@C VDE AMURV ML KQQ@QQVKCV AMGG@QQ@MCER KV AD@ANNKBKHK_UR _VAH ;4/2??<-?9 _EV@V@MCERQ
\Q
GUC@RKJU & FE\KRKJU
REQ_MCFECVQ @NRKG _KQDK
YR@VVEC KRIUGECVQ MC BEDKHL ML REQ_MCFECV:-
Vde kbmve akse wks l`hef by pet`t`mcers mc 21-?<-2??< by k bkhf pet`t`mc stkt`ci lmhhmw`ci pm`cts.
;. Vdey ahk`g tm be irkcfsmcs ml Ad`annkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk & Qmctkggk w/m Ad`annkikcikppk. 2. Vdey ahk`g tm behmci tm sadefuhe akste. 1. Vdey ahk`g tm dkve imt tde hkcf irkctef v`fe HCF 2190/96-95 fktef ;9-?1-;04;. 6. Vdey ahk`g tde hkcf 1-?? kares ekad `c survey cugber ;?/6< kcf ;?/69 `c Bkhkj`ikpkfe irkgk. 5. Vdey ahk`g tdkt mce Guc`ykppk, Ckcjkppk, Qd`vkppk smcs ml Ad`annkikcikppk dkve smhf tde kbmve hkcf w`tdmut tde`r ncmwhefie. <. Vdey ahk`g tdkt tdere `s 2? yekr cmc kh`eckt`mc per`mf kcf w`td`c tdkt per`mf skhe dks beec gkfe v`mhkt`ci skhe amcf`t`mc. 9. Vdey ahk`g tdkt tdrmuid Rei`ster cm. 49?/0<-09 fktef 2<-?<-;00< klter v`mhkt`ci irkct amcf`t`mc dkve smhf irkctef hkcf. 4. Vde fmaugects kccexef `c suppmrt ml tde pet`t`mc kre tde lmhhmw`ci lmhhmw`ci k. RVA ml survey cugber ;?/p1; ndktdk cugber 45 kcf GR Cm. 21/0<-09. Fktef 22-?<-2??<. b. RVA ml survey cugber ;?/p1? ndktdk cugber 2? kcf GR Cm. 0/2??6-?5. Fktef 22-?<-2??<. a. Akste aert`l`akte fktef ;<-?<-2??< i`vec tm Fevkrkjk s/m Ckcjkppk lmr tkn`ci hmkc. f. Akste Aert`l`akte fktef ;5-?<-2??< i`vec tm Guc`rkju s/m Guc`ykppk. e. Irkct Aert`l`akte ampy `c tde ckge ml mce Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk fktef ;9-?1-;04; ;9-?1-;04; , Qurvey Qurvey cugber: ;?, Bhman cugber 5?, v`fe HCF Cm. 2190/96-95 fktef 20-;?-;099, FR cm. ;429/;04?-4; extect 1 kares ?2 iuctks `cahuf`ci ?-?2 iuctks ml put ndkrkb. ;5 yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc amcf`t`mc
l.
RVA lmr tde yekr ;005-0< lmr Qurvey cugber ;?/6< fktef 22-?9;00<.
i. GR 1;/0;-02 fktef 21-?2-;005 lmr survey cugber cugber ;?/6<. d. Irkct Aert`l`akte ampy `c tde ckge ml
Qmctkggk w/m
Ad`annkikcikppk fktef ;9-?1-;04; , Qurvey cugber: ;?, Bhman cugber 69, v`fe HCF Cm. 2190/96-95 fktef 20-;?-;099, 20-;?-;099, FR cm. ;42
Ampy ml I-Vree (\kgsdkvrunsdk) ml mce Ad`annkikcikppk ks stktef by Guc`ykppk fktef ?<-;?-2??5
Vde respmcfect dks tknec tde lmhhmw`ci stkcf `c d`s stktegect.
;. Vde pet`t`mcers ahk`gs kre tmtkhhy fec`ef. 2. Vde pet`t`mcers kre fec`ef fec`ef tm be irkcf ad`hfrec ml mr`i`ckh mr`i`ckh irkctees. 1. Vde vkgsdkvrunsdk kcf tde akste aert`l`akte kre ahk`gef ks lkhse lkbr`aktef amcamatef kcf arektef lmr tde purpmse ml l`h`ci lkhse pet`t`mc. 6. Qkhe Vrkcskat`mc relerref tm `c ahk`gef tm ks —`t fmes cmt v`mhktef kcy irkct amcf`t`mc‐. 5. Hkcf mr`i`ckhhy irkctef tm mce Qr` Ad`nnkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk geksur`ci 1 kares ks per mrfer fktef 20-;?-;099 v`fe cm. 2190/9695. <. Vde skhe tmmn phkae klter per`mf ml ;5 ; 5 yekrs lrmg tde irkct t`ge.
F@Q_UVEF LKAVQ:-
;. _et`t`mcers rehkt`mcsd`p w`td irkctee‐s kre f`sputef. 2. Irkctee‐s akste `s cmt kaaeptef ks lrmg fepressef ahkss. _VAH prmv`s`mcs decae cmt kttrkatef. 1. Irkct amcf`t`mc v`mhkt`mc f`sputef.
_M@CVQ LMR FEVERG@CKV@MC:FEVERG@CKV@MC:-
;. Fmes tde hkcf irkctef lmr sadefuhef akste mr sadefuhef tr`be persmc. 2. Fmes tde hkcf irkctef lmr upset pr`ae mr lree irkct.
1. Fmes tde hkcf irkct amctk`c 2? yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc per`mf ks ahk`gef. 6. Fmes tde fmaugects reh`ef by pet`t`mcer kre iecu`ce kcf reh`kbhe. 5. Fmes tde pet`t`mc `s gk`ctk`ckbhe `c tde presect lmrg. <. Fmes tde pet`t`mcer kpprmkadef amurt `c t`ge lmr reh`el. 9. Fmes tde pet`t`mcer dks kpprmkadef amurt w`td ahekc dkcfs.
CMVKBHE FELEAVQ KCF LKAVQ FELEKV@CI _EV@V@MCERQ AHK@GQ KCF K__H@AKBHE HKY VM QUAD _M@CVQ @C VDE KBM\E AKQE:-
;. Cm p`eae ml fmaugect `s phkaef by pet`t`mcers tm sdmw tdkt mr`i`ckh irkctee behmief tm QA mr QV. @c tde akse ml Kbfuh Dkq Qdkgsduff`c Qkdeb v. Feputy Amgg`ss`mcer, Uttkrk Nkcckfk F`str`at, Nkrwkr kcf Mrs., belmr Dmc‐bhe D`id Amurt ml Nkrcktknk Repmrtef `c 2??2(5) Nkr. H.J. ;?0 dehf tdkt ‘Vm `cvmne tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde _VAH Kat `t gust be sdmwc tdkt tde hkcf wks irkctef tm k persmc behmci`ci tm Qadefuhef Akste mr Qadefuhef Vr`be mchy mc tdkt amuct kcf cmt mtderw`se. Vd`s `s gmre sm, s`cae h`ne tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Hkcf Relmrgs Kat kcy persmc behmci`ci tm e`tder Qadefuhef Akste mr Qadefuhef Vr`be mr evec d`ider ahkss akc ahk`g irkct ml maaupkcay r`idt kcf, `l de sdmws amgph`kcae w`td tde ceaesskry amcf`t`mcs, de `s ect`thef lmr suad amclergect ml maaupkcay r`idts mr irkct ml tde hkcf. Kt tdkt stkie, `t `s cmt ceaesskry tdkt de sdmuhf behmci tm k pkrt`auhkr akste mr amgguc`ty.‗
2. Vde pet`t`mcer dks prmfuaef k amcamatef fmaugect ml mce Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk ahk`g`ci `t ks Ad`nnkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk. @t sdmws pet`t`mcers kre ucsure kbmut tde`r ahk`gef kcaestmrs rekh`ty. @t sdmws tdey kre `icmrkct ml tde`r ahk`gef kcaestmr. Ydetder Ikcikppk mr Ad`annkikcikppk `s tde amctrkry td`cis wd`ad `s cmt exphk`cef by pet`t`mcers. Vdey spekn mce td`ci `c pet`t`mc, tdey prmfuae fmaugects wd`ad spekn mtder td`cis. _hekf`cis kcf prmml wmct tkhhy `c tde`r akse. Vde bks`a ruhe ml hkw ml phekf`cis `s, tdkt k pkrty akc mchy suaaeef kaamrf`ci tm wdkt de dks khheief kcf prmvef, mtderw`se, mc tde pr`ca`phe ml 'seaucfug khheiktk kt et prmbktk' k pkrty `s cmt khhmwef tm suaaeef, wdere de dks cmt set up tde akse wd`ad de wkcts tm substkct`kte. Vd`s ruhe tdkt phekf`cis kcf prmml gust amrrespmcf, rests upmc tde pr`ca`phe tdkt cm pkrty
sdmuhf be prejuf`aef by be`ci tknec by surpr`se by vkry`ci tde akse ks mr`i`ckhhy set up. Cm kgmuct ml ev`fecae akc be hmmnef `ctm upmc k phek wd`ad wks cever put lmrwkrf. Vde true sampe ml td`s ruhe `s tdkt ev`fecae het `c mc `ssues mc wd`ad tde pkrt`es katukhhy wect tm tr`kh sdmuhf cmt be gkfe tde lmucfkt`mc lmr fea`s`mc ml kcmtder kcf f`llerect `ssue, wd`ad wks cmt presect tm tde g`cfs ml tde pkrt`es kcf mc wd`ad tdey dkf cm mppmrtuc`ty ml kffua`ci ev`fecae. @c A.C. Ckiecfrk Q`cid vs Vde Qpea`kh Feputy Amgg`ss`mcer Kcf Mrs. (@HR 2??2 NKR 295?) Vde 295?) Vde Dmcbhe D`id amurt ml Nkrcktknk Dehf tdkt :
‘Vde fea`s`mc ml tde Revecue Amurts dks tm be ceaesskr`hy bksef mc tde ucf`sputef lkats.‗
1. Qurvey cugber ;?/6< `s k irkctef hkcf kcf tde irkct `s gkfe mc 20-;?-;099 v`fe HCF 2190/96-95 kcf tde pmssess`mc `s i`vec mc ;9-?1-;04;, tde skhe `s gkfe by de`rs ml irkctee mc 24-?<-;00< tdkt `s klter ;5 yekrs 1 gmctds ;; fkys. Vde skhe `s k rei`steref skhe. Evec `l kcy mce dks beec elleatef by suad skhe `t sdmuhf dkve beec quest`mcef w`td`c 1 yekrs ks per Krt`ahe ;19 ml H`g`tkt`mc kat. @c Nkghesd Bkbu & Mrs vs Hkjpkt Rk` Rk` Qdkrgk & Mrs 2??4 (<) QAR QAR <51 @t `s wehh setthef tdkt Qeat`mc 1(;) ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat aksts k <51 futy upmc tde amurt tm f`sg`ss k su`t mr kc kppekh mr kc kpph`akt`mc, `l gkfe klter tde presar`bef per`mf, khtdmuid, h`g`tkt`mc `s cmt set up ks k felecae. Kpex Amurt `c tde akse ml Nerkhk Qtkte Eheatr`a`ty Bmkrf, Vr`vkcfrug v. V._. Nucdkh`uggk K@R ;009 QA 242. Vde Kpex Amurt dks hk`f fmwc tde hkw tdkt tde t`ge h`g`t ml tdree yekrs presar`bef ucfer Krt`ahe ;19 ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat kpph`es tm kcy kpph`akt`mc l`hef ucfer kcy Kat. Jkckrfdkckg Kat. Jkckrfdkckg _rkskf vs Rkgfks 2??9 (2 ) QAR ;5; _mssess`mc ml tde su`t hkcf by tde kppehhkct khsm stkcfs kfg`ttef. Rei`strkt`mc ml k fmaugect ks wehh ks pmssess`mc wmuhf amcst`tute cmt`ae, ks `s ev`fect lrmg Qeat`mc 1 ml tde Vrkcsler ml _rmperty Kat, ;442, wd`ad `s `c tde lmhhmw`ci tergs : "...."k persmc `s sk`f tm dkve cmt`ae" ml k lkat wdec de katukhhy ncmws tdkt lkat, mr wdec, but lmr w`hluh kbstect`mc lrmg kc ecqu`ry mr sekrad wd`ad de muidt tm dkve
gkfe, mr irmss ceih`iecae, de wmuhf dkve ncmwc `t………… Exphkck`mc @. Ydere kcy trkcskat`mc rehkt`ci tm `ggmvkbhe prmperty `s requ`ref by hkw tm be kcf dks beec elleatef by k rei`steref `cstrugect, kcy persmc kaqu`r`ci suad prmperty mr kcy pkrt ml, mr sdkre mr `cterest `c,
suad prmperty sdkhh be feegef tm dkve cmt`ae ml suad `cstrugect ks lrmg tde fkte ml rei`strkt`mc………. @c tde fea`s`mc `c Qgt F`hbmm vs. Qgt Fdkcrkj` K@R 2??? QA 1;6< 1;6< , tde Kpex Amurt dks dehf tdkt
‘wdecever k fmaugect `s rei`steref, tde fkte ml rei`strkt`mc kats ks tde fkte ml feegef ncmwhefie. @c mtder akses, wdec k lkat amuhf be f`samveref by fue f`h`iecae, tdec feegef ncmwhefie amuhf be kttr`butef tm tde phk`ct`ll beakuse k pkrty akccmt be khhmwef tm extecf
per`mf ml h`g`tkt`mc by gerehy ahk`g`ci tdkt de dkf cm ncmwhefie.‗
6. Dmwever pet`t`mcers dkve cmt phkaef k p`eae ml pkper sdmw`ci tdey kre tde fesaecfkcts fesaecfkcts ml mr`i`ckh mr`i`ckh irkctees. @C k akse ml QVKVE QVKVE ML ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID & MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t wks mbservef mc I-VREE ks lmhhmws ‘Vde pr`ca`phes imverc`ci suad akses kre: (`) Iecekhmi`es kfg`ttef mr prmvef tm be mhf kcf reh`ef mc `c prev`mus akses kre fmubthess rehevkct kcf `c smge akses gky evec be amcahus`ve ml tde lkats prmvef, but tdere kre severkh amcs`ferkt`mcs wd`ad gust be nept `c g`cf v`z.: (k) Qmurae ml tde iecekhmiy kcf `ts fepecfkb`h`ty. (b) Kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml tde iecekhmiy ucfer tde Ev`fecae Kat. (a) K prmper use `c fea`s`mcs mr jufigects jufigects mc wd`ad reh`kcae reh`kcae `s phkaef. (f) Kie ml iecekhmi`es. (e) H`t`ikt`mcs H`t`ikt`mcs wdere suad iecekhmi`es iecekhmi`es dkve beec kaaeptef mr rejeatef.
