Pss b777 Fmc Manual

�� Flight Management Computer (FMC) Manual

Table of Contents 1. Flight Management Computer i. Flight Management Computer 2. FMC Control Display Unit i. CDU pages ii. CDU Preflight procedure iii. IDENT Page iv. POS INIT page v. Route Page vi. PERF INT page vii. THURST LIM page viii. TAKEOFF REF page ix. APPROACH REF page x. LEGS page xi. DEP/ARR INDEX xii. DEPARTUES and ARRIVALS page xiii. VNAV CLB page xiv. VNAV CRZ page xv. VNAV DES page xvi. HOLD page xvii. NAV RADIO page

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3. CREDITS and COPYRIGHT

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Phoenix Simulation Software

Boeing 777 FMC Manual

Flight Management Computer The Flight Management Computer (FMC) is the primary means of navigation and automatic flight along the route. The FMC allows entry of flight route consisting of a number of waypoints. The route is displayed on the Navigation Display (ND), and can be flown either automatically, using the LNAV (Lateral Navigation) autopilot mode, or manually. The legs between route waypoints are calculated as Great Circle paths, ensuring the minimal leg distance. The route can be manually entered by specifying the route waypoints, or imported from existing FS2000 flight plan. The route can be modified at any time by inserting or deleting waypoints. The FMC contains a complete, current real-world AIRAC navigational database which includes airports, runways, navaids, waypoints, and SID and STAR procedures. You can select desired SID (Standard Instrument Departure) and STAR (Standard Terminal Arrival) procedures for Departure and Destination airports. Selected SID and STAR waypoints will be added to the route and will be displayed on the ND. These procedures will be flown according to any special routing defined for such SID and STAR. The FMC calculates optimal Vertical (altitude) and Speed profiles for Climb, Cruise, and Descent stages of enroute flight. This calculation accounts for any altitude and speed restrictions defined for route waypoints, and for speed restrictions and transitions set for climb and descent. FMC automatically computes the Top of Descent (TOD) point which allows the descent on idle or minimal thrust to minimize the fuel consumption. The Economy speeds for all flight stages are calculated based on entered Cost Index. The vertical and speed profile can be flown automatically using the VNAV (Vertical Navigation) autopilot mode. The crew can level the aircraft off at any assigned altitude without leaving the VNAV mode by selecting the altitude in MCP ALT window. Additionally, the FMC speed commands can be overridden by pushing the MCP speed selector knob and selecting different speed. The FMC allows for performance management. It computes the takeoff V-speeds, thrust settings, optimum and maximum cruise altitudes, landing reference speeds etc based on fuel quantity, entered Zero Fuel Weight, atmospheric conditions and other factors. Based on computed optimum altitude, the FMC automatically calculates Step Climb points to minimize fuel consumption by climbing at higher altitudes as fuel burns and aircraft weight reduces. The FMC allows the flight progress monitoring by estimating the time of arrival and remaining fuel on next waypoint and destination.

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Flight Management Computer Holding patterns can be automatically flown in LNAV mode. The crew can define a hold with any parameters, at any enroute or offroute waypoint, or at present position. The FMC will automatically choose the correct hold entry procedure depending on entry course and holding pattern orientation. The FMC automatically tunes the NAV1 and NAV2 navigation radios to the two closest VOR stations. The crew can override this autotuning and tune any NAV radio by entering the new frequency or station identifier. When approaching the destination airport and an ILS-equipped runway is selected, the ILS frequency and front course will be automatically selected on NAV1 radio.

FMC Control Display Unit (CDU)

