UNIVERSITATEA DE STIINTE AGRICOLE SI MEDICINA VETERINARA “ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD” IASI FACULTATEA DE HORTICULTURA
AMPELOGRAFIE PROIECT
INDRUMATOR: Prof. Univ. DR. ROTARU LILIANA
STUDENT:
BRODOCEANU PETRU ADRIAN HORTICULTURA ID – ANUL IV
- 2014 -
UNIVERSITATEA DE STIINTE AGRICOLE SI MEDICINA VETERINARA “ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD” IASI FACULTATEA DE HORTICULTURA
TEMA PROIECTULUI
INFIINTAREA UNEI PLANTATII DE VITA DE VIE, PENTRU VINURI ALBE DE MASA, IN CENTRUL VITICOL TUTOVA, DIN PODGORIA COLINELE TUTOVEI, CARE ASIGURA OBTINEREA UNEI PRODUCTII ANUALE DE 290 TONE STRUGURI
•
SOIURI RECOMANDATE: FETEASCA REGALA, ALIGOTÉ
INDRUMATOR: Prof. Univ. DR. ROTARU LILIANA
STUDENT:
BRODOCEANU PETRU ADRIAN HORTICULTURA ID – ANUL IV
- 2014 –
Pla!l "#$%&'(!l!% INFIINTAREA UNEI PLANTATII DE VITA DE VIE, PENTRU VINURI ALBE DE MASA, IN CENTRUL VITICOL TUTOVA, DIN PODGORIA COLINELE TUTOVEI, CARE ASIGURA OBTINEREA UNEI PRODUCTII ANUALE DE 290 TONE STRUGURI
I(#$)!'&#& Ca"%($l!l 1* MEMORIU MEMORIU DESCRIPTIV 1.1. So!"# infiin$%rii !#%n$%$i&i 1.'. An%#i(% f%$ori#or #i)%$ii 1.'.1. T&)!&r%$"r% * )&+ii #"n%r& i )&+i% %n"%#% * )&+ii )ini)& i )%-i)& #"n%r& i %n"%#& * )ini)& i )%-i)& %o#"$& #"n%r& i %n"%#& * +%$& )&+ii i &-$r&)& %#& !ri)"#"i i "#$i)"#"i in/0&$ * #"n/i)&% !&rio%+&i +& v&/&$%$i& * i#%n$"# $&r)i /#o%# * i#%n$"# $&r)i %$iv * i#%n$"# $&r)i "$i# 1.'.'. L")in% * r%+i%$i% /#o%#% +in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i& * +"r%$% +& $r%#"ir& % o%r&#"i 1.'.. U)i+i$%$&% * !r&i!i$%$ii %$)of&ri& #"n%r& i %n"%#& +in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i& * ")i+i$%$&% r&#%$iv% % %&r"#"i in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i& * in$o)ir&% 0i$o/r%)&i +& !r&i!i$%$ii 1.'.2. Ai+&n$& #i)%$i& * !r&(&n$% /rin+in&i * !r&(&n$% in/0&$"#"i 1.'.3. R&/i)"# &o#i%n * fr&v&n$% i vi$&(% v4n$"#"i 5)&+i%6 * in$o)ir&% ro(&i v4n$"ri#or 1.'.7. In+i%$ori &o#o/ii in$&$ii * in+i&#& 0&#io$&r)i * in+i&#& 0i+ro$&r)i * in+i&#& io#i)%$i
* in+i&#& io!&+o#i)%$i * in+i&#& &+%fo#i)%$i * in+i&#& %!$i$"+inii o&no#i)%$i& 1.. Oro/r%/i% $&r&n"#"i * %#$i$"+in& * !%n$% * &-!o(i$i& * for)% +& r&#i&f 1.2. F%$ori &+ofii * %r%$&ri(%r&% $i!"#"i +& o# +in !"n$ +& v&+&r& )orfo#o/i, %# in"iri#or fi(io8 )&%ni&, 0i+rofi(i&, 0i)i& i %/ro!ro+"$iv& 1.3. R&$&%"n% 0i+ro/r%fi% % !o+/ori&i 1.9. F%$orii oi%#8&ono)ii oi%#8&ono)ii * %i/"r%r&% " for$% +& )"n% * "r& +& %!% * %i +& $r%n!or$ * !i&$& +& +&f%&r& * $r%+i$i% #o%#%
Ca"%($l!l 2* MEMORIU TE+NIC '.1. S$%i#ir&% i$&)"#"i +& "#$"r% i $i!"# +& !#%n$%$i& '.'. A#&/&r&% oi"ri#or +& vi$% ro+i$o%r& i !or$%#$oi '.. Or/%ni(%r&% $&r&n"#"i '..1. C%#"#"# "!r%f&$&#or '..'. I)!%r$ir&% $&r&n"#"i in "ni$%$i +& &-!#o%$%r& '... S$%i#ir&% r&$&#&i +& +r")"ri, % (on&#or +& in$o%r&r& '..2. A)&n%%r&% $&r&n"#"i +&$in%$ !#%n$%rii vi$&i +& vi& '.2. L"r%ri +& infiin$%r& % !#%n$%$i&i '.2.1. Pr&/%$ir&% $&r&n"#"i '.2.'. S$%i#ir&% +i$%n$&#or +& !#%n$%r&, % for)&i +& on+"&r& i $i!"# +& $%i&r& '.2.. Pi0&$%r&% $&r&n"#"i '.2.2. P#%n$%r&% vi$&i +& vi& '.3. L"r%ri +& in$r&$in&r& % !#%n$%$i&i in !ri)"# %n '.7. L"r%ri +& in$r&$in&r& % !#%n$%$i&i in %n"# II +& !#%n$%r& '.9. L"r%ri +& in$r&$in&r& % !#%n$%$i&i in %n"# III – IV +& #% !#%n$%r&
TABELE DE CALCUL Ca"%($l!l * FISE TE+NOLOGICE .1. Fi% $&0no#o/i% !&n$r" !r&/%$ir&% $&r&n"#"i i infiin$%r&% !#%n$%$i&i .'. Fi% $&0no#o/i% !&n$r" in$r&$in&r&% !#%n$%$i&i in %n"# I .. Fi% $&0no#o/i% !&n$r" in$%#%r&% i$&)"#"i +& "$in&r& .2. Fi% $&0no#o/i% !&n$r" in$r&$in&r&% !#%n$%$i&i in %n"# II +& #% !#%n$%r& .3. Fi% $&0no#o/i% !&n$r" in$r&$in&r&% !#%n$%$i&i in %n"# III – IV +& #% !#%n$%r&
B%l%$.#a/%&
INTRODUCERE Con&n$r%$% in %r&%#& i !o+/orii +& r&n")& )"#$i&"#%r, !&i%#i(%$% !& +ir&$ii +& !ro+"$i&, #"r%$% i in$r&$in"$% +"!% $&0nii i !ro&+&& +if&ri$&, "#$"r% &ono)i% % vi$&i +& vi& +ov&+&$& " !rioin$% o !r&o"!%r& %$&n$% % /&n&r%$ii in$r&/i +& vi$i"#$ori !&n$r" %#&/&r&% oi"ri#or i %)!#%%r&% #or in #o"# &# )%i !o$rivi$, +& &#%or%r& i !&rf&$ion%r& on$in"% % $&0no#o/i&i +& "#$"r%, $o%$& )&ni$& % %$if%%#% "n niv&# "!&rior n&voi#& +& !ro+"$i&i i %#& on")"#"i. Ori&n$%r&% %$r& o vi$i"#$"r% no"% i )o+&rn% +& )%r& &fii&n$% $r&"i& % fi& !riini$% !& "n f"n+%)&n$ $iin$ifi o/%$, !& #&/%$"r% fir&%% +in$r& !#%n$% i )&+i", !& "no%$&r&% i $i)"#%r&% f%$ori#or %r& inf#"&n$&%(% r&$&r&% i fr"$ifi%r&% vi$&i +& vi& i, n" in "#$i)% in$%n$%, +& r&%r&% "nor &oi$&)& fi%i#& "or %+%!$%i#& on"$"ri#or oi%#8&ono)i& in on$in"% &vo#"$i&.
PODGORIA COLINELE TUTOVEI ISTORIC Vi$i"#$"r% r&!r&(in$% o !r&o"!%r& v&0& % #o%#nii#or +in %&%$% (on%. Dov%+% o r&!r&(in$% v%&#& i "n&#$&#& !&ifi& %&$&i in+&#&$niiir 5i"%r, $ro &$.6, %f#%$& n" n")%i #% )"(&&#& vi$i8vinio#&, +%r i in inv&n$%r"# %$"%# %# #o%#nii#or D&i !r&o"!%ri#& vi$i8vinio#& "n$ fo%r$& v&0i, !o+/ori% Co#in&#& T"$ov&i % in&!"$ % & on$"r&(& +"!% inv%(i% fi#o-&r&i, %"n/%n+ in for)% %$"%#% in % +o"% ")%$%$& % &o#"#"i %# ;;8#&%.
PIESE SCRISE
C%!i$o#"# 1. M&$#%! )&'#%"(%
1*1* SCOPUL INFIINTARII PLANTATIEI So!"# infiin$%rii !#%n$%$i&i +& vi& in &n$r"# vi$io# T"$ov%, &$& %&#% +& % "!#i)&n$% !ro+"$i% +& $r"/"ri !&n$r" vin"ri %#& +& )%%, " '<= $on& +& $r"/"ri %n"%#.
1*2* ANALI3A FACTORILOR CLIMATICI
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1*2*1* TEMPERATURA T&)!&r%$"r% &$& f%$or"# +& )&+i" !ri)or+i%#, fiin+ 0o$%r4$or %$4$ in +&$&r)in%r&% %ri&i +& r%!4n+ir& % vi$i"#$"rii !& /#o i % i$&)"#"i +& "#$"r%, 4$ i in +&#%n%r&% i !%r"r/&r&% !rini!%#&#or !ro&& i &$%!& +& vi%$% %#& vi$&i +& vi&. Vi$% +& vi& %r& !r&$&n$ii r&#%$iv& f%$% +& f%$or"# $&)!&r%$"r%. E% & "#$iv% in (on& " $&)!&r%$"r% )&+i& %nn"%#% )%i )%r& +& < = C, i%r 4n+ %&%$% +&!%&$& 1= = C, & !o$ o$in& !ro+"& vi$i8vinio#& +& %#i$%$&.
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C* M&)%a %%&l$# l!a#& % a!al& 5= C6 Anii 1?<7 – 1<33
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D* Ma5%a a$l!(a l!a#a % a!ala 5=C6 Anii 1?<7 – 1<33
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+* B%la(!l (&#%' .l$al 5Σ$=/6 i#%n$"# $&r)i /#o%# r&!r&(in$% ")% /r%+&#or )&+ii (i#ni& +in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i& 5r&("#$% +in in")%r&% $&)!&r%$"ri#or )&+ii (i#ni&, +i"rn& !o(i$iv& +in %&%$% !&rio%+%6. L% noi in $%r% & inr&/i$r&%(% "n i#%n$ $&r)i /#o%# "!rin in$r& '9== i 7==. In !o+/ori% Co#in&#& T"$ov&i, i#%n$"# $&r)i /#o%# &$& +& 112.
I* B%la(!l (&#%' a'(% 5Σ$=%6 i#%n$"# $&r)i %$iv r&!r&(in$% ")% $&)!&r%$"ri#or )&+ii (i#ni& )%i )%ri +& 1= = +in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i&. In !o+/orii#or +in $%r% no%$r% & inr&/i$r&%(% "n i#%n $&r)i %$iv "!rin in$r& '7== – 3== =C. In !o+/ori% Co#in&#& T"$ov&i i#%n$"# $&r)i %$iv &$& +& ''2.
* B%la(!l (&#%' !(%l 5Σ$="6 i#%n$"# $&r)i "$i# r&!r&(in$% ")% +if&r&n$&#or +in$r& $&)!&r%$"r% )&+i& (i#ni% )%i )%r& +& 1= =C i !r%/"# io#o/i +& !ornir& in v&/&$%$i& % vi$&i +& vi& 1= =C. i#%n$"# $&r)i "$i# &$& +& 112.
1*2*2* LUMINA Vi$% +& vi& %r& !r&$&n$ii )%ri f%$% +& f%$or"# #")in%, fiin+ o !#%n$% 0&#iofi#%. In"fii&n$% #")inii inf#"&n$&%(% n&/%$iv !ro&&#& +& r&$&r&, +if&r&n$i&r&% )"/"ri#or, r&$&r&% i )%$"r%r&% $r"/"ri#or, %$f&# in4$ "$"ii ")ri$i vor %v&% r&$&ri #%& i vor +% in$o$+&%"n% !ro+"$ii inf&rio%r& +in $o%$& !"n$&#& +& v&+&r&. S")% /#o%#% % or&#or +& ino#%$i& !&n$r" vi$% +& vi& &$& +& )ini)") '=== or& %r& & r&%#i(&%(% in $o%$& (on&#& vi$io#& +in $%r% no%$r%. S" %$i"n&% +ir&$% % #")inii, %i)i#%$i% #orofi#i%n% &$& )"#$ )%i in$&n% +&4$ #% ")r%, $r"/"rii "n$ )%i o#or%$i i %")"#&%(% %n$i$%$i )%i )%ri +& (%0%r"ri. In"fii&n$% #")inii +&$&r)in% r&+"&r&% !ro&"#"i +& foroin$&(%, +&i$i$%$&% "$"i#or, &nii#i$%$&% #or #% %$%"# o#i#or, +if&r&$i&r&% r&+"% % )"/"ri#or, !ro+"$ii %("$& i $r"/"ri +& %#i$%$& inf&rio%r%. Con+i$ii#& o!$i)& +in !"n$ +& v&+&r& 0&#io$&r)i & %i/"r% 0i%r i in r&/i"ni#& " "n #i)%$ /&n&r%# )%i !"$in f%vor%i#, !rin %)!#o%r&% vii#or !& !%n$& " &-!o(i$i& "+i% i !& o#"ri %r& & in%#(& "or " inf#"&n$% r%+i%$ii#or o#%r&.