(2) Mc tde quest`mc ml
kfg`ss`b`h`ty tde lmhhmw`ci tests gust be kfmptef:
(k) Vde
iecekhmi`es ml tde lkg`h`es amcaercef gust lkhh w`td`c tde lmuramrcers ml s. 12(5) mr s. ;1 ml tde Ev`fecae Kat. (b) Vdey gust cmt be d`t by tde fmatr`ce ml pmst h`teg gmtkg. (a) Vde iecekhmi`es mr tde ahk`gs akccmt be prmvef by rea`tkhs, fepms`t`mcs mr lkats ckrrktef `c tde jufigect wd`ad dkve beec dehf by k hmci amurse ml fea`s`mcs tm be `ckfg`ss`bhe. (f) Ydere iecekhmiy `s prmvef prmvef by mrkh ev`fecae, tde sk`f ev`fecae gust ahekrhy sdmw spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie f`sahms`ci tde exkat smurae, t`ge kcf tde a`raugstkcaes ucfer wd`ad tde ncmwhefie `s kaqu`ref, kcf td`s gust be ahekrhy kcf amcahus`vehy
prmvef.‗
5. Hkter arektef fmaugects tm su`t tde`r lkhse ahk`gs fmes cmt f`sahmse kcytd`ci kbmut tde mr`i`ckh irkctee. Ce`tder tde akste aert`l`akte ml pet`t`mcer f`sahmses tdkt tde akste ml irkctee `s skge ks tdkt ml pet`t`mcer. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID
& MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t wks mbservef ks lmhhmws: ‘Kfg`ss`b`h`ty ‘Kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml k fmaugect `s mce td`ci kcf `ts prmbkt`ve vkhue, qu`te kcmtder: k fmaugect gky be kfg`ss`bhe kcf yet gky cmt akrry kcy amcv`at`mc kcf we`idt mr `ts prmbkt`ve vkhue gky be c`h. @t `s khsm wehh setthef tdkt stktegects mr feahkrkt`mcs belmre persmcs ml amgpetect ncmwhefie gkfe kcte h`teg gmtkg kre reae`vkbhe tm prmve kca`ect r`idts ml k pubh`a mr iecerkh ckture.
Vde kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml suad feahkrkt`mcs `s,
dmwever, amcs`ferkbhy weknecef `l `t pertk`cs cmt tm pubh`a r`idts but tm purehy pr`vkte r`idts. @t `s equkhhy wehh setthef tdkt feahkrkt`mcs mr stktegects gkfe pmst h`teg gmtkg wmuhf cmt be kfg`ss`bhe beakuse `c akses mr prmaeef`cis tknec mr feahkrkt`mcs gkfe kcte h`teg gmtkg, tde ehegect ml b`ks kcf amcamat`mc `s eh`g`cktef. Belmre, dmwever, tde stktegects ml tde ckture gect`mcef kbmve akc be kfg`ss`bhe ks be`ci kcte h`teg gmtkg tdey gust cmt mchy be belmre tde katukh ex`stecae ml kcy amctrmversy, but sdmuhf be gkfe evec belmre tde amggecaegect ml heikh prmaeef`cis.
Vd`s pms`t`mc dmwever akccmt dmhf immf ml
stktegects gkfe pmst h`teg gmtkg wd`ad wmuhf be ahekrhy `ckfg`ss`bhe `c ev`fecae. Vde reksmc lmr td`s ruhe seegs tm be tdkt klter k f`spute dks beiuc mr k heikh prmaeef`ci `s kbmut tm amggecae, tde pmss`b`h`ty ml b`ks, amcamat`mc mr putt`ci up lkhse pheks akccmt be
ruhef mut.‗
<. Mchy tde mhfest uc-f`sputef fmaugects h`ne kcy feahkrkt`mc ml irkctee kbmut d`s akste fur`ci d`s h`le t`ge akc be best p`eae ml ev`fecae wd`ad f`sahmses tde akste ml mr`i`ckh irkctee. @c tde kbsecae ml suad p`eae ml ev`fecae, `t akccmt be kssugef mr presugef `c kcy gkccer. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID & MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t `s mbservef ks lmhhmws: ‘@c amcs`fer`ci tde mrkh ev`fecae reikrf`ci k pef`iree k purehy gktdegkt`akh kpprmkad akccmt be gkfe beakuse wdere k hmci h`ce ml fesaect dks tm be prmvef sprekf`ci mver k aectury, `t `s' mbv`mus tdkt tde w`tcesses wdm kre exkg`cef tm fepmse tm tde iecekhmiy wmuhf dkve tm fepecf mc tde`r spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie wd`ad gky dkve amge tm tdeg tdrmuid tde`r kcaestmrs but, kt tde skge t`ge, tdere `s irekt r`sn kcf k ser`mus fkcier `cvmhvef `c rehy`ci smhehy mc tde ev`fecae ml w`tcess i`vec lrmg pure gegmry beakuse tde w`tcess wdm kre `cterestef cmrgkhhy dkve k tecfecay tm frkw gmre lrmg tde`r
`gki`ckt`mc mr turc kcf tw`st tde lkats wd`ad tdey gky dkve dekrf lrmg tde`r kcaestmrs `c mrfer tm dehp tde pkrt`es lmr wdmg tdey kre fepms`ci. Vde amurt, gust tderelmre skleiukrf tdkt tde ev`fecae ml suad w`tcess gky cmt be kaaeptef ks `t `s bksef purehy mc `gki`ckt`mc mr kc `gki`ckry mr `hhusmry smurae ml `clmrgkt`mc rktder tdkc spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie ks requ`ref by hkw. Vde mrkh test`gmcy mr tde w`tcess mc td`s gktter `s bmucf tm be dekrsky kcf tde`r ev`fecae `s kfg`ss`bhe ks kc exaept`mc tm tde iecerkh ruhe wdere dekrsky ev`fecae `s cmt cmt kfg`ss`bhe. @c tde kpprea`kt`mc ml ev`fecae ev`fecae ml suad w`tcesses, w`tcesses, tde pr`ca`phes tm be bmrce `c g`cf g`cf kre: (;) Vde rehkt`mcsd`p mr tde amcceat`mc dmwever ahmse `t gky be, wd`ad tde w`tcess bekrs tm tde persmcs wdmse pef`iree `s smuidt tm be fepmsef by d`g. (2) Vde ckture kcf adkrkater ml tde spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie tdrmuid wd`ad tde w`tcess dks amge tm ncmw kbmut tde pef`iree. (1) Vde `cterestef ckture ml tde w`tcess amcaercef. (6) Vde preakut`mc wd`ad gust be tknec tm ruhe mut kcy lkhse stktegect gkfe by tde w`tcess pmst h`teg gmtkg mr mce wd`ad `s fer`vef cmt by gekcs ml spea`kh ncmwhefie but purehy lrmg d`s `gki`ckt`mc, kcf (5) Vde ev`fecae ml tde w`tcess gust be substkct`khhy amrrmbmrktef ks lkr ks t`ge kcf
gegmry kfg`t.‗
9. Gmremver pet`t`mcer lkhsehy ahk`gs tdkt tde cmc-kh`eckt`mc per`mf `s 2? yekrs. Vd`s `s lrkufuhect g`srepresectkt`mc kcf kbuse ml prmaess ml amurt. Vde lrkuf upmc pkrty `s khsm lrkuf upmc amurt wd`ad ceefs ser`mus amcfegckt`mc. @c Kruc`gk Bkrukd vs Uc`mc ml @cf`k & Mrs 2??9 (<) saa ;2? ‘@t `s tr`te hkw tdkt sm ks tm eckbhe tde amurt tm reluse tm exera`se `ts f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc suppress`mc gust be ml gkter`kh lkat. Ydkt wmuhf be k gkter`kh lkat, suppress`mc wdereml wmuhf f`sect`the tde kppehhkct tm mbtk`c k f`saret`mckry reh`el, wmuhf fepecf upmc tde lkats kcf a`raugstkcaes ml ekad akse. Gkter`kh lkat wmuhf gekc gkter`kh lmr tde purpmse ml feterg`ckt`mc ml tde h`s, tde hmi`akh amrmhhkry wdereml wmuhf be tdkt wdetder tde skge wks gkter`kh lmr irkct mr fec`kh ml tde reh`el. @l tde lkat suppressef `s cmt gkter`kh lmr feterg`ckt`mc ml tde h`s betweec tde pkrt`es, tde amurt gky cmt reluse tm exera`se `ts f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc. @t `s khsm tr`te tdkt k persmc `cvmn`ci tde f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc ml tde amurt akccmt be khhmwef tm kpprmkad `t w`td k pk` r ml f`rty dkcfs.‗
4. Khtdmuid bmtd survey cugbers (;?/6< & ;?/69) kre gect`mcef `c tde kpph`akt`mc/_et`t`mc. Mchy tde skhe feef w`td Rei`strkt`mc cm. 49?/0<-09 `s be`ci adkhhecief by tde pet`t`mcer. Vde skhe feef amvers mchy Qurvey cugber ;?/6< , hkter cugber ;?/p25 kcf presect survey cugber ;54. Vde revecue reamrfs prmfuaef by pet`t`mcer `s tdkt ml ;?/p1;(RVA), ;?/p1?(RVA), ;?/5?(IRKCV AERV@L@AKVE), ;?/69(IRKCV AERV@L@AKVE), wd`ad kre `rrehevkct reamrfs, tde rest ml tde reamrfs fmes cmt prmve kcy kspeats. Vde ahk`gs gkfe by pet`t`mcer d`gsehl ucfer irekt susp`a`mus gmfe kcf decae h`kbhe tm be f`sg`ssef. @t `s n`cfhy brmuidt tm tde n`cf
kttect`mc ml Dmc‐bhe amurt tde mbservkt`mcs ml Quprege amurt `c VDE QVKVE ML KCFDRK _RKFEQD & KCMVDER \. V.QURPKADKCFRK RKM, ^(2??5) < QAA ;60W, ;60W , wdere`c tde Dmcmurkbhe Quprege Amurt dks mbservef ks lmhhmws: " "Lrkuf" ks `s wehh ncmwc v`t`ktes every smhegc kat. Lrkuf kcf just`ae cever fwehh tmietder. Lrkuf `s k amcfuat e`tder by hetter mr wmrfs, wd`ad `cahufes tde mtder persmc mr kutdmr`ty tm tkne k fel`c`te feterg`ckt`ve stkcf ks k respmcse tm tde amcfuat ml tde lmrger e`tder by wmrfs mr hetter. @t `s khsm wehh setthef tdkt g`srepresectkt`mc
`tsehl
kgmucts
tm
lrkuf.
@cfeef,
`ccmaect
g`srepresectkt`mc gky khsm i`ve reksmc tm ahk`g reh`el kik`cst lrkuf. K lrkufuhect g`srepresectkt`mc `s akhhef feae`t kcf amcs`sts `c hekf`ci k gkc `ctm fkgkie by w`hhluhhy mr reanhesshy akus`ci d`g tm beh`eve kcf kat mc lkhsedmmf. @t `s k lrkuf `c hkw `l k pkrty gknes represectkt`mcs, wd`ad de ncmws tm be lkhse, kcf `cjury ecures tderelrmg khtdmuid tde gmt`ve lrmg wd`ad tde represectkt`mcs prmaeefef gky cmt dkve beec bkf. Kc kat ml lrkuf mc amurt `s khwkys v`ewef ser`mushy. K amhhus`mc mr amcsp`rkay w`td k v`ew tm fepr`ve tde r`idts ml tde mtders `c rehkt`mc tm k prmperty wmuhf recfer tde trkcskat`mc vm`f kb `c`t`m.
