MOHAMMAD IRFAN BA.LLB 4TH YEAR
ASSIGNMENT ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW NATURE AND SCOPE OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
INTRODUCTION:1 Private international la i! a "o#$ o% r&le! &!e# to re!olve le'al #i!(&te! "eteen (rivate in#ivi#&al! )o *ro!! international "o&n#arie!. +)ere a #i!(&te i! "eteen to (artie! in #i%%erent *o&ntrie! it) #i%%erent le'al !$!te,!- (rivate international la )el(! a *o&rt #eter,ine )i*) *o&ntr$! !&"!tantive la ill "e &!e# to #e*i#e t)e ,atter. Alt)o&') it i! *alle# international la it i! in %a*t a "o#$ o% #o,e!ti* la- an# ea*) *o&ntr$ )a! it! on !et o% (rivate international la. It i! #i!tin'&i!)e# %ro, (&"li* international la- )i*) i! t)e la )i*) 'overn! relation! "eteen /tate! 0nation!. Alt)o&') (rivate international la i! a #o,e!ti* "o#$ o% la- a lot o% or2 )a! "een #one "$ vario&! international "o#ie! to tr$ to )ar,oni3e (rivate international la aro&n# t)e orl#. T)i! )ar,oni3ation e%%ort i! #e!i'ne# to ,ini,i3e t)e i,(a*t o% international le'al #i!(&te! an# in !o #oin' to (ro,ote international tra#e an# *o,,er*e.
DEFINITION OF PRIATE INTERNATIONAL LA+: Private international la re%er! to t)at (art o% t)e la t)at i! a#,ini!tere# "eteen (rivate *iti3en! o% #i%%erent *o&ntrie! or i! *on*erne# it) t)e #e%inition- re'&lation- an# en%or*e,ent o% ri')t! in !it&ation! )ere "ot) t)e (er!on in )o, t)e ri')t in)ere! an# t)e (er!on &(on )o, t)e o"li'ation re!t! are (rivate *iti3en! o% #i%%erent nation!. It i! a !et o% r&le! an# re'&lation! t)at are e!ta"li!)e# or a'ree# &(on "$ *iti3en! o% #i%%erent nation! )o (rivatel$ enter into a tran!a*tion an# t)at ill 'overn in t)e event o% a #i!(&te. In t)i! re!(e*t- (rivate International La #i%%er! %ro, (&"li* international la- )i*) i! t)e !et o% r&le! entere# into "$ t)e 'overn,ent! o% vario&! *o&ntrie! t)at #eter,ine t)e ri')t! an# re'&late t)e inter*o&r!e o% in#e(en#ent nation!. Private international la )a! "een #e%ine# a! la #ire*te# to re!olvin' *ontrover!ie! "eteen (rivate (er!on!- nat&ral a! ell a! 5&ri#i*al- (ri,aril$ in #o,e!ti* liti'ation- ari!in' o&t o% !it&ation! )avin' a !i'ni%i*ant relation to ,ore t)an one !tate.
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CHE/HIRE “PIL is that part of law which comes into play when the issue before the court affects some fact, event or transaction that is so closely connected with a foreign system of law as to necessitate recourse to that system”. BATY 6 “PIL is the rules voluntarily chosen by a given state for the decision of cases which have a foreign complexion”. P. TANDON 6 “Private international law is a body of principles determining uestions as to !urisdictions and uestions as to selection of appropriate law, in civil cases which present themselves for decision before a court of one state or country, but which involves a foreign element i.e. which effect foreign persons or foreign or transactions that have been entered in a foreign country or with respect of foreign system of law" PITT COBBET 6 “Private international law is the body of rules for determining uestions as to selection of appropriate law, in civil cases which present themselves for decision before the courts of one state or country, but which involve a foreign element i.e. which effect foreign persons or foreign things or transactions that had been entered into wholly or partly in a foreign country or with reference to some foreign system of law." Private international la ,a$ "e #e%ine# a! t)e r&le! vol&ntaril$ *)o!en "$ a 'iven !tate %or t)e #e*i!ion o% *a!e! )i*) )ave a 7%orei'n8 ele,ent or *o,(le9ion. T)&!- )ere to En'li!),en ,a2e a *ontra*t in Port&'al %or t)e !ale o% 'oo#! !it&ate# in Li!"on- (a$,ent to "e ,a#e in Lon#on- an En'li!) *o&rt o&l# *ertainl$ re*o'ni3e an# a((l$ Port&'&e!e la a! %ar a! it a%%e*te# t)e vali#it$ o% t)e * ontra*t.
T)e (rivate international la %or,! (art o% ,&ni*i(al la! o% a !tate an# i! ,eