PROJECT ON DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A TOW STOREY BUILDING
Amin Sadiqi Mohammad Hossain Ad!i Rahma"#!!ah "#$a%i F$doon nas$a"&adah
S#'$(iso$) M$s) Pina*i P$asam
D'a$"mn" o+ ,i(i! n-in$inSha$da Uni($si". A/NOWLEDGEMENT 1
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our respected P$asam for her valuable guidance. We are and learned guide Mrs. Pina*i P$asam for also thankful for her timely encouragement given in completing the P$a*ash , !" project. We are also grateful to respected Prof. Sa".a P$a*ash, #"epartment of $ivil %ngineering& 'harda (niversity, for permitting us to utili)e all the necessary facilities of the institution. We We are also thankful to all other sta* members of our department for their kind co+operation and help. astly, we would like to express our deep appreciation towards our classmates and family members for providing us the much needed kind support and encouragement. -hank ou ou
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INTRODUCTION -he aim of this project is to design and estimation of a Multistory 8uilding #3F/& for residential purpose, taking earthGuake load into consideration. Multistory buildings are very commonly seen in cities. $onstructions of 9
such buildings are possible only by going to a set of rigidly interconnected beams and column. -hese rigidly interconnected beams and columns of multi bay and multistoried are called 8uildings frames. -o avoid long distance of travel, cities are growing vertically rather than hori)ontally. 5n other words multistory buildings are preferred in cities. 8uilding laws of many cities permits construction of ground plus three storey buildings without lifts. -he loads from walls and beams are transformed to beams, rotation of beams take place. 'ince, beams are rigidly connected to column, the rotation of column also take place. -hus any load applied any where on beam is shared by entire network of beam and columns.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING 6eGuirement for residential accommodation are di*erent for di*erent classes of people and depends on the income and status of the individual a highly rich family with reGuire a luxurious building, while a poor man we satisHed with a single room house for even poor class family. 0 standard residential building of bungalow type with has drawing room, dining room oIce room, guest room, kitchen room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath room, front verandah, stair etc., for other house the number of rooms may be reduced according to the reGuirements of many available.
MINIMUM FLOOR AREA AND HEIGHT OF ROOMS ;
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BUILDING BYE LAWS AND REGULATIONS • • • • • • • • • • •
ine of building frontage and minimum plot si)es. !pen spaces around residential building. Minimum standard dimensions of building elements. Provisions for lighting and ventilation. Provisions for safety from explosion. Provisions for means of access. Provisions for drainage and sanitation. Provisions for safety of works against ha)ards. 6eGuirements for o*+street parking spaces. 6eGuirements for landscaping. 'pecial reGuirements for low income housing.
ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS >
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LI2ING ROOMS -his is the area is for general use. ence the living ? drawing room should be planned near the entrance south east aspects. "uring colder day the sun is towards the south ? will receive sunshine which is a welcoming feature. "uring summer sunshine the northern side ? entry of sunrays from southern or south J east aspects do not arise.
BED ROOM 8ed may also be provided with attached toilets, there si)e depends upon the number of beds, they should be located so as to give privacy ? should accommodate beds, chair, cupboard, etc., and they should have north or J west south J west aspect.
ORIENTATION 0fter having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building. !rientation means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access both to the street and back yard. -he factors that e*ect orientation most are as follows. • • • • • •
'olar heat Wind direction umidity 6ain fall 5ntensity of wind site condition ightings and ventilation
SOLAR HEAT 'olar heat means sunKs heat, the building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in summer. :or evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to know the duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed surfaces.
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WIND DIRECTION -he winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in the house to the maximum extent.
HUMIDITY igh humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes perspiration, which is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and causes more discomfort.
RAIN FALL "irection and intensity of rainfall e*ects the drainage of the site and building and hence, it is very important from orientation point of view.
INTENSITY OF WIND 5ntensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of comparatively small si)e are recommended in such regions.
SITE CONDITIONS ocation of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also e*ects orientation, sometimes to achieve maximum beneHts, the building has to be oriented in a particular direction.
LIGHTING 3ood lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. -he Hrst is to promote the work or other activities carried on within the building. -he second is to promote the safety of people using the buildings. -he third is to create, in conjunction to interest and of well beings.