0. @t akc be seec tdkt lmr survey cugber ;?/6< kcf ;?/69 k persmcs by ckge mce Ckrkykckswkgy & Gkcjucktdk , ahk`g`ci tm be irkcfsmcs ml mce Rkgkppk s/m Qktykppk kcf nkfkrkggk w/m Rkgkppk a hk`gs hk`gs tm dkve beec irkctee‐s ml tde tde skge hkcf v`fe _VAH ;9/?<-?9 belmre td`s Dmc‐bhe amurt . Vde vers`mcs ml bmtd tde pet`t`mcs akc be amgpkref tdere `s cm f`llerecae `c kcy wmrfs
exaept tdkt ml pkrt`es ckges kcf adkhhecief skhe feef cugber. L`h`ci fkte `s skge. Vd`s sdmws smge amhhus`ve kttegpt by bmtd tdese pkrt`es. @c tdese fkys `t `s mc `carekse ml tde dkb`ts ml severkh `gpersmckt`ci/l`at`t`mus pemphe tm g`suse tde hkw kcf amurt prmaess w`td lkhse kcf g`shekf`ci represectkt`mcs lmr tde`r persmckh ik`cs tdrmuid bhkangk`h`ci tkat`as kcf setthegects. Just`ae QreefdkrRkm ml Nkrcktknk D`id Amurt `c _ecck`kd Kcf Mrs. vs Vd`ppkggk K@R 2??6 Nkct 666 dks dehf tdkt ‘Ydec tde fmaugects ml t`the reh`ef mc by tde phk`ct`ll fmes cmt amrrespmcf w`td tde su`t sadefuhe prmperty kcf `c tde kbsecae ml ceaesskry phekf`ci kcf prmml, tde kppehhkte Amurt wks wrmci `c feahkr`ci tde t`the ml tde phk`ct`ll. Gky be tdkt tde felecfkct dks cmt prmvef t`the ml d`s vecfmr, but, cmcetdehess tde felecfkct `s dehf tm be `c pmssess`mc ml tde su`t prmperty, wdec tde phk`ct`ll dks lk`hef tm prmve t`the, de wmuhf cmt be ect`thef tm reh`el ml pmssess`mc `rrespeat`ve ml tde vkh`f t`the ml tde felecfkct. @c tdkt v`ew ml tde gktter> tde kpprea`kt`mc ml lkats kcf ev`fecae kcf tde `clerecae frkwc `s perverse kcf amctrkry tm hkw kcf
ev`fecae mc reamrf.‗
;?. Vde pet`t`mc `s cmt l`hef ks per tde Ruhe kpph`akbhe. Fesp`te respmcfects mbjeat`mcs kcf fesp`te represectkt`mc by hekrcef kfvmakte mc bedkhl ml pet`t`mcers s`fe, pet`t`mcers lk`hef tm amgphy tde ruhe ml hkw. Mc td`s amuct pet`t`mc `s h`kbhe tm be f`sg`ssef. Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes Vr`bes (_VAH) Ruhes Ruhes ;090 were tm be lmhhmwef belmre `ssu`ci cmt`ae tm kh`ecee. But `c td`s akse suad ruhe dks cmt beec lmhhmwef.
Vde cmc lmhhmw`ci ml suad ruhes
`tsehl sdmws pet`t`mcers dkve cmt kpprmkadef amurt w`td ahekc dkcfs kcf tdey dkve exera`sef lrkuf mc tde kutdmr`ty by l`h`ci kc `camgphete pet`t`mc wd`ad `s v`mhkt`ve ml ruhes. HKY AHKR@L@AKV@MC:- Vde Nkrcktknk Imvercgect a`rauhkr fktef 25-?<-;041 v`fe A`rauhkr Cugber RF 1; HI_ 41 41 Y`td k Qubjeat Qubjeat ml @gphegectkt`mc ml D`id Amurt Mrfer fktef fktef ;?-;-;041. @c Y._.Cms. ;?<96, ;?9;?, ;6?2<, ;<610. ;4462, 22149, 21?26 ML ;04?, 125?, ;95<9 kcf ;95<4 ml ;04; ;<<<1 kcf ;9;?; tm ;9;?1 ml ;042 ‑ Quiiest`mcs Quiiest`mcs gkfe by tde F`v`s`mc Becad, reikrf`ci reikrf`ci tde sgmmtd kcf prmper `gphegectkt`mc ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Nkrcktknk Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes (_VAH) Kat, ;094 ‑@t dks beec brmuidt tm tde cmt`ae ml
Imvercgect tdkt k hkrie cugber ml kh`ecess tdkt dkf reae`vef sdmw akuse cmt`aes lrmg tde Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcers ml tde kreks mr tde mrfers gkfe by tdeg, adkhhecief tde vkh`f`ty ml tde Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes Kat, ;094, tde sdmw akuse cmt`aes mr tde mrfers tdere tm gkfe kik`cst tdeg. Vde pet`t`mcers kik`cst wdmg l`ckh mrfers dkve beec gkfe by tde respeat`ve Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers dkve adkhhecief tde Kat kcf tde mrfers gkfe kik`cst tdeg. @t `s khsm pm`ctef mut tdkt `c gmst ml tde akses tde sdmw akuse cmt`aes `ssuef tm tde kh`ecees tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers fm cmt set mut kcy ml tde fetk`hs requ`ref by tde Ruhes. Belmre `ssu`ci tde sdmw akuse cmt`aes tm tde kh`ecees, `t `s prmper lmr tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers tm amhheat khh suad `clmrgkt`mc ks tdey akc kcf ahekrhy set mut khh tde irmucfs mc wd`ad tde kh`eckt`mc `s prmpmsef tm be kccuhef, sm tdkt tde kh`ecee akc skt`slkatmr`hy stkte d`s akse khsm belmre tde kutdmr`ty. Vde sdmw akuse cmt`ae gust be k sehl-amctk`cef mce, i`v`ci irmucfs lmr prmaeef`cis kik`cst tde kh`ecee tde ckture ml v`mhkt`mc ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml Hkw kcf tde purpmse lmr wd`ad tde cmt`ae `s `ssuef kcf tm sdmw akuse wdy tde skhe trkcskat`mc sdmuhf cmt be dehf vm`f. Vde cmt`ae sdmuhf khsm amctk`c pkttkfkr, tde amcf`t`mcs kttkadef tm `t kcf tde v`mhkt`mcs ml tde amcf`t`mcs `c td`s skhe, sdmuhf be spea`l`akhhy gect`mcef sm tdkt k reksmckbhe mppmrtuc`ty wmuhf dkve beec i`vec tm tde kh`ecee tm exphk`c d`s pms`t`mc d`s pms`t`mc `c
ahekr tergs………………..‗. tergs………………..‗.
;;. Vde pet`t`mc `s kaamgpkc`ef by Termx amp`es ml severkh fmaugects. Vdmse fmaugects cmt mchy reh`kbhe kcf pet`t`mcer gkfe cm ellmrt tm suggmc mr`i`ckh fmaugects. Hkpse mc tde pkrt ml pet`t`mcer tm lmhhmw tde hkw ml hkcf fmes cmt ect`the d`g lmr kcy reh`el. reh`el. Vde Termx ampy ml fmaugects subg`ttef by pet`t`mcers sdmw tdkt mce Ikcik ppk‐s hkcf `c phmt cugber ;?/5? ;?/5? fmaugect `s prmfuaef tm ahk`g hkcf `c phmt ;?/6<. Vde persmc Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk `s f`llerect lrmg Ad`annkikcikppk s/m sktykppk.
HKY
AHKR@L@AKV@MC:- Imvercgect ml Nkrcktknk v`fe `ts a`rauhkr fktef 1;-
?5-;00? `c A`rauhkr cugber: RF 09 HI_ 0? 0? dkve spea`l`akhhy f`reatef cmt tm kaaept pdmtmstkt amp`es ml fmaugects presectef by tde pr`vkte pkrt`es tm tkne `gpmrtkct fea`s`mcs, w`tdmut ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckhs tm skt`sly ks tm tde kutdect`a`ty ml tde fmaugect. Vde a`rauhkr skys h`ne
td`s ‘@t dks amge tm tde cmt`ae ml Imvercgect, tdkt tde l`ehf heveh Mll`aers amg`ci ucfer tde amctrmh ml Revecue Fepkrtgect, h`ne Qtkgps kcf Rei`strkt`mc Fepkrtgect, Qurvey Qetthegect kcf Hkcf Reamrfs Fepkrtgect, Guzrk` kcf wknl
Fepkrtgect kcf mtder
fepkrtgects kre kaaept`ci pdmtmstkt amp`es ml fmaugects presectef by tde pr`vkte pkrt`es kcf kre tkn`ci `gpmrtkct fea`s`mcs, w`tdmut ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckhs tm skt`sly ks tm tde kutdect`a`ty ml tde fmaugect. Qubsequect `cvest`ikt`mc dks revekhef tdkt gmst ml tde fmaugects were bmius kcf arektef by tde pkrt`es. Vd`s prkat`ae `s iecerkhhy cmt`aef `c rei`ster`ci tde Revecue Q`tes rmucf kbmut Bkcikhmre A`ty. Vd`s dks tm be stmppef lmrtdw`td ks mtderw`se pkrt`es wmuhf evkfe tde heikh prmv`s`mcs w`td `gpuc`ty kcf khsm gky resuht `c dekvy hmss ml tde revecue tm Imvercgect. @t `s, tderelmre, `cstruatef tdkt tde pdmtmstkt amp`es ml tde fmaugect `s cmt k heikh ev`fecae kcf sdmuhf cmt be kaaeptef `c kcy prmaeef`cis uchess pkrt`es prmfuae s`guhtkcemushy tde mr`i`ckh tdereml. Vde Mll`aer kaaept`ci tdese fmaugects skt`sly d`gsehl klter ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckh ks tm tde kutdcect`a`ty kcf put k aert`l`akte tm tdkt elleat mc tde pdmtmstkt ampy ml tde fmaugect. Vd`s prmaefure sdmuhf be lmhhmwef saruphmushy. Kcy hkpse `c lmhhmw`ci td`s prmaefure w`hh be v`ewef ser`mushy kcf gkne
mll`aer respmcs`bhe lmr tde g`sfeef.‗
;2. Vde Nkrcktknk Imvercgect a`rauhkr a`rauhkr fktef ;<-?4-;005 ;<-?4-;005 `c A`rauhkr Cm: RF 09 HI_ 46 skys tdkt ‘Vde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers kcf Feputy Amgg`ss`mcers kre f`reatef tm lmhhmw tde i`vec `cstruat`mcs sarupuhmushy wd`he fea`f`ci suad akses by qumt`ci Quprege amurt fea`s`mc. Vde Quprege Amurt wd`he updmhf`ci tde vkh`f`ty ml tde Kat dks gkfe lmhhmw`ci mbservkt`mcs, ckgehy:- "Vdmuid we dkve amge tm tde amcahus`mc tdkt tde Kat `s vkh`f, yet, `c mur mp`c`mc, we dkve tm gkne aertk`c kspeats ahekr. Irkctef hkcfs wd`ad dkf beec trkcslerref klter tde exp`ry ml tde per`mf ml prmd`b`t`mc fm cmt amge w`td`c tde purv`ew ml tde Kat, kcf akccmt be prmaeefef kik`cst ucfer tde prmv`s`mcs ml td`s Kat. Vde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat gkne td`s pms`t`mc ahekr, ks Qs. 6 kcf 5 beamge kpph`akbhe mchy wdec irkctef hkcfs kre trkcslerref `c brekad ml tde amcf`t`mc rehkt`ci tm prmd`b`t`mc mc trkcsler ml suad irkctef hkcfs. Irkctef hkcfs trkcslerref belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat kcf cmt `c amctrkvect`mc ml prmd`b`t`mc mc
trkcsler kre ahekrhy beymcf tde sampe kcf purv`ew ml tde presect Kat. Khsm `c akse wdere irkctef hkcfs dkf beec trkcslerref belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat `c v`mhkt`mc tde amcf`t`mc reikrf`ci prmd`b`t`mc mc suad trkcsler kcf tde trkcsleree wdm dkf `c`t`khhy kaqu`ref mchy k vm`fkbhe t`the `c suad irkctef hkcfs dkf perleatef d`s t`the `c tde irkctef hkcfs by presar`pt`mc by hmci kcf amct`cumus ecjmygect tdereml `c kaamrfkcae w`td hkw belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat, suad irkctef hkcfs wmuhf khsm cmt amge w`td`c tde purv`ew ml tde presect Kat, ks tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees tm tde irkctef hkcfs dks beec perleatef belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat. Q`cae kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees dkf aeksef tm be vm`fkbhe by reksmc ml kaqu`s`t`mc ml presar`pt`ve r`idts mc kaamuct ml hmci kcf amct`cuef user lmr tde requ`s`te per`mf, tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees amuhf cmt be recferef vm`f by v`rtue ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat w`tdmut v`mhkt`ci tde amcst`tut`mckh iukrkctee. Ye gust, tderelmre, rekf fmwc tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat by dmhf`ci tdkt tde Kat w`hh kpphy tm trkcslers ml irkctef hkcfs gkfe `c brekad ml tde amcf`t`mc `gpms`ci prmd`b`t`mc mc trkcsler ml irkctef hkcfs mchy `c tdmse akses wdere tde t`the kaqu`ref by tde trkcsleree wks st`hh vm`fkbhe kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat kcf dkf cmt hmst `ts feleks`bhe adkrkater kt tde fkte wdec tde Kat akge `ctm lmrae. Vrkcslerees ml irkctef hkcfs kcf cmt dkv`ci k perleatef kcf cmt k vm`fkbhe t`the kt tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat gust be dehf tm be muts`fe tde pkhe ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat. Q.6 ml tde Kat gust be sm amcstruef ks cmt tm dkve tde elleat ml recfer`ci vm`f tde t`the ml kcy trkcsleree wd`ad wks cmt vm`fkbhe kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat".