A* Ra)%a(%a .l$ala )% "&#%$a)a )& &.&(a(%& 5?9 B%#)'6 R%+i%$i% /#o%#%, o$in"$% !rin in")%r&% r%+i%$i&i +ir&$& i +if"(&, !r&(&n$% in !o+/ori% I%i %r& v%#ori )o+&r%$& +& <=,3 B%#) '.
B* D!#a(a )& (#al!'%#& a $a#&l!%* M&)%a l!a#a % a!ala 5nr.or&6 Anii 1<2? 8 1<33
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D!#a(a )& (#al!'%#& a $a#&l!% )% "&#%$a)a )& &.&(a(%& 5nr. or&6 Anii 1<2? – 1<33
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1*2** UMIDITATEA A!%r&n$ vi$% +& vi& &$& o !#%n$% " &rin$& r&+"& f%$% +& r&/i)"# +& ")i+i$%$&. In fon+ &% %r& n&voi& +& %n$i$%$i )%ri +& %!%, !& %r& i #& !ro"r% in% " ""rin$% +%$ori$% i$&)"#"i %% r%+i"#%r !rof"n+ i in& +&(vo#$%$. A&%$% f%& % vi$% +& vi& % %i% i o r&(i$&n$% )%r& #% &&$%, in"ir& & n" $r&"i& oni+&r%$% % %o#"$%. U)i+i$%$&% r&#%$iv% % %&r"#"i, o!$i)% !&n$r" vi$% +& vi& &$& +& 9= – ?= . L% 2= !ro&&#& vi$%#& in&$in&, i%r #% '= !o$ in&$% o)!#&$. U)i+i$%$&% o!$i)% +in o# &$& +& 7= – 93 +in %!%i$%$&% +& 4)!.
A* Ca(%(a(&a &)%& )& "#&'%"%(a(%% a($/&#%'& l!a#a % a!ala 5))6 Anii 1<'1 – 1<33
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T$(al 6,6
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Ianuarie Februarie Martie Aprilie Mai Iunie Iulie August Septembrie Octombrie Noiembrie ecembrie
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V 7'
VI 7
VII 7'
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T$(al 7
1*2*4* ACCIDENTE CLIMATICE In !o+/ori% Co#in&#& T"$ov&i, i&rni#& "n$ +&$"# +& /&ro%&, " $&)!&r%$"ri )ini)& %o#"$& +& – '< =C, i)!"n4n+"8& !ro$&%r&% vi$&i +& vi& !&n$r" i%rn%. Fr&v&n$% $&)!&r%$"ri#or %("$& " – '=,1 =C &$&+& 2 %ni +in 1==, i%r fr&v&n$% $&)!&r%$"ri#or %("$& " – '7,1 =C &$& +& < ori +in 1==.
1*2*6* REGIMUL EOLIAN Mi%ri#& )%&#or +& %&r, !rin vi$&(% i +ir&$i% #or, inf#"&n$&%(% !"$&rni !#%n$%$ii#& vi$io#&. V4n$"ri#& !"$&rni& % %ror vi$&(% +&!%&$& 33 – 73 B)0, !o$ %f&$% in$&/ri$%$&% )i#o%&#or +& "$in&r&, r"! #%$%rii i !o$ 0i%r +i#o% "$"ii +in !%)4n$. E#& !"#&r% i%rn% (%!%+%, in "r"# v&/&$%$i&i in$&nifi% &v%!or%r&% %!&i +in o#, %&#&r&%(% $r%n!ir%$i%, r&+" ")i+i$%$&% r&#%$iv% % %&r"#"i, !o$ $4n&ni !ro&"# +& f&"n+%r& % f#ori#or. A+i&ri#& +& v4n$ inr&/i$r%$& +"!% !&rio%+& ")&+&, %" "n %#$ &f&$ &n&fi, on$ri"in+ #% (v4n$%r&% fr"n(i"#"i, i)!i&+i4n+ %$f&# %$%"# "nor o#i 5)%n%, !"$r&/%i &n"i"6. •
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E ',
SE ',<
S ,1
SV ',=
V ',
NV 2,'
N 25 N"
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15 10 5
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#rec$enta me&i e'( $ite)a me&ie' m*s S"
S! S
Fi/.' – Ro(% v4n$"ri#or
1*2*<* INDICATORI ECOLOGICI SINTETICI P&n$r" %!r&i&r&% r&"r&#or 0&#io$&r)i& i 0i+ri& %#& "n&i !o+/orii & fo#o& o &ri& +& in+i%$ori " %r%$&r in$&$i in$&/r4n+ %$i"n&% o)in%$% % +oi %" $r&i f%$ori &o#i)%$ii.
A I)%'&l& 8&l%$(&#%' In $%r% no%$r% & fo#o&$& in+i&#& 0&#io$&r)i r&%# 5IHr6, +"!% for)"#%: IHr ∑$=n . ∑ir . 1=87 in %r&: ∑$=n – ")%
/r%+&#or +& $&)!&r%$"r% "$i#% +in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i&
∑ir – ")% or&#or
+& ino#%$i& r&%#% +in %&&%i !&rio%+%.
In on+i$ii#& +& )&+i" +in $%r% no%$r%, in+i&#& 0&#io$&r)i r&%# r%)4n& in$r& #i)i$&#& 1,3 – ',9= 5M.O#o&%n" i o#%., 1<<16, v%#ori#& &#& )%i )%ri fiin+ in$4#ni$& in !o+/orii#& +in "+"# $%rii, %r& %" +i!onii#i$%$i 0&#io$&r)i& !ori$& In !o+/ori% Co#in&#& T"$ov&i, %)%'&l& 8&l%$(&#%' #&al &(& )& 1,1 ..
B* C$&/%'%&(!l 8%)#$(&#%' In$&r%$i"n&% in%r% +in$r& !r&i!i$%$ii i i#%n$"# $&r)i %$iv % fo$ r&!r&(&n$%$% G. S&#&rninov, 1<7 " for)% COEFICIENTULUI HIDROTERMIC 5CH6, fo#oin+ r&#%$i%:
CH =
∑ p ⋅ 1= , ∑ t a =
in %r&: ∑ ! – r&!r&(in$% ")% !r&i!i$%$ii#or +in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i& ∑$=% – r&!r&(in$% ")% /r%+&#or
+& $&)!&r%$"r% %$iv% +in %&&%i !&rio%+%.
V%#ori#& CH v%ri%(%, !& $&ri$ori"# Ro)4ni&i in$r& =,7 – 1,? C4n+ & inr&/i$r&%(% v%#ori#& )ini)& 5=,7 – =,96 "#$"r% vi$&i +& vi& +&vin& &ono)i% n")%i in r&/i) iri/%$. CH =
∑ p ⋅1= 1,04 ∑t =
a
C* I)%'&l& %$'l%a(%' Ur)%rin+ in$&/r%r&% %$i"nii $&)!&r%$"rii, ino#%$i&i i ")i+i$%$ii, G0. Con$%n$in&" i o#%., 1<72, %" for)"#%$ "n in+i& io0i)i %# vi$&i +& vi& 5Iv6, !o$rivi$ for)"#&i:
∑t ∑ir ⋅1= Ibcv = ∑ pNzv =
a
in %r&: ∑$=% – r&!r&(in$% ")% $&)!&r%$"ri#or
%$iv& +in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i&
∑ir – r&!r&(in$% ")% or&#or +& ino#%$i& r&%#% +in $i)!"# !&rio%+&i +& v&/&$%$i& ∑ ! – r&!r&(in$% ")% !r&i!i$%$ii#or +in %&&%i !&rio%+%
N(v – r&!r&(in$% n")%r"# +& (i#& +in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i&. In !o+/orii#& +in $%r% no%$r% v%#ori#& ICV v%ri%(% in$r& 2 i 13.
∑t ∑ir ⋅1= , Ibcv = ∑ pNzv =
a
D* I)%'&l& %$"&)$'l%a(%' Pornin+ +& #% in+i&#& %n$&rior, "r)%rin+ o!$i)i(%r&% on")"#"i +& %!% %# vi$&i +& vi&, V.G.Po!%, 1<99, 1
∑t a ⋅ ∑ir ⋅1= , Ibpc =
ETR = ⋅ Nzv
in %r&: ETR = – r&!r&(in$% &v%!o$r%n!ir%$i% r&%#% o!$i)% 5))6 +in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i&. V%#ori#& o!$i)& %#& %&$"i in+i& "n$ "!rin& in$r& 3 – <. Prin or&#%r&% v%#ori#or %&$"i in+i& " %")"#%r&% (%0%r"#"i in o%& 8% on
% %&$% % fo$ )%-i)% #% v%#ori "!rin& in$r& 3 i <.
∑t a ⋅ ∑ir ⋅1= 6,6 Ibpc =
ETR = ⋅ Nzv
E* I)%'&l& &)a/$'l%a(%' In+i&#& &+%fo#i)%$i 5I&6 in$&/r&%(% %$i"n&% f%$ori#or #i)%$ii " ")i+i$%$&% +in o#, !o$rivi$ r&#%$i&i:
∑t a ⋅ ∑ir ⋅1==, Iec = =
IUA ⋅ Nzv
in %r&: IUA – r&!r&(in$% in+i&#& ")i+i$%$ii %$iv& % o#"#"i, in for)"#%r&% +%$% +& C.C0iri$%, 1<7': IUA =
W − Co Cc − Co
⋅1==
IUA → 2,7
in %r&: – r&!r&(in$% !rovi(i% )o)&n$%n% +& %!% +in o# 56 Co – o&fii&n$"# +& ofi#ir& 56 C – %!%i$%$&% +& 4)! !&n$r" %!% o#"#"i 56. P&n$r" !rini!%#&#& !o+/orii +in $%r% no%$r% v%#ori#& %&$"i in+i& v%ri%(% in$r& – 9. P&n$r" !o+/ori% I%i %&$ in+i& %r& v%#o%r&:
∑ t a ⋅ ∑ir ⋅1== = 3,7 Iec = =
IUA ⋅ Nzv
F* I)%'&l& a"(%(!)%%% $&$'l%a(%'& P&n$r" $%i#ir&% /r%+"#"i +& f%vor%i#i$%$& #i)%$i% +& %r& +i!"n& o r&/i"n& !&n$r" % in$&$i(% %n$ii%nii +in $r"/"ri i in /&n&r%#, +& !ro+"&r& % vin"ri#or roii, $. T&o+or&", 1<9?, % $%i#i$ "n in+i& % %!$i$"+inii o&no#i)%$i& 5IAO&6 !&n$r" %&%$% +ir&$i& +& !ro+"$i&: IAO& T I – 5P 8 '3=6, in %r&:
T – r&!r&(in$% ")% /r%+&#or +& $&)!&r%$"r% %$iv% in in$&rv%#"# 1.IV – =.I; I – ")% or&#or +& ino#%$ii in %&#%i in$&rv%# P – ")% !r&i!i$%$ii#or +in %&&%i !&rio%+%. V%#ori#& %&$"i in+i&, &$& in$r& 9== – 3'==. In (on&#& in %r& & inr&/i$r&%(% v%#ori )%i )ii +& 2== & !o$ o$in& n")%i vin"ri %#& 4n+ in+i&#& %!$i$"+inii o&no#i)%$i& &$& "!rin in$r& 2== – 27==, %r&%#"# r&!&$iv !r&(in$% o f%vor%i#i$%$& )i#oi& !&n$r" o$in&r&% vin"ri#or roii, i%r #% v%#ori +& !&$& 27== &-i$% on+i$ii f%vor%i#& !&n$r" %&%$% +ir&$i& +& !ro+"$i&. IAO& T I 5P – '3=6 4<,9
1** OROGRAFIA TERENULUI Po+/ori% &$& i$"%$% in "+"# Po+i"#"i Mo#+ov&i, r&!&$iv in "+8&$"# Co#in&#or T"$ov&i i in nor+8v&$"# o#in&#or Cov"r#"i"#"i, &!%r%$& +& "#o%r"# v%ii %r#%+"#"i. P%r$i"#%ri$%$i#& io8 !&+o8#i)%$i& "n$ "/&r%$& +& %)!#%%)&n$"# $&ri$ori"#"i in$r& !%r%#&#& 27>=9J i 27>'9J #%$i$"+in& nor+i%, +& o !%r$& i +& %#$% % )&ri+i%n"#"i +& '9>3 #on/i$"+in& &$i%. Po+/ori% Co#in&#& T"$ov&i & /%&$& %)!#%%$% in "+&$"# V%#"i i G%#%$i. S"$r%$"# #i$o#o/i & %r%$&ri(&%(% !rin !r&(&n$% %r/i#&#or, nii!"ri#or i )%rn&#or %r/i#o%& #&v%n$in&, +%i&n&, !on$i&n&, )&o$i&n& i B&roni&n&, !r&") i !rin +&!o(i$& #o&oi+& !#&i$o&n&, %r& !r&(in$% o fr&v&n$% )%i )%r& !& "!r%f&$&#& r&#%$iv !#%n& %#& !o+i"#"i %r#%+"#"i. T&-$"r% &+i)&n$&#or +& o#ifi%r& &$& #"$o8nii!o%%8#"$o%% in )%ori$%$&% i$"%$ii#or.
1*4* FACTORII EDAFICI So#"ri#& in$4#ni$& !& $&ri$ori"# &n$r"#"i vi$io# T"$ov% "n$: •
o# &n"i"
•
&rno(io)"ri#& %)i&
•
&rno(io)"ri#& r&/oo#"ri#&
•
%n$ro!i&.
Din$r& %&$&%, !r&+o)in%n$ &$& o#"# &n"i" +& !%+"r&.