Line Select Keys (LSK) Used to select on-screen prompts, insert entered data into entry fields, and copy data to the scratchpad. Scratchpad Entered information, or downselected data, appears here Mode Select keys Press to display different CDU pages. CDU keyboard Contains keys for data entry. EXEC Button and Light Used to confirm major changes.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) The FMC displays its information and is programmed and controlled from the Control Display Unit (CDU). The CDU contains a CRT screen and keyboard to enter data and perform actions. The CDU has many pages. Desired page is displayed by pressing the corresponding Mode Select key. When several pages of same type exist, like many LEGS pages for a long route, you can navigate through such pages using the PREV PAGE and NEXT PAGE keys. The Page Number indicates current page and total number of such pages. The information is entered into the CDU via the CDU keyboard. One way is to press the keys on CDU picture with your mouse. Alternatively, you can press SCROLL LOCK key to use your PC keyboard. While SCROLL LOCK is pressed, all keystrokes will go to the CDU and will not be received by FS2004. This state is indicated by a flashing «K» symbol above the CDU screen. To resume normal keyboard operation, press SCROLL LOCK again. When you type something on CDU keyboard, the entered information appears on the Scratchpad line at the bottom of CDU screen. After entering the data, press the Line Select Key (LSK) next to the desired onscreen entry field. This will transfer the data from Scratchpad into the selected field. Some fields (for example, waypoints on LEGS page) allow to be «Downselected». When you LSK such field (press the Line Select Key next to a field), its contents are copied into the Scratchpad. This allows you to insert this data into another field. The CLR key erases the last entered character on the Scratchpad. The +/- key types a minus sign, additional presses on this key alternate the sign between Minus and Plus. The data in some fields can be deleted. To do so, press the DEL key - .DELETE. appears on scratchpad - and LSK the desired field. When some major changes are done, such as modifying an active route or selecting different runway, the CDU requires you to confirm the changes. A yellow light is illuminated on the EXEC key. To confirm the changes, press this key. You can also cancel the changes by selecting the < ERASE> prompt which will appear on the screen.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) CDU pages The CDU has many pages, which are responsible for different functions. They are selected with Mode Select keys. Some keys such as INIT REF and VNAV can display several different pages. Pressing such key automatically displays a page appropriate for current FMC and aircraft state. Other pages can be selected by pressing PREV PAGE / NEXT PAGE buttons or chosen from a list by selecting the < INDEX > prompt. INIT REF key IDENT Aircraft and engines model, nav data used and nav data validity times POS INIT Inertial Reference System (IRS) position initialization PERF INIT Performance initialization – aircraft weights, fuel reserves, cruise altitude and cost index THRUST LIM Selecting reference thrust limits, reduced and derated thrust. TAKEOFF REF Takeoff VNAV profile, takeoff reference speeds APPROACH REF Approach reference speeds MENU Simulator specific functions RTE key RTE Route origin and destination airports DEP ARR key DEPARTURES Departure airport runways and SIDs ARRIVALS Destination airport runways and STARs CDU Preflight Procedure VNAV key CLB VNAV Climb parameters CRZ VNAV Cruise parameters DES VNAV Descent parameters LEGS key LEGS Route waypoints HOLD key HOLD Holding pattern parameters PROG key PROGRESS Flight progress and time / fuel estimations MENU key MENU Simulator specific functions NAV RAD key NAV RADIO Navigation radios control

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) CDU Preflight Procedure 

Press INIT REF key. If IDENT page is not displayed, select the INDEX prompt and select IDENT from the list. Verify engine type and nav data times. Real aircraft operations are illegal if the nav data is expired.

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Open POS INIT page. During preflight, a prompt for next incomplete page is displayed at right bottom. Verify IRS position.

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Open ROUTE page. Enter Origin and Destination airports ICAO codes. Company route name and Flight number can be entered too. Activate route selecting the ACTIVATE prompt and Confirm entry by pressing EXEC Alternatively, open the Menu page and load previously saved route or import an existing FS2004 flight plan.

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Open PERF INIT page. Enter Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW). Selecting the PERF INT REQUEST key will automatically register and enter fuel, ZFW and Gross weights. Enter fuel reserves. Choose cost index. Enter cruise altitude.

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Open THRUST LIM page. Select desired Takeoff thrust and arm desired Climb thrust.

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Open TAKEOFF page. Enter takeoff data as needed. Confirm computed V speeds by line selecting them.

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Open LEGS page. If route was not loaded or imported, enter your route waypoints by entering their names into the last dashed line shown on the page. Use NEXT PAGE key to open a new page when a page is filled. Confirm route modifications by pressing the EXEC key.

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The preflight is complete and the FMC is ready to guide the aircraft laterally and vertically along the route, when LNAV and VNAV modes are engaged on the MCP. One important thing to remember when flying using the VNAV mode is to set the MCP Altitude window to the cruise altitude (or lower clearance) before takeoff, and reset to lower altitude before reaching the Top of Descent. Until MCP ALT is reset, the descent will not start automatically.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) IDENT page

Aircraft Model Aircraft model used for performance calculations. Engines Engines model used for performance calculations.

Nav Data Identifier of loaded navigation data base. POS INIT Opens the next page in preflight sequence, the POS INIT page.

INDEX Opens the INIT REF INDEX page.

Nav Data valid times Shows the valid and expiration dates for the used navigation database. Real world operations are illegal if the database is not valid.

POS INIT page Accessed by selecting POS INIT prompt from IDENT page or by pressed INIT REF key and selecting POS after selecting INDEX prompt.

GPS Position Position calculated by satellite Global Positioning System.

Last Position Last calculated position.

Set Inertial Position In real aircraft, the Inertial Reference System position is initialized by e ntry in this line. ROUTE Opens the next page in preflight sequence, the ROUTE page.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) ROUTE page This page is used to set your origin and destination airports, optional company route and flight number. If the route was not loaded or imported, the preflight can be continued either by going to PERF INIT page or by entering the route on the LEGS page first. Page Title RTE1: Route is not activated. ACT RTE1: Route is activated. MOD RTE1: Route is modified.

Origin Enter the ICAO code of origin airport. Re-Entry erases current route and destination airport.