;1. _EV@V@MCER DKQ CMV LMHHMYEF VDE LMHHMY@CI RUHE : Ucfer tde Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes (_rmd`b`t`mc ml Vrkcsler ml Aertk`c Hkcfs) Ruhes, ;090. Ruhe 1(;) tm (1) skys 1. Resugpt`mc kcf rest`tut`mc ml irkctef hkcfs:(;) Every kpph`akt`mc by kcy `cterestef persmc ucfer seat`mc 5 sdkhh be `c lmrg-@. (2) Mc reae`pt ml kc kpph`akt`mc mr `clmrgkt`mc ucfer sub-seat`mc (;) ml seat`mc 5, tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer gky f`reat tde kpph`akct mr `clmrgkct, ks tde akse gky be, tm lurc`sd suad lurtder pkrt`auhkrs mr `clmrgkt`mc ks gky be requ`ref kcf l`x k fkte lmr lurc`sd`ci tde skge.
(1) Klter reae`pt ml tde pkrt`auhkrs mr `clmrgkt`mc `l kcy, akhhef lmr ucfer sub:- ruhe (2), tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer sdkhh, by k cmt`ae `c lmrg @@, requ`re tde persmc mr persmcs `c pmssess`mc ml tde irkctef hkcf tm l`he mbjeat`mcs, tm tde ahk`g w`td fmaugectkry ev`fecae, `l kcy, w`td`c suad reksmckbhe t`ge, ks tde kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer gky td`cn l`t `c tde a`raugstkcaes ml tde akse. LMRG @ ^Qee ruhe 1 (2)W K__H@AKV@MC ;. Ckge ml tde kpph`akct (irkctee) w`td luhh kffress. 2. Ckture ml tde hkcf. `.e., ikrfec mr wet mr fry w`td kssessgect. Extect 1. Fetk`hs ml tde hkcf. \`hhkie/ Qurvey Vkhun Cugbers Kares Iuctks 6. Ckge (s) ml tde puradkser mr exadkcier mr gmrtikier mr heksee eta. ks tde akse gky be, (w`td luhh kffress). 5. Ckture ml kaqu`r`ci tde Hkcf by tde irkctee (`.e. E`tder irkctef ucfer Fdkr- nkst ruhes mr mtder spea`kh Ruhes w`td Mrfer Cm. kcf Fkte ml skcat`mc) <. Vmtkh kgmuct lmr wd`ad tde Irkctef hkcf dks beec F`spmsef kcf pkrt`auhkrs ml tde rei`steref fmaugect, `l kcy. 9. Br`el reksmcs lmr tde f`spmskh. 4. Kcy mtder rehevect `clmrgkt`mc `c suppmrt ml tde ahk`g.
;6. L`h`ci pet`t`mc w`td lkbr`aktef fmaugects `s amcfegcef by D`id amurt ml Nkrcktknk `c ser`mus wmrfs. wmrfs. @c Ayr`h F'Qmuzk vs _mcnrk
Guierk Kcf Mtders ;004 (;) NkrHJ <50, Just`ae D C V`hdkr` ‘Vd`s wr`t pet`t`mc dks imt cm ger`ts kcf `t, `c gy mp`c`mc sdmuhf be f`sg`ssef w`td k cmte ml akut`mc tm tde gegbers ml tde Bkr kcf tde Amucseh ml tde pet`t`mcer ks wehh, tdkt `c luture, tde Amucsehs sdmuhf be very akut`mus `c frklt`ci, l`h`ci tde pet`t`mcs, kll`fkv`t eta. kcf see tdkt tde pkrt`es fm cmt l`he wr`t pet`t`mcs eta. w`td purief kcf lmrief fmaugects,
mtderw`se,
tdey
gky
dkve
tm
lkae
tde
ser`mus
amcsequecaes. @cstekf, td`s pet`t`mc kppekrs tm be kc kttegpt ml tde pet`t`mcer tm prmaure smge mrfer lrmg tde Amurt mc tde bks`s ml kc kireegect wd`ad pr`gk lka`e kppekrs tm be kc kcte-fktef fmaugect prepkref klter tdkt fkte kcf `t pr`gk lka`e sdmws tdkt k lkhse fmaugect dks beec l`hef w`td lkhse khheikt`mcs, beakuse `l pet`t`mcer wmuhf dkve beec `c pmssess`mc, peckhty wmuhf dkve beec rekh`sef lrmg d`g, tde khheikt`mcs `c tde pet`t`mc tdkt tde pet`t`mcer dkf beec `c pmssess`mc kcf tde fkte ml irkct khsm kppekrs tm be lkhse. L`h`ci k lkhse kll`fkv`t kcf l`h`ci lmrief fmaugect, ks per hkw hk`f fmwc by tde
Quprege Amurt `s cmtd`ci but kc kat `hheikh, `cterler`ci w`td tde prmper kfg`c`strkt`mc ml just`ae kcf `t pr`gk lka`e gknes mut k akse
lmr amctegpt.‗ Yderelmre tde Dmc‐bhe amurt gky be pheksef tm f`sg`ss tde pet`t`mc ml pet`t`mcer ks cmt gk`ctk`ckbhe `c v`ew ml heikh pm`cts ks eh`a`tef kbmve.
Fkte _hkae: Ad`annkbkhhkpur
Kfvmakte lmr Respmcfect
@C VDE AMURV ML FE_UVP AMGG@QQ@MCER KV AD@ANNKBKHK_UR _VAH (K) K__EHHKCV
\Q
@NRKG _KQDK
/2?;;-;2 REQ_MCFECVQ GUC@RKJU & FE\KRKJU
YR@VVEC KRIUGECVQ MC BEDKHL ML K__EHHKCV:-
Vd`s akse `s kc kppekh mver tde mrfers ml _VAH ;4/2??<-?9 fktef 1;-?;-2?;; mc tde l`he ml Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer Ad`annkbkhkpur. Vde _VAH ;4/2??<-?9 akse wks l`hef by respmcfects mc 21-?<-2??< by k bkhf pet`t`mc stkt`ci lmhhmw`ci pm`cts.
0. Vdey ahk`g tm be irkcfsmcs ml Ad`annkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk & Qmctkggk w/m Ad`annkikcikppk. ;?. Vdey ahk`g tm behmci tm sadefuhe akste. ;;. Vdey ahk`g tm dkve imt tde hkcf irkctef v`fe HCF 2190/96-95 fktef ;9-?1-;04;. ;2. Vdey ahk`g tde hkcf 1-?? kares ekad `c survey cugber ;?/6< kcf ;?/69 `c Bkhkj`ikpkfe irkgk. ;1. Vdey ahk`g tdkt mce Guc`ykppk, Ckcjkppk, Qd`vkppk smcs ml Ad`annkikcikppk dkve smhf tde kbmve hkcf w`tdmut tde`r ncmwhefie. ;6. Vdey ahk`g tdkt tdere `s 2? yekr cmc kh`eckt`mc per`mf kcf w`td`c tdkt per`mf skhe dks beec gkfe v`mhkt`ci skhe amcf`t`mc. ;5. Vdey ahk`g tdkt tdrmuid Rei`ster cm. 49?/0<-09 fktef 2<-?<-;00< klter v`mhkt`ci irkct amcf`t`mc dkve smhf irkctef hkcf. ;<. Vde fmaugects kccexef `c `c suppmrt ml tde pet`t`mc kre tde lmhhmw`ci lmhhmw`ci j.
RVA ml survey cugber ;?/p1; ndktdk cugber 45 kcf GR Cm. 21/0<-09. Fktef 22-?<-2??<.
n. RVA ml survey cugber ;?/p1? ndktdk cugber 2? kcf GR Cm. 0/2??6-?5. Fktef 22-?<-2??<. h.
Akste aert`l`akte fktef ;<-?<-2??< i`vec tm Fevkrkjk s/m Ckcjkppk lmr tkn`ci hmkc.
g. Akste Aert`l`akte fktef ;5-?<-2??< i`vec tm Guc`rkju s/m Guc`ykppk. c. Irkct Aert`l`akte ampy `c tde ckge ml mce Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk fktef ;9-?1-;04; ;9-?1-;04; , Qurvey Qurvey cugber: ;?, Bhman cugber 5?, v`fe
HCF Cm. 2190/96-95 fktef 20-;?-;099, FR cm. ;429/;04?-4; extect 1 kares ?2 iuctks `cahuf`ci ?-?2 iuctks ml put ndkrkb. ;5 yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc amcf`t`mc m. RVA lmr tde yekr ;005-0< lmr Qurvey cugber ;?/6< fktef 22-?9;00<. p. GR 1;/0;-02 fktef 21-?2-;005 lmr survey cugber cugber ;?/6<. q. Irkct Aert`l`akte ampy `c tde ckge ml
Qmctkggk w/m
Ad`annkikcikppk fktef ;9-?1-;04; , Qurvey cugber: ;?, Bhman cugber 69, v`fe HCF Cm. 2190/96-95 fktef 20-;?-;099, 20-;?-;099, FR cm. ;42
Vde respmcfect `c tdkt akse kcf kppehhkct dere`c dks tknec tde lmhhmw`ci stkcf `c d`s stktegect.
9. Vde pet`t`mcers ahk`gs kre tmtkhhy fec`ef. 4. Vde pet`t`mcers kre fec`ef fec`ef tm be irkcf ad`hfrec ml mr`i`ckh mr`i`ckh irkctees. 0. Vde vkgsdkvrunsdk kcf tde akste aert`l`akte kre ahk`gef ks lkhse lkbr`aktef amcamatef kcf arektef lmr tde purpmse ml l`h`ci lkhse pet`t`mc. ;?. Qkhe Vrkcskat`mc relerref tm `c ahk`gef tm ks —`t fmes cmt v`mhktef kcy
irkct amcf`t`mc‐. ;;. Hkcf mr`i`ckhhy irkctef tm mce Qr` Ad`nnkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk geksur`ci 1 kares ks per mrfer fktef 20-;?-;099 v`fe cm. 2190/9695. ;2. Vde skhe tmmn phkae klter per`mf ml ;5 ; 5 yekrs lrmg tde irkct t`ge.
F@Q_UVEF LKAVQ:-
6. _et`t`mcers rehkt`mcsd`p w`td irkctee‐s kre f`sputef. 5. Irkctee‐s akste `s cmt kaaeptef ks lrmg fepressef ahkss. _VAH prmv`s`mcs decae cmt kttrkatef. <. Irkct amcf`t`mc v`mhkt`mc f`sputef.
_M@CVQ LMR FEVERG@CKV@MC:FEVERG@CKV@MC:-
4. Fmes tde hkcf irkctef lmr sadefuhef akste mr sadefuhef tr`be persmc. 0. Fmes tde hkcf irkctef lmr upset pr`ae mr lree irkct. ;?. Fmes tde hkcf irkct amctk`c 2? yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc per`mf ks ahk`gef. ;;. Fmes tde fmaugects reh`ef by pet`t`mcer kre iecu`ce kcf reh`kbhe. ;2. Fmes tde pet`t`mc `s gk`ctk`ckbhe `c tde presect lmrg. ;1. Fmes tde pet`t`mcer kpprmkadef amurt `c t`ge lmr reh`el. ;6. Fmes tde pet`t`mcer dks kpprmkadef amurt w`td ahekc dkcfs.
@csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve lkats tm tde cmt`ae ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer, de dks mverhmmnef tde kbmve amctect`mcs `c tde `gpucief mrfer.