S$l!l '&!%! So#"ri#& &n"ii %" "n !rofi# in& +&(vo#$%$ " "r)%$o%r&#& ori(on$"ri: A)–A)&–$8C %" C% Ori(on$"# A: %r& o /roi)& +& '= – = ), "#o%r&% &$& r"n%8&n"i&, fo%r$& in0i% in $%r& ")&+% i %r& & +&0i+& )"#$ !rin "%r&, +&v&nin+ &n"i"8r"n% $&-$"r% &$& )i#oi& fin% $r"$"r% !o#i&+ri%8%n/"#%r% )i% )&+i" !oro, )&+i" o)!%$, fr&v&n$i /r%"niori )in&r%#i K+&(r%%$i +& !&#i"#% o#oi+%#%. Ori(on$"# A& !r&(in$% o /roi)& +& 1= – = ), "#o%r&% )%i +&0i% +&4$ ori(on$"# "!&rior $&-$"r% /ro%i&r% $r"$"r% #% for)%$%, i%r !r&(&n$% /r%"niori#or +& "%r$ K+&(r%%$i +& !&#i"#% o#oi+%#% &$& )"#$ )%i in$&n%. Pr&(in$% !ro!ri&$%$i +& ori(on$ +& %")"#%r& % 0")""#"i 4$ i +& ori(on$ &#"vi%#. Ori(on$"# B( %!%r& #% 2= – 3= ) i )&r/& !4n% #% 12= – 13= ) %r& o "#o%r& r"n% %" r"n% /%#"i& $&-$"r% fin% $r"$"r% !ri)%$i%, fin !oro i o)!%$ !r&(&n$% !&$&#or +& o-i+ +& fi&r i onr&$i"ni f&ro)%n/%ni&. Ori(on$"# C'a %r& o "#o%r& /%#"i&, &$& $r"$"r%$ !r&(in$% n")&ro%& )orfor)%$i"ni +& %ron%$ +& %#i" i f%& &f&rv&&n$% &vi+&n$%.
P#$"#%&(a(% So#"ri#& &n"ii %" $&-$"r% )i#oi& fin%, "n$ in& $r"$"r%$&, !r&(in$% o !&r)i%i#i$%$& )%i %("$% !&n$r" %!% i %&r i & #ivr&%(% )%i /r&". A" "n on$in"$ )%i !"$in 5)i#oi"6 in 0")" 5 – 2 6, r&%$i% &$& #% %i+% in ori(on$"# A) 5!H 3,? – 7,?6, %i+% in ori(on$"# A)&, "n+& v%#o%r&% !H8"#"i %+& " 3,?. Gr%+"# +& %$"r%$i& in %(& &$& !&$& 9= in A) i %+& " %&%$% v%#o%r& in A)&. E$& "n o# )i#oi" %!rovi(ion%$ " &#&)&n$& n"$ri$iv& 5N, P, 6 i %i/"r% on+i$ii %&!$%i#& !&n$r" +&(vo#$%r&% !#%n$&#or %/rio#&.
F&#(%l%(a(& % /$l$%(a So#"ri#& &n"ii %" o f&r$i#i$%$& n%$"r%#% !"$in )%i %("$% +&4$ &rno(io)"ri#& %r/i#o8 i#"vi%#&. Ai/"r% o "n% %!rovi(ion%r& % !#%n$&#or " %!%, !&r)i$ #"r%ri %/ro$&0ni& +& "n% %#i$%$& i &f&$"%$& #% $i)!, !"$4n+ !%$r% in o# ")i+i$%$&% +& %r& !#%n$&#& %" n&voi&. P&n$r" o$in&r&% +& !ro+"$ii )%ri i +& "n% %#i$%$& &$& n&&%r% f&r$i#i(%r&% or/%ni% i )in&r%#%, i%r !&n$r" !#%n$&#& " "n on") )%i )%r& +& %!% &$& n&&%r% iri/%r&%. A&$ $i! +& o# & !r&(in$% in& #% "#$"r% vi$&i +& vi&.
1*6* RETEAUA +IDROGRAFICA A PODGORIEI +%)#$.#a/%a, &$& r&!r&(&n$%$% !rin !%r%i&, o#&$or"# &-#"iv fiin+ r%"# %r#%+. C&#& %$&v% #%"ri +& %")"#%r& %" ro#"# +& r&/"#%ri(%r& % "r/&rii i +& %!rovi(ion%r& " %!% !o$%i#%, in+"$ri%#% i iri/%i#%. A!&#& fr&%$i& %" +&i$& )ii, !%n% #% +i!%ri$i& in o!$i)"# $&r)i &$iv%#.
M%i o/%$ &$& fr&%$i"# #"ni#or, in% &# n" or&!"n+& $%n+%r+"#"i +& %#i$%$&.. In /&n&r%#, %&%$% !o+/ori& &$& +&fii$%r% in r&"r& 0i+ri& +& "!r%f%$% %" +& %+%ni)&.
1*<* FACTORI SOCIALI-ECONOMICI In (on% !o+/ori&i Co#in&#& T"$ov&i, "#$"r% vi$&i +& vi& &$& o %$ivi$%$& %/rio#% $r%+i$ion%#%. P&n$r" %)!#%%r&% !#%n$%$i&i, $r&"i& % & $in% &%)% +& "nii in+i%$ori +& or+in oi%#8 &ono)i i %n")&: •
&-i$&n$% for$&i +& )"n%, fiin+ o (on% +& $r%+i$i& vi$io#%, for$% +& )"n% fiin+ %i/"r%
%$+in #o%#i$%$i#& %!ro!i%$&, for$% +& )"n% %r& n&&i$% )ini)"# +& !r&/%$ir& in +o)&ni" •
"r&#& +& %!%: %n$i$%$i#& +& %!% n&&%r& in %( +& &&$% %" in"fii&n$% 0i+ri% "n$
%i/"r%$& +& r4"ri#& +in %!ro!i&r& •
%i#& +& $r%n!or$: & $in& &%)% % #% !roi&$%r& % fi& %i/"r%$& r&$&#& +& +r")"ri
!r%$i%i#& in ori& &(on i )%i %#& in !&rio%+&#& n&f%vor%i#& •
!i&$&#& +& +&f%&r&: "n$ r&!r&(&n$%$& !rin "ni$%$i#& %r& &n&fii%(% +& !ro+"$i%
r&!&$iv%, !rin or$i)&n$"# i %#i$%$&% vin"ri#or o$in"$&. P#%n$%$i% $r&"i& % & !r&$&(& #% ri+i%r&% on$in"% % in+i%$ori#or +& !ro+"$ivi$%$& % )"nii, % )%ini#or "$i#i(%$&, %#i$%$ii, %n$i$%$ii.
C%!i$o#"# '. M&$#%! (&8%' '.1. STAILIREA SISTEMULUI DE CULTURA SI TIPUL DE PLANTATIE In $%r% no%$r%, +%$ori$% on+i$ii#or !&+o#i)%$i& !&ifi& fi&%r"i %r&%#, 8%" %+o!$%$ i r%!4n+i$ $r&i i$&)& +& "#$"r%% vi$&i +& vi&: !ro$&%$%, &)i!ro$&%$% i n&!ro$&%$%.
C!l(!#a "#$(&=a(a & !r%$i% in (on&#& " in/0&$"ri fr&v&n$& %#& vi$&i +& vi& in $i)!"#
i&rnii, %$"ni 4n+ $&)!&r%$"r% )ini)% %o#"$%%+& " '2 =C. Fr&v&n$% %ni#or " %$f&# +& $&)!&r%$"ri %("$&, noiv& !&n$r" vi$% +& vi&, &$& &/%#%%" )%i )%r& +& 2 %ni +in 1= "&ivi. "$"ii & on+" !& $"#!ini o%& 5=,1 – =,' )6 i%r !&n$r" i%rn%& !ro$&&%(%" !%)4n$, !rin )""roir& %" %o!&rir& $o$%#%.
C!l(!#a &%"#$(&=a(a &$& &-$r&)%in (on&#& in %r& fr&v&n$% %ni#or " in/0&$"ri %#& vi$&i +& vi& &$& +& ori in +&"r +& 1= %ni "&ivi, i%r $&)!&r%$"r% )ini)%in $i)!"# i&rnii n" oo%r%fr&v&n$ " –'= = C !&n$r" oi"ri#& +& )%%i +& – '' = C !&n$r" &#& +& vin.In %&$& %r&%#& "$"ii & on+" !& $"#!ini &)iin%#$& 5o,9 – =,? )6, +%r o#i/%$ori" #% %(% $"#!inii & )&n$in 1 – ' &!i +& i/"r%n$%" #"n/i)&% ' – o0i n&&%ri r&f%&rii $"#!inii +i$r"& &v&n$"%# !rin in/0&$%r&. Co%r+&#& %n"%#& r&("#$%$& +in &!i +& i/"r%n$%& !ro$&&%(%i%rn% !rin )""roir&. C"#$"r% n&!ro$&%$%& !r%$i%in (on&#& in %r& $&)!&r%$"r% )ini)%in $i)!"# i&rnii n" oo%r%fr&v&n$ " – '= = C, i%r ")% /r%+&#or +& $&)!&r%$"r%+&!%&$& === = C.In %&$& (on& fr&v&n$% %ni#or$ " $&)!&r%$"ri )ini)& " – '' = C &$& r&+"%#% "n %n" +in 1=, %$f&# in4$ "$"ii & !o$ on+"& !& $"#!ini in%#$& 51 – ' )6 %" &)iin%#$& 5=,9 – 1,= )6. An%#i(4n+ fr&v&n$% $&)!&r%$"ri#or %("$&, &-i$&n$& in %+r"# !o+/ori&i I%i, o&rv%) %in %&%$%(on%&# )%i in+i%$ i$&) +& "#$"r%&$& i$&)"# +& "#$"r%&)i!ro$&%$%. P&n$r" "#$"r% &)i!ro$&%$%&# )%i in+i%$ &$& i$&)"# +& "#$"r%&)iin%#$%, i%r for)% +& on+"&r& r&o)%n+%$%&$& G"o$ !& r%$& " in#o"ir& !&rio+i%.
STABILIREA TIPULUI DE PLANTATIE Ti!"ri#& +& !#%n$%$ii &-!ri)%/r%+"# +& in$&nivi(%r& % "#$"rii vi$&i +& vi& i "n$ +&$&r)in%$& +& !%n$% $&r&n"#"i, +i$%n$&#& +& !#%n$%r&, +&ni$%$i#& +& !#%n$%r& 5n")%r"# +& "$"i #% 0&$%r6, for)% +& on+"&r& % "$"i#or i !oii#i$%$i#& +& "#$"r%% vi$&i +& vi& " "n /r%+ ri+i%$ +& )&%ni(%r& % #"r%ri#or.In %+r"# i$&)&#or +& "#$"r%% vi$&i +& vi& & in$i#n& )%i )"#$& $i!"ri +& !#%n$%$i& in r%!or$ " oro/r%fi% $&r&n"#"i, f&r$i#i$%$&% o#"ri#or, vi/o%r&% oi"ri#or "#$iv%$& i +ir&$ii#& +& !ro+"$i&. Tin4n+"8& on$ +& !o%n$% $&r&n"#"i, vi/o%r&% oi"ri#or, &-i$&n$% i$&)&i +& )%ini !&n$r" )&%ni(%r&% #"r%ri#or, +ir&$i% +& !ro+"$i&, i +& &i#%#$i f%$ori & o&rv%%in (on% +& infiin$%r& % !#%n$%$i&i, &# )%i in+i%$ $i! +& !#%n$%$i& &$& &# oin"i$, " +i$%n$% in$r& r4n+"ri +& ',' - 1,' ), " o +&ni$%$& +& 9?9 "$"i #% 0&$%r. P#%n$%$ii#& vi$io#& oin"i$& "n$ %)!#%%$& !& $&r&n"ri " !%n$& )o+&r%$& 5" 13 6 i o#"ri " f&r$i#i$%$& )i#oi&. Di$%n$&#& +& !#%n$%r& fo#oi$& "n$ +& ',' ) in$r& r4n+"ri i 1,= – 1,2 ) in$r& "$"i !& r4n+, %i/"r4n+ +&ni$%$i nor)%#& +& '27 – 2323 "$"i #% 0&$%r. M&%ni(%r&% #"r%ri#or & r&%#i(&%(%" $r%$o%r&#& vi$io#& V8223 i SV8223. A&$ $i! +& !#%n$%$ii &$& &# )%i r%$!4n+i$ in$r"4$ or&!"n+& $"$"ror r&/i"ni#or vi$io#&.
S"n$ "#$iv%$& %$4$ oi"ri#& !&n$r" $r"/"ri +& vin, 4$ i &#& !&n$r" $r"/"ri +& )%%, " vi/o%r& #%%, )i#oi& %" )%r&. In f"n$i& +& i$&)"# +& "#$"r%!r%$i%$ !o$ fi fo#oi$& %$4$ for)&#& o%&, 4$ i &#& &)iin%#$& +& on+"&r& % "$"i#or. Pro+"$ii#& +& $r"/"ri %r& & o$in "n$ )i#oii +& 1' – 13 $0%.
2*2* ALEGEREA SOIURILOR DE VITA RODITOARE SI PORTALTOI L% %#&/&r&% oi"ri#or +& vi$%ro+i$o%r& & v% $in& &%)% +& !r&v&+&ri#& KLi$&i oi"ri#or ro+i$o%r& r&o)%n+%$& i %"$ori(%$& #% !#%n$%r& in %r&%#&#& vi$io#& +&#i)i$%$& +in Ro)4ni% 51<9< %$"%#i(%$%in 1
P&(#! '&(#!l %(%'$l T!($a, $%!#%l& )& %(a )& %& #$)%($a#& #&'$a)a(& !(> F&(&a'a #&.ala % Al%.$(?* S$%!#%l& )& "$#(al($% #&'$a)a(& !(> B&#la)%&#% 5 R%"a#%a, S&l&'(%a O""&8&% 4, S&l&'(%%l& C#a'%!&l 26 – 2<*
FETEASCA REGALA 8 Pro#& !on$i%, S"!ro#& %#%ni%. Sinoni)ii: D%n%&%n%, G%#&n%+& Ar+&%#, ni/ro$. iroi#&%nB%. Ori/in&%: Soi r&%$ in$r& %nii 1<= – 1<2= in o)"n% D%n& 5"+&$"# M"r&6 #4n/%Si/0io%r%. S& !r&"!"n& % fi "n 0iri+ n%$"r%# in$r& Gr%%+& Co$n%ri i F&$&%%%#%. Ar&%# +& r%!4n+ir&: &$& r%!4n+i$ in )%ori$%$&% !o+/orii#or +in $%r% no%$r%, fiin+ "n"# +in$r& &#& )%i v%#oro%& oi"ri ro)4n&$i, o"!4n+ ir% 13.=== 0%.
Ca#a'(&#& a"&l$.#a/%'& : %r& +&()"/"rir&% in ro(&$%!"fo%%, "#o%r& v&r+& %#iio%" )%r/ini#& vio#%&i.