2ENTILATION =entilation may be deHned as the system of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable conditions. !peration of building and location to windows helps in providing proper ventilation. 0 sensation of comfort, reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of oxygen are the basic reGuirements in ventilation apart from reduction of dust. 11
Es"ima"ion and s',i3,a"ion "60W523 1. 3round Loor plan
:igure 1 A" view of ground Loor
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:igure A A. 'econd Loor plan
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SPECIFICATION OF BUILIDING
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R7C7C WOR/S 6.$.$. 1/B beams roof slab lintel sunshine, loft and cupboard etc.., PLASTERING WOR/S a. 5nternal 1A in cm ceiling 1B with superHne smooth Hnish. b. %xternal in 1B normal Hnish FLOORING WOR/S -iles Looring in hall , dining room, bed room and kitchen 6s . C@7 Ra" 8 sq#a$ +"7 #5ncluding laying charge& 8athroom Looring in grip tiles 6s.A@7 worth each sG.ft 1B
8athroom walls ; feet glassed tiles 6s. A@7 worth each sG.ft itchen walls B feet from kitchen top 6s. A@7 worth each sG.ft
TOILET AND BATH ROOM) a. 'hower and wall mixer arrangements for attached both rooms with geyser point. b. :or common toilet shower and single tap only. c. Wash basin in dining7bath room N rs.1@@@7+ PLUMBING WOR/ a. P.=.$ pipes and $.P Httings bathrooms and kitchen b. 5ndian closet, shower sets, taps Jbrand name waterman c. "rainage and rain water pipes using P.=.$ pipes BO PAINTING 9 COLOUR WOR/S a. !ne coat of primer and two coats of synthetic enamel paints on all wood Work and grills b. !ne coat suitable primer and two coat ace for outer walls c. !ne coat suitable primer and two coats tractor emulsion for inner walls WOOD WOR/S a. %ntrance of the main door in teak wood without design with varnish Hnish #:rame si)e BO x AO& with martis lock N 1,/@@7+ b. 8ed room padak farme ? Lush doors #frame si)e BO x /.CO& c. 8athrooms P=' doors for toilets #single panel& d. Windows patak frame and panels in padak . M' grill and gla)ed e. Windows with enamel paint #frame si)e BO x /.CO& STIARCASE
M.'. grill 3.5 pipe
ELECTRICALS 3ood materials and concealed wiring cooper for lights, :ans and lamps and 1Cams points with switches boards. #Without Htting meter& with wooden switch boxes closing with sandax sheet ? 1 ".8 box providing for 1 portion Point details kitchen C0 /2os ight point 12o %xhaust fan point 12o :an point 12o Power point /2os #1C 0 combined socket&
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BEDROOM DETAILS / way point :an point -ube light point 07$, point in one bed room 2ight lamp point Wall ceiling point 'ockets 2ight lamp point
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HALL DETAILS :an point 'how light point $alling bell point 1C amps point 'ocket -elephone socket Ca t.v. point 2ight lamp point
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BATHROOM 3eyser point 1Ca 1no ight point 1 no Wash basin light point 1no !nly for point laying. #2ot for accessories like light, fan, etc.,& ADDITIONAL WOR/ ow roof , septic tank, compound wall, water sump, water tank, water tank slab, extra Loor in outside, elevation, main board items, %8 lines deposit, %8 line cable , bore well, wall motor all are charged extra from market rate. USAGE OF MATERIALS 1. $ement /. 'teel A. Wood
J $oro Mandal #or &ultra tech J 5'5 -M- rods J teak 19
B. Plumbing water $loset C. %lectrical 9. Painting
basic water man Httings parry ware J wires are in orbit 0sian paints
MODE OF PAYMENT 1. /. A. B. C. 9.
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ESTIMATION 6!!M '5R% 02" 0PP6!D5M0-% $!'- !: -% 8(5"523 6esidential building with two storey with covered car parking. -his approximate cost is planned as per the current market rate in the year of /@19 in 5ndia.
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Fo#nda"ion :oundation is the part of structure below plinth level up to the soil. 5t is in direct contact of soil and transmits load of super structure to soil. 3enerally it is below the ground level. 5f some part of foundation is above ground level, it is also covered with earth Hlling. -his portion of structure is not in contact of air, light etc, or to say that it is the hidden part of the structure.
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5n this project the foundation type is raft or mat foundation, the foundation will be lay over <@ cm depth with 1@@ cm breadth. -he thickness of the wall is A@ cm. 8rick walls are constructed by joining bricks with cement mortar and this type of brickwork is called %nglish 8ond. -here is no shear wall work in this project. $oncrete grade used for the construction M/C, grade of concrete for slab is restricted to M/@. 6einforcement bar is not used more than /Cmm dia, stirrups used not more than 1@ mm dia. eight of ground Loor to Hrst Loor is
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D'"h o+ Fo#nda"ion "epth of foundation depends on following factors. 1. 0vailability of adeGuate bearing capacity /. "epth of shrinkage and swelling in case of clayey soils, due to seasonal changes which may cause appreciable movements. A. "epth of frost penetration in case of Hne sand and silt. B. Possibility of excavation close by C. "epth of ground water table 9. Practical minimum depth of foundation should not be less than C@ cm. to allow removal of top soil and variations in ground level. ;. ence the best recommended depth of foundation is from 1.@@ meter to 1.C meter from original ground level.