Runway Displays selected departure runway. Destination Enter the ICAO code of destination airport. Re-Entry clears selected landing runway and STAR and removes ST AR and approach waypoints from the route. Activate prompt Appears when new origin or destination is selected. Activates the new route. Sele cting the prompt illuminates the EXEC key to confirm activation. Replaced by PERF INIT > prompt when route is activated.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) PERF INIT page Performance Initialization page. Accessed by pressed INIT REF key and selecting PERF after selecting INDEX prompt. Gross Weight Aircraft gross weight, in LBS x 1000. Cost Index Used for Economy speed calculations. Higher value results in higher speeds, higher fuel burn and shorter max range. Reserves Fuel reserves. Step Size Step Climb size. ICAO is 4000 ft increments. PERF INIT REQUEST Queries aircraft and auto fills Gross, ZFW and Fuel weights

Entry of Zero Fuel Weight is required for all VNAV performance calculations. It is more convenient to use the PERF INIT REQUEST key, the GW will be calculated automatically using the sensed fuel quantity, and ZFW. The cruise altitude can be changed from PERF INIT, VNAV CLB and VNAV CRZ pages. Also, in cruise, or in climb with no altitude restrictions between current and cruise altitude, the cruise altitude can be changed by selecting a higher altitude in MCP ALT window and pushing the MCP Altitude selector knob. Step climbs are discussed in the section detailing the CRZ page.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) THRUST LIM page Thrust modes and limits selection page. Accessed by pressed INIT REF key and selecting THRUST LIM after selecting INDEX prompt. Assumed Temperature Select If entered, the FMC assumes that the outside air temperature is different that the sensed OAT. This makes possible to get the lower «derated» takeoff thrust for fuel economy. OAT Displays current sensed Outside Air Temperature.

Thrust Mode and Limit Displays selected thrust mode and calculated thrust limit. Climb Thrust Mode Arm Arms normal (CLB) or reduced (CLB1 and CLB2) thrust limit to be automatically selected when passing the thrust reduction point in VNAV mode. Takeoff Thrust Mode Select Selects normal (TO) or reduced (TO1 and TO2) t hrust limit. Selecting also arms corresponding Climb thrust mode.

When taking off using the autothrottle and TO/GA switch, the takeoff thrust will be set to the limit computed for the selected takeoff thrust mode. The limit thrust is automatically calculated for current outside temperature and pressure altitude. The current thrust mode and limit is also displayed above the engine readouts on the EICAS display. When weather conditions, runway conditions and runway length allow, the takeoff thrust can be reduced in order to save fuel consumption. There are two ways to do that. First way is to select one of fixed reduced thrusts, the TO1 or TO2 (and corresponding CLB1 or CLB2 climb thrusts). They offer -5% and -15% thrust reduction. Another way is to derate the thrust by selecting Hotter assumed temperature than it is detected. The thrust calculations will be based on the entered temperature and will produce lower values. After takeoff, when plane climbs above the Thrust Reduction point (discussed in TAKEOFF REF page description), the THRUST LIM page changes to different layout, allowing you to select Climb thrusts and other thrust modes.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) TAKEOFF REF page Takeoff profile selection page. Used to specify takeoff flaps, acceleration and thrust reduction points, and select V1, VR and V2 speeds. Accessed by pressed INIT REF key and selecting TAKEOFF after selecting < I NDEX prompt. Has two pages which are switched using PREV PAGE and NEXT PAGE keys. Flaps Flap settings selected for takeoff Entry format: Flaps: 5, 15 or 20 V1, VR and V2 speeds FMC-calculated V speeds are displayed in small font followed by a caret, and title reads REF Vx. The FMC-calculated speeds may be confirmed by line-selecting them. Or, different speeds may be manually entered. Ref Speeds Toggles the display of calculated reference V speeds to the left of confirmed or entered speeds.

CG / Trim Takeoff stabilizer trim position for selected center of gravity.

Acceleration Height Height at which VNAV will pitch down and start acceleration from V2+10 to climb speed. Entry format: Height (400-9999 feet): XXX or XXXX EO Acceleration Height Acceleration Height for engine failure situation

Thrust Reduction Height or flap setting at which takeoff thrust limit will be decreased to climb thrust limit. The climb thrust mode armed on THRUST LIM page is also displayed.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) Based on Gross Weight, takeoff thrust mode, selected takeoff flap settings, runway conditions, temperature and pressure, the FMC automatically calculates the V1, VR and V2 speeds. The FMC-computed V speeds are shown in small font and are followed by a caret, identifying a prompt. The crew confirms the computed speeds by line-selecting each speed, after this a small is displayed in large font. Alternatively, the crew may enter other V speeds. When speeds are confirmed or entered, they appear on the airspeed tape of Primary Flight Display. Until the speeds are confirmed, a «NO V SPD» sign is shown instead. Selecting different thrust mode, flap setting, runway conditions, or ZFW, will erase the selected V speeds. This will be announced by a «V SPEEDS DELETED» message on CDU scratchpad. V1 is Decision speed; a takeoff cannot be aborted after reaching this speed. VR is Rotation speed, the speed at which pilot should lift the nose of aircraft. The nose is lifted to around 8 degrees pitch. V2 is Takeoff Safety speed. After taking off and during climb out, normally a speed of V2+10 is maintained until sufficient altitude is gained. When VNAV is used, the aircraft will climb at high climb rate maintaining V2+10 speed, until passing the entered Acceleration Height. At this height, the pitch will be decreased and aircraft will start accelerating to climb speed, subject to all restrictions set on VNAV CLB page and all waypoint restrictions. During takeoff and initial climbout, the engines thrust limit will be selected Takeoff thrust (TO, TO1, TO2 or any derated takeoff thrust, as selected on THRUST LIM page). After climbing to the entered Thrust Reduction Height, or selecting entered Thrust Reduction Flaps, this thrust limit will be replaced by a lower Climb thrust, as armed on THRUST LIM page. If the takeoff was performed using autothrottles working in THR REF mode (VNAV uses this mode), the throttles will be automatically moved back and engine thrust will be lowered when passing Thrust Reduction Height. The Acceleration and Thrust Reduction height entries allow to set up the FMC to comply with any obstacle clearance and noise abatement requirements.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) APPROACH REF page The APPROACH REF page is used to calculate and select landing reference speed and landing flap settings. Accessed by pressed INIT REF key and selecting .APPROACH. after selecting < INDEX prompt.

Gross weight Displays Gross Weight used for Vref calculation. Current actual weight is shown in small font. Entered weight is shown in large font. Entered value can be deleted. Vref lines FMC calculated Vref speeds for 20, 25 and 30 degree flaps for actual or entered gross weight. Lines can be copied to scratchpad and transferred into Flaps/Speed line. Flaps / Speed Entered landing flaps and Vref speed. Can be manually entered or transferred from FMC-calculated Vref lines. When entered, Vref bug is displayed on PFD. The FMC automatically calculates landing reference speed Vref for 25 and 30 degree flaps. The calculation is based on current actual Gross Weight. When it is desired to compute and select Vref in advance before approach, the crew can enter ot her Gross Weight into GR WT line. This entry will be displayed in large font, and the speeds will be calculated based on entered weight. The entered gross weight can be deleted. To do so, press the DEL key on CDU keyboard DELETE appears on scratchpad – and line-select the Gross Weight line. The indication and calculation will be reverted to actual gross weight. The two Vref lines show calculated Vref speeds for 25° and 30° flap settings. Each line can be downselected into scratchpad by line-selecting it. After this, the scratchpad can be inserted into the Flaps / Speed line. When data is entered into Flaps / Speed line, either by transferring from one of Vref lines or manual entry, a green V RF bug is displayed next to the selected speed on the Primary Flight Display (PFD) airspeed tape. The entry in Flaps / Speed can be deleted using the CDU DEL key.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) LEGS page The LEGS page is used to enter and modify waypoints which make up the flight route. Waypoints can be added, inserted, deleted. Each waypoint allows entry of speed and altitude restrictions. Page Title RTE 1 LEGS Route not activated. ACT RTE1 LEGS Active route waypoints MOD RTE1 LEGS Route is modified and changes not confirmed yet

Waypoint Waypoint name. Entered waypoints are inserted in these lines. Leg Direction Leg direction. Normally, the bearing to next waypoint, but special displays are possible for SID and STAR waypoints. Leg Distance Distance of the leg. Not displayed for some SID and STAR waypoints.

Speed / Altitude restrictions Entered Speed and altitude restrictions for a waypoint. Dashed when not entered.

