ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITECNICA DE CHIMBORAZO UNIDAD DE NIVELACION CICLO DE NIVELACIÓN: SEPTIEMBRE 2012 / FEBRERO 2013 2 013 RESOLUCION ESTRATEGICA DE PROBLEMAS
1.- DATOS INFORMATIVOS. - NOMBRES Y APELLIDOS:
Reiner Santiago Moreno Hidalgo
- DIRECCIÓN DOMICILIARIA:
Puruha entre México y Chimborazo
- TELÉFONO:
032940384 CELULAR:
- MAIL:
[email protected] santiagodecimo
[email protected]
- FECHA:
Noviembre 19 del 2012
0999710120
Riobamba – Ecuador
1
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Presentación
Este modulo está destinado a la introducción a la materia de Resolución Estratégica de Problemas, además de el planteamiento de estrategias especificas para la solución de problemas basados en la aplicación de un procedimiento general para la solución de cualquier problema, este modulo se basa en el enfoque de aprender haciendo y construyendo, aprender a aprender, con una visión sistemática, humana e integral de la persona, el aprendizaje y la vida.
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Justificación:
El documento elaborado donde se compila un resumen de todo el proceso académico del modulo “Formulación Estratégica de Problemas” corresponde a un requisito que el
programa de nivelación sugiere para todas las materias, por cuanto tiene una valoración en la evaluación final. Considero que es un gran acierto del programa para la elaboración y producción del proyecto de aula ya que nos permite fortalecer y reforzar los conocimientos y habilidades intelectuales, objetivo primordial de la asignatura: a través de este proceso reiteramos la comprensión y reflexión de los diferentes temas estudiados, ayudándonos a cimentar nuestro aprendizaje significativo, por otro lado constituye una fuente de consulta permanente en nuestra formación académica ya que las habilidades y capacidades desarrolladas a través de esta asignatura respaldan nuestra formación transversal en las diferentes etapas del trabajo académico que iremos desarrollando en nuestra estancia en esta prestigiosa universidad
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Índice:
Lección 1: Características del los problemas………………………………...……pág. 5 Lección 2: Procedimientos para la solución de problemas………………..……pág. 7 Lección 3: Problemas de relaciones parte-todo y familiares……………...…..pág. 10 Lección 4: Problemas sobre relaciones de orden……………………………….pág. 13 Lección 5: Problemas de tablas numéricas……………………………………….pág. 15 Lección 6: Problemas de tablas lógicas…………………………………….……..pág. 17 Lección 7: Problemas de tablas conceptuales………………………..………….pág. 19 Lección 8: Problemas de simulación concreta y abstracta……………………pág. 21 Lección 9: Problemas con diagramas de flujo y de intercambio…………..…pág. 23 Lección 10: Problemas dinámicos. Estrategia medios-fines…………………..pág. 25 Lección 11: Problemas de tanteo sistemático por acotación de error……....pág. 27
Lección 12: Problemas de construcción de soluciones………………….…….pág. 29 Lección 13: Problemas de búsqueda exhaustiva. Ejercicios de consolidación ………………...…………………………………………………………………………..pág. 31
Pensamiento innovador. Orientaciones para su aplicación…………………...pág. 32 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………………pág. 33
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Lección 1: Características del los problemas
1.- Reflexión: En esta lección conseguimos comprender la diferencia entre una afirmación y un problema. Una afirmación afirmación se refiere un hecho o situación el cual no representa ningún inconveniente, en cambio un problema es una situación en el cual se da cierta cantidad de información con la cual se debe resolver el problema mediante una pregunta
2.- Cuerpo: -Definición de problema: un problema es un enunciado en el cual se da cierta información y se plantea una pregunta que debe ser respondida
-Clasificación de los problemas en función de la información que se suministra
El enunciado contiene la información necesaria y suficiente para resolver el problema, es usado para Estructurados
resolver roblemas relacionados con las ciencias exactas
Problema El enunciado no contiene toda la información necesaria, y No estructurados
se requiere que la persona busque y agregue la información faltante
-Las variables y la información de un problema Una variable es una magnitud que puede tomar valores cualitativos o cuantitativos Los datos de un problema se expresan en términos de variables, de los valores de estas, o de las características de los objetos o situaciones involucradas. Los datos siempre provienen de variables
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Variable Volumen