Fr"n(% %+"#$%+& )%ri)& )i#oi&, #"n/i)&% )%i )i%+&4$ #%$i)&%, in$r&%/%%" " in&!"$ +& $ri#oi&. Li)"# fr"n(&i: v&r+& in0i, "or /ofr%$, in )&(ofi# !r&(in$%%+4ni$"ri % i Gr%% +& Co$n%ri. Li)"# &$& fin %)o !& f%$% inf&rio%r%. Sin""ri#& #%$&r%#& #% 0i$%$& in for)%+& KU %" KV.
Sin""#
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#%r/ +&0i in for)%+& KU, +%r f%r% % %"n/& #% for)% +&
%o#%+%5%r%$&r )o$&ni$ +& #% F&$&%% %#%6. F#o%r&% &$& 0&r)%fro+i$%, nor)%#%" !o#&n f&r$i#, +& $i!"# 3, oi %"$of&r$i#. S$r"/"rii: )i#oii8i#in+rii %" i#in+roonii, +&&ori %ri!%$i. o%&#& "n$ n&"nifor)& % )%ri)& i +& % ior0in&. o"# f&ri, /%#&n8v&r("i, !i&#i$% /ro%%, !"n$"# !i$o#%r !&ri$&n$. P"#!% (&)o%%. C%r%$&ri(%r& %/roio#o/i%8 oi " !&rio%+% )i#oi& +& v&/&$%$i& 517= – 1?= (i#&6. Ar& vi/o%r& )i#oi& +& r&$&r&, f&r$i#i$%$&% #%$%ri#or ri+i%$% <3 . Soi r&(i$&n$ #% /&r"ri 58'' =C 8'==C6, )i#oi" r&(i$&n$ #% f%in%r& i )%n%, #% r&(i$&n$ #% &&$%i #% !"$r&/%i"# &n"i". D&()"/"r&$& #% f4ri$"# #"nii %!ri#i&, !4r/% in&!& #% in&!"$"# #"nii %"/"$. C%r%$&r& %/ro$&0ni&: & "#$iv%!& $"#!ini in%#$& i &)iin%#$&, on+"&r&% o%r+&#or i#%$&r%#, $%i&r& !&ron%$%. R&%$ion&%(%!"$&rni #% f&r$i#i(%r&. C%r%$&r& $&0no#o/i&: %#i$%$&% &$& inf&rio%r%oi"#"i F&$&%%%#%, & in%+r&%(%in &!o% % IV8% +& )%$"r%r& % $r"/"ri#or. A")"#&%(%1?= – 1<= /# (%0%r"ri i 3,3 – 7,3 /# %i+i$%$& $o$%#%. S& r&f%& "or +"!%%i+&n$& #i)%$i&. Pro+"$i% v%ri%(%in$r& 1=,3 – 1? $0%. V%ri%$ii i #on& 8 !r&(in$%#on% io$i!"ri: •
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"n %#$ io$i! " $r"/"ri %ri!%$i, /%#&ni8v&r("i i o%& +&& !& ior0in&.
L% #% 8% o)o#o/%$ #on% '1 #% " o !ro+"$i& +& 13 $0%. C%r%$&ri(%r& &ono)i%: oi +&$in%$ !ro+"&rii vin"ri#or %#& &i +& %#i$%$& "!&rio%r%i % vin"ri#or %#& " on") "r&n$, )%$&ri& !ri)%!&n$r" vin"ri !")%n$& i +i$i#%$& +in vin.
ALIGOT@ - Soi +& ori/in& fr%n&(%, r%!4n+i$ in )%ori$%$&% $%ri#or vi$io#& +in E"ro!%. In$ro+" in $%r% no%$r%#% in&!"$"# &. ;;, 8% &-$in )"#$ in "#$i)ii '= +& %ni, in !&i%# in !o+/orii#& +in Mo#+ov%, % i #% Ni"#i$&# in Doro/&%, "n+& on+i$ii#& !&+o#i)%$i& "n$ +&o&i$ +& f%vor%i#& !&n$r" "#$"r% %&$"i oi.
Ca#a'(&#& a"&l$.#a/%'& Fr"n(% %+"#$% &$& )i#oi&, in$r&%/%, "or #o%$%, o#or%$% v&r+& in$&n, fin %)o%% !& f%
%$ inf&rio%r%. S$r"/"rii "n$ )ii, i#in+ro8onii i %ri!%$i, +&i in o%&. o%&#& "n$ )ii, f&ri&, "or ov%#&, v&r(i /%#"i, " !"n$& %f&nii !& !%r$&% inori$%.
I!%#% %l$.%'& % 'a#a'(&#%(%'% (&8$l$.%'& A#i/o$ &$& "n oi +& vi/o%r& )i#oi&, r&(i$&n$ #% &&$%, +&$"# +& r&(i$&n$ #% in/0&$, +%r +&o&i$ +& &nii# #% !"$r&/%i"# &n"i". Pr&(in$ o f&r$i#i$%$& ri+i%$%, in#o"in+"8& in /&n&r%# ' – $r"/"ri !& #%$%r. Pro+"$ii#& v%ri%(%in$r& ? – 1' $0%. P4n%#% )%$"ri$%$& %")"#&%(%1?= – 1<= /# (%0%r.In "nii %ni !o%$& %")"#% i '1o /# (0%r"ri, o$in4n+"8& vin"ri "!&rio%r& +& 11 – 1' = %#oo#, %ro)%$&, " /"$ !&ifi !#%"$.
Pa#(%'!la#%(a(% )& '!l(!#a . Soi"# A#i/o$ & !r&$&%(%#% "#$"r% &)iin%#$%, " $%i&ri in o%r+& +& 1' o0i. S& r&o)%n+%o in%r%$"r% )o+&r%$% +& o0i 51? – '= o0i) '6. P&n$r" %!#i%r&% in/r%%)in$&#or )in&r%#& in +o(& %n"%#& +& N '==P'== '== B/0% .%. & r&%#i(&%(% !or"ri +& !ro+"$i& +& ir% 13 . In v&+&r% !ro$&%rii $r"/"ri#or i)!o$riv% )"&/%i"#"i &n"i" in %nii " !r&i!i$%$ii )"#$&, & !o%$& %!#i% in !r&%)%)%$"r%rii o%&#or i "n +&fr"n(i$ !%r$i%#. Por$%#$oi r&o)%n+%$i: SO282 i Cr%i"n&# '38'7.
Ca#a'(&#& a"&l$.#a/%'& . V4rf"# #%$%r"#"i i !ri)&#& fr"n("#i$& "n$ %)o%&, +& "#o%r& v&r+&8%r%)i& fr"n(% %+"#$% &$& )%r&, "n&ifor)%, in$r&%/%, " "o%r% $&n+in$% +& $ri#oi&. Li)"# fr"n(&i %i)&$ri, " in""# !&$io#%r +&0i, in for)%+& V %" #ir%. L%$%r"# &$& $ri%$, " no+"ri#& vio#%&i i !"&&n$&. F#o%r&%, 0&r)%fro+i$%, f"n$ion%# )%"#%, /ino$&ri#%. Co%r+% &$& +& "#o%r& )%ro8+&0i, fin $ri%$%i " !&ri "r$i #% no+"ri.
I!%#% a.#$%$l$.%'& SO282 %i/"r%o "n%)%$"r%r& % #&)n"#"i o%r+&#or i !ro+"$ii )%ri +& "$%i 51<= – '== )ii0%6. Ar& r&(i$&n$% "n% #% /&r, $&"$"ri#& o%r+&#or ii !%$r&%(% vi%i#i$%$&% f%r% % & n&ro(%.In !&!ini&r% %i/"r%r%n+ %)&n$& )%ri, in )&+i& +& 2 vi$& %#$oi$& STAS. Pr&f&r% o#"ri#& "o%r&, " on$in"$ )i#oi" in %#%r )%-i) 19 %#i" %$iv, IPC =.
3$a#&* SO282 &$& r&o)%n+%$ % !or$%#$oi in $o%$& !o+/orii#& i &n$r&#& vi$io#&, %$4$ !&n$r" oi"ri#& +& )%%, 4$ i &#& !&n$r" $r"/"ri +& )%%. ERLANDIERI - RIPARIA. SELECTIA OPPENHEIN 2 Sinoni)ii: SO 2 G&n&%#o/i& – &$& o &#&$i& #on%#%r&("#$%$%+in !or$%#$oi"# &r#%n+i&ri - R&!%ri% T&#&Bi 2A.
S&#&$i% % fo$ f%"$%in G&r)%ni% #% So%#% +& Vi$i"#$"r%+in O!!&n0&in +& %$r& A.Ro+i%n, " !"$in $i)! in%in$& +& 1<2=. A" fo$ o$in"$& ' !#%n$& " f#ori )%"#& !& %r& #&8% no$%$ " SO 2 i SO ?, %&%$% +in "r)%%v4n+ vi/o%r& #%%i n" % fo$ in)"#$i$%.
Ca#a'(&#& a"&l$.#a/%'& : +&()"/"rir& %)o%%, v&r+& %#iio%%, " )%r/ini#& ro(&$&i o#or%$& in ro(. V4rf"# #%$%r"#"i &$& &)i8+&0i, !"$&rni %)o, +& "#o%r& v&r+& " n"%n$& %r%)ii8roi&$i&. Fr"n(&#& $in&r& "n$ %#"n/i$&, %)o%&8v&r(i " #%& n"%n$& %r%)ii i )%r/ini#& o#or%$& in ro(. Fr"n(% %+"#$%&$& )%i )i%+&4$ #% T&#&Bi i o&r 5in )&+i& 1? ) #"n/i)&6, in$r&%/%"n&ifor)%5o+"# /&n&r%# 178826 i +& "#o%r& v&r+&8/%"i&. Li)"# fr"n(&i n" &$& /ofr%$, +%r on+"#%$& in$r& n&rv"ri#& !rini!%#& " )%r/ini#& invo#"$&, &$& /#%r" !& f%$% inf&rio%r%, !r&(&n$4n+ %)& i !&ri 5%"$i$i6 "r$i n")%i !& n&rv"ri. Din$ii "n$ )ii, %"$i$i, )"ronii %#"n/i$i i inovoi%$i. Sin""# !&$io#%r in for)%+& KU +&0i. P&$io#"# &$& #"n/, "or !r&i&n$, i%r !"n$"# !&$io#%r +& "#o%r& ro(. To%)n%, fr"n(&#& %+ $4r(i" i & o#or&%(%in /%#&n " !&$& %f&nii. F#o%r&% &$& 0&r)%fro+i$%, f"n$ion%# )%"#%/ino$&ri#%. Po#&n"# &$& %"n+&n$ i /&r)in&%(%nor)%#. L%$%r"# !r&(in$%)&ri$%#& #"n/i 51? – ' )6 o%r$%n&$&+%+& "#o%r& v&r+& " +"n/i roi&$i& !& !%r$&% inori$%, no+"ri#& "n$ vi#o#%&i i "or !"&&n$&. C4r&ii #"n/i, %+&&% $rif"r%$i i +& "#o%r& v&r+&8roi%$i%. Co%r+% %r& "#o%r& &n"i&8in0i%, no+"ri#& "n$ !ro&)in&n$& i %o!&ri$& " !&ri "r$i &-fo#i&r&% o%r$&i & f%& in !#%i. M"/"rii "n$ )ii i %"$i$i. In"iri %/roio#o/i&: &#&$i% O!!&n0&in 2 !r&(in$%%r%$&r& %)!&#o/r%fi& i in"iri %/roio#o/i& %r& o %!ro!i& )%i )"#$ +& Ri!%ri%. Pr&oi$%$&, )%$"r%r& "n%% #&)n"#"i, inr%+%in%r& "o%r%in o%#% +& vi$&, %fini$%$& "n%#% %#$oir& " oi"ri#& +& vi$%ro+i$o%r&, !r&f&r%o#"ri#& r&%v&n& i f&r$i#&. Vi/o%r&% +& r&$&r& &$& )%r&, !& %r& o onf&r%i oi"ri#& +& vi$%ro+i$o%r&. Ar& !&rio%+% "r$%+& v&/&$%$i& 5173 – 19= (i#&6, +&()"/"r&$& " 2 – 3 (i#& )%i $4r(i" +&4$ Ri!%ri% /#oir&, i%r )%$"r%r&% #&)n"#"i #%$%ri#or in&!& )%i +&vr&)&, !& #% f4ri$"# #"nii i"#i&, in4$ !& #% fin&#& #"nii &!$&)ri& &$& $&r)in%$%. M%$"r&%(%&# )%i in& #&)n"# o%r+&#or, o)!%r%$iv " $o$i &i#%#$i !or$%#$ori +in /r"!% &r#%n+i&ri - Ri!%ri%. "$%ii inr%+%in&%(%"or 57= – ?= %!%i$%$&% +& inr%+%in%r&6 i%r %fini$%$&% #% %#$oir& " oi"ri#& +& vi$%ro+i$o%r& &$& "n%5in )&+i& 3= !i&r+&ri6. Si$&)"# r%+i"#%r &$& fo%r$& !"$&rni i !%$r"n+& in o# #% %+4ni)i )%ri +& 2 – 3 ) r%+%ini#& +& 0&#&$ n" "n$ n")&ro%&, in%+&(vo#$%)"#$& r%+%ini "$iri i #"n/i. R&(i$&n$% io#o/i%: %r& o "n%r&(i$&n$%#% fi#o-&r% r%+io#%, in%#%%#% fi#o-&r% /%#io#% &$& r&(i$&n$ #% n&)%$o(ii &n+o!%r%(i$i 5M&#oi+o/n& %r&n%ri% i M&#oi+o/&n& ino/ni$%6. •
r&(i$% #% #oro(% )i#oi& 5)%-.19 %#i" %$iv +in o#, r&!&$iv IPC =6
• •
&nii# #% %r"ri#& "o%r& +in o#, )%-i) =,2 / 5L.Vi+%# i A. M%r&#in, 1<7?6. r&(i$%in& #% &&$%)i#oi&, &nii# #% %n$r%/no(%.