The LEGS pages display all route waypoints, including SID, STAR and approach waypoints. The topmost waypoint on the first LEGS page is always the current waypoint. When the aircraft reaches current waypoint, it is deleted from LEGS page and is replaced by next one. Initially, if a route was not loaded or imported, the LEGS page is blank, and the first Waypoint line contains dashes. The dashes indicate a place to add new waypoint to the route. If route already contains any waypoints, the last line always remains dashed allowing you to add waypoints to the end of route. To add a waypoint, enter its name, such as VOR, NDB or Interception identifier, on the CDU keyboard. Press Line Select key next to the dashed line in the end of the list. If such waypoint is found in navigation database, its name will be transferred to this line and the waypoint will be added to the route.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) After one LEGS page of waypoints is filled, second page becomes available. Press the NEXT PAGE key to advance to it and see the dashed entry prompt. If multiple instances of entered waypoint with same names are found in the database, the SELECT DESIRED WPT Page appears. It lists the found database entries, their types and coordinates. Select the desired waypoint from the list by pressing Line Select Key (LSK) next to it. If the route is not yet activated on the RTE page, the LEGS page title will read RTE 1 LEGS, and all entered waypoints will be automatically added to the route. If the route is already activated, the LEGS page title will be ACT RTE 1 LEGS. Now, all added, inserted, deleted, or changed waypoints will be considered as route changes and require confirmation, because the aircraft may already be flying the route. As soon as such modification is made, the EXEC light will be illuminated asking you to confirm the changes, and an < ERASE prompt will appear in the bottom of the display. The ERASE prompt allows you to cancel any changes to the route. When you finish modifying the route, press the EXEC key to confirm the route changes and update the active route. Waypoints can be inserted before any other waypoint of the route. To do so, type the name of the new waypoint, and Line Select (LSK) the waypoint before which the new waypoint is to be inserted. The FMC considers the new inserted waypoint as not laying on the previously entered route. Due to this, it does not automatically bridge this new waypoint to the following one and inserts a Route Discontinuity notification and THEN prompt. You can continue inserting new waypoints by entering them into this THEN boxes prompt. When all new waypoints are inserted, you need to close the discontinuity gap. This is done by down selecting the waypoint after the and insert this waypoint into the THEN box. Any waypoint can be deleted from the route. This is done by pressing the DEL key on CDU keyboard - DELETE prompt appears on the scratchpad - and line selecting the waypoint to be deleted. Part of the route consisting of several waypoints can be deleted by changing the sequence of waypoints. This is done by moving the next waypoint after the unwanted part in place of first waypoint of this part. In the picture from previous page, if you wanted to delete the WAFFU, HARDY and DPE33 waypoints, down select (LSK) the waypoint after these three, the DPE waypoint, insert it before the first waypoint to be deleted - WAFFU. This tells the FMC that DPE waypoint should follow the SFD waypoint, and all waypoints between these two will be deleted.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) This method can be used when you want to fly directly to any waypoint of the route. Just line select your waypoint, and insert it before the very first (current) route waypoint, by LSKing the first line of the first LEGS page. All waypoints before selected one will be deleted. You can create along-route waypoints - a waypoint located on existing route at given distance from or to an existing waypoint. To do so, line select a desired waypoint to transfer it to scratchpad, add slash and a distance, and line select the same waypoint again. If the entered distance is positive, the new waypoint will be inserted after the selected waypoint. If the distance is negative (starts with Minus sign), the waypoint will be inserted before the selected waypoint.

Legs page displayed on ND The active route is shown on Navigation Display (ND) as a magenta line between diamond signs depicting waypoints. All route modifications are shown as white dashed lines. You can review all route legs on the ND. This is done by switching the ND into PLAN mode, using the ND mode selector on EFIS panel. The ND display switches to North-oriented plan of route legs, centered on current (first) waypoint. The FMC LEGS page also changes to allow you to step through route legs and center the display on each waypoint.

STEP prompt Moves the centering to next waypoint. Pressing PREV PAGE and NEXT PAGE keys will center the display around first waypoint of the next or previous LEGS page. CTR Indicates the waypoint around which the ND display is centered.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) Each waypoint can have an Altitude or Speed / Altitude restriction entered. Such restrictions can be dictated by any procedures, regulations, or be imposed by Air Traffic Control. Entering the restrictions cause the FMC to change the computed vertical and speed profile for the entire route. The Altitude restrictions can be of three different types. The .AT. restriction (just the altitude entered) makes the aircraft pass this waypoint exactly at this altitude. The .AT or ABOVE. (.A. suffix entered after the altitude) means pass this waypoint at least at this altitude, or above, if possible. The .AT or BELOW. (.B. suffix entered) tells the FMC to pass the waypoint not above the entered altitude. The Speed restriction is always .No faster than. constraint. Speed can be entered either in Knots or as Mach number, entries above 400 result in Mach numbers of 0.XXX. The altitude and speed restrictions are followed differently in climb and descent. In VNAV climb, if any waypoint ahead before the Top of Climb contains the AT or AT OR BELOW restriction, the aircraft will level off at this altitude, and will fly level until passing the waypoint. After the waypoint is passed, VNAV will resume climb to cruise altitude, or to next altitude restriction. If any waypoint in climb segment contains a speed restriction, the aircraft will not accelerate above this speed until passing the waypoint. As soon as it is passed, VNAV will start accelerating to economy speed or to next speed restriction, if such still exists. In VNAV descent, the altitude restrictions modify the computed descent path. The aircraft will cross the waypoints with AT altitude restriction at the entered altitude. The AT or ABOVE and AT or BELOW restrictions will also modify the descent profile, if it violates such restrictions. When descent waypoints contain speed restriction, the aircraft will approach such waypoints with previously existing speed (Economy or according to previous restrictions). Right before a waypoint, VNAV will level off the aircraft so as to bleed the speed and reduce it according to the waypoint restriction. After this, the descent will continue. Speed / Altitude restrictions Entered Speed and altitude restrictions for a waypoint. Dashed when not entered. Entry format: Altitude: XXXX XXXXX Flight level: XXX Altitude suffix: A = at or above, B = at or below Speed: 100-399 IAS, 400999 Mach XXX/ Speed and altitude: XXX/XXXXX

