STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC (SCE) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY
I, hereby confess that I have prepared this report on my own effort. I also admit not
STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC (SCE) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY
I, hereby confess that I have prepared this report on my own effort. I also admit not to receive or give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge that everything mentioned in the report is true.
_________________ Student Signature
Name
: …………………………………………
Matric No. : ………………………………………… Date
: …………………………………………
CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TEST TITLE : PROCTOR STANDARD SOIL COMPACTION
PAGE NO.: EDITION: REVIEW NO.: EFFECTIVE DATE: AMENDMENT DATE:
3/11
1/01/2014 1/01/2015
1.0 OBJECTIVE : To obtain the maximum value of dry density and the optimum moisture content.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME At the end of this experiment, students are able to: Understand the relationship between dry density and moisture content for a given degree of compactive effort Understand the moisture content for the most efficient compaction. Obtain the maximum dry density can be achieved for particular type of soil.
3.0 THEORY Compaction of soil the process by which the solid particles are packed more closely together by mechanical means, thus increasing the dr y density, Markwick, 1994. it is achieved throu gh the reduction of the air voids in the soil. At low moisture content, the soil grain is surrounded by a thin film of water, which tends to keep the grains apart even when compacted. In addition of more water, up to certain point, more air to be expelled during compaction. At the point, soil grains become as closely packed together as they can, that is at the dry density is at its maximum. When the amount of water exceeds the required to achieve this condition, the excess water begin to push particles apart, so the dry density reduced. The moisture content at which the greatest value of dry density achieved for the given compaction effort is the optimum moisture content, (OMC), and the corresponding dry density is the maximum dry density
Figure 1: Relationship between dry density (pd) against moisture content w for several types of soil.
CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TEST TITLE : PROCTOR STANDARD SOIL COMPACTION
PAGE NO.: EDITION: REVIEW NO.: EFFECTIVE DATE: AMENDMENT DATE:
4/11
1/01/2014 1/01/2015
4.0 TEST EQUIPMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Cylindrical metal mould, internal dimensions 105mm diameter and 115.5mm high. (fitted with a detachable and removable extension collar. Metal rammer with 50mm diameter face weighing 205kg, sliding freely in a tube which controls the height of drop to 300mm Measuring cylinder; 200ml or 500ml (plastic) 20mm BS sieve and receiver Large metal tray electronic balance Jacking apparatus for extracting compacted material from mould. small tools: palette knife, steel-straight edge, 300mm long, steel rule, scoop or garden trowel Drying oven, 105-110°C and other equipment for moisture content determination.
Figure 2 : Mould base plate and the metal rammer
CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TEST TITLE : PROCTOR STANDARD SOIL COMPACTION
PAGE NO.: EDITION: REVIEW NO.: EFFECTIVE DATE: AMENDMENT DATE:
5/11
1/01/2014 1/01/2015
5.0 PROCEDURES 1.
Veify the mould, baseplate, extension, collar and rammer to be used are those that conform to BS 1377. weight the mould body to the nearest 1g (m 1). Measure its internal diameter (D)mm and length (L)mm in several places and calculate the mean dimensions. 3 2. Calculate the internal volume of the mould (V)mm using
V
D
2
L
4000
Apply with an oily cloth on the internal surface of mould to ease the removal of soil later on. Measure the empty metal tray and ± 5kg of air dried soil sample that the has passing through sieve no.4 (4.75mm) 4. place the mould assembly on a solid base, such as concrete floor. Add loose soil so that after eacch sequence of compaction the mould will be one-third filled. 5. compact the soil by applying 27 blows of the rammer dropping from the controlled height of the 300mm. ensure that the rammer is properly in place before releasing, Figure 3, Note: do not attempt to grab the lifting knob before the rammer has come to rest. The sequence as shown in Figure 4 has to be followed. Repeat for the second and third layer that the final shall not more than 6mm above the mould body, Figure 5. 3.
Figure 3 Hand position when releasing rammer
Figure 4 Sequence of blows using hand rammer
CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TEST TITLE : PROCTOR STANDARD SOIL COMPACTION
PAGE NO.: EDITION: REVIEW NO.: EFFECTIVE DATE: AMENDMENT DATE:
6/11
1/01/2014 1/01/2015
Figure 5 Soil in mould after compaction 1.
Trimming of by removing the extension collar, cut away the excess soil and level off to the top of the mould. Any cavities rsulting from removal of stones at the surface shoul be filled with fine material.
2.
Remove the baseplate carefully, trim the soil at the lower end of the mould. Weigh soil and mould to the nearest g.
3.
Fit the mould on to the extruder and jack out the soil. Break up the sample on the tray.
4.
Take up to three representative samples in moisture content containers for measurement of moisture content. This must be done immediately before the soil dry out. The average of three measurements is w%. (Preferably one from each layer).
5.
Break up the material on the tray and mix with the remainder of the prepared sample. Add an increment of water, approximately as follows : Sandy and gravelly soils : 1 – 2% (50 – 100 ml of water to 5 kg of soil) Cohesive soils : 2 – 4 % (100 – 200 ml of water to 5 kg of soil)
CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TEST TITLE : PROCTOR STANDARD SOIL COMPACTION
PAGE NO.: EDITION: REVIEW NO.: EFFECTIVE DATE: AMENDMENT DATE:
7/11
1/01/2014 1/01/2015
6.0 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 1.
