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Ethics and Professional Responsibility for Paralegals
The Sinking of RMS Titanic A Critical and Ethical Study Written by Michael Gunner Candidate Number 53789
Written November 27
!hi" "tudy i" "#lit into three "ection"$ !he %ir"t loo&" at the de"i'n on the "hi# it"el%( the "econd loo&" at the #olitical( "ocial and economic %actor" a%%ectin' White Star line)" deci"ion to build !itanic and la"tly the event" o% A#ril *+ th *9*2$
Cha#ter ,ne
!he -e"i'n o% .MS !itanic And Contributing Factors of the Design to the Events of April 14th
[2]
.MS !itanic /a" %ir"t conceived in *97 and met tra'edy in *9*2$ At the be'innin' o% the t/entieth century there /a" bi' com#etition %or the tran"#ort o% mail( #a""en'er" and car'o bet/een nation" and acro"" "ea" via hu'e "hi#"$ 0n an e%%ort to meet thi" com#etition( White Star 1ine" mana'in' director ruce 0"may en'a'ed el%a"t "hi#builder" 4arland Wol%% to build three lar'e "hi#" other/i"e &no/n a" leviathan" that /ould become the lar'e"t movin' ob6ect" ever made by man$ !he three .oyal Mail "hi#" /ere named ,lym#ic( !itanic and Gi'antic$ Gi'antic" name /a" later chan'ed to ritannic$ !he "hi#" /ere to be identical( but the !itanic /a" to be the %la'"hi#$ [1]
!he &eel o% !itanic /a" laid out on March 22 nd *99$ ,ver a #eriod o% 2 month"( 4arland Wol%%"
"hi#yard labourer" /or&ed %or nine hour" a day( "i day" a /ee&( to con"truct the ma""ive hull3:$ !he White Star %la'"hi#" /ould have t/o reci#rocatin' "team en'ine"( and a turbine en'ine to #o/er the centre #ro#eller$ A double #lated bottom and a "o#hi"ticated "y"tem o% "iteen /aterti'ht com#artment" #rovided the be"t "ecurity #o""ible$ !he !itanic;" "u#er"tructure /a" com#leted on the 3*"t o% May *9**$ !he "hi# "li##ed 'race%ully into the .iver 1a'an on t/enty
A diagram showing the design of !" #itanic [1$]
!he !itanic /a" a 'i'antic "hi# o% it;" time$ 0t /a" 882 %eet 8 inche" lon'( and 92 %eet inche" in breadth$ !he "hi#" /aterline" /a" 3+ %eet and 7 inche" above the &eel( and at that line( her /ei'ht /a" 52(3* ton" or **7(*7+(+ #ound" 5:$ !he "hi#" hull contained +$ million cubic %eet o% "#ace and her en'ine" had an out#ut o% a /ho##in' 5(h#$ !he !itanic could carry *(3* #a""en'er"( 325 %ir"t cla""( 285 "econd and 7 in third 5:$ At the time o% the "in&in'( the "hi#" cre/ con"i"ted o% 885 men and /omen$ !he "heer "cale o% !itanic /a" un#recedented( and there /a" no /ay to te"t the "hi# %or %la/" that mi'ht not come about until a voya'e /hen "he /a" #ac&ed %ull o% #a""en'er"$ 0t could be "aid there%ore that !itanic /a" almo"t a "ocial e#eriment( the "ucce"" o% the "hi# carried /ith it the live" o% it" #a""en'er" and cre/ and thi" mu"t have been a hu'e ethical i""ue %or White Star 1ine"$ 4o/ever( they /ere "o con%ident in their "hi#"( that they may never have con"idered the ethical im#lication" o% di"a"ter = /hich /ould #artly be due to the unte"ted( lar'ely un#roven "i>e o% the "hi#"$
!he !itanic al"o had t/o "i"ter "hi#"( the ritannic and the ,lym#ic$ -urin' World War *( !he ,lym#ic "erved a" a troo# carrier$ A%ter the /ar( the "hi# re"umed it;" Southam#ton to Ne/ ?or& "ervice but by the *93" /a" "ho/in' it;" a'e$ 0n *93+( t he rival" White Star 1ine and Cunard mer'ed to %orm Cunard White Star in an attem#t t o "urvive the /orld de#re""ion$ !he ne/ com#any revie/ed it" "hi#" %or @"u#erannuated and redundant tonna'e@ and concluded that the ,lym#ic /a" to be made redundant( and hence it /a" ta&en to Scotland and "cra##ed$