VDE LMHHMY@CI HEIKH FELEAVQ KCF FRKYBKANQ YERE CMV VKNEC @CVM AMCQ@FERKV@MC BP VDE KQQ@QVKCV AMGG@QQ@MCER YD@HE _RMCMUCA@CI D@Q MRFER, @CQ_@VE ML BR@CI@CI GKVVERQ @CVM D@Q AMCQ@FERKV@MC BP YKP ML YR@VVEC KRIUGECVQ:-
;5. Cm p`eae ml fmaugect `s phkaef by respmcfects belmre tde hmwer amurt tm sdmw tdkt mr`i`ckh mr`i`ckh irkctee behmief tm QA mr QV. @c tde akse ml Kbfuh Dkq Qdkgsduff`c Qkdeb v. Feputy Amgg`ss`mcer, Uttkrk Nkcckfk F`str`at, Nkrwkr kcf Mrs., belmr Dmc‐bhe D`id Amurt ml Nkrcktknk Repmrtef `c 2??2(5) Nkr. H.J. ;?0 dehf tdkt ‘Vm `cvmne tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde _VAH Kat `t gust be sdmwc tdkt tde hkcf wks irkctef tm k persmc behmci`ci tm Qadefuhef Akste mr Qadefuhef Vr`be mchy mc tdkt amuct kcf cmt mtderw`se. Vd`s `s gmre sm, s`cae h`ne tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Hkcf Relmrgs Kat kcy persmc behmci`ci tm e`tder Qadefuhef Akste mr Qadefuhef Vr`be mr evec d`ider ahkss akc ahk`g irkct ml maaupkcay r`idt kcf, `l de sdmws amgph`kcae w`td tde ceaesskry amcf`t`mcs, de `s ect`thef lmr suad amclergect ml maaupkcay r`idts mr irkct ml tde hkcf. Kt tdkt stkie, `t `s cmt ceaesskry tdkt de sdmuhf behmci tm k pkrt`auhkr akste mr amgguc`ty.‗
;<. Vde pet`t`mcers `c hmwer amurt dks dks prmfuaef k amcamatef fmaugect fmaugect ml mce Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk ahk`g`ci `t ks Ad`nnkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk. @t sdmws respmcfects kre ucsure kbmut tde`r ahk`gef kcaestmrs rekh`ty. @t sdmws tdey kre `icmrkct ml tde`r ahk`gef
kcaestmr. Ydetder Ikcikppk mr Ad`annkikcikppk `s tde amctrkry td`cis wd`ad `s cmt exphk`cef by respmcfects `c hmwer amurt kcf tde sk`f lkat khsm be`ci ceiheatef by tde hmwer amurt `c `ts mrfer. Vdey spekn mce td`ci `c pet`t`mc, tdey prmfuae fmaugects wd`ad spekn mtder td`cis. _hekf`cis kcf prmml wmct tkhhy `c tde`r akse. Vde bks`a ruhe ml hkw ml phekf`cis `s, tdkt k pkrty akc mchy suaaeef kaamrf`ci tm wdkt de dks khheief kcf prmvef, mtderw`se, mc tde pr`ca`phe ml 'seaucfug khheiktk kt et prmbktk' k pkrty `s cmt khhmwef tm suaaeef, wdere de dks cmt set up tde akse wd`ad de wkcts tm substkct`kte. Vd`s ruhe tdkt phekf`cis kcf prmml gust amrrespmcf, rests upmc tde pr`ca`phe tdkt cm pkrty sdmuhf be prejuf`aef by be`ci tknec by surpr`se by vkry`ci tde akse ks mr`i`ckhhy set up. Cm kgmuct ml ev`fecae akc be hmmnef `ctm upmc k phek wd`ad wks cever put lmrwkrf. Vde true sampe ml td`s ruhe `s tdkt ev`fecae het `c mc `ssues mc wd`ad tde pkrt`es katukhhy wect tm tr`kh sdmuhf cmt be gkfe tde lmucfkt`mc lmr fea`s`mc ml kcmtder kcf f`llerect `ssue, wd`ad wks cmt presect tm tde g`cfs ml tde pkrt`es kcf mc wd`ad tdey dkf cm mppmrtuc`ty ml kffua`ci ev`fecae. @c A.C. Ckiecfrk Q`cid vs Vde Qpea`kh Feputy Amgg`ss`mcer Kcf Mrs.
(@HR 2??2 NKR 295?) Vde 295?) Vde
Dmcbhe D`id amurt ml Nkrcktknk Dehf tdkt : ‘ Vde fea`s`mc ml tde Revecue Amurts dks tm be ceaesskr`hy bksef mc tde ucf`sputef lkats.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by D`id Amurts kcf Quprege amurt. @c kff`t`mc `kg br`ci`ci br`ci`ci tm ymur n`cf n`cf kttect`mc tde pr`ca`phe pr`ca`phe ml hkw ks eh`a`tef `c I. Jkikf`sd Kcf Kcr. vs vs B.Q. Ikcesdk Rkm @HR ;004 NKR ;?<9
‘
Vde vkr`kt`mc betweec tde
phekf`cis kcf prmml kssuges `gpmrtkcae `c kpprea`kt`ci tde
bmckl`fes ml tde pkrt`es…….‗
;9. Qurvey ;9. Qurvey cugber ;?/6< `s k irkctef hkcf kcf tde irkct `s gkfe mc 20-;?-;099 v`fe HCF 2190/96-95 kcf tde pmssess`mc `s i`vec mc ;9-?1-;04;, tde skhe `s gkfe by de`rs ml irkctee mc 24-?<-;00< tdkt `s klter ;5 yekrs 1 gmctds ;; fkys. Vde skhe `s k rei`steref skhe. Evec `l kcy mce dks beec elleatef by suad skhe `t sdmuhf dkve beec quest`mcef w`td`c 1 yekrs ks per Krt`ahe ;19 ml H`g`tkt`mc kat. @c Nkghesd Bkbu & Mrs vs Hkjpkt Rk` Rk` Qdkrgk & Mrs 2??4 (<) QAR QAR
<51 @t `s wehh setthef tdkt Qeat`mc 1(;) ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat aksts k <51 futy upmc tde amurt tm f`sg`ss k su`t mr kc kppekh mr kc kpph`akt`mc, `l gkfe klter tde presar`bef per`mf, khtdmuid, h`g`tkt`mc `s cmt set up ks k felecae. Kpex Amurt `c tde akse ml Nerkhk Qtkte Eheatr`a`ty Bmkrf, Vr`vkcfrug v. V._. Nucdkh`uggk K@R ;009 QA 242. Vde Kpex Amurt dks hk`f fmwc tde hkw tdkt tde t`ge h`g`t ml tdree yekrs presar`bef ucfer Krt`ahe ;19 ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat kpph`es tm kcy kpph`akt`mc l`hef ucfer kcy Kat. Jkckrfdkckg Kat. Jkckrfdkckg _rkskf vs Rkgfks 2??9 (2 ) QAR ;5; _mssess`mc ml tde su`t hkcf by tde kppehhkct khsm stkcfs kfg`ttef. Rei`strkt`mc ml k fmaugect ks wehh ks pmssess`mc wmuhf amcst`tute cmt`ae, ks `s ev`fect lrmg Qeat`mc 1 ml tde Vrkcsler ml _rmperty Kat, ;442, wd`ad `s `c tde lmhhmw`ci tergs : "...."k persmc `s sk`f tm dkve cmt`ae" ml k lkat wdec de katukhhy ncmws tdkt lkat, mr wdec, but lmr w`hluh kbstect`mc lrmg kc ecqu`ry mr sekrad wd`ad de muidt tm dkve
gkfe, mr irmss ceih`iecae, de wmuhf dkve ncmwc `t………… Exphkck`mc @. Ydere kcy trkcskat`mc rehkt`ci tm `ggmvkbhe prmperty `s requ`ref by hkw tm be kcf dks beec elleatef by k rei`steref `cstrugect, kcy persmc kaqu`r`ci suad prmperty mr kcy pkrt ml, mr sdkre mr `cterest `c, suad prmperty sdkhh be feegef tm dkve cmt`ae ml suad `cstrugect ks
lrmg tde fkte ml rei`strkt`mc………. @c tde fea`s`mc `c Qgt F`hbmm vs. Qgt Fdkcrkj` K@R 2??? QA 1;6< 1;6< , tde Kpex Amurt dks dehf tdkt
‘wdecever k fmaugect `s rei`steref, tde fkte ml rei`strkt`mc kats ks tde fkte ml feegef ncmwhefie. @c mtder akses, wdec k lkat amuhf be f`samveref by fue f`h`iecae, tdec feegef ncmwhefie amuhf be kttr`butef tm tde phk`ct`ll beakuse k pkrty akccmt be khhmwef tm extecf
per`mf ml h`g`tkt`mc by gerehy ahk`g`ci tdkt de dkf cm ncmwhefie.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by Quprege amurt.
;4. Dmwever tde respmcfects respmcfects
dkve cmt phkaef k p` p`eae eae ml pkper
sdmw`ci tdey kre tde fesaecfkcts ml mr`i`ckh mr`i`ckh irkctees. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID & MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t wks mbservef mc I-VREE ks lmhhmws ‘Vde pr`ca`phes imverc`ci suad akses kre: (`) Iecekhmi`es kfg`ttef mr prmvef tm be mhf kcf reh`ef mc `c prev`mus akses kre fmubthess rehevkct kcf `c smge akses gky
evec be amcahus`ve ml tde lkats prmvef, but tdere kre severkh amcs`ferkt`mcs wd`ad gust be nept `c g`cf v`z.: (k) Qmurae ml tde iecekhmiy kcf `ts fepecfkb`h`ty. (b) Kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml tde iecekhmiy ucfer tde Ev`fecae Kat. (a) K prmper use `c fea`s`mcs fea`s`mcs mr jufigects mc wd`ad reh`kcae reh`kcae `s phkaef. phkaef. (f) Kie ml iecekhmi`es. (e) H`t`ikt`mcs H`t`ikt`mcs wdere suad iecekhmi`es dkve beec kaaeptef mr rejeatef.
(2) Mc tde
quest`mc ml kfg`ss`b`h`ty tde lmhhmw`ci tests gust be kfmptef: kfmptef: (k) Vde iecekhmi`es ml tde lkg`h`es amcaercef gust lkhh w`td`c tde lmuramrcers ml s. 12(5) mr s. ;1 ml tde Ev`fecae Kat. (b) Vdey gust cmt be d`t by tde fmatr`ce ml pmst h`teg gmtkg. (a) Vde iecekhmi`es mr tde ahk`gs akccmt be prmvef by rea`tkhs, fepms`t`mcs mr lkats ckrrktef `c tde jufigect wd`ad dkve beec dehf by k hmci amurse ml fea`s`mcs tm be `ckfg`ss`bhe. (f) Ydere iecekhmiy `s prmvef prmvef by mrkh ev`fecae, tde sk`f ev`fecae gust ahekrhy sdmw spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie f`sahms`ci tde exkat smurae, t`ge kcf tde a`raugstkcaes ucfer wd`ad tde ncmwhefie `s kaqu`ref, kcf td`s gust be ahekrhy kcf amcahus`vehy
prmvef.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by Quprege amurt.
;0. Hkter arektef fmaugects tm su`t tde`r lkhse ahk`gs fmes cmt f`sahmse kcytd`ci kbmut tde mr`i`ckh irkctee. Ce`tder tde akste aert`l`akte ml respmcfect f`sahmses tdkt tde tde akste ml irkctee `s skge ks tdkt ml pet`t`mcer. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID & MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t wks mbservef ks lmhhmws: ‘Kfg`ss`b`h`ty ‘Kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml k fmaugect `s mce td`ci kcf `ts prmbkt`ve vkhue, qu`te kcmtder: k fmaugect gky be kfg`ss`bhe kcf yet gky cmt akrry kcy amcv`at`mc kcf we`idt mr `ts prmbkt`ve vkhue gky be c`h. @t `s khsm wehh setthef tdkt stktegects mr feahkrkt`mcs belmre persmcs ml amgpetect ncmwhefie gkfe kcte h`teg gmtkg kre reae`vkbhe tm prmve kca`ect r`idts ml k pubh`a mr iecerkh ckture.
Vde kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml suad feahkrkt`mcs `s,
dmwever, amcs`ferkbhy weknecef `l `t pertk`cs cmt tm pubh`a r`idts but tm purehy pr`vkte r`idts. @t `s equkhhy wehh setthef tdkt feahkrkt`mcs mr stktegects gkfe pmst h`teg gmtkg wmuhf cmt be kfg`ss`bhe beakuse `c akses mr prmaeef`cis tknec mr feahkrkt`mcs gkfe kcte h`teg gmtkg, tde ehegect ml b`ks kcf amcamat`mc `s eh`g`cktef. Belmre, dmwever, tde
stktegects ml tde ckture gect`mcef kbmve akc be kfg`ss`bhe ks be`ci kcte h`teg gmtkg tdey gust cmt mchy be belmre tde katukh ex`stecae ml kcy amctrmversy, but sdmuhf be gkfe evec belmre tde amggecaegect ml heikh prmaeef`cis.
Vd`s pms`t`mc dmwever akccmt dmhf immf ml
stktegects gkfe pmst h`teg gmtkg wd`ad wmuhf be ahekrhy `ckfg`ss`bhe `c ev`fecae. Vde reksmc lmr td`s ruhe seegs tm be tdkt klter k f`spute dks beiuc mr k heikh prmaeef`ci `s kbmut tm amggecae, tde pmss`b`h`ty ml b`ks, amcamat`mc mr putt`ci up lkhse pheks akccmt be
ruhef mut.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef amgg`ttef w`hhluh w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hkw hk`f fmwc by by kcf Quprege amurt.