Ejemplos de valores de las Tipos de variable variables Cualitativa Cuantitativa Alto X
Temperatura
28o C
X
Peso
35 Kg
X
Color de piel
Trigueña
Estado animo Clima
de Alegre
Edad Superficie
Nublado
18 años Áspera
X X X
X X
4.-Conclusión: Es más fácil saber cómo resolver un problema sabiendo en primer lugar que es un problema, de qué tipo es el problema pr oblema y conociendo sus variables y características car acterísticas
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Lección 2: Procedimientos para la solución de problemas
1.- Reflexión: Esta lección nos enseña los pasos lógicos y básicos que debemos seguir para resolución de un problema sin importar el tipo o la naturaleza del problema. Todo esto basado en el uso de 6 pasos en donde se plantean relaciones, operaciones y estrategias para tratar de responder lo que se nos pregunta
2.- Cuerpo:
-Procedimientos para resolver un problema 1. Leer cuidadosamente todo el problema 2. Leer parte por parte el problema y sacar todos los datos del enunciado 3. Plantear las relaciones, operaciones y estrategias de solución que puedas a partir de los datos y de la interrogante del problema 4. Aplica la estrategia de solución del problema 5. Formula la respuesta del problema 6. Verificar el proceso y el producto
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3.-Ejercicio
- María, Luis y Ana son hijos de Lucia y de José. José al morir deja una herencia que alcanza a 400 mil Um. La cual debe repartirse de acuerdo a sus deseos como sigue: El dinero se divide en dos partes, mitad para la madre y el resto debe repartirse en partes iguales entre los 3 hijos y la madre. ¿Qué cantidad de dinero recibirá cada persona? 1) Leer todo el problema ¿De qué trata el problema? Trata sobre cuánto dinero le toca a cada uno de los herederos de José
2) Lee parte por parte el problema y saca todos los datos del enunciado Total herencia Numero de herederos Primera mitad Segunda mitad Numero de partes a dividir
400 mil Um 4 Lucia Lucia e hijos 2
3) Plantear las relaciones, operaciones y estrategias de solución que puedas a partir de los datos y de la interrogante del problema p roblema -Lucia y José tiene 2 hijos -José al morir dejo una herencia de 400 mil Um -La herencia debe repartirse en dos mitades
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4) Aplica la estrategia de solución del problema - A partir de la segunda relación del total de 400 mil la mitad para la madre seria 200 mil - Los 200 mil restantes se dividen en partes iguales entre 4 personas (Lucia, María, Ana, Luis)
5) Formula la respuesta del problema Lucia recibe 250 mil Um y cada hijo recibe 50 mil Um cada uno
6) Verifica el procedimiento y el producto Las cantidades resultantes del problema son todas exactas
4.- Conclusión Con lo aprendido en esta lección nos podemos dar cuenta de que los problemas que se nos presenten serán más fáciles de resolver si se siguen en orden todos los pasos, evitando saltarse ninguno, pero que al paso del tiempo y con practica no será necesario indicar paso por paso lo que estamos haciendo, ya que se volverá un proceso automatizado en nuestro cerebro
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Lección 3: Problemas de relaciones parte-todo y familiares
1.- Reflexión: Esta lección nos enseña a resolver problemas de un tipo especial, de relaciones partetodo y de relaciones familiares, que no necesariamente deben ser resueltos con los 6 pasos enseñados en la lección anterior, pueden ser resueltos de una manera especial
2.- Cuerpo:
-Problemas sobre relaciones parte-todo: En este tipo de problemas unimos un conjunto de partes conocidas para formar diferentes cantidades y para generar ciertos equilibrios entre las partes. Son problemas donde se relacionan partes para formar una totalidad.
-Problemas sobre relaciones familiares: Es un tipo especial de problemas en el cual se refiere a nexos de parentesco entre los diferentes componentes de la familia, constituyen un medio muy útil para desarrollar habilidades del pensamiento de alto nivel de abstracción
3.- Ejercicios: 1. Un hombre lleva sobre sus hombros a un niño que pesa la mitad que él, el niño al
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-¿Cuál es el todo y cuáles son las partes? El peso total es de 120 kg, sus partes pa rtes son el hombre, el niño, el e l perro y los accesorios -¿Cómo podemos representar estos datos? Hombre Niño Perro Accesorios Peso total
64 kg 32kg 16kg 8kg 120kg
H
N o iñ m b re
Total 120 kg
-¿Cuánto pesa el hombre? 64 kg
2. María muestra el retrato de un señor seño r y dice: “La madre de este señor es la suegra de mi esposo”
-¿Qué parentesco hay entre María y el señor del retrato?