!he ritannic /a" launched in *9*+ but /a" not %ini"hed in time %or #a""en'er "ervice$ !he
Government too& over the "hi# and ran it a" a ho"#ital boat( and later "an& o%% the Gree& i"land o% ea in the Ae'ean Sea on November 2* *9*5 /ith the lo"" o% 3 live"$ :
A photograph of #itanic survivors in a %ifeboat [11]
!he !itanic did not come /ith enou'h li%eboat" %or a variety o% rea"on"$ A dra%t o% rule" by the riti"h oard o% !rade made in *89+ only reBuired !itanic to carry the maimum o% * li%eboat"$ 4o/ever( by *9*2 thi" dra%t /a" dra"tically out o% date( a" the !itanic /a" %our time" lar'er than the lar'e"t le'al cla""i%ication con"idered under the *8 year old rule"$ ! here%ore( !itanic /a" not le'ally reBuired to carry more than * li%eboat" = com#letely re'ardle"" o% the number o% #eo#le on board$ #on her maiden voya'e( !itanic actually carried more than reBuired( the "iteen ri'id li%eboat" /ere "u##lemented by %our colla#"ible li%eboat"$ !he com#lete li%eboat ca#acity /a" *(*72 #a""en'er" and cre/$ !he total number o% #a""en'er" and cre/ /a" 2(2* 5:$ !hi" lac& o% li%eboat" /a" almo"t certainly an act o% ethical e'oi"m on the #art o% White Star 1ine"( they cho"e to "ave their money and #ut acro"" the #a""en'er" throu'h lac& o% li%e boat" that the !itanic /a" etremely "a%e( but they didn;t con"ider /hat /ould ha##en i% "he "an&$ !he "hi##in' indu"try /a" a##arently %ully a/are that the li%eboat re'ulation" /ere due to be chan'ed and the !itanic;" dec& "#ace" and davit" /ere de"i'ned %or an antici#ated Dboat" %or all #olicy due to be dra%ted$ 4o/ever( White Star /ere not 'oin' to in"tall the additional boat" until reBuired$ !hi" "eem" on the "ur%ace com#letely unethical( at lea"t by modern "tandard"$ 4o/ever( in *9*2 attitude" to/ard" "a%ety /ere very di%%erent$ 1i%eboat" /ere e#en"ive to #urcha"e and maintain( and too& u# valuable dec& "#ace$ !hey al"o had an e%%ect on "hi# "tability /hich in turn could #otentially be a "a%ety i""ue to the contrary$ 0t /a" al"o #erceived that a lar'e amount o% li%eboat" and "a%ety devi"e" and 'ear 'ave the #ublic the "u''e"tion that the ve""el /a" un"a%e$
Cha#ter !/o
!he Folitical( Social and Economic actor" A%%ectin' White Star 1ine)" -eci"ion to uild !itanic
!here /ere many %actor" that made u# the deci"ion o% the ,ceanic Steam Navi'ation Com#any Hthe #ro#er name %or the White Star line( /hich /a" in %act a nic&name derived %rom the lo'oI to build the !itanic$ !here /ere #olitical( "ocial and economic %actor" that a%%ected the end re"ult$ ,ne rea"on in #articular that i" brou'ht u# on the .MS !itanic 0nc /eb"ite i"J
D!o %ly the %la' o% Great ritain and u#hold national honor$ Even thou'h !itanic /a" ultimately o/ned by American bu"ine"" intere"t"( the Shi# /a" built in a riti"h yard( o#erated by riti"h "ub6ect"( manned by riti"h cre/"( and #erceived by the #ublic a" a riti"h "hi#$ [&]
!hi" Buote hint" at the #o""ibility that there may have been #olitical #re""ure %rom the riti"h Government on White Star 1ine to build the "hi#" in an e%%ort t o "ho/ the /orld that ritain /a" #o/er%ul( and command" the "ea"$ !here i" no evidence to "u''e"t that in thi" e%%ort( the "hi# /a" built too Buic&ly or that corner" /ere cut in it" de"i'n$ !he #reviou" cha#ter /ould only contradict thi" any/ay( a" it i" evident that White Star 1ine and 4arland Wol%% too& the de"i'n o% t he three "hi#" very "eriou"ly$ An underwater image showing "econd Class 'indows and Dec( [)]