In"iri %/ro$&0ni&: %v4n+ +&()"/"rir& $i)!"ri& !o%$& fi %f&$%$ +& r")&#& +& !ri)%v%r%. Ri$)"# +& r&$&r& %# #%$%ri#or &$& )i #% in&!"$"# v&/&$%$i&i, !4n%#% inf#ori$, +"!%%r& !or&$&. M%$"r%r&% #&)n"#"i #%$%ri#or &$& fo%r$& "n%, #"n/i)&% "$i#%% o%r+&#or &$& +& 2 ). Pro+"$i% +& "$%i &$& +& 1<= – '== )ii0%.In !#%n$%$ii vi$io#& %#$oi$& !& SO 2 n" inr&/i$r&%(%r&$&ri v&/&$%$iv& !"$&rni& in !ri)ii 2 %ni, r&$&r&% vi$&#or & &0i#ir&%(%%i% in %nii ? – 1= +& #% !#%n$%r&. Afini$%$&% +& !ro+"$i& " oi"ri#& ro+i$o%r& &$& r&"i$%, /o#"ri#& +in !#%n$%$ii i$"4n+"8& in$r& – 1' . I)!ri)%oiri#or %#$oi$& !r&oi$%$&, v%#orifi%!o$&n$i%#"# ri+i%$ +& !ro+"$i& %# oi"ri#or i f%vori(&%(%%#i$%$&% $r"/"ri#or 5C.T4r+&%, 1<<16. Soi"ri#& %r& +%" r&("#$%$& "n& "n$: Gr%%+& Co$n%ri, F&$&%%%#%, C0%r+onn%, Pino$ /ri, Ri&#in/ i$%#i%n, C0%&#% +or &$. A+%!$ivi$%$& #% %r&n$&: &nii#i$%$& ri+i%$%#% &rin$&#& +& M/, C" i C% &nii#i$%$&% )i#oi& #% %r&n$% " & %+%!$&%(%"or #% $o%$& $i!"ri#& +& o# n" "!or$%$&r&n"ri#& %i+& " &-& +& ")i+i$%$& i %r"ri. In"fii&n$% )%/n&("#"i %"(&%(%ofi#ir&% !&+"n"#"#"i inf#or&&n$&#or in !&i%# #% oi"ri#& M&r#o$, C%&rn&$, S%"vi/non. P%r$i"#%ri$%$i +& "#$"r%: fiin+ "n !or$%#$oi vi/"ro & #%%%rin% )%r& +& #%$%r !& "$", in )&+i& 1' #%$%ri.In !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i& & &-&"$%%!$%)4n%# o!i$"# i #&/%$"# #%$%ri#or. P&n$r" f&r$i#i(%r&% !#%n$%$i&i & fo#o&$&: N 5?= – 1== /0%6 P 51== – 13= B/0%6 51?= – '== B/0%6, .%. V%ri%$ii i #on&:In %+r"# S$%$i"nii Vi$io#& #%/ !rin #"r%ri +& "!r%&#&$i& % fo$ &-$r%%+in S&#&$i% O!!&n0&i) 2, o #on%)"#$ )%i v%#oro%%K#on% 2 5M.To%+&r, 1<336. A&%$% "!&r&#&$i& no$%$% SO 282 &$& )%i !ro+"$iv%i %i/"r%r%n+%)&n$& "!&rio%r& #% %#$oir& 5!&$& 7= vi$& %#$oi$& STAS6. In Fr%n$% %" fo$ o$in"$& 9? #on&, +in$r& %r& &#& )%i v%#oro%& "n$ #on&#&: 3, 13, 1?, 1='. In $%r% no%$r%, S&#&$i% O!!&n0&i) 2 & r&o)%n+%% !or$%#$oi in $o%$& (on&#& i &n$r&#& vi$io#&. A fo$ o)o#o/%$%SO 282 51<926, %r& & &-$in+& in "#$"r%i v% %v&% !on+&r&% &% )%i )%r& in or$i)&n$"# vi$&#or !or$%#$oi.
SELECTIILE CRACIUNEL '3 SI '7 Sinoni)ii: SC '3 i '7 %" C& '3 i '7. G&n&%#o/i&: %" r&("#$%$ !rin &#&$i& #on%#%+in !o!"#%$i% !or$%#$oi"#"i o#&r 3 . L"r%ri#& +& &#&$i& %" fo$ &f&$"%$& in !&rio%+% %ni#or 1<2< – 1<72 #% S$%$i"n&% Vi$io#%Cr%i"n&#"# – #%
+& %$r& M.To%+&r i .o#$o/i. O)o#o/%r&% % !or$%#$oi 8% f%"$ in %nii 1<9= 5SC '76 i 1<9? 5SC '36.
Ca#a'(&#& a"&l$.#a/%'&: "n$ %&)%n%$o%r& #% &#& ' &#&$ii. D&()"/"rir&% &$& %)o%%, v&r+&8%#iio%%, " v4rf"# ro(&$&i ro(8roi&$i. Fr"n(% %+"#$%+& )%ri)& )i#oi&, "n&ifor)%, in$r&%/%, " "o%r%$&n+in$%+& $ri#oi&. Li)"# fr"n(&i &$& /ofr%$, +& "#o%r& v&r+& in$&n, %o!&ri$ " !&ri "r$i, &r&$i !& f%$% inf&rio%r%i !r&v%("$ " %)& r%r& !& f%$% "!&rio%r%. Sin""# !&$io#%r #%r/ +&0i in for)%+& K#ir% %" +& KV. F#o%r&% &$& 0&r)%fro+i$%, f"n$ion%# f&)&#%, %n+ro$&ri#%. L%$%rii "n$ vi/"roi " )&r&$%#& #"n/i, $ri%$& i +& "#o%r& v&r+&8%f&ni&. Co%r+&#& %" "#o%r& &n"i&8%f&ni&, no+"ri#& %" n"%n$%vio#%&& i %o!&ri$& " !&ri "r$i, +&i. In"iri#& %/roio#o/i&: "n$ +if&ri$& +& #% o &#&$i& #% %#$%. S&#&$i% Cr%i"n&# '3 & %r%$&ri(&%(%!rin: vi/o%r& )i#oi&, !&rio%+%#"n/%+& v&/&$%$i& 51?9 (i#&6 )%$"r%r&% #&)n"#"i #%$%ri#or in&!& +"!% '= %"/"$ i +"r&%(%!4n%%$r& f4ri$"# #"nii o$o)ri&. L"n/i)&% "$i#%% o%r+&#or &$& +& 2 – 2,3 ), i%r !ro+"$i% +& "$%i &$& 19=.===0%. S&#&$i% Cr%i"n&# '7 r&!r&(in$%in"iri %/roio#o/i& %&)n%$o%r& " % S&#&$i&i Cr%i"n&# 91, vi/o%r& fo%r$& )%r&, !& %r& o i)!ri)%i oi"ri#or %#$oi$& +& vi$%ro+i$o%r& !&rio%+%#"n/%+& v&/&$%$i& 51? (i#&6, in&!& )%$"r%r&% #%$%ri#or $4r(i", +"!%&!$&)ri& i )%$"r&%(%#&)n"# !& #"n/i)i )%i )ii 5in "r +& 2 )6. Co%r+&#& & on&rv%in& !& $i)!"# i&rnii.
R&;%(&(& %$l$.%'& A)&#& &#&$ii %" r&(i$&n$%"n%#% fi#o-&r% r%+i%#%i )i#oi& #% fi#o-&r% /%#io#%. S"n$ r&(i$&n$& #% #oro(%, )%-i) '= C% %i)i#%i# +in o#, r&!&$iv IPCV 2=. Pr&(in$% r&(i$&n$% )i#oi& #% &&$%i &-&"# +& ")i+i$%$& +in o#, n" r&(i$%#% %r"ri, )%-. =,2 Q N%C#.Inr%+%in&%(% in& in o%#% +& vi$& 57= 8 ?= , +in "$%i6, %fini$%$&% "n%#% %#$oir& " oi"ri#& +& vi$%ro+i$o%r& 53= in )&+i& !rin+&r&6. In !#%n$%$ii +&(vo#$% "n i$&) r%+i"#%r !"$&rni " )"#$& r%+%ini +& 0&#&$ %r& !%$r"n+ in o# " "n "n/0i /&o$ro!i +& 23 – 3= =, "n$ in+i%$& % !or$%#$oi #% oi"ri !&n$r" $r"/"ri +& vin. S&#&$ii#& Cr%i"n&# '3 i '7 "n$ r&o)%n+%$& in $o%$& !o+/orii#& $%rii, &#& in#o"in+ $r&!$%$ !or$%#$oi"# o&r 3. P#%n$%$ii#& )%)%"n$ infiin$%$& " !r&%+&r& in (on&#& +in "+"# $%rii, !&n$r" % & %i/"r% )%$"r%r&% #&)n"#"i o%r+&#or in $o$i %nii.
2** ORGANI3AREA TERENULUI Or/%ni(%r&% $&r&n"#"i "!rin+& "n %n%)#" +& )%"ri i #"r%ri %r& & r&f&r%#% or/%ni(%r&% in$&rn%, %)&n%%r&% %n$i&ro(ion%#%% $&r&n"#"i, #"r%ri %r& "r)%r& fo#oir&% o)!#&$%i r%$ion%#%% !%)4n$"#"i, %i/"r%r&% on+i$ii#or !&n$r" &-&"$%r&% )&%ni(%$% % #"r%ri#or i !orir&% f&r$i#i$%$ii o#"#"i.
O#.a%;a#&a %(&#a a (&#&!l!% P%r&#%r&% $&r&n"#"i in "ni$%$i +& &-!#o%$%r&. L"r%r&% on$%in i)!%r$ir&% "!r%f&$&i +&$in%$& infiin$%rii !#%n$%$i&i in "r)%$o%r&#& ""ni$%$i $&ri$ori%#&: $r"!"#, $%r#%"%, !%r&#%. Tr"!"# &$& &% )%i )%r& ""ni$%$& $&ri$ori%#%in vi$i"#$"r%, %v4n+ o "!r%f%$%+& == – 3== 0% !& $&r&n"ri#& !#%n& %" " o !%n$%+& !4n%#% 12 i +& 13= – '== 0% !& $&r&n"ri#& " o !%n$%)%i )%r& +& 12 . L% niv&#"# $r"!"#"i & r&%#i(&%(% %)&n%%ri#& !&n$r" &-!#o%$%r&% r%$ion%#% % !#%n$%$i&i, ") "n$ +r")"ri#&, %n%#&#& !&n$r" iri/%$i&, %#i)&n$%r&% " %!%, &$. In %+r"# $r"!"#"i "n$ +&#i)i$%$& i !%r&#&#&. T%r#%"% %r& o "!r%f%$% "!rin% in$r& = – 3= 0% !& $&r&n"ri#& !#%n& %" " !%n$& !4n%#% 12 , i%r !& &#& " !%n$& +& !&$& 12 , "!r%f%$% +& 1= – 13 0%. L% niv&#"# $%r#%#&i & r&%#i(&%(% +i)&ni"ni#& i)!"& +& )&%ni(%r&. P&n$r" n&&i$%$i#& )&%ni(%rii #"r%ri#or, #"n/i)&% $%r#%#&i v% fi +& 3== – 1=== ), in nii "n %( )%i )i%, +&o%r&& %+& )"#$ r%n+%)&n$"# $r%$o%r&#or i )%ini#or vi$io#&. D& %&)&n&% & +&#i)i$&%(% (on&#& +& in$o%r&r&. P%r&#% &$& ""ni$%$&% $&ri$ori%#%&% )%i )i%, +%r +& %(%, % "n&i !#%n$%$ii vi$io#&. S"!r%f&$& &i v%ri%(% in f"n$i& +& !%n$% $&r&n"#"i in$r& – 3 0% !&n$r" $&r&n"ri#& in !%n$%+& !4n%#% 12 i 1 – 0% !&n$r" &#& " o !%n$%+& !&$& 12 . L% $%i#ir&% +i)&ni"nii "n&i !%r&#& $r&"i& % & $in% &%)% %#%$i)&% !%r&#&i %fi& in "r +& 1== ), &% fiin+ or&!"n(%$o%r& #"n/i)ii "n"i r4n+ +& vi$&. Amenajarea retelei de drumuri si a zonelor de intoarcere
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L!'#a#% )& a&a=a#& a(%&#$;%$ala P& $&r&n"ri#& " !%n$& !4n%#% 2 , n&&-i$4n+ !&rio#"# &ro(i"nii, n" &$& n&&%r %& r&&(& %)&n%%ri !&i%#&. P& $&r&n"ri#& " !%n$& +& 3 – 1' , !r&v&nir&% &ro(i"nii & r&%#i(&%(%!rin ori&n$%r&% r4n+"ri#or !& +ir&$i% /&n&r%#%% "r&#or +& niv&#, ino$i$%+& )%"ri %/ro$&0ni& %n$i&ro(ion%#&.