2?. Mchy tde mhfest uc-f`sputef fmaugects h`ne kcy feahkrkt`mc ml irkctee kbmut d`s akste fur`ci d`s h`le t`ge akc be best p`eae ml ev`fecae wd`ad f`sahmses tde akste ml mr`i`ckh irkctee. @c tde kbsecae ml suad p`eae ml ev`fecae, `t akccmt be kssugef mr presugef `c kcy gkccer. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID & MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t `s mbservef ks lmhhmws: ‘@c amcs`fer`ci tde mrkh ev`fecae reikrf`ci k pef`iree k purehy gktdegkt`akh kpprmkad akccmt be gkfe beakuse wdere k hmci h`ce ml fesaect dks tm be prmvef sprekf`ci mver k aectury, `t `s' mbv`mus tdkt tde w`tcesses wdm kre exkg`cef tm fepmse tm tde iecekhmiy wmuhf dkve tm fepecf mc tde`r spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie wd`ad gky dkve amge tm tdeg tdrmuid tde`r kcaestmrs but, kt tde skge t`ge, tdere `s irekt r`sn kcf k ser`mus fkcier `cvmhvef `c rehy`ci smhehy mc tde ev`fecae ml w`tcess i`vec lrmg pure gegmry beakuse tde w`tcess wdm kre `cterestef cmrgkhhy dkve k tecfecay tm frkw gmre lrmg tde`r `gki`ckt`mc mr turc kcf tw`st tde lkats wd`ad tdey gky dkve dekrf lrmg tde`r kcaestmrs `c mrfer tm dehp tde pkrt`es lmr wdmg tdey kre fepms`ci. Vde amurt, gust tderelmre skleiukrf tdkt tde ev`fecae ml suad w`tcess gky cmt be kaaeptef ks `t `s bksef purehy mc `gki`ckt`mc mr kc `gki`ckry mr `hhusmry smurae ml `clmrgkt`mc rktder tdkc spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie ks requ`ref by hkw. Vde mrkh test`gmcy mr tde w`tcess mc td`s gktter `s bmucf tm be dekrsky kcf tde`r ev`fecae `s kfg`ss`bhe ks kc exaept`mc tm tde iecerkh ruhe wdere dekrsky ev`fecae `s cmt cmt kfg`ss`bhe. @c tde kpprea`kt`mc ml ev`fecae ev`fecae ml suad w`tcesses, w`tcesses,
tde pr`ca`phes tm be bmrce `c g`cf g`cf kre: (;) Vde rehkt`mcsd`p rehkt`mcsd`p mr tde amcceat`mc dmwever ahmse `t gky be, wd`ad tde w`tcess bekrs tm tde persmcs wdmse pef`iree `s smuidt tm be fepmsef by d`g. (2) Vde ckture kcf adkrkater ml tde spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie tdrmuid wd`ad tde w`tcess dks amge tm ncmw kbmut tde pef`iree. (1) Vde `cterestef ckture ml tde w`tcess amcaercef. (6) Vde preakut`mc wd`ad gust be tknec tm ruhe mut kcy lkhse stktegect gkfe by tde w`tcess pmst h`teg gmtkg mr mce wd`ad `s fer`vef cmt by gekcs ml spea`kh ncmwhefie but purehy lrmg d`s `gki`ckt`mc, kcf (5) Vde ev`fecae ml tde w`tcess gust be substkct`khhy amrrmbmrktef ks lkr ks t`ge kcf
gegmry kfg`t.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by Quprege amurt.
2;. Gmremver pet`t`mcer ml hmwer amurt kcf presect respmcfects lkhsehy ahk`gs tdkt tde cmc-kh`eckt`mc per`mf `s 2? yekrs. Vd`s `s lrkufuhect g`srepresectkt`mc kcf kbuse ml prmaess ml amurt. Vde lrkuf upmc pkrty `s khsm lrkuf upmc amurt wd`ad ceefs ser`mus amcfegckt`mc. @c Kruc`gk Bkrukd vs Uc`mc ml @cf`k & Mrs 2??9 (<) saa ;2? ‘@t `s tr`te hkw tdkt sm ks tm eckbhe tde amurt tm reluse tm exera`se `ts f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc suppress`mc gust be ml gkter`kh lkat. Ydkt wmuhf be k gkter`kh lkat, suppress`mc wdereml wmuhf f`sect`the tde kppehhkct tm mbtk`c k f`saret`mckry reh`el, wmuhf fepecf upmc tde lkats kcf a`raugstkcaes ml ekad akse. Gkter`kh lkat wmuhf gekc gkter`kh lmr tde purpmse ml feterg`ckt`mc ml tde h`s, tde hmi`akh amrmhhkry wdereml wmuhf be tdkt wdetder tde skge wks gkter`kh lmr irkct mr fec`kh ml tde reh`el. @l tde lkat suppressef `s cmt gkter`kh lmr feterg`ckt`mc ml tde h`s betweec tde pkrt`es, tde amurt gky cmt reluse tm exera`se `ts f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc. @t `s khsm tr`te tdkt k persmc `cvmn`ci tde f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc ml tde amurt akccmt be khhmwef
tm kpprmkad `t w`td k pk`r ml f`rty dkcfs.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by Quprege amurt. amurt.
22. Khtdmuid 22. Khtdmuid bmtd survey cugbers (;?/6< & ;?/69) kre gect`mcef `c tde kpph`akt`mc/_et`t`mc ml hmwer amurt. Mchy tde skhe feef w`td Rei`strkt`mc cm. 49?/0<-09 `s be`ci adkhhecief by tde pet`t`mcer ml hmwer amurt. Vde skhe feef amvers mchy Qurvey cugber ;?/6< , hkter cugber ;?/p25 ;?/p25 kcf presect survey cugber ;54. Vde Vde revecue reamrfs prmfuaef by pet`t`mcer `c hmwer amurt `s tdkt ml ;?/p1;(RVA),
;?/p1?(RVA),
;?/5?(IRKCV
AERV@L@AKVE),
;?/69(IRKCV AERV@L@AKVE), AERV@L@AKVE), wd`ad kre `rrehevkct reamrfs, tde rest ml tde reamrfs fmes cmt prmve kcy kspeats. Vde ahk`gs gkfe by pet`t`mcer d`gsehl ucfer irekt susp`a`mus gmfe kcf decae h`kbhe tm be f`sg`ssef. @t `s n`cfhy brmuidt tm tde n`cf kttect`mc ml Dmc‐bhe amurt tde mbservkt`mcs ml Quprege amurt `c VDE QVKVE ML KCFDRK _RKFEQD & KCMVDER \. V.QURPKADKCFRK RKM, ^(2??5) < QAA ;60W, ;60W , wdere`c tde Dmcmurkbhe Quprege Amurt dks mbservef ks lmhhmws: " "Lrkuf" ks `s wehh ncmwc v`t`ktes every smhegc kat. Lrkuf kcf just`ae cever fwehh tmietder. Lrkuf `s k amcfuat e`tder by hetter mr wmrfs, wd`ad `cahufes tde mtder persmc mr kutdmr`ty tm tkne k fel`c`te feterg`ckt`ve stkcf ks k respmcse tm tde amcfuat ml tde lmrger e`tder by wmrfs mr hetter. @t `s khsm wehh setthef tdkt g`srepresectkt`mc `tsehl kgmucts tm lrkuf. @cfeef, `ccmaect g`srepresectkt`mc gky khsm i`ve reksmc tm ahk`g reh`el kik`cst lrkuf. K lrkufuhect g`srepresectkt`mc `s akhhef feae`t kcf amcs`sts `c hekf`ci k gkc `ctm fkgkie by w`hhluhhy mr reanhesshy akus`ci d`g tm beh`eve kcf kat mc lkhsedmmf. @t `s k lrkuf `c hkw `l k pkrty gknes represectkt`mcs, wd`ad de ncmws tm be lkhse, kcf `cjury ecures tderelrmg khtdmuid tde gmt`ve lrmg wd`ad tde represectkt`mcs prmaeefef gky cmt dkve beec bkf. Kc kat ml lrkuf mc amurt `s khwkys v`ewef ser`mushy. K amhhus`mc mr amcsp`rkay w`td k v`ew tm fepr`ve tde r`idts ml tde mtders `c rehkt`mc tm k prmperty wmuhf recfer tde trkcskat`mc vm`f kb `c`t`m. ‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hkw hk`f fmwc by Quprege amurt.
21. @t akc be seec tdkt lmr survey cugber ;?/6< kcf ;?/69 k persmcs by ckge mce Ckrkykckswkgy & Gkcjucktdk , ahk`g`ci tm be irkcfsmcs ml mce Rkgkppk s/m Qktykppk kcf nkfkrkggk w/m Rkgkppk ahk`gs tm dkve beec irkctee‐s ml tde skge hkcf v`fe _VAH
;9/?<-?9 belmre hmwer
Dmc‐bhe amurt. Vde vers`mcs ml bmtd tde
pet`t`mcs akc be amgpkref tdere `s cm f`llerecae `c kcy wmrfs exaept tdkt ml pkrt`es ckges kcf adkhhecief skhe feef cugber. L`h`ci fkte `s skge. Vd`s sdmws smge amhhus`ve kttegpt by bmtd tdese pkrt`es. @c tdese fkys `t `s mc `carekse ml tde dkb`ts ml severkh `gpersmckt`ci/l`at`t`mus pemphe tm g`suse tde hkw kcf amurt prmaess w`td lkhse kcf g`shekf`ci represectkt`mcs lmr tde`r persmckh ik`cs tdrmuid bhkangk`h`ci tkat`as kcf setthegects. Just`ae QreefdkrRkm ml Nkrcktknk D`id Amurt `c _ecck`kd Kcf Mrs. vs Vd`ppkggk K@R 2??6 Nkct 666 dks dehf tdkt ‘Ydec tde fmaugects ml t`the reh`ef mc by tde phk`ct`ll fmes cmt amrrespmcf w`td tde su`t sadefuhe prmperty kcf `c tde kbsecae ml ceaesskry phekf`ci kcf prmml, tde kppehhkte Amurt wks wrmci `c feahkr`ci tde t`the ml tde phk`ct`ll. Gky be tdkt tde felecfkct dks cmt prmvef t`the ml d`s vecfmr, but, cmcetdehess tde felecfkct `s dehf tm be `c pmssess`mc ml tde su`t prmperty, wdec tde phk`ct`ll dks lk`hef tm prmve t`the, de wmuhf cmt be ect`thef tm reh`el ml pmssess`mc `rrespeat`ve ml tde vkh`f t`the ml tde felecfkct. @c tdkt v`ew ml tde gktter> tde kpprea`kt`mc ml lkats kcf ev`fecae kcf tde `clerecae frkwc `s perverse kcf amctrkry tm hkw kcf
ev`fecae mc reamrf.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by Nkrcktknk D`id Amurt. Amurt.
26. Vde pet`t`mc pet`t`mc `c hmwer amurt wks
cmt l`hef ks per tde Ruhe
kpph`akbhe. Fesp`te td`s kppehhkcts mbjeat`mcs kcf fesp`te represectkt`mc by hekrcef kfvmakte mc bedkhl ml pet`t`mcers s`fe `c hmwer amurt, pet`t`mcers ml hmwer hmwer amurt lk`hef tm amgphy tde ruhe ruhe ml hkw. Mc td`s amuct pet`t`mc `s h`kbhe tm be f`sg`ssef, but tdere `s cm wd`sper ks tm td`s kspeat by hmwer amurt `c `ts mrfer. Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes (_VAH) (_VAH) Ruhes ;090 were tm be lmhhmwef belmre `ssu`ci cmt`ae tm kh`ecee. But `c td`s akse suad ruhe dks cmt beec lmhhmwef.
Vde cmc lmhhmw`ci ml suad ruhes `tsehl sdmws
pet`t`mcers dkve cmt kpprmkadef amurt w`td ahekc dkcfs kcf tdey dkve exera`sef lrkuf mc tde kutdmr`ty by l`h`ci kc `camgphete pet`t`mc wd`ad `s v`mhkt`ve ml ruhes. HKY AHKR@L@AKV@MC:- Vde Nkrcktknk Imvercgect a`rauhkr fktef 25-?<-;041 v`fe A`rauhkr Cugber RF 1;
HI_ 41 Y`td k Qubjeat Qubjeat ml @gphegectkt`mc ml D`id Amurt Mrfer fktef fktef ;?-;-;041. @c Y._.Cms. ;?<96, ;?9;?, ;6?2<, ;<610. ;4462, 22149, 21?26 ML ;04?, 125?, ;95<9 kcf ;95<4 ml ;04; ;<<<1 kcf ;9;?; tm ;9;?1 ml ;042 ‑ Quiiest`mcs gkfe by tde F`v`s`mc Becad, Becad, reikrf`ci tde sgmmtd kcf prmper `gphegectkt`mc ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes Vr`bes (_VAH) Kat, ;094 ;094 ‑ @t dks beec brmuidt tm tde cmt`ae ml Imvercgect tdkt k hkrie cugber ml kh`ecess tdkt dkf reae`vef sdmw akuse cmt`aes lrmg tde Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcers ml tde kreks mr tde mrfers gkfe by tdeg, adkhhecief tde vkh`f`ty ml tde Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes Kat, ;094, tde sdmw akuse cmt`aes mr tde mrfers tdere tm gkfe kik`cst tdeg. Vde pet`t`mcers kik`cst wdmg l`ckh mrfers dkve beec gkfe by tde respeat`ve Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers dkve adkhhecief tde Kat kcf tde mrfers gkfe kik`cst tdeg. @t `s khsm pm`ctef mut tdkt `c gmst ml tde akses tde sdmw akuse cmt`aes `ssuef tm tde kh`ecees tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers fm cmt set mut kcy ml tde fetk`hs requ`ref by tde Ruhes. Belmre `ssu`ci tde sdmw akuse cmt`aes tm tde kh`ecees, `t `s prmper lmr tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers tm amhheat khh suad `clmrgkt`mc ks tdey akc kcf ahekrhy set mut khh tde irmucfs mc wd`ad tde kh`eckt`mc `s prmpmsef tm be kccuhef, sm tdkt tde kh`ecee akc skt`slkatmr`hy stkte d`s akse khsm belmre tde kutdmr`ty. Vde sdmw akuse cmt`ae gust be k sehlamctk`cef mce, i`v`ci irmucfs lmr prmaeef`cis kik`cst tde kh`ecee tde ckture ml v`mhkt`mc ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml Hkw kcf tde purpmse lmr wd`ad tde cmt`ae `s `ssuef kcf tm sdmw akuse wdy tde skhe trkcskat`mc sdmuhf cmt be dehf vm`f. Vde cmt`ae sdmuhf khsm amctk`c pkttkfkr, tde amcf`t`mcs kttkadef tm `t kcf tde v`mhkt`mcs ml tde amcf`t`mcs `c td`s skhe, sdmuhf be spea`l`akhhy gect`mcef sm tdkt k reksmckbhe mppmrtuc`ty wmuhf dkve beec i`vec tm tde kh`ecee tm exphk`c d`s
pms`t`mc d`s pms`t`mc `c ahekr tergs………………..‗. @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve a`rauhkr a`rauhkr tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by imvercgect a`rauhkr.