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) Progress Page

Last waypoint Last passed waypoint, passing altitude, actual time, and fuel remaining. (not shown here a/c on gnd) Current waypoint Current (active) waypoint, distance to go in NM, estimated GMT time of arrival, and estimated fuel remaining. Next waypoint Next waypoint after current, distance to go in NM, estimated GMT time of arrival, and estimated fuel remaining. Destination Destination airport, distance to go in NM, estimated GMT time of arrival, an d estimated fuel remaining.

DEPARTURES and ARRIVALS page The DEPARTURES and ARRIVALS pages are used to select the takeoff and landing runways, and select desired SID and STAR procedures for origin and destination airports. The SID (Standard Instrument Departure) and STAR (Standard Terminal Arrival) procedures are predefined routes that facilitate air traffic control in the airport airspace. By assigning a standard SID or a STAR to a flight, the ATC does not need to manually vector the aircraft through out of airport area or towards the initial approach. The FMC contains full real-world database of SID and STAR procedures, as well as database of landing runways. You can select any available SID or STAR for chosen runways and the procedure will be automatically inserted to FMC route. Pressing the DEP ARR key brings the origin airport DEPARTURES page before takeoff, and destination ARRIVALS page after climb. Other page can be displayed by selecting INDEX prompt and choosing desired page from the list.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) DEPARTURES and ARRIVALS pages have similar layout. Runways are displayed to the right and SIDs / STARs are shown to the left. It is important to select a runway first, and then a SID / STAR and Transition, if required. When a SID or STAR is selected, other SID/STARs are hidden and Transitions are shown, if present. To select different SID or STAR, reselect the runway, which will re-display the list of compatible SIDs / STARs SIDs Shows a list of airport SIDs. When a runway is selected, only SIDs compatible with the runway are displayed. Selected entry is marked with until activated by pressing EXEC key. Selected and activated SID is marked with . When a SID is selected, other SIDs are hidden.

Runways Shows a list of airport runways. Selected entry is marked with until activated by pressing EXEC key. Selected and activated runway is marked with . Some SIDs and STARs can have different Transitions, or starting / ending points. The transitions, if present, are shown after a SID or STAR is selected.

STARs Shows a list of airport STARs. When a runway is selected, only STARs compatible with the runway are displayed. Selected entry is marked with until activated by pressing EXEC key. Selected and activated STAR is marked with . When a STAR is selected, other STAR are hidden. Transitions Shows a list of STAR transitions for the selected STAR. Selected entry is marked with until activated by pressing EXEC key. Selected and activated entry is marked with . Approaches Shows a list of airport runways. Runways equipped with ILS have ILS in their name. Selected entry is marked with until activated by pressing EXEC key. Selected and activated runway is marked with .

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) VNAV CLB page The VNAV CLB page is automatically displayed when pressing VNAV key during climb. During other stages of flight it can be accessed from other VNAV pages by pressing PREV PAGE key. The VNAV CLB page is used to select and modify climb profile.

Waypoint Constraint Next waypoint speed/altitude constraint. Deleting this line will remove the constraint from displayed waypoint. Blank if no constraints exist in climb. Transition Altitude Feet / Flight Level transition altitude. Speed Transition Airport Speed limit and speed transition altitude. Blank when aircraft is above. Entry format: Speed/Altitude

Speed Restriction Allows manual entry of speed restriction below specified altitude. Returns to dashes when above this altitude. Can be deleted. Entry format: Speed/Altitude Speed Target speed regardless of restrictions. Line title reads SEL SPD if speed is entered manually. Cruise Altitude Displays and allows entry of cruise altitude, same as on PERF INIT page.

The FMC constantly calculates the Economy climb speed based on Cost Index entered on PERF INIT page. In VNAV, the aircraft will climb at this economy speed unless the aircraft is below the restriction or transition altitudes set on t his page, constraints exist on climb segment waypoints, or the speed is manually changed. Below speed transition altitude, the speed will be limited to the speed displayed in SPD TRANS line. If speed restriction is entered, it will be accounted for too. Finally, the next waypoint speed constraint is checked. The resulting speed will be the lowest of these speeds. There are two ways of changing current climb speed. First, a new speed can be entered in the ECON SPD line. The line title changes to SEL SPD, and the entered value will be the new target speed. Such entered speed can be deleted by pressing DEL key on CDU and line selecting the SEL SPD line.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) Another way is called an MCP speed intervention. Normally in VNAV, the MCP speed window is blank. If you Push the MCP speed selector, the SPD window will unblank and open to the currently commanded climb speed. After this, the speed displayed in SPD window can be adjusted, and overrides all FMC computed speeds. This mode is indicated by CLB page title changing to ACT MCP SPD CLB. To resume FMC speed control, push the speed selector knob again - this blanks the MCP SPD window and returns control to FMC. Both ways of manual speed control override any present speed restrictions and allow for selecting higher speeds. The next waypoint Altitude restriction is shown at top left corner. This restriction can be deleted by pressing DEL key and selecting this line. Additionally, when climbing in VNAV, pushing the MCP Altitude selector knob will delete the next altitude restriction too.