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2**1* CALCULUL SUPRAFETELOR So!"# !r&(&n$"#"i !roi&$ &$& +& % infiin$% o !#%n$%$i& +& vi$% +& vi&, !&n$r" vin"ri %#& +& )%%, in &n$r"# vi$io# T"$ov% +in !o+/ori% Co#in&#& T"$ov&i, %r& % %i/"r& o !ro+"$i& %n"%#% +& '<= $on& $r"/"ri. In or$i)&n$"# &n$r"#"i vi$io# "i")8To)&$i !&n$r" o$in&r&% +& vin"ri %#& +& %#i$%$& "!&rio%r%, in$r%ini oi"ri +& vi$%+& vi& +in %r& +o"%$r&i)i "n$ r&o)%n+%$& 5F&$&%% %#%, A#i/o$6 i $r&i "n$ %"$ori(%$& 5F&$&%% r&/%#%, M"%$ O$$on&#, S%"vi/non6. P&n$r" in$o)ir&% %&$"i !roi&$ 8%" #"%$ in %#"# "r)%$o%r&#& oi"ri: •
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&v%"%r&% &-&"#"i +& ")i+i$%$&, %!#i%r&% iri/%$i&i, $r%%r&% +r")"ri#or +& &-!#o%$%r&, !r&") i n&"nifor)i$%$&% in r&$&r&% i +&(vo#$%r&% "$"i#or +& vi$%+& vi&. P&n$r" % !r&v&ni %&$& +&(%v%n$%&, niv&#%r&% $&r&n"#"i & i)!"n& % o #"r%r& o#i/%$ori& i & &-&"$%o)&+i%$ +"!%+&fri%r&. Niv&#%r&% on$%in or&$%r&% &v&n$"%#&#or +&niv&#%ri, ori ")!#&r&% /ro!i#or r%)%& +"!%+&fri%r&. S& &-&"$%)&%ni(%$, fo#oin+"8& %rifi%$o%r&, r&!&r& %" "#+o(&r&. Ai/"r%r&% !&rio%+&i +& o+i0n% % o#"#"i In %("# infiin$%rii !#%n$%$ii#or vi$io#& !& $&r&n"ri &#i&r%$& !rin +&fri%r&% !#%n$%$ii#or v&0i &$& n&&%r%%i/"r%r&% "n&i !&rio%+& +& r&!%" %# o#"#"i, $i)! +& – 3 %ni, 4n+ & r&o)%n+%"#$iv%r&% "nor !#%n$& f"r%&r& 5/r%)in&& %" #&/")ino%&6 %n"%#& %" !&r&n&. R&!#%n$%r&% $&r&n"#"i &#i&r%$ !rin +&fri%r&% !#%n$%$ii#or v&0i ri+i%!ro#&)& +&o&i$& +in %"(% oo&#ii o#"#"i, +%$ori$%%")"#%rii "nor $o-in&, % &-$in+&rii o#i#or v&ro$i&, %n&r"# %$&ri%n, % "nor %r&n$& +& n"$ri$i&. Ai/"r%r&% !&rio%+&i +& o+i0n%& i)!"n& %$4$ !&n$r" r&f%&r&% $r"$"rii i f&r$i#i$%$ii o#"#"i, 4$ i !&n$r" % !r&v&ni r&$&r&% #%%, in$r%r&% )%i $4r(i& !& ro+ %" !&ir&% vi$&#or no" !#%n$%$&. L% +&fri%r&% !#%n$%$ii#or v&0i, !r&") i o+%$%" #"r%ri#& +& niv&#%r& i +&f"n+%r&, & r&o)%n+%o%$&r&% i %r+&r&% r%+%ini#or vi$&i +& vi& %r& !o$ on$i$"i o "r%+& inf&$i& !&n$r" o !&rio%+%+& in%3 – ? %ni. In on+i$ii#& $%rii no%$r& & oni+&r%"fii&n$%o !&rio%+%+& o+i0n%% o#"#"i +"!%+&fri%r&% !#%n$%$ii#or +& %ni, $i)! in %r& $&r&n"ri#& r&!&$iv& "n$ in%+r%$& in &vi+&n$% f"ni%r%#% %$&/ori% K$&r&n"ri vi$io#& in !r&/%$ir&. F&r$i#i(%r&% $&r&n"#"i P&n$r" r&$&r&% i fr"$ifi%r&% nor)%#%% vi$&i +& vi&, o#"# $r&"i& %+" #% "n niv&# )&+i" +& %!rovi(ion%r& " "$%n$& n"$ri$iv&, in%+& #% infiin$%r&% !#%n$%$i&i. Prin f&r$i#i(%r&% +& %(%& "r)%r&$& i)"n%$%$ir&% %!rovi(ion%rii o#"#"i " )%$&ri& or/%ni%" ro# i)!or$%n$ in i)"n%$%$ir&% !ro!ri&$%$i#or fi(i&, 0i)i&, io#o/i& %#& o#"#"i !r&") i r&%r&% "nor r&(&rv& +& fofor i !o$%i" & "r)&%(%% fi "$i#i(%$& +& %$r& "$"ii +& vi$%+& vi& i +"!%in$r%r&% !& ro+ % !#%n$%$i&i. F&r$#i(%r&% or/%ni%& f%& " /"noi +& /r%+ &)if&r)&n$%$, %r& v%ri%(%in r%!or$ " on$in"$"# o#"#"i in )%$&ri& or/%ni%i & +if&r&n$i%(%in f"n$i& +& %n$i$%$&% in %r/i#%+in o#, +& in+i&#& +& %(o$. In /&n&r%# & inor!or&%(%in o# %n$i$%$i )%ri +& in/r%%)in$& or/%ni& +& = – ?= $0%.I)!r%$i&r&% #or !& $&r&n & f%& 4$ )%i "nifor) " MIG83, +"!%%r& "n$ inor!or%$& %+4n in o#, !rin +&f"n+%$. S& r&o)%n+%% !& #4n/%in/r%%)in$&#& or/%ni& %& %+)ini$r&(& i
in/r%%)in$& 0i)i& !& %(%+& fofor i !o$%i", /r&" o#"i#&, in$r"4$ r&(&rv% o#"#"i in %&$& &#&)&n$& &$& in"fii&n$%.
F&#(l%;a#&a '8%%'a S$%i#ir&% +o(&#or +& in/r%%)in$& 0i)i& & f%& in r%!or$ " niv&#"# +& %!rovi(ion%r& % o#"#"i in !o$%i" i fofor !& %+4ni)&% +& = – 2= ). Ori&n$%$iv, #% !r&/%$ir&% $&r&n"#"i & %+)ini$r&%(%"r)%$o%r&#& +o(& +& in/r%%)in$& 0i)i&: 13= – '== B/ P 'O30% i '== – '3= B% 'O " for)%+& "!&rfof%$ %" fofori$& %$iv%$& i %r& !o$%i%.
D&/!)a#&a (&#&!l!% L"r%r&% on$%in )oi#i(%r&% %+4n%% o#"#"i " inv&r%r&% i %)&$&%r&% ori(on$"ri#or, in o!"# %i/"r%rii "nor on+i$ii f%vor%i#& !&n$r" +&(vo#$%r&% r%+%ini#or. Prin +&f"n+%$ & "r)%r&$& )%rir&% %!%i$%$ii o#"#"i +& %")"#%r& %!&i +in !r&i!i$%$ii. i)"n%$%$ir&% r&/i)"#"i $&r)i i +& %&r%$i&, inor!or%r&% in %+4ni)& % in/r%%)in$&#or or/%ni& i )in&r%#&. E!o% +& &-&"$%r& % +&f"n+%$"#"i in on+i$ii#& no%$r& +& )&+i", &$& $o%)n% !4n%#% in&!"$"# i&rnii.In /&n&r%# & r&o)%n+%% #"r%r&% +& +&f"n+%$ %fi& f%"$%4$ )%i +&vr&)& !oii#, %&%$% on$ri"in+ in )%r& )%"r%#% r&"i$% !#%n$%$i&i %r& & infiin$&%(%. D&f"n+%r&% & &-&"$%)&%ni(%$ " %"$or"# !#"/"ri#or %#%ni&r& +& +&f"n+%$ PD87= %" PD8?= %$iv%$& +& $r%$o%r& /r&#& !& &ni#& S813==, %v4n+ o !ro+"$ivi$%$& +& 1,= – 1,'3 0%(i. C" o%(i% +&f"n+%$"#"i, in %("# in %r& $&r&n"# % )%i fo$ "#$iv%$ " vi$%+& vi&, & $r4n/ $o%$& r&$"ri#& +& r%+%ini, in$r"4$ !& %&$&% "!r%vi&$"i& n&)%$o(i, $r%n)i$%$ori +& o#i viro$i&. D"!%&f&$"%r&% +&f"n+%$"#"i & v% &-&"$% o niv&#%r& !&n$r" % ""r% !i0&$%r&%, !&n$r" % )&n$in& %+4ni)&% or&!"n(%$o%r& +& !#%n$%r& % $"$"ror vi$&#or i % #"r%ri#or "#$&rio%r& +in !#%n$%$i&.
Ta%&#&a )& /$#a#& a '$#)$!l!% %la(&#al "& &%(!l"%a In %n"# I #%$%rii for)%$i +in or+i$% "r$%+& – 2 o0i, !rin for)%r& vi$&#or "n$ #%%$i %r&%%, #&/4n+"8& +& !i0&$ %" $"$or&. An"# II – !ri)%v%r% #% $%i&r& & %#&/& o%r+% &% )%i vi/"ro%%%r& & "r$&%(%in &!i +& ' o0i %" or+i$% +& – 2 o0i. Din$r& #%$%rii for)%$i & %#&/ &i )%i vi/"roi, %r& & +iri&%(%in $i)!"# v&/&$%$i&i !& $"$ori, r&$"# #%$%ri#or fiin+ in#%$"r%$i. An"# III – !ri)%v%r% #% $%i&r& & %#&/& o o%r+%vi/"ro%%, !#%%$%4$ )%i o, %r& & on+"& v&r$i%# !& $"$or& !&n$r" for)%r&% $"#!inii "$""#"i. Co%r+% & $%i& in !"n$"# #% %r& /roi)&% &i &$& +& ? – 1= )), f%r%% #"n/i)&% or+on"#"i for)%$ %+&!%&%% +in +i$%n$% +in$r& vi$& !& r4n+"ri. D"!%!ornir&% in v&/&$%$i& & in#%$"r%)"/"rii in f%(% +& oo +& !& $"#!in%" &-&!$i% % ' – i$"%$i " 4r)% !or$%n$%. L%$%r"# for)%$ #% %(% "$""#"i +in &!"# +& "n o0i v% fi !%#i%$ +&
$"$or&. To%)n% o%r+% & in/ro%!%. An"# IV 8 Din &#& ' – o%r+& for)%$& #% !%r$&% "!&rio%r%% "$""#"i & %#&/& &# +& %# +oi#&% r%$ %# or+on"#"i. P& r%$"# or+on"#"i for)%$ in %n"# III, o%r+&#& i$"%$& !& !%r$&% "!&rio%r%& $%i& in &!i +& 1 – ' o0i !&n$r" for)%r&% v&ri/i#or +& ro+ #% +i$%n$& +& 1' – 13 ). An"# V – $%i&r&% +& for)%r& & in0&i& !& r%$"# for)%$ +&fini$iv, & #%%!ri)&#& v&ri/i +& ro+, i%r !& r%$"# in "r +& for)%r& & %!#i%$%i&r&% in &!i +& 1 – ' o0i.
2*4*2* STABILIREA DISTANTELOR DE PLANTARE, A FORMEI DE CONDUCERE SI A TIPULUI DE TAIERE Di$%n$% in$r& r4n+"ri i in$r& !#%n$& !& r4n+ #% infiin$%r&% !#%n$%$ii#or vi$io#&, +&$&r)in%+&ni$%$&% +& !#%n$%r&, r&!&$iv n")%r"# +& "$"i #% "ni$%$&% +& "!r%f%$%. D&ni$%$&% +& !#%n$%r& +&!in+& +& vi/o%r&% oi"ri#or ro+i$o%r&, % !or$%#$oi"#"i, +& f&r$i#i$%$&% o#"#"i, +& on+i$ii#& #i)%$i&, +& for)% +& on+"&r& % "$"i#or, +& in%r%$"r% +& o0i %$ri"i$%#% $%i&r&. A#&/&r&% +i$%n$&#or o!$i)& +& !#%n$%r& inf#"&n$&%(%niv&#"# !ro+"$i&i, %#i$%$&% %&$&i%, o$"ri#& +& !ro+"$i&. P& %(% &r&$%ri#or &f&$"%$& in +if&ri$& !o+/!rii, % r&("#$%$&#or +in !ro+"$i& i % $r%+i$i&i vi$io#& 8%" $%i#i$ )%i )"#$& +i$%n$& +& !#%n$%r&. P&n$r" !#%n$%$i% & "r)&%(%% fi infiin$%$%, )%(a(&l& )& "la(a#& $"(%& %" fo$ $%i#i$& +&
2,2 in$r& r4n+"ri i 1,2 !& r4n+. Con+"&r&% $"#!ini#or & v% f%& !& (!l"%% &%%al(& " !ro$&%r& !%r$i%#%in $i)!"# i&rnii. Ti!"# +& $%i&r& &$& +&fini$iv % o o)in%$i& % i$&)"#"i +& $%i&r&, for)% +& on+"&r& % "$"i#or i for)% +& on+"&r& % o%r+&#or +& !ro+"$i&. In %+r"# !#%n$%$i&i infiin$%$&, (%"!l )& (a%&#& #&'$a)a( &$& &# +& '$#)$ %la(&#al "&
&%(!l"%a. Ca#a'(&#%(%'a $i!"#"i +& $%i&r& &$& f%!$"# % +&8% #"/"# or+o%n&#or & #%%+o%r &!i +& !ro+"$i& +& ' – o0i.
2*4** PIC+ETAREA TERENULUI Pi0&$%r&% $&r&n"#"i r&!r&(&n$%#"r%r&% !rin %r& & )%r0&%(%!& $&r&n, " %"$or"# !i0&$i#or, #o"# !& %r& i# v% o"!% fi&%r& vi$%+in vii$o%r&% !#%n$%$i&. Prin &-&"$%r&% or&$%% %&$&i #"r%ri & "r)%r&$& o$in&r&% "nor r4n+"ri +r&!$&, in on$in"%r& +& #% o !%r&#%#% %#$%, !&n$r" %i/"r%r&% "nor #"n/i)i )%ri +& #"r" %/r&/%$&#or +&$in%$& &-!#o%$%rii )&%ni(%$& % !#%n$%$i&i, !r&") i %$ri"ir&% "nor "!r%f&$& +& n"$ri$i& &/%#& fi&%r"i "$".