4o/ever( the #reviou" cha#ter doe" brin' to the %ore%ront a de"i'n i""ue that /a" the re"ult o% economic %actor" and re"ulted in the 'reater lo"" o% li%e$ !he lac& o% enou'h li%eboat" to carry the %ull amount o% #a""en'er" and cre/ /a" cata"tro#hic and "ealed the %ate o% all tho"e /ho died$ White Star 1ine cho"e( deliberately( not to #ut enou'h li%eboat" on board #artly due to the hu'e co"t" that /ould have incurred a" a re"ult$ !he li%eboat i""ue i" al"o a "ocial %actor$ ac& in tho"e time"( "a%ety eBui#ment /a" vie/ed very di%%erently and the inclu"ion o% enou'h li%eboat" to carry everyone on board may have been #erceived by the #ublic a" an indication that the "hi# /a"n;t really "a%e enou'h to carry them 7:$ !here%ore( an e%%ort to re%ute any #o""ible #erce#tion that .MS !itanic /a" un"a%e %urther added to White Star 1ine" deci"ion to only include 2 li%eboat"$
9:
White Star 1ine al"o built it" ne/ liner" in aide o% com#etin' /ith Cunard$ Cunard already had t he %a"t and ecellent crui"e liner" 1u"itania and Mauritania$ oth o% the"e "hi#" /ere incredibly Buic&( the 1u"itania /a" able to reach a to# "#eed o% 2$7 not" /hil"t her crui"in' "#eed /a" 25 not"8:$ White Star 1ine cho"e to not com#ete /ith Cunard" "#eed( but try t o com#ete by buildin' the !itanic( ritannic and ,lym#ic a" %ar more luuriou" liner" than either o% Cunard" o%%erin'"$ White Star 1ine" "hi#" /ould al"o be "i'ni%icantly bi''er than Cunard"( the 1u"itania /a" 787 %eet lon' /ith a beam o% 87 %eet inche" com#ared to !itanic;" len'th o% 882 %eet 9 inche" and beam 92 %eet inche"$8:
!" %usitania [12]
0t /a" im#erative that White Star 1ine made "ure it" %la'"hi# !itanic /a" a" luuriou" and bi' a" #o""ible a" the com#any de"#erately needed to com#ete /ith Cunard( /ho( by the time White Star 1ine had announced it" ne/ trio( al"o had a third "hi# on order /hich /ould %ollo/ the "ame idea o% bein' "lo/er but bi''er and more luuriou"$ Fo""ibly( there%ore( White Star needed to al"o build the !itanic( ,lym#ic and ritannic Buic&ly in an e%%ort to outdo Cunard$ 0ndeed( the ABuitania( Cunard" third "hi#( /a" launched in *9*3 and had the lon'e"t and mo"t "ucce""%ul career o% all "i
crui"e liner"$ White Star attem#ted t o re'ain it" lo""e" a%ter the !itanic "an&( by re%ittin' and "tructurally alterin' the ,lym#ic( /hich then "erved until an admirable *93+ Hby /hich time the t/o com#anie" had mer'edI( ho/ever the %act that Cunard" ABuitania ea"ily outla"ted the ,lym#ic /ould #o""ibly %urther the vie/ that Cunard" "hi#" /ere better built$ !he #re""ure on White Star 1ine to com#ete /ith Cunard( could /ell have been a contributin' %actor t o /hat ha##ened and the t/o com#anie" rivalry certainly made it o% the utmo"t im#ortance that !itanic( ,lym#ic and ritannic /ere the bi''e"t and be"t ocean liner" in the /orld$
#itanic Dec( [1*]
Cha#ter !hree
!he Event" o% A#ril *+ th *9*2 .MS !itanic de#arted Southam#ton( En'land( at noon A#ril * th *9*2 and /a" due to arrive in Ne/ ?or& City on A#ril *7 th$ Alon' the /ay "to#" /ere made at Cherbour'( rance to #ic& u# continental #a""en'er" and Kueen"to/n Hno/ CobhI 0reland to #ic& u# mail and additional #a""en'er"( mainly third cla"" emi'rant" to the SA$ !he "im#le "tory i" that on A#ril *+ th at **$+#m !itanic "truc& an 0ceber'$ !he "hi# "an& at 2$2am on A#ril *5 th( "#littin' in t/o on the /ay do/n and &illin' *(5*7 or *(+9( de#endin' /hether you loo& at the S or riti"h re#ort %indin'" a%ter the accident$ 4o/ever( the "tory o% the ni'ht i" %ar %rom "im#le a" there are many event" durin' the ni'ht that may or may not have contributed either /holly to the "in&in' or at lea"t increa"ed the li&elihood that the "hi# /ould "in&$ !he iceber' it"el% /a" initially "#otted by loo&out" redric& leet and .e'inald 1ee$ -ue to a mi u#( and #o""ibly a cata"tro#hic one( neither leet nor 1ee in the Cro/" ne"t had binocular"( a" they had been le%t behind at Southam#ton$ leet "#otted the iceber' at **$35#m( and immediately in%ormed the "hi#" th o%%icer$ A%ter receivin' thi" in%ormation( the cre/ tried to attem#t to avoid the iceber' by "teerin' a/ay %rom it( ho/ever there are t/o i""ue" that could have turned thi" %rom a 'ood deci"ion to a deadly one$ ir"tly( the de"i'n o% the "hi# meant it had a very "mall rudder( "o turnin' /a" di%%icult$ !hi" in turn meant that com#letely avoidin' the iceber' /a" im#o""ible( and by "tri&in' the iceber' on the "ide o% the "hi#( the cre/ #ut at ri"& a %ar 'reater amount o% the %lood com#artment" that /ere de"i'ned to "to# the "hi# "in&in'$ 0% the "hi# had hit the iceber' head on( it i" entirely #o""ible only the t/o %ront /aterti'ht com#artment" /ould have %looded = and the "hi# /ould have not "un&$ 4o/ever( by "tri&in' on the "ide( too many com#artment" /ere e#o"ed and %looded( and hence !itanic "un&$
At the time "he "truc& the iceber'( !itanic /a" 'oin' at 22 not"$ Althou'h 2 not" "lo/er than her %ull "#eed( the riti"h enBuiry into the accident concluded that the Dece""ive "#eed o% the "hi# contributed to her "in&in'$ 4o/ever( it /a" o%ten common #racti"e t o "#eed throu'h ice %ield" in tho"e time" a" it /a" a""umed any iceber' lar'e enou'h to dama'e the "hi# /ould be "een in "u%%icient time to be avoided$ n%ortunately in the !itanic;" ca"e( the iceber' /a" not avoided$ At *2$5am( %ollo/in' Ca#tain Smith" order"( li%eboat" be'an to be lo/ered into the /ater$ !he Shi#" "Bua"h court"( 3 %eet above the &eel( /ere no/ com#letely a/a"h and the "hi#" band be'an to #lay to &ee# the "#irit" a" %ir"t cla"" #a""en'er" be'an to emer'e( initially una/are o% the "eriou"ne"" o% the "ituation$ When the boat" be'an to %ill( men /ere re%u"ed a #lace and had t o ma&e /ay %or /omen and children( a de%inite u"e o% tilitariani"m becau"e it i" ar'uable that "avin' /omen and children re"ulted in the 'reate"t amount o% 'ood on the /hole a" children are the %uture and /omen are e""ential in motherin' them and brin'in' them u#$ 0t /a" a matter o% collective /el%are o% the entire 'rou# o% #eo#le rather than individual need"$ 4o/ever( the %act that mo"t third cla"" #a""en'er" did not 'et a chance to be "aved and /ere le%t to la"t thou'ht i" ethically /ron' = they may have been #oorer but a" human bein'" they had eBual ri'ht"$ 0t /a"n;t until nearly all the li%eboat" /ere %illed( yet many #a""en'er" /ere "till aboard the boat( that the "hi#" "eriou" li"tin' #roved to many that the "hi# /a" indeed "in&in'$ A" the "hi# "an& under/ater( tho"e /ho /ere thro/n into the /ater #eri"hed %rom the cold and .MS !itanic had "un&$ !he "hi# Car#athia /a" %our hour" out$ !he "hi# made it" /ay to the "cene o% the "in&in'( and re"cued tho"e /ho had made it out alive$ 4o/ever( there /a" another "hi#( the Cali%ornian( /hich /a" only a %e/ mile" %rom !itanic$ At the time !itanic "an&( Cali%ornian" cre/" /ere a"lee#( and did not re"#ond$