Madre del señor
o
P
A o
e
e c
c rr s
o
ri
o
s
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-¿Qué se plantea en el problema? La búsqueda del parentesco entre María y el señor del retrato
-¿Qué tipo de estrategias usamos en este problema? De relación familiar
-¿Qué relación existe entonces entra ambas personas? Relación Hermano-Hermana
-Respuesta del problema María y el señor del retrato son hermanos
4.- Conclusión:
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Lección 4: Problemas sobre relaciones de orden
1.- Reflexión: Los problemas de relaciones de orden se refieren a problemas que usan una sola variable o aspecto, el cual generalmente toma valores relativos, es decir se refieren a comparaciones, la comparación entre dos objetos ayuda a identificar las variables que actúan en ese problema
2.- Contenido:
-Representación en una sola dimensión: Esta es la estrategia que usaremos para resolver los problemas sobre relaciones de orden, esta permite representar datos correspondientes a una sola variable o aspecto
-Estrategia de postergación: Es una estrategia adicional que consiste en dejar
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Variable: Estatura Problema: ¿Quién es el más alto y quienes le siguen?
Estatura
Más alto Patricio José Manuel Rodrigo Más bajo
Respuesta: El más alto es Patricio, le siguen José, Manuel y al final el más p equeño es Rodrigo
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Lección 5: Problemas de tablas numéricas
1.- Reflexión: En esta lección se buscara el método de resolución de problemas en los que se presenta una variable dependiente y dos independientes. Para resolver este tipo de problemas deben ser resueltos por una estructura estratégica llamada tabla numérica y la estrategia de solución del problema la llamamos representación en 2 dimensiones. Estos problemas poseen una variable cuantitativa dependiente y dos variables cualitativas independientes y relaciones que definen las características de la variable dependiente
2.- Cuerpo:
-Estrategia de representación en dos dimensiones: tablas numéricas Esta es la estrategia aplicada en problemas cuya variable centra cuantitativa depende
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-¿Cuál es la pregunta? ¿Cuántas pulseras tienen Clara y Belinda? -Variable dependiente
-Variable independiente
Numero de accesorios
Nombre de las hijas
Nombre Clara Accesorio Pulseras 1
Isabel
Belinda
Total
3
5
9
Anillos
3
2
1
6
Total
4
5
6
15
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Lección 6: Problemas de tablas lógicas
1.- Reflexión: En esta lección se nos enseña un problema parecido al anterior con la diferencia de que en este tipo de problemas en lugar de darle valores numéricos a las celdas, aquí se les darán valor lógicos, es decir, solo acepta el valor Verdadero o Falso, aquí se establece la veracidad o falsedad de las relaciones entre las variables cualitativas
2.- Cuerpo:
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- Variables dependientes Nombre, Lugar de trabajo - Relación lógica para construir la tabla Lugar de trabajo Nombre Ana L.trabajo Escuela V
Luisa
Pedro
Miguel
X
X
X
Ferretería
X
X
X
V
Banco
X
V
X
X
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Lección 7: Problemas de tablas conceptuales
1.- Reflexión: Estos problemas de tablas conceptuales no tienen la característica del cálculo de subtotales y totales de las tablas numéricas, tampoco la característica de la exclusión mutua de las tablas lógicas, esto hace que se necesite más información para resolverlos, a diferencia de los otros problemas este necesita de una cuarta variable asociada a una variable independiente para bifurcar la información que se aporta sobre la variable asociada
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- ¿De qué trata el problema? Queremos saber el horario de vuelos de cada piloto - Variables independientes
-Variable dependiente
Nombre de cada piloto y ciudades
Días de trabajo
Piloto Ciudad Dallas
Joel
Jaime
Julián
Lunes
Miércoles
Viernes
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Lección 8: Problemas de simulación concreta y abstracta
1.- Reflexión: En esta lección ya no se usara la estrategia de representación en dos dimensiones ya que no se usaran más problemas en los que la situación de desenvolvimiento del problema sea estática. Ahora nos encontramos con situaciones que cambian en el tiempo y en el espacio, a estos problemas los denominaremos dinámicos.
2.- Cuerpo:
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2. Variables del problema Nombre de las calles, Dirección de la calle y Posición de la calle
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Lección 9: Problemas con diagramas de flujo y de intercambio
1.- Reflexión:
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- ¿De qué trata el problema? Queremos saber el número de pasajeros que llevo y dejo en cada parada durante el viaje y las paradas que hizo en el transcurso del viaje
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Lección 10: Problemas dinámicos. Estrategia medios-fines
1.- Reflexión:
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MMCCb: : MC: :MCb
M= misioneros M
C= caníbales
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