VNAV CRZ page

The VNAV CRZ page is automatically displayed when pressing VNAV key during cruise. During other stages of flight it can be accessed from other VNAV pages by pressing PREV PAGE or NEXT PAGE key. The VNAV CRZ page is used to select and modify cruise altitudes and speeds, monitor optimum and maximum altitudes and plan the Step climbs. Page title ACT indicates displayed data is active. MOD indicates changed climb parameters awaiting confirmation. ECON CRZ cruising at economy speed XXXKT CRZ or M.XXX CRZ cruising at manually entered or restriction speed. MCP SPD CRZ speed intervention on MCP CRZ CLB or CRZ DES cruise altitude change Cruise Altitude Displays and allows entry of cruise alt Speed Target speed.

ECON CRZ Screen as displayed with B777 on the ground Optimum / Maximum alt Displays calculated Optimum and Maximum altitudes for current aircraft state.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) The FMC calculates economy cruise speed based on the Cost Index entered on PERF INIT page. This speed can be overridden by entering a new speed, or via the MCP speed intervention, same as for Climb stage. The FMC constantly computes the Optimum cruise altitude, at which the fuel consumption per distance will be optimal, and the Maximum altitude, at which the generated lift reduces to the point where no significant further climb is possible. The Step Climbs is a way of reducing fuel consumption and costs for long flights. At the beginning of flight, with aircraft fully loaded with fuel, the optimal cruise altitude will be low, around FL300. Although, as time passes and fuel burns out, the aircraft gets lighter and can climb to higher altitudes. The flight is more efficient at higher altitudes. The standard procedure is to start the flight with low cruise altitude and climb to higher altitudes in steps as the aircraft gets lighter. The ICAO recommended step size is 4000 feet increment. Normally, before flight, the cruise altitude is set to expected Optimum altitude plus 2000 feet. When aircraft climbs to this altitude, it gets above current Optimum altitude. As fuel is consumed, the optimum altitude increases. After several hours of flight, the optimum altitude rises to be 2000 feet higher than initial cruise altitude. At this point, a new cruise altitude is set, which is 4000 ft higher than current, and 2000 ft more than optimum. The aircraft again gets above the optimal altitude, and process repeats.

The FMC automatically calculates optimal step climb points, based on initially entered cruise altitude. The cruise altitude can be changed from PERF INIT, CLB, CRZ pages. Or, you can select a new cruise altitude on the MCP and push the Altitude selector knob. When cruise altitude is changed, VNAV will automatically begin the climb to new altitude.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) VNAV DES page The VNAV DES page is automatically displayed when pressing VNAV key during descent. During other stages of flight it can be accessed from other VNAV pages by pressing NEXT PAGE key. The VNAV DES page is used to select and modify descent parameters. Speed Target speed regardless of restrictions. Line title reads .SEL SPD. if speed is entered manually. Entry can be deleted. Speed Transition Airport Speed limit and speed transition altitude. Blank when aircraft is below. Speed Restriction Allows manual entry of speed restriction below specified altitude. Returns to dashes when below this altitude.

The descent profile is automatically calculated to be flown in minimal thrust settings, while complying with all waypoint and DES page speed and altitude restrictions. The FMC computes the Top of Descent point, which is displayed on Navigation Display and distance to which is shown on CRZ page. In descent stage, a Vertical Path offset indicator is displayed on the ND and indicates how much above or below the computed profile the aircraft is. The descent will not be automatically started if the MCP altitude is not reset from cruise to lower setting. The VNAV will maintain the economy speed, or previous restriction speed, until approaching the next speed restriction altitude or waypoint. Because the descent is performed at idle or minimal thrust, before passing such waypoint, or approaching transition or restriction altitude, the aircraft will level off to reduce the speed. You can manually specify the descent speed, via speed entry of MCP speed intervention, in the same way as for Climb and Cruise stages.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) HOLD page The FMC is capable of automatically flying the holding patterns at any enroute, off-route waypoint, or at present position. When HOLD key is pressed, the modified LEGS page is displayed, allowing you to choose the holding fix. Hold at Fix Insert fix to hold at, either by selecting a route waypoint or entering a new fix. Hold at Present Position Holding pattern will be created at present position.