Foo"in:ooting is a structure constructed in brick work, masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or column for distributing the load over a large area.
Wid"h o+ Fo#nda"ion8 Foo"in-s -he width of footings should be laid according to structural design. :or light loaded buildings such as houses, Lats, school buildings etc having not more than two storyKs, the width of foundation is given below. 1. -he width of footing should not be less than ;C cm for one brick thick wall. /. -he width of footing should not be less than 1 meter for one and half brick wall. /@
Di;$n" P$o,sss in Fo#nda"ion Wo$* -he processes executed in the foundation works are given below. 1. %xcavation of earth work in trenches for foundation. /. aying out cement concrete. A. aying the footing in case of raft or column construction. B. aying 0nti termite treatment. C. aying 8rick work up to plinth level. 9. aying "amp proof course on the walls. ;. 6eHlling of earth around the walls <. 6eHlling of earth in the building portion up to the reGuired height according to plinth level.
P$,a#"ions 5hi! dsi-nin-
•
•
•
0 foundation should be designed to transmit combined dead load, imposed load and wind load to the ground. 2et loading intensity of pressure coming on the soil should not exceed the safe bearing capacity. :oundation should be designed in such a way that settlement to the ground is limited and uniform under whole of the building to avoid damage to the structure. Whole design of the foundation, super structure and characteristics of the ground should be studied to obtain economy in construction work.
Ra"io o+ Cmn" Con,$" and Mo$"a$ +o$ Fo#nda"ion •
•
•
•
-he cement concrete 1<19 is generally used in the foundation of walls in construction work. 5n case of column raft cement concrete 1B< is the best recommended ratio for it in the foundation. :or brick masonry cement mortar 1B to 19 is used as loading condition. 5n case of column and raft footings up to plinth level cement concrete 1/B or 11.CA are used.
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Soi! ha(in- Sa+ Ba$in- Ca'a,i". "ry coarse and well graded dense sand have maximum shear resistance and maximum bearing capacity. 5n general submerged soil and clay have less bearing capacity.
P$,a#"ions d#$in- E>,a(a"ion o+ Fo#nda"ion Wo$* -he depth and width of foundation should be according to structural design. -he depth of the foundation should not be less than 1 meter in case the design is not available. -he length, width and depth of excavation should be checked with the help of center line and level marked on the burjis. -he excavated material7 earth should be dumped at a distance of 1 meter from the edges. Work should be done on dry soil. 0rrangement of water pump should be made for pumping out rain water. -he bottom layer of the foundation should be compacted. -here should be no soft places in foundation due to roots etc. 0ny soft7 defective spots should be dug out and be Hlled with concrete7 hard material •
•
•
• •
• • •
PROJECT O2ER2IEW EFFECTI2E SPAN 0s per 5' BC9+/@@@, in the analysis of frames, the e*ective length of members shall be center to center distance #clause //./ d&
STIFFNESS :or the analysis of frame, the relative sti*ness values of various members are reGuired. 5' BC9+/@@@ clause suggests the relative sti*ness of the members may be based on the moment of inertia of the section. -he made shall be consistent for all the members of the structure throughout analysis. 5t needs arriving at member si)es before designing. -he si)es are selected on the basis of architectural, economic and structural considerations. //
:or 8eams span to depth ratio preferred is 1/ to 1C. Width is kept #17A& to #17/& of depth, but sometimes they are Hxed on architectural consideration. $olumn si)es are to be selected on the basis of experience. 5t is to be noted that in Multistory frames, columns of upper stories carry less axial force but more moments, while columns of lower story carry more axial loads and less moments. "esign can roughly estimate the axial load on lower story column and arrive at si)es of the column. 2ext two to three stories can have same si)e. 8eyond that, si)es may be reduced. 'ti*ness of member is given by #57&.
LOADS :or Multistory frames "ead load, imposed load #live load&, wind load and earthGuake loads are important for designing. -he 5' code suggests following load combination to get designed loads 1. 1.C" F 1.C5 /. 1.C" F 1.CW A. 1.C" F 1.C% B. 1./" F 5 F 1./W C. 1./" F 5 F 1./%
ANALYSIS 5t may be analy)ed as a set of intersecting frames taking care of loads from triangular pattern of loads from Loors. owever, 5' BC9+/@@@ #$lause //.B/& permits the analysis of frames by approximate methods like Portal method, cantilever method, 'ubstitute frame method for "ead loads, factor method for wind loadsT to arrive at design moments, shear and other forces. We have adopted /ANI=S method for frame analysis.
REFERENCE
0.. Eain, 0dvanced 6.$.$. "esign. 2. rishna 6aju, 6einforced $oncrete "esign. '.'. 8havikatti, 0dvanced 6.$.$. "esign. 5' BC9+/@@@ www.nptel.com www.'lideshare.com
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