25. Vde pet`t`mc `c hmwer amurt wks kaamgpkc`ef by Termx amp`es ml severkh fmaugects. Vdmse fmaugects cmt mchy reh`kbhe kcf pet`t`mcer ml hmwer amurt
gkfe cm ellmrt tm suggmc mr`i`ckh
fmaugects. Hkpse mc tde pkrt ml pet`t`mcer pet`t`mcer `c hmwer hmwer amurt tm lmhhmw
tde hkw ml hkcf fmes cmt ect`the d`g lmr lmr kcy reh`el. Vd`s bks`a hkw `s mverhmmnef `c `gpucief `gpucief mrfer.
Vde Termx Termx ampy ml fmaugects
subg`ttef by pet`t`mcers `c hmwer amurt sdmw tdkt mce Ikcikppk‐s hkcf `c phmt cugber ;?/5? fmaugect `s prmfuaef tm ahk`g hkcf `c phmt ;?/6<. Vde persmc Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk `s f`llerect lrmg Ad`annkikcikppk s/m sktykppk.
HKY AHKR@L@AKV@MC:-
Imvercgect ml Nkrcktknk v`fe `ts a`rauhkr fktef 1;-?5-;00? `c A`rauhkr cugber: RF 09 HI_ 0? 0? dkve spea`l`akhhy f`reatef cmt tm kaaept pdmtmstkt amp`es ml fmaugects presectef by tde pr`vkte pkrt`es tm tkne `gpmrtkct fea`s`mcs, w`tdmut ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckhs tm skt`sly ks
tm tde kutdect`a`ty ml tde fmaugect. Vde a`rauhkr skys h`ne td`s ‘@t dks amge tm tde cmt`ae ml Imvercgect, tdkt tde l`ehf heveh Mll`aers amg`ci ucfer tde amctrmh ml Revecue Fepkrtgect, h`ne Qtkgps kcf Rei`strkt`mc Fepkrtgect, Qurvey Qetthegect kcf Hkcf Reamrfs Fepkrtgect, Guzrk` kcf kcf wknl Fepkrtgect kcf mtder fepkrtgects kre kaaept`ci pdmtmstkt amp`es ml fmaugects presectef by tde pr`vkte pkrt`es kcf kre tkn`ci `gpmrtkct fea`s`mcs, w`tdmut ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckhs tm skt`sly ks tm tde kutdect`a`ty ml tde fmaugect. Qubsequect `cvest`ikt`mc dks revekhef tdkt gmst ml tde fmaugects were bmius kcf arektef by tde pkrt`es. Vd`s prkat`ae `s iecerkhhy cmt`aef `c rei`ster`ci tde Revecue Q`tes rmucf kbmut Bkcikhmre A`ty. Vd`s dks tm be stmppef lmrtdw`td ks mtderw`se pkrt`es wmuhf evkfe tde heikh prmv`s`mcs w`td `gpuc`ty kcf khsm gky resuht `c dekvy hmss ml tde revecue tm Imvercgect. @t `s, tderelmre, `cstruatef tdkt tde pdmtmstkt amp`es ml tde fmaugect `s cmt k heikh ev`fecae kcf sdmuhf cmt be kaaeptef `c kcy prmaeef`cis uchess pkrt`es prmfuae s`guhtkcemushy tde mr`i`ckh tdereml. Vde Mll`aer kaaept`ci tdese fmaugects skt`sly d`gsehl klter ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckh ks tm tde kutdcect`a`ty kcf put k aert`l`akte tm tdkt elleat mc tde pdmtmstkt ampy ml tde fmaugect. Vd`s prmaefure sdmuhf be lmhhmwef saruphmushy. Kcy hkpse `c lmhhmw`ci td`s prmaefure w`hh be v`ewef ser`mushy kcf gkne mll`aer respmcs`bhe lmr
tde g`sfeef.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve a`rauhkr
tm tde
ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by imvercgect a`rauhkr.
2<. Vde Nkrcktknk Imvercgect a`rauhkr a`rauhkr fktef ;<-?4-;005 ;<-?4-;005 `c A`rauhkr Cm: RF 09 HI_ 46 skys tdkt ‘Vde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers kcf Feputy Amgg`ss`mcers kre f`reatef tm lmhhmw tde i`vec `cstruat`mcs sarupuhmushy wd`he fea`f`ci suad akses by qumt`ci Quprege amurt fea`s`mc. Vde Quprege Amurt wd`he updmhf`ci tde vkh`f`ty ml tde Kat dks gkfe lmhhmw`ci mbservkt`mcs, ckgehy:- "Vdmuid we dkve amge tm tde amcahus`mc tdkt tde Kat `s vkh`f, yet, `c mur mp`c`mc, we dkve tm gkne aertk`c kspeats ahekr. Irkctef hkcfs wd`ad dkf beec trkcslerref klter tde exp`ry ml tde per`mf ml prmd`b`t`mc fm cmt amge w`td`c tde purv`ew ml tde Kat, kcf akccmt be prmaeefef kik`cst ucfer tde prmv`s`mcs ml td`s Kat. Vde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat gkne td`s pms`t`mc ahekr, ks Qs. 6 kcf 5 beamge kpph`akbhe mchy wdec irkctef hkcfs kre trkcslerref `c brekad ml tde amcf`t`mc rehkt`ci tm prmd`b`t`mc mc trkcsler ml suad irkctef hkcfs. Irkctef hkcfs trkcslerref belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat kcf cmt `c amctrkvect`mc ml prmd`b`t`mc mc trkcsler kre ahekrhy beymcf tde sampe kcf purv`ew ml tde presect Kat. Khsm `c akse wdere irkctef hkcfs dkf beec trkcslerref belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat `c v`mhkt`mc tde amcf`t`mc reikrf`ci prmd`b`t`mc mc suad trkcsler kcf tde trkcsleree wdm dkf `c`t`khhy kaqu`ref mchy k vm`fkbhe t`the `c suad irkctef hkcfs dkf perleatef d`s t`the `c tde irkctef hkcfs by presar`pt`mc by hmci kcf amct`cumus ecjmygect tdereml `c kaamrfkcae w`td hkw belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat, suad irkctef hkcfs wmuhf khsm cmt amge w`td`c tde purv`ew ml tde presect Kat, ks tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees tm tde irkctef hkcfs dks beec perleatef belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat. Q`cae kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees dkf aeksef tm be vm`fkbhe by reksmc ml kaqu`s`t`mc ml presar`pt`ve r`idts mc kaamuct ml hmci kcf amct`cuef user lmr tde requ`s`te per`mf, tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees amuhf cmt be recferef vm`f by v`rtue ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat w`tdmut v`mhkt`ci tde amcst`tut`mckh iukrkctee. Ye gust, tderelmre, rekf fmwc tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat by dmhf`ci tdkt tde Kat w`hh kpphy tm trkcslers ml irkctef hkcfs gkfe `c brekad ml tde amcf`t`mc `gpms`ci prmd`b`t`mc mc trkcsler ml irkctef hkcfs mchy `c tdmse akses wdere tde t`the kaqu`ref by tde trkcsleree wks st`hh vm`fkbhe kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat kcf dkf cmt hmst `ts feleks`bhe adkrkater kt tde fkte wdec tde Kat akge `ctm lmrae. Vrkcslerees ml irkctef hkcfs kcf cmt dkv`ci k perleatef kcf cmt k
vm`fkbhe t`the kt tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat gust be dehf tm be muts`fe tde pkhe ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat. Q.6 ml tde Kat gust be sm amcstruef ks cmt tm dkve tde elleat ml recfer`ci vm`f tde t`the ml kcy trkcsleree wd`ad wks cmt vm`fkbhe kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat". @csp`te ml br`ci`ci br`ci`ci tde kbmve kbmve a`rauhkr tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by imvercgect a`rauhkr.
29. _EV@V@MCER @C HMYER AMURV DKQ CMV LMHHMYEF VDE LMHHMY@CI RUHE : Ucfer tde Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf
Qadefuhef Vr`bes (_rmd`b`t`mc ml Vrkcsler ml Aertk`c Hkcfs) Ruhes, ;090. Ruhe 1(;) tm (1) skys 1. Resugpt`mc kcf rest`tut`mc ml irkctef hkcfs:(;) Every kpph`akt`mc by kcy `cterestef persmc ucfer seat`mc 5 sdkhh be `c lmrg-@. (2) Mc reae`pt ml kc kpph`akt`mc mr `clmrgkt`mc ucfer sub-seat`mc (;) ml seat`mc 5, tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer gky f`reat tde kpph`akct mr `clmrgkct, ks tde akse gky be, tm lurc`sd suad lurtder pkrt`auhkrs mr `clmrgkt`mc ks gky be requ`ref kcf l`x k fkte lmr lurc`sd`ci tde skge. (1) Klter reae`pt ml tde pkrt`auhkrs mr `clmrgkt`mc `l kcy, akhhef lmr ucfer sub:- ruhe (2), tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer sdkhh, by k cmt`ae `c lmrg @@, requ`re tde persmc mr persmcs `c pmssess`mc ml tde irkctef hkcf tm l`he mbjeat`mcs, tm tde ahk`g w`td fmaugectkry ev`fecae, `l kcy, w`td`c suad reksmckbhe t`ge, ks tde kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer gky td`cn l`t `c tde a`raugstkcaes ml tde akse. LMRG @ ^Qee ruhe 1 (2)W K__H@AKV@MC ;. Ckge ml tde kpph`akct (irkctee) w`td luhh kffress. 2. Ckture ml tde hkcf. `.e., ikrfec mr wet mr fry w`td kssessgect. Extect 1. Fetk`hs ml tde hkcf. \`hhkie/ Qurvey Vkhun Cugbers Kares Iuctks 6. Ckge (s) ml tde puradkser mr exadkcier mr gmrtikier mr heksee eta. ks tde akse gky be, (w`td luhh kffress). 5. Ckture ml kaqu`r`ci tde Hkcf by tde irkctee (`.e. E`tder irkctef ucfer Fdkr- nkst ruhes mr mtder spea`kh Ruhes w`td Mrfer Cm. kcf Fkte ml skcat`mc) <. Vmtkh kgmuct lmr wd`ad tde Irkctef hkcf dks beec F`spmsef kcf pkrt`auhkrs ml tde rei`steref fmaugect, `l kcy. 9. Br`el reksmcs lmr tde f`spmskh. 4. Kcy mtder rehevect `clmrgkt`mc `c suppmrt ml tde ahk`g.
24. L`h`ci pet`t`mc w`td lkbr`aktef fmaugects `s amcfegcef by D`id amurt ml Nkrcktknk `c ser`mus wmrfs. wmrfs. @c Ayr`h F'Qmuzk vs _mcnrk
Guierk Kcf Mtders ;004 (;) NkrHJ <50, Just`ae D C V`hdkr` ‘Vd`s wr`t pet`t`mc dks imt cm ger`ts kcf `t, `c gy mp`c`mc sdmuhf be f`sg`ssef w`td k cmte ml akut`mc tm tde gegbers ml tde Bkr kcf tde Amucseh ml tde pet`t`mcer ks wehh, tdkt `c luture, tde Amucsehs sdmuhf be very akut`mus `c frklt`ci, l`h`ci tde pet`t`mcs, kll`fkv`t eta. kcf see tdkt tde pkrt`es fm cmt l`he wr`t pet`t`mcs eta. w`td purief kcf lmrief fmaugects,
mtderw`se,
tdey
gky
dkve
tm
lkae
tde
ser`mus
amcsequecaes. @cstekf, td`s pet`t`mc kppekrs tm be kc kttegpt ml tde pet`t`mcer tm prmaure smge mrfer lrmg tde Amurt mc tde bks`s ml kc kireegect wd`ad pr`gk lka`e kppekrs tm be kc kcte-fktef fmaugect prepkref klter tdkt fkte kcf `t pr`gk lka`e sdmws tdkt k lkhse fmaugect dks beec l`hef w`td lkhse khheikt`mcs, beakuse `l pet`t`mcer wmuhf dkve beec `c pmssess`mc, peckhty wmuhf dkve beec rekh`sef lrmg d`g, tde khheikt`mcs `c tde pet`t`mc tdkt tde pet`t`mcer dkf beec `c pmssess`mc kcf tde fkte ml irkct khsm kppekrs tm be lkhse. L`h`ci k lkhse kll`fkv`t kcf l`h`ci lmrief fmaugect, ks per hkw hk`f fmwc by tde Quprege Amurt `s cmtd`ci but kc kat `hheikh, `cterler`ci w`td tde prmper kfg`c`strkt`mc ml just`ae kcf `t pr`gk lka`e gknes mut k akse
lmr amctegpt.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by Nkrcktknk D`id Amurt. Amurt.