M%r%r&% #o"#"i +&$in%$ fi&%r"i vi$& & f%& " $%r"i +& 3= – 7= ) #"n/i)&, n")i$i !i0&$i, %" " #"n/i)&% +& 1,1 – 1,2 ) in %("# !#%n$%$ii#or on+"& !& for)& &)iin%#$& i in%#$&. Ori&n$%r&% r4n+"ri#or. R4n+"ri#& & ori&n$&%(%in %% f&# in4$ %fi& %$if%"$& &rin$&#& !#%n$&i f%$%+& #")in%, i%r !& $&r&n"ri#& in !%n$%%on$ri"i& #% !r&v&nir&% &ro(i"nii o#"#"i. Si$&)"# +& !i0&$%r&. For)% /&o)&$ri%+&$&r)in%$%+& vi$&#& +& !& "n r4n+, in r%!or$ " vi$&#& +& !& r4n+"ri#& inv&in%$& 5+r&!$"n/0i, !%$r%$, &$.6 +&fin& i$&)"# +& !i0&$%$.In !r&(&n$ in vi$i"#$"r%&$& /&n&r%#i(%$ i$&)"# +& !i0&$%$ Kin +r&!$"n/0i #% %r& +i$%n$% in$r& r4n+"ri &$& )%i )%r& +&4$ +i$%n$% +in$r& vi$& !& r4n+. A!%r%$"r% i )%$&ri%#& n&&%r&. S& fo#o& %#o%n& !&n$r" $r%%r&% %#ini%)&n$&#or, !%n/#ii +& o$&#, r"#&$&, 4r)& )%r%$&, "n&#& " +i$%n$% +in$r& r4n+"ri, %#$&#& " +i$%n$% +in$r& vi& !& r4n+, !i0&$i !&n$r" )%r%r&% vi$&#or, )%i"ri +& #&)n !& %r& "n$ %r)%$& #% %)&#& %!&$& " "n in&# )&$%#i, !&n$r" fi-%r&% !i0&$i#or. Si$&)&#& fo#oi$& #% !i0&$%$, !&n$r" % n" &+% " $i)!"# i % +&$&r)in% %$f&# !ro+"&r&% "nor &rori, & i)!#&$& 4$& +o"%5#"n/i +& 1=3 – 11= ), " /roi)&% +& ',? – ))6 +"!%& %" fo$ in$in& !4n%#% r&f"(. D"!%i)!#&$ir& & in$in+ +in no" i !& &#& & )%r0&%(%+i$%n$&#& or&!"n(%$o%r& " !#") %" oi$or $o!i$. Do"%4r)& vor fi )%r%$& " +i$%n$% +in$r& r4n+"ri 5+16, i%r % III8% " +i$%n$% +in$r& vi$& !& r4n+ 5+ '6. L% %!&$&#& &i & fi-&%(%4$& "n $%r" +& &&n$%$%r&, #"n/ +& 3= – 9= ) /ro +& ? – 1= ), %"$i$ #% "n %!%$ i %r)%$ " "n &r )&$%#i !&n$r" % &vi$% r%!%r&% %$"ni 4n+ &$& fi-%$ in !%)4n$ !rin %$&r& " )%i"#. T&0ni% !i0&$%$"#"i. Pi0&$%$"# in&!& " in%+r%r&% $&r&n"#"i i i)!%r$ir&% #"i in "!r%f&$& )%i )ii +& for)%+r&!$"n/0i"#%r%%r& %!&r)i$%&-&"$%r&% " ""rin$%% o!&r%$ii#or +& %#ini&r& !&rf&$%% r4n+"ri#or. S& %#&/& o #ini& +& %(%A, &/%#%" )"#$i!#"# +i$%n$&i +in$r& r4n+"ri 5+ 16 !%r%#&#%" "n +r"), o %#$%!#%n$%$i& %" "n "r +& %!%. Din !"n$&#& A i & ri+i%' !&r!&n+i"#%r& AC i D % %ror #"n/i)& $r&"i& %fi& &/%#%" )"#$i!#"# +i$%n$&i +in$r& vi$& !& r4n+ 5+ '6. C&#& ' !&r!&n+i"#%r& & "n& !rin #ini% CD, !%r%#&#or i &/%#%% #"n/i)& " #ini% +& %(%A. P& #%$"ri#& #"n/i %#& "!r%f&$&#or %$f&# +&#i)i$%$& & in$in+ &#& +o"%4r)& )%r%$& " +i$%n$&#& +in$r& vi$& !& r4n+. A!oi in +r&!$"# &)n&#or +& !& 4r)%" +i$%n$&#& +in$r& vi$& & infin/& 4$& "n !i0&$, 4$ )%i %!ro%!& +& 4r)%, )&r&" +& %&&%i !%r$& i f%r%% o +&!#%%. D"!%fi-%r& $"$"ror !i0&$i#or +& !& r4n+"# r&!&$iv 4r)% & )"$%!&n$r" r4n+"# "r)%$or. Pri)"# i "#$i)"# r4n+ +in !%r&#%& %)!#%&%(%f%$%+& +r") #% ")%$%$&% +i$%n$&i +& !#%n$%r& in$r& r4n+"ri, i%r !o(i$i% !ri)&i vi$& f%$%+& )%r/in&% !%r&#&i & $%i#&$& %$f&# in4$ % r%)4n%"n !%$i" +& in$o%r&r& !&n$r" %/r&/%$& +& 3 – 7 ).
2*4*4* PLANTAREA VITEI DE VIE P&rio%+% +& !#%n$%r&.In )o+ oin"i$ vi$% +& vi& & !#%n$&%(%!ri)%v%r% 4$ )%i +&vr&)& 5)%r$i& – %!ri#i&6 " on+i$i% % $&)!&r%$"r% o#"#"i #% %+4ni)&% +& 2= – 3= ) %inr&/i$r&%(& 9 – 1==C. P#%n$%r&% +& $o%)n%& &-&"$%n")%i !& $&r&n"ri in& +r&n%$& i & in0&i& in%in$& +&
inr&/i$r%r&% $&)!&r%$"ri#or n&/%$iv& 5noi&)ri&6. E%
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in$r"4$ !4n%#% !ri)%v%r%&
i%$ri(&%(%r%ni#&, vi$&#& in$r%)%i +&vr&)& in !&rio%+% +& v&/&$%$i& i & in#%$"r%!&rio#"# +&!r&i&rii vi$&#or $r%$ifi%$& !&$& i%rn%. Pr&/%$ir&% vi$&#or !&n$r" !#%n$%r& In v&+&r&% !#%n$%rii vi$&#& "n$ "!"& "n&i on$ro# ri/"ro, !&n$r" % #& +&!i$% i in#%$"r% !& %r& n&or&!"n(%$o%r&. S& %+)i$ #% !#%n$%r& n")%i vi$& %n%$o%& " "+"r% +& "r8i)!r&"r, %r& %" #&)n"# vi%i#, )"/"rii vi%i#i. In v&+&r&% !#%n$%rii & f%& f%on%r&% vi$&#or %r& on$%in "r$%r&% r%+%ini#or i o+i$&i, in "!ri)%r&% io$"#"i +& #% %#$oi, &#i)in%r&% r%+%ini#or +& #% no+"ri#& in$&r)&+i%r& %#& !or$%#$oi"#"i. Co+i$% & "r$&%(%#% – 2 o0i i r%+%ini#& %(%#& #% ? – 1= ). D"!%f%on%r&, vi$&#& & !%r%fin&%(%!& $r&i)&% "!&rio%r%, r&"r/4n+"8& in %&$ %( #% !#%n$%r&% f%r%)""roi. Pr&/%$ir&% vi$&#or & &-&"$%in (i"% !#%n$%rii. P& $o$ $i)!"# !#%n$%rii, vi$&#& f%on%$& i )oir#i$& & !ro$&&%(%!rin %o!&rir& %" ini#o(%r&. P#%n$%r&% vi$&#or & r&%#i(&%(%in /ro!i f%"$& " !"$in in%in$& +& #"r%r&% +& !#%n$%r&. P& +ir&$i% r4n+"#"i, +& %&&%i !%r$& % !i0&$"#"i i #% o +i$%n$%+& – 3 ) +& %&$% & f% " %()%"% /ro!i %+4ni +& 3= ) i #%r/i +& = – 2= ) +& for)%!ri)%$i%. P& f"n+"# /ro!ii & f%& "n )""roi +in !%)4n$ )%r"n$i$. S& %&%(%%!oi vi$% %#$oi$%in !o(i$i& v&r$i%#%, r&(&)%$%+& !&r&$&#& +in!r& !i0&$, " r%+%ini#& r&!%r$i(%$& +& "r 8i)!r&"r !& )ovi#i$% +& !%)4n$. S& %r& /ri%% !"n$"# +& %#$oir& %& /%&%%" 1 – ' ) )%i " +& niv&#"# o#"#"i !&n$r" % !r&v&ni r&$&r&% r%+%ini#or +in %#$oi, i%r o+i$% %fi& ori&n$%$%!r& !i0&$. P&$& r%+%ini & in$ro+"& !%)4n$ )%r"n$i$, r&%v%n in $r%$ /ro +& 13 – '= ). S& $%&%(%%!oi in& " !iior"#, +in &-$&rior"# /ro!ii !r& in$&rior, "r)4n+ % vi$% %r%)4n%in !o(i$i% ini$i%#%.
S& in$ro+"& %!oi in /ro%!%o %n$i$%$& +& ' – 7 B/ )r%ni$%. D"!%%+)ini$r%r&% )r%ni$&i & $o%rn%4$& 3 – 1= # %!%#% fi&%r& /ro%!%. D"!%infi#$r%r&% %!&i /ro%!% & ")!#& !4n%#% niv&#"# o#"#"i i & !r&o%r%in "r"# vi$&#or "n in&$ii+ 53 – 7 /vi$%6 +%r f%r%% %$in/& vi$%. Pro$&%r&% vi$&#or & f%& !rin )""roir& " !%)4n$ r&%v%n i in& )%r"n$i$ /roi)&% $r%$"#"i +& +&%"!r% o+i$&i fiin+ +& 3 ).
2*6* LUCRARI DE INTRETINERE A PLANTATIEI IN ANUL I L!'#a#%l& $l!l!% C% "r)%r& % %$%$orii o#"#"i i inr%"$%$irii on+i$ii#or +& vi%$%+in )%% #"i, &$& n&&%r %& &-&"$& i)&+i%$ +"!%!#%n$%r& o #"r%r& +& %f4n%r& % o#"#"i !& %+4ni)&% +& 12 – 17 ). P&n$r" o)%$&r&% "r"i&ni#or i !&n$r" r&%#i(%r&% "nor r&/i)"ri +& %!%, %&r i 0r%n%4$ )%i f%vor%i#& & r&o)%n+%% !& !%r"r"# in$r&/ii !&rio%+& +& v&/&$%$i& %& %!#i& 2 "#$iv%$ii
)&%ni& !& r4n+ i 3 !r%i#& )%n"%#& !& r4n+. To%)n% +"!%%+&r&% fr"n(&#or & &-&"$%)oi#i(%r&% !& in$&rv%#& i +i$r"/&r&% "r"i&ni#or, " r%$"rn%r&% r%(+&#or !r& r4n+"ri#& +& vi$&, ""r4n+ %$f&# !ro$&%r&% vi$&#or !rin )""roir&.
C$(#$l!l %(&l$# L% vi$&#& )""roi$& " o%(i% !#%n$%rii & &-&"$%on$ro%#& !&rio+i& 5' – ori6 in "r"# #"nii )%i i #% in&!"$"# #"nii i"ni& !&n$r" % "r)%ri !ornir&% #%$%ri#or. In %("# in %r& #%$%r"# in$4r(i& %%!%r%#% "!r%f%$% )""roi"#"i, %&$% & +&f%& in&!4n+ +& #% %(%!r& v4rf, !4n%" !"n$"# +& %#$oir&.In$4r(i&r&% %!%ri$i&i #%$%ri#or & !o%$& +%$or% fi& %$%"#"i +& #%rv&, fi& !r&(&n$&i "nor "#/%ri !&$& vi$&#& no" !#%n$%$& %" % r"$&i. L%rv&#& & o)%$ " 2 – 3 /vi$%in&$ii+. M""roi"# & r&f%& " !%)4n$ in& )%r"n$i$ i r&%v%n.
C$"'%(!l %(&l$# L% vi$&#& %#$oi$& & )%nif&$%$&n+in$% % %#$oi$"# %8i for)&(& r%+%ini !ro!rii, !or$%#$oi"# #%$%ri, !"$4n+ %v&% % &f&$ &!%r%r&% &#or +oi !%r$&n&ri. L"r%r&% on$%in "!ri)%r&% r%+%ini#or r&"$& +in %#$oi i no+"# "!&rior %# !or$%#$oi"#"i !r&") i % #%$%ri#or !rov&ni$i +in !or$%#$oi. In !ri)"# %n +& #% !#%n$%r&, o!i$"# & &-&"$%+& +o"%ori #% )i#o"# #"nii i"ni& i in #"n% %"/"$. M""roi"# & +&f%& %$&n$, +& o in " !4n%" !"n$"# +& %#$oir&, r&%#i(4n+"8& o o!%in "r"# vi$&i. S& &-%)in&%(%%$&n$ vi$%i & f%& "!ri)%r&% #%$%ri#or +& #% !"n$"# +& in&r$i& " fo%rf&%. A!oi, )""roi"# & r&f%& !&n$r" % %o!&ri (on% &$io#%$%% #%$%ri#or. L% %# +oi#&% o!i$ & !ro&+&%(%#% f&#, " +&o&ir& %)""roi"# n" & )%i r&f%&.
L&.a(!l la(a#%l$# L"r%r&% & &-&"$%%$"ni 4n+ #%$%rii %" %$in #"n/i)&% +& = – 2= ). S& #&%/%+& !i0&$ " r%fi& in$&$i%, $&i $o!i$, +&&"ri $&-$i#& &$., in for)%+& o!$. C4n+ #%$%rii %"n/ #% 9= – ?= ), #&/%$"# & r&!&$%.
C$a(&#&a $l%l$# % )a!a($#%l$# In %+r"# !&rio%+&#or !#oio%&, !&n$r" !r&v&nir&% %$%"ri#or +& )%n%, 4n+ fr"n(&#& %$in/ 2 – 3 ) in +i%)&$r" & f% $r%$%)&n$& " Ri+o)i# 2?P =,13 , Di$0%)& M823 =,' , MiB%# =, , "$%n$& %r& $i)"#&%(%r&$&r&%. U#$i)i#& $r%$%)&n$& !o$ fi f%"$& " "$%n$& "!ri&: (&%)%or+&#&%(%=,3 – =,9 , T"r+%8"!r%# =,2 . I)!o$riv% f%in%rii & r&o)%n+%"#f"# )"i%i# =,2 . Din$r& +%"n%$ori, &#& )%i i)!or$%n$& !%/"& "n$ !ro+"& +& #%rv&#& %r%""#"i +& )%i, vi&r)i %r)%. P&n$r" o)%$%r&% #or & f%& $r%$%)&n$ " in&$ii+& 2 – 3 /vi$%. P&n$r" % !r&v&ni %$%"# " %%ri&ni & r&o)%n+%%+"n%r&% r&$"ri#or v&/&$%#& +in vii. C%
)%"r%+& o)%$&r& & r&o)%n+%$ro!iri +& i%rn%" D&"$%- '3 EC 1 . C4n+ & on$%$%%!%ri$i% "i"ri#or +& o)i(i, %&$&% & %+"n%i & %r+. S& !o%$& o)%$& !rin $ro!iri " D&" ',3 EC %" C%r&$o- 9 EC =,2 .