If the holding pattern is to be created on one of active route waypoints, Line Select this waypoint into the scratchpad, and then insert it into the .HOLD AT. boxes. The holding pattern will be initialized at this waypoint. A special .HOLD AT. waypoint will be inserted after the waypoint you selected. If the hold fix is not in the active route, type its name on the scratchpad and insert it into the .HOLD AT. boxes. After this, the a special .HOLD AT xxxxx. text will be entered into the scratchpad. It represents a new Hold waypoint. Line select it into t he desired place of the route. When advancing to this special waypoint, the autopilot will automatically fly to this fix and start holding. If you need to start hold at your present position, select the .PPOS. prompt. The hold will be created at present position, but the final coordinates are not fixed until the hold parameters page is not confirmed by pressing EXEC key. After choosing the holding fix by any of these three methods, the hold parameters page will be displayed.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) Page Title Displays MOD until the hold is not confirmed, Speed / Altitude The speed and altitude target for the hold. Fix Displays selected holding fix. Quad / Radial ATC-style entry, the 180° reversal of inbound course. The quadrant is shown automatically. Entry overrides the INBD CRS entry. Entry format: Radial, XXX

Inbound Course / Direction Inbound course and turn direction. Entry overrides the QUAD/RADIAL entry. Entry format: Course: XXX Direction: L, R, /L, /R Course and direction: XXX/L or XXX/R

Leg Time Inbound leg flying time. Entry blanks LEG DIST line. Entry format: Minutes (0.1 - 9.9): X X.X Leg Distance Inbound leg distance. Entry blanks LEG TIME line. ERASE Selecting this prompt will i mmediately remove the hold and continue navigation to next route waypoint. Exit Hold When this prompt is selected, the aircraft will finish current hold pattern and continue navigation to next route waypoint. (Only displayed in ACT Hold) The prompt changes to EXIT ARMED. Selecting it second time will disarm the exit and continue holding. The Hold parameters page is i nitialized the following way: The inbound course is the course of the leg leading to the fix waypoint, if it is a waypoint. If hold is created at present position, the current ground track will be used. Default turn is Right. The hold will have 1,5 minute inbound leg when above 14000 feet, and 1 minute leg below this. The LNAV will use the correct hold entry type, the direct entry, parallel or teardrop entry, depending on entry direction and inbound course.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) The hold parameters are recomputed when passing the holding fix. Thus, if any modifications are made during flying the hold, the aircraft will finish current hold pattern and start a new pattern with new parameters.

NAV RADIO page The FMC automatically tunes the navigation radios NAV1 and NAV2 to the closest VOR stations. Also, the NAV1 radio is automatically tuned to the ILS frequency when 15 nm from the airport and ILS approach is selected. The NAV RADIO page is used to control operation of radios tuning. VOR Displays frequency and identifier of tuned VOR station. The .A. letter indicates autotuning mode. The M letter indicates manually tuned station. Entry can be deleted. ADF Manually entered NDB frequency. ILS Displays frequency, front course and ILS tuning mode. The A letter indicates autotuning mode. The .M. letter indicates manually tuned frequency. Displays --NAV-- when no ILS i s selected. Entry can be deleted. Preselect Allows any entry to be placed here, to be later inserted into any NAV RADIO field. Radial Displays received VOR radial.

CRS Displays selected VOR course used for HSI display on ND. Blank when radio in autotuning mode. Entry switches radio to manual mode.

While any NAV radio is in autotuning mode, the FMC will constantly search the stations database and tune it to the nearest VOR station. This mode i s selected by default, and is i ndicated by a letter A next to the frequency. You can tune each VOR to any specific station, either by entering its frequency, or entering the VOR i dentifier (you mush be within 250 nm of the station for ID entry). When this is done, the NAV radio remains tuned to this frequency until new entry is done or autotuning is resumed. The manual mode is identified by letter .M. next to the frequency. Automatic VOR tuning is resumed by deleting the entry. Press DEL key on CDU keyboard - DELETE appears on scratchpad – and Line Select the frequency line. When NAV radio is manual mode, the VOR course (OBS) can be entered.

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FMC Control Display Unit (CDU) The FMC does not automatically tune the ADF radio. You can manually tune the ADF to any frequency by inserting it into the frequency line. When no approach is selected on ARRIVALS page, or the selected landing runway does not have an ILS, the ILS line will read --NAV-- indicating that the NAV 1 radio is used for VOR tuning. If an ILS approach is selected, the ILS line will show the runway ILS frequency and front course in small font, and letter A indicates that this frequency will be automatically tuned when approaching the airport. This is done when within 15 nm of the airport, and is indicated by the line changing to large font. You can also manually enter the ILS frequency and course. Such entry is indicated by letter M (manual) and can be deleted.

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CREDITS and COPYRIGHT Notice Phoenix Simulation Software

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

Graham Waterfield. 3d Modeling

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Pss b777 Fmc Manual

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