20. Vde kbmve stktef mbjeat`mcs kre khrekfy tknec by wky ml wr`ttec kriugects belmre tde hmwer amurt. But hmwer amurt dks sdmwc utter f`srespeat tmwkrfs tde hkw hk`f fmwc by amurts. @t kgmucts tm amctegpt ml amurt khsm. Ucfer Krt`ahe ;6; ml tde Amcst`tut`mc ml @cf`k, tde hkw feahkref by tde Dmc'bhe Quprege Amurt sdkhh be dkv`ci b`cf`ci elleat mc khh Amurts w`td`c tde terr`tmry ml @cf`k. Lrmg k bkre rekf`ci ml Krt`ahe ;6; ml tde Amcst`tut`mc, wdkt wdkt `s tm be cmtef `s tdkt tde hkw feahkref by tde Dmc'bhe Quprege Amurt `s b`cf`ci mc khh tde Amurts w`td`c tde terr`tmry ml @cf`k. Vde egpdks`s dks tm be hk`f fmwc mc tde wmrfs 'tde hkw feahkref'. @t `s wehh setthef tdkt `t `s mchy 'tde hkw feahkref' kcf cmt tde resuht, wd`ad `s dkv`ci b`cf`ci preaefect.
1?. Kcmtder `gpmrtkct lkat wd`ad `s be`ci ceiheatef by hmwer amurt `s tde wky td`s kppehhkct puradksef tde hkcf kcf tde t`ge ml `ts puradkse. Vde kppehhkct wks k CR@ fur`ci tde per`mf belmre puradkse ml hkcfs. Vde Imvercgects kt stkte kcf aectre `cv`tef CR@‐s tm `cvest tde`r gmcey w`td`c @cf`k.
Fue tm suad `cv`tkt`mc `cv`tkt`mc td`s kppehhkct armss armss
adeanef tde reamrfs ml hkcfs kcf lmucf tdkt Imvercgect dks `ssuef Lmrg-@ ks k hkcf irkct aert`l`akte wd`ad `s lmr iecerkh akteimry. Vde represectkt`mc gkfe by imvercgect reikrf`ci `ts hkcf reamrfs `s qu`te ahekr lmr hmci feakfe kcf tde amcf`t`mcs `gpmsef upmc suad aert`l`akte `s khsm cmt dkve beec v`mhktef by td`s kppehhkct. Vde presect akse `s khsm bksef upmc suad fmaugect. Vde Imvercgect kcf `ts kutdmr`t`es kre estmppef tm rk`se amctrkry vers`mcs kt td`s stkie. Vm substkct`kte tde pm`cts tde lmhhmw`ci fea`s`mc `s brmuidt tm tde n`cf kttect`mc ml kppehhkte amurt. . Jmdc B. Jkges Kcf Kcf Mtders vs Bkcikhmre Bkcikhmre Fevehmpgect Kutdmr`ty Kcf Kcmtder @HR 2??? NKR 6;16, 2??; (;) NkrHJ 1<6 Becad: R Rkveecfrkc, \ Qkbdkd`t Qkbdkd`t Ahk`gs bksef mc tde fmatr`ce
ml
'hei`t`gkte
expeatkt`mc'
khsm
requ`re
reh`kcae
mc
represectkt`mcs kcf resuht`ci fetr`gect tm tde ahk`gkct, `c tde skge wky ks ahk`gs bksef mc tde fmatr`ce ml prmg`ssmry estmppeh. Vde fmatr`ce akc be `cvmnef `l tde fea`s`mc wd`ad `s adkhhecief `c tde Amurt dks smge persmc kiir`evef, e`tder by khter`ci r`idts mr mbh`ikt`mcs ml tdkt persmc, wd`ad kre eclmraekbhe by mr kik`cst d`g `c pr`vkte hkw mr by fepr`v`ci d`g ml smge becel`t mr kfvkctkie, wd`ad e`tder (`) de dkf `c tde pkst be`ci perg`ttef by tde fea`s`mc gkner tm ecjmy kcf wd`ad de akc hei`t`gktehy expeat tm be perg`ttef tm amct`cue tm fm uct`h tdere dks beec amgguc`aktef tm d`g smge rkt`mckh irmucfs lmr w`tdfrkw`ci `t mc wd`ad de dks beec i`vec kc mppmrtuc`ty tm amggect> mr (``) de dks reae`vef kssurkcae lrmg tde fea`s`mc gkner tdkt `t w`hh cmt be w`tdfrkwc w`tdmut i`v`ci d`g l`rst kc mppmrtuc`ty ml kfvkca`ci reksmcs lmr amctecf`ci tdkt `t sdmuhf cmt be w`tdfrkwc. Vde Imvercgect kcf `ts fepkrtgects, `c kfg`c`ster`ci tde kllk`rs ml tde amuctry kre expeatef tm dmcmur tde`r stktegects ml pmh`ay mr `ctect`mc kcf trekt tde a`t`zecs w`td luhh persmckh amcs`ferkt`mc w`tdmut kcy `mtk ml kbuse mr f`saret`mc. Vde pmh`ay stktegects akccmt be f`sreikrfef uclk`rhy
mr
kpph`ef
seheat`vehy.
Uclk`rcess
`c
tde
lmrg
ml
ucreksmckbhecess ucreksmckbhecess `s kn`c tm v`mhkt`mc ml ckturkh just`ae. …………….. Hksthy, `t `s khsm ceaesskry tm cmt`ae tde pms`t`mc ml k trespksser wdm `s `c
pekaeluh, mpec, amct`cumus kcf uc`cterruptef pmssess`mc ml kcmtder's prmperty, `c fec`kh ml tde t`the ml tde true mwcer, lmr k hmci per`mf. Qeat`mc 29 ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat, ;0<1 prmv`fes tdkt kt tde feterg`ckt`mc ml tde per`mf h`g`tef ucfer tdkt Kat, tm kcy persmc lmr `cst`tut`ci k su`t lmr pmssess`mc ml kcy prmperty, d`s r`idt tm suad prmperty sdkhh be ext`ciu`sdef. Krt`ahe <5 prmv`fes tde per`mf ml h`g`tkt`mc lmr k su`t lmr pmssess`mc ml `ggmvkbhe prmperty bksef mc t`the ks twehve yekrs lrmg tde fkte wdec tde pmssess`mc ml tde felecfkct beamges kfverse tm tde phk`ct`ll. Krt`ahe ;;2 prmv`fes tde per`mf ml h`g`tkt`mc lmr suad k su`t, `l l`hef by mr mc bedkhl ml tde Aectrkh Imvercgect, mr Qtkte Imvercgect `s td`rty yekrs `cstekf ml twehve yekrs. Krt`ahe ;;2 w`hh cmt dmwever kpphy tm BFK ks `t `s ce`tder tde Qtkte cmr Aectrkh Imvercgect. ……………………. @c Ck`r Qerv`ae Qma`ety's akse, suprk, tde Quprege Amurt qumtef w`td kpprmvef tde lmhhmw`ci pksskie lrmg _erry v Ah`ssmhf: "@t akccmt be f`sputef tdkt k persmc `c pmssess`mc ml hkcf `c tde kssugef adkrkater ml mwcer kcf exera`s`ci pekaekbhy tde mrf`ckry r`idts ml mwcersd`p dks k perleathy immf t`the kik`cst khh tde wmrhf but tde r`idtluh mwcer. Kcf `l tde r`idtluh mwcer fmes cmt amge lmrwkrf kcf kssert d`s t`the by tde prmaess ml hkw w`td`c tde per`mf presar`bef by tde prmv`s`mc ml tde stktute ml h`g`tkt`mc kpph`akbhe tm tde akse, d`s r`idt `s lmrever ext`ciu`sdef kcf tde pmssessmry mwcer kaqu`res kc kbsmhute t`the". 1;. Vde lmhhmw`ci pm`ct ml hkw dks khsm cmt beec amcs`feref by hmwer amurt. Nkrewwk Kcf Mrs. vs Dussecskb Ndkcskdeb Ykjkctr` Ykjkctr` Kcf Mrs K@R 2??2 QA 5?6, ‘ …presugpt`mc ml amrreatcess ml kc ectry `c revecue reamrf akccmt be rebuttef by k stktegect `c tde wr`ttec stktegect. Gere stktegect ml lkat `c tde wr`ttec stktegect `s cmt k rebuttkh ml presugpt`mc ml amrreatcess ml kc ectry `c tde revecue reamrf. Vde respmcfect wks reamrfef ks k teckct `c tde revecue reamrf `c tde yekr ;091 kcf ucfer hkw tde presugpt`mc `s tdkt tde ectry `s amrreat. @t wks lmr tde kppehhkct tm rebut tde presugpt`mc by hekf`ci ev`fecae. Vde kppehhkct dks cmt hef kcy ev`fecae tm sdmw tdkt ectry `c tde revecue reamrf `s @camrreat.‗
12. .
Vde lmhhmw`ci pm`ct ml hkw dks khsm cmt beec amcs`feref by hmwer
amurt. Qtkte ml D`gkadkh _rkfesd v Ikcesd Ymmf _rmfuats, K@R
;00< QA ;60 ks lmhhmws: ". lmhhmws: ". . . . Khh tdkt we w`sd tm egpdks`se `s tdkt kcytd`ci kcf everytd`ci fmce by tde prmg`see mc tde lk`td ml tde represectkt`mc fmes cmt ceaesskr`hy kgmuct tm khter`ci d`s pms`t`mc sm ks tm preahufe tde prmg`smr lrmg res`h`ci lrmg d`s represectkt`mc. @l equ`ty fegkcfs tdkt tde prmg`smr `s khhmwef tm res`he kcf tde prmg`see `s amgpecsktef kpprmpr`ktehy, tdkt muidt tm be fmce. @l, dmwever, equ`ty fegkcfs, `c tde h`idt ml tde td`cis fmce by tde prmg`see mc tde lk`td ml tde represectkt`mc, tdkt tde prmg`smr sdmuhf be preahufef lrmg res`h`ci kcf tdkt de sdmuhf be dehf lkst tm d`s represectkt`mc, tdkt sdmuhf be fmce. Vm repekt, `t `s k gktter ml dmhf`ci tde sakhes evec betweec tde pkrt`es tm fm just`ae betweec tdeg. Vd`s `s tde equ`ty `gph`a`t `c tde fmatr`ce. ... Vm w`t, tde ruhe ml prmg`ssmry estmppeh be`ci kc equ`tkbhe fmatr`ce, dks tm be gmuhfef tm su`t tde pkrt`auhkr s`tukt`mc. @t `s cmt k dkrf kcf lkst ruhe but kc ehkst`a mce, tde mbjeat`ve ml wd`ad `s tm fm just`ae betweec tde pkrt`es kcf tm extecf kc equ`tkbhe trektgect tm tdeg. @l `t `s gmre just lrmg tde pm`ct ml v`ew ml bmtd prmg`smr kcf prmg`see tdkt tde hktter `s amgpecsktef kpprmpr`ktehy kcf khhmw tde prmg`smr tm im bkan mc d`s d`s prmg`se, tdkt sdmuhf be fmce> but `l tde Amurt Amurt `s ml tde mp`c`mc tdkt tde `cterests ml just`ae kcf equ`ty fegkcf tdkt tde prmg`smr sdmuhf cmt be khhmwef tm res`he lrmg d`s represectkt`mc `c tde lkats kcf a`raugstkcaes ml tdkt akse, `t w`hh fm sm. Vd`s, `c mur respeatluh mp`c`mc, `s tde prmper wky ml ucferstkcf`ci tde wmrfs "prmg`see khter`ci d`s pms`t`mc". Khter`ci d`s pms`t`mc sdmuhf gekc suad khterkt`mc `c tde pms`t`mc ml tde prmg`see ks `t gknes `t kppekr tm tde Amurt tdkt dmhf`ci tde prmg`smr tm d`s represectkt`mc `s ceaesskry tm fm just`ae betweec tde pkrt`es...."
11. Vde lmhhmw`ci pm`ct ml hkw dks khsm cmt beec amcs`feref by hmwer amurt. Bkcdktt` Am-Mperkt`ve Qp`cc`ci ... vs Nkrcktknk Eheatr`a`ty Bmkrf @HR ;00? NKR 15;4 ‘@t `s rehevkct tm cmt`ae tdkt k ahk`g gky be bkrref by t`ge but
cevertdehess `t fmes cmt f`skppekr cmr `t `s ext`ciu`sdef. @c tde evect tde ahk`g `s bkrref by t`ge, khh tdkt dkppecs `s tdkt suad k ahk`g akccmt be eclmraef `c k Amurt ml Hkw by wky ml k su`t mr mtder prmaeef`ci tm wd`ad tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat kpph`es. Vde exp`ry ml tde per`mf ml h`g`tkt`mc presar`bef lmr k su`t tm reamver tde kgmuct fue, fmes cmt festrmy tde r`idt tm tde kgmuct. @t mchy bkrs tde regefy. Qeat`mc 29 ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat, ;0<1 mchy prmv`fes tdkt kt tde feterg`ckt`mc ml tde presar`bef per`mf ml
h`g`tkt`mc h`g`tef tm kcy persmc lmr `cst`tut`ci k su`t lmr pmssess`mc ml kcy prmperty, d`s r`idt tm suad prmperty sdkhh be ext`ciu`sdef.‗
Yderelmre tde Dmc‐bhe amurt gky be pheksef tm khhmw tde kppekh kcf setks`fe hmwer amurt mrfer kcf f`sg`ss tde pet`t`mc ml pet`t`mcer ks cmt gk`ctk`ckbhe `c v`ew ml heikh pm`cts ks eh`a`tef kbmve.
Fkte _hkae: Ad`annkbkhhkpur
Kfvmakte lmr Kppehhkct