Calculate the bulk density, ρ of each compacted specimen from the equation
m2 m1 1000
Mg / m 3 (if volume = 1000 cm 3)
Where : m1 – mass of mould; m 2 – mass of soil and mould
V D
V 2.
m2 m1
Mg / m 3 (if volume = V cm3)
2
4
L
(check all conversion of unit)
Calculate moisture content, w n% for each compacted specimen.
wn
w2 w1 w1 w0
100
Where : w2 – weight of moist soil + container, w 1 – weight of dry soil + container w0 – weight of empty container 3.
Calculate the average value of moisture content, w% for each compacted specimen.
w 4.
3
Calculate corresponding dry density, ρd
d
5.
w1 w2 w3
100 Mg/m3 100 w
Plot of graph dry density, ρd against moisture content, w. Draw a smooth curve through the points.
CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY
PAGE NO.: EDITION: REVIEW NO.: EFFECTIVE DATE: AMENDMENT DATE:
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TEST TITLE : PROCTOR STANDARD SOIL COMPACTION
6.
1/01/2014 1/01/2015
Sample calculation:
Serial no.
Test No :
A : TEST CRITERIA Location :
No. of layer :3
Rammer mass : 2.5 kg No. of separate batch :
Soil Description : Brown sandy clay with a little fine gravel Sample preparation : Air dried and riffled
Blows per layer : 27
Location No: Sample No.:
B : DENSITY CALCULATION VOLUME OF CYLINDER = 1002 CM Measurement No. (1) (2) (3) (4) Cylinder + soil = A g 3786 3907 3999 3962 Cylinder = B g 1917 1917 1917 1917 Soil mass = A – B g 1869 1990 2082 2045 Wet density = ρ 1.865 1.986 2.078 2.041
7.
8/11
3
(5) 3908 1917 1991 1.987
Sample calculation:
Serial no.
Test No :
A : TEST CRITERIA Location :
No. of layer :3
Rammer mass : 2.5 kg No. of separate batch :
Soil Description : Brown sandy clay with a little fine gravel Sample preparation : Air dried and riffled
Blows per layer : 27
Location No: Sample No.:
B : DENSITY CALCULATION VOLUME OF CYLINDER = 1002 CM Measurement No. (1) (2) (3) (4) Cylinder + soil = A g 3786 3907 3999 3962 Cylinder = B g 1917 1917 1917 1917 Soil mass = A – B g 1869 1990 2082 2045 Wet density = ρ 1.865 1.986 2.078 2.041 C : Plotting of air voids line, V a = 0%, 5% AND 10% (Use G s = Use the equation below using ρw = 1Mg/m 1 d
1 S
V a 100
w 100
Mg / m 3
3
ρS =
3
2.65)
(5) 3908 1917 1991 1.987
CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TEST TITLE : PROCTOR STANDARD SOIL COMPACTION
8.
Final plot of a graph along with the air voids line
PAGE NO.: EDITION: REVIEW NO.: EFFECTIVE DATE: AMENDMENT DATE:
9/11
1/01/2014 1/01/2015
CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TEST TITLE : PROCTOR STANDARD SOIL COMPACTION
PAGE NO.: EDITION: REVIEW NO.: EFFECTIVE DATE: AMENDMENT DATE:
10/11
1/01/2014 1/01/2015
8.0 CALCULATIONS A : TEST CRITERIA Location :
Location No:
Sample No.:
Serial no.
Test No :
No. of layer :3
Rammer mass : 2.5 kg
Soil Description :
Blows per layer : 27
No. of separate batch :
Sample preparation : Air dried and riffled
B : DENSITY CALCULATION VOLUME OF CYLINDER = 1002 CM Measurement No. (1) (2) (3) (4) Cylinder + soil = A g
3
Cylinder = B g Soil mass = A – B g Wet density = ρ
Measurement No. 1 Wet soil + container,w 2 (g)
C : MOISTURE CONTENT (1) (2)
(3)
Dry soil + container,w 1 (g) Empty container, w 0 (g) Moisture content, wn (%), AVERAGE MOISTURE, w%
Measurement No. 2 Wet soil + container,w 2 (g) Dry soil + container,w 1 (g) Empty container, w 0 (g) Moisture content, wn (%), AVERAGE MOISTURE, w%
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY
PAGE NO.: EDITION: DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW NO.: EFFECTIVE TEST TITLE : PROCTOR STANDARD SOIL DATE: COMPACTION AMENDMENT DATE: Measurement No. 3 (1) (2) (3)
11/11
1/01/2014 1/01/2015
Wet soil + container,w 2 (g) Dry soil + container,w 1 (g) Empty container, w 0 (g) Moisture content, wn (%), AVERAGE MOISTURE, w% Measurement No. 4
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Wet soil + container,w 2 (g) Dry soil + container,w1 (g) Empty container, w0 (g) Moisture content, wn (%), AVERAGE MOISTURE, w% Measurement No. 5 Wet soil + container,w 2 (g) Dry soil + container,w 1 (g) Empty container, w 0 (g) Moisture content, wn (%), AVERAGE MOISTURE, w% D : DRY DENSITY CALCULATION (USE ACTUAL VOLUME OF CYLINDER ) Measurement No. (1) (2) (3) (4)
(5)
AVG MOISTURE, w%
Dry density, ρd E : PLOTTING OF DRY DENSITY AGAINST MOISTURE CONTENT WITH AIR VOIDS LINE AT 0%, 5% AND 10%. USE PROPER GRAPH PAPER 8.0 QUESTIONS 1. Define and explain what is meant by optimum moisture content, and how it is determined in the laboratory. 2. Explain fully the principles and methods involved in soil compaction. How do you use the Proctor test apparatus in the field for checking the soil compaction?
