us are in the room, we feel suffocated. If the funding for schools are adequate, the performance of students improve.
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(contd.)
Sentence variety 5. Transition words Although the view from the room is beautiful, it gets really hot during the summer.
6. V + ing Dancing is my favorite hobby. Living in this room for the last six months, I have suffered mentally and physically.
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(contd.)
SENTENCE STARTERS Introduction/ Opening: 1. It is often said that ... 2. Many people claim that ... 3. In this day and age ... .
...
5.
These days ...
6.
We live in an age when many of us are ...
7.
... is a hotly debated topic that often divides opinion.
8.
... is often discussed yet rarely understood.
9.
It goes without saying that ... is one of the most important issues facing us today.
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(contd.)
SENTENCE STARTERS
(contd.)
Introducing points: Firstly, let us take a look at ...
What is more, ...
To start with, ...
On top of that, ...
First of all, it is worth considering ...
Another point worth noting is ...
Secondly, ...
Another factor to consider is ...
Thirdly, ...
Lastly, ...
Furthermore, ... In addition, …
Finally, ... Last but not least, ...
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(contd.)
SENTENCE STARTERS
(contd.)
Presenting ideas and giving examples: When it comes to noun/ gerund (e.g. of gerund = Verb + ing = dancing), ... In terms of noun/gerund, ... With respect to noun/gerund, ... Not on y ... ut a so ... According to experts, ... Research has found that ... There are those who argue that ... For instance ... For example ...
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(contd.)
SENTENCE STARTERS
(contd.)
Expressing result and reason: 1. As a result, ... 2. As a result of ... 3. ... has led to ... 4. ... has resulted in ... 5. Consequently, ... 6. Therefore, ... 7. On account of ... 8. Due to ... 9. One reason behind this is ..
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(contd.)
SENTENCE STARTERS
(contd.)
Contrasting: 1. Although/ Even though subject + verb, ... 2. Despite/In spite of noun/gerund, ... 3. Despite the fact that subject + verb, ... 4. On the one hand ... On the other hand ... 5. However, ... 6. Nevertheless, ... 7. Even so ...
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(contd.)
SENTENCE STARTERS
(contd.)
Opinion: 1. As far as I am concerned, ... 2. From my point of view, ... 3. In my opinion, ... 4. Personally speaking, ... 5. My own view on the matter is ...
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(contd.)
SENTENCE STARTERS
(contd.)
Concluding: 1. To sum up, ... 2. In conclusion, ... 3. All things considered, ... 4. Taking everything into consideration, ... 5. Weighing up both sides of the argument, ... 6. The advantages of ... outweigh the disadvantages