I#%.a#&a % /&#(l%;a#&a L% %!%ri$i% "nor !&rio%+& &&$o%& in+&#"n/%$& &$& n&&%r%"+%r&% #o%#i(%$%" ir% 1= # %!%, in$r8o o!%+&0i%#% fi&%r& vi$%, %" in on+i$ii#& &-i$&n$&i "n"i i$&) +& iri/%r&, %!#i%r&% "nor nor)& +& "+%r& +& 3= – 2== ) %!%0%. In %n"# I +"!%!#%n$%r& n" & r&o)%n+%%!#i%r&% in/r%%)in$&#or. P&n$r" %)&#ior%r&% f&r$i#i$%$ii o#"#"i & r&o)%n+%fo#oir&% in/r%%)in$&#or v&r(i, !rin in%)4n$%r&% "nor !&ii %r& r& r&!&+&, !ro+" o )%%v&/&$%$iv%o/%$%%" &#& %r& in$&$i(&%(%%(o$"# %$)of&ri.
C$"l&(a#& .$l!#%l$# L% infiin$%r&% !#%n$%$i&i & !%$r&%(%o r&(&rv%+& vi$& +& – 3 . f%$%+& $o$%#"# &#or !#%n$%$&, %r& vor fi for$ifi%$& in !"n/i +& !o#i&$i#&n%in %)&$&"ri n"$r$iv&. L% f4ri$"# #"nii %"/"$, +"!%& %" $r&"# !&rio%+&#& &&$o%& i f4ri$"# %$%"#"i +& o#i, vi$&#& & !#%n$&%(%in 4)! f%r%% +&r%n% in$&/ri$%$&% o"#"i n"$ri$iv i & "+%%"n+&n$.
P#$(&=a#&a %(&l$# % (%"!l %&#%% S& &-&"$%o )""roir& %v4n+ /ri%%& %o!&r& " !%)4n$ !or$i"n&% %(%#%% o+i$&#or 53 – 7 o0i6. L"r%r&% & &-&"$%)%n"%# " %!%, +"!%%+&r&% fr"n(&#or i &-&"$%r&% %r%$"rii +& $o%)n%, fo#oin+ !%)4n$"# )oi#i(%$ !rin %r%$"r% in K!%r$&.
I(#&(%&#&a l!'#a#%l$# a(%&#$;%$al& Por$i"ni#& +& $&r&n +&/r%+%$& in "r)% !#oi#or $or&n$i%#& & r&!%r%i)&+i%$ +"!%%!%ri$i&. Siroiri#& !rovo%$& +& "r/&ri#& )%ri +& %!%$r&"i& %$"!%$& " !%)4n$ in& %$%$ori$. C%n%#&#& & +&o#)%$&%(%i & r&!%r%!&n$r" % fi fo#oi$& i in %#$& o!"ri.
2*<* LUCRARILE DEINTRETINERE DIN ANUL AL II-LEA DE LA PLANTARE D&;!!#$%(!l % a#a(!#a )& "#%aa#a D&()""roi$"# & &-&"$%!ri)%v%r% $i)!"ri", +"!%& % $r&"$ !&rio#"# % $&)!&r%$"r% %&r"#"i %%+%" –?, 8 < =C.
Ar%$"r% +& !ri)%v%r%& &-&"$%K#% or)%n% #% o %+4ni)& +& 12 – 17 ).In !ri)%v&ri#& &&$o%& %r%$"r% &$& in#o"i$%" o %f4n%r& "o%r%&-&"$%$%" !#"/"# "#$iv%$or.
Ta%&#&a % !'a( % '$"'%(!l In&!4n+ " %n"# %# II8#&% & %!#i%$%i&ri#& +& for)%r& i %n")&: & #%%o o+i$%+& 3 – 7 o0i %r& & #&%/%v&r$i%#. O+%$%" $%i&r&% & &-&"$%i o!i$"# %r& & r&!&$%in #"n% %"/"$.
Pl%%(!l % l&.a(!l la(a#%l$# In )o)&n$"# in %r& #%$%rii %" %$in o #"n/i)& +& ? – 1= ) & in+&!%r$&%(%&i +& !rio i & r&$in – 2 )%i vi/"r%i. P& )%"r%& #%$%rii r& in #"n/i)&, vor fi +iri%$i !rin$r& r4n+"ri#& +& 4r)& +"#& % )i#o"#"i +& "$in&r&.
C$"l&(a#&a .$l!#%l$# Go#"ri#& &-i$&n$& #% in&!"$"# %n"#"i %# II8#&% vor fi o)!#&$%$& !ri)%v%r% " vi$& STAS vi/"ro%&. Go#"ri#& %!%r"$& in "r"# !&rio%+&i +& v&/&$%$i& vor fi o)!#&$%$& in #"n% %"/"$ " vi$& +& 1 %n for$ifi%$& #% /0iv&&. L"r%ri#& +& in$r&$in&r& % o#"#"i, % i o)%$&r&% o#i#or i +%"n%$ori#or & &-&"$%in %&#%i )o+ % in %n"# I.
F&#(%l%;a#&a D%%vi$&#& !r&(in$%o r&$&r& #%%, in !ri)%v%r%& r&o)%n+%%!#i%r&% "nor +o(& +& 7= – 1'= B/0% %(o$, i%r $o%)n% 93 – 1'3 B/0% fofor i 3= – 1== B/0% !o$%i". In/r%%)in$&#& & %+)ini$r&%(%ono)i$&n$ " #"r%ri#& o#"#"i, &#& " %(o$ #% !ri)&#& "#$iv%$ii %#& o#"#"i, i%r &#& " fofor i !o$%i" o+%$%" %r%$"r% +& $o%)n%.
P#$(&=a#&a %(&l$# % (%"!l %&#%% Vi$&#& "n$ !ro$&%$& !rin )""roir& &-&"$%$%+"!%%r%$"r% +& $o%)n%.
I(ala#&a %=l$a'&l$# )& !(%&#& D%$ori$%r&$&ri#or %n"%#& fo%r$& !"$&rni&, $&"$"ri#& )&%ni& #% +&(vo#$%$&, n&&i$%$ii +& % &-!"n& #% #")in%o !%r$& 4$ )%i )%r& +in "!r%f%$% fo#i%r%% "$""#"i, vi$%+& vi& r&#%)%fi-%r&% !%r$ii "!r%$&r&$& +& )i#o"# +& "$in&r&. S"$in&r&% vi$&i +& vi& & f%& !& "!or$i %r$ifii%#i: %r%i, !%#i&ri, o#$i, &$. Din$r& $i!"ri#& +& "$in&r&, !%#i&r"# % %!%$%$ &% )%i )%r& &-$in+&r&, +%$ori$%n")&ro%&#or %v%n$%& !& %r& #& of&r%: +"r%i#i$%$& )%r&, !oii#i$%$&% %i/"r%rii !& "$" % "n&i in%r%$"ri )%i )%ri, i)"n%$%$ir&% %#i$%$ii $r"/"ri#or, &$. In$%#%r&% !%#i&r"#"i +&vin& n&&%r%+in !ri)%v%r% %n"#"i %# II8#&%.
In /&n&r%# & r&o)%n+%fo#oir&% !%#i&r"#"i " 4r)& +"#&, +& o !%r$& i +& %#$% % $4#!i#or, !&n$r" % ""r% o!&r%$i% +& +iri%r& % #%$%ri#or in "r"# !&rio%+&i +& v&/&$%$i& i % o%r+&#or +& ro+ #% &r"rir&. P&n$r" on+"&r&% &)iin%#$%% "$"i#or, !ri)"# r4n+ & 4r)& &$& fi-%$ #% =,93 ) +& #% "!r%f%$% o#"#"i, i%r "r)%$o%r&#& #% 1,1= i 1,13 r&!&$iv 1,7= i 1,73 ). P&n$r" in$%#%r&% !%#i&r"#"i "n$ n&&%r& "r)%$o%r&#& )%$&ri%#&: $4#!i 5"#")%i6 +in &$on !r&o)!ri)%$ +& ',2 ) #"n/i)&, 4r)%/%#v%ni(%$%" +i%)&$r"# "!rin in$r& ',' i ,= ), ri+&, %nor&, in$in(%$o%r&. Groi)&% 4r)&#or &$& +& ',? – ,= )) !&n$r" !ri)"# &$% 54r)& !or$%n$&6 i +& '' – '3 )) !&n$r" &$%&#& "r)%$o%r&. L% $%i&r&% in &!i +& ro+ #% !ri)"# niv&# & in$%#&%(%o in/"r%4r)%!or$%n$%!& %r& & !%#i&%(%or+on"#. Anor&#& & fo#o& !&n$r" % %i/"r% $%i#i$%$&% $4#!i#or fr"n$%i i %" ro#"# +& % )%ri $%i#i$%$&% in$r&/"#"i r4n+ %# !%#i&r"#"i. E#& "n$ for)%$& +in #o"ri +& !i%$r%" +i)&ni"ni +& 313 in$ro+"& in o# #% o %+4ni)& +& 3= – 7= ). A&$& #o"ri "n$ in$in& " +o"%4r)& i)!#&$i$&, " +i%)&$r"# +& ',? )) i %nor%$& +& $4#!"# fr"n$%. Prin+&r&% 4r)&#or +"#& & f%& #%$&r%#, +& o !%r$& i +& %#$& % $4#!"#"i )i#o% " %"$or"# "nor ri+& 5o#i&r&6 onf&$ion%$& +in 4r)%i !r&v%("$& " o0i"ri !rin %r& $r&& 4r)%. In$%#%r&% !%#i&r"#"i "!rin+& "r)%$o%r&#& "&i"ni +& o!&r%$ii: !i0&$%$"#, &-&"$%r&% /ro!i#or, $r%n!or$"# i +i$ri"ir&% $4#!i#or in /ro!i, fi-%r&% %nor&#or, fi-%r&% ri+&#or, in$in+&r&% i fi-%r&% 4r)&#or. Prin !i0&$%$ & fi-&%(%#o"# !& %r& $r&"i& %8# o"!& fi&%r& $4#!. S$4#!ii fr"n$%i & %)!#%&%(%#% ")%$%$&% +i$%n$&i +in$r& !ri)ii +oi "$"i +& #% %!&$&#& r4n+"ri#or. S$4#!ii )i#o%i & fi-&%(%!& r4n+ #% 7 – < ) "n"# +& %#$"#, #% ")%$%$&% +i$%n$&i in$r& +oi "$%i. D"!%$r%n!or$"# i +i$ri"ir&% $4#!i#or "r)&%(%fi-%r&% &#or fr"n$%i in !o(i$i& in#in%$%!r& &-$&rior " "n "n/0i +& 7= – 73 =. M%i in$4i "n$ fi-%$i $4#!ii fr"n$%i +in &#& !%$r" o#$"ri %#& fi&%r&i !%r&#&. P&n$r" % $"$"or $4#!i#or fr"n$%i %#i & +&% %&&%i in#in%$i& i in%#$i)&% & in$in+ +o"%4r)& "n% #% v4rf i %#$% #% %(% #or. D"!%fi-%r&% $"$"ror fr"n$%i#or "r)&%(%fi-%r&% )i#o%i#or +& !& r4n+"ri#& )%r/in%#&. S& on$in"%%!oi !rin %#ini&r& !& &#& +o"%+ir&$ii, fi-%r& )i#o%i#or +in in$&rior"# !%r&#&i. Ur)&%(%%!oi %)!#%%r&% %nor&#or %" on$r%for$&#or i %nor%r&% $4#!i#or. S& in$in+ 4r)&#& %r& & fi-&%(%!rovi(ori" " %"$or"# ri+&#or.In on$in"%r& & in$in+ 4r)&#& in&!4n+ " &#& +& " i $&r)in4n+ " &#& +& o. P&n$r" %&%$% #% "n"# +in %!&$& 4r)% & inf%o%r%$r4n in "r"# $4#!"#"i fr"n$%, i%r #% %!%$"# &#%#%#$ +"!%in$in+&r& & r%"&$& $r4n +"!%$4#! i & fi-&%(%+&fini$iv. P&n$r" o )%i "n%in$in+&r& % 4r)&#or, & r&o)%n+%fo#oir&% "nor in$in(%$ori i)!#i on$r"i$i !& !rini!i"# ri!&$&#or %" %# !4r/0ii#or.
2** LUCRARI DEI NTRETINERE A PLANTATIEI IN ANII III SI IV
L"r%ri#& %!#i%$& in %nii III i IV "n$ %&)%n%$o%r& " &#& +in %n"# !r&&+&n$, " &-&!$i% $%i&rii +& for)%r&, o)!#&$%$& " in$&rv&n$ii in v&r+& n&&%r& r&%#i(%rii $i!"#"i +& $%i&r& $%i#i$. P&n$r" !roi&$%r&% $"#!inii & %#&/& or+% !#%%$%&# )%i o !& or+i$% +in %n"# %n$&rior i & $%i& #% ir% 1= ) " !ri)% 4r)%% !%#i&r"#"i. D& !& !or$i"n&% +& o%r+%r%)%%, & in#%$"r%5or&6 o0ii " &-&!$i% % – 2 +in v4rf. S& !"n& in on$in"%r& %&n$ !& #"r%ri#& & on$ri"i& #% for$ifi%r&% "$"i#or in v&+&r&% !r&/%$irii #or !&n$r" in$r%r&% !& ro+: f&r$i#i(%r&% or/%ni%i 0i)i%or&!"n(%$o%r& % o#"#"i, o!i$"#, %!#i%r&% !r&v&n$iv%% $r%$%)&n$"#"i +& o)%$&r& % +%"n%$ori#or i o#i#or, o)!#&$%r&% /o#"ri#or &-i$&n$&, %i/"r%r&% !ro$&%rii vi$&#or !&$& i%rn%!rin )""roir&.
TAELE DE CALCUL
C%!i$o#"# . F%& (&8$l$.%'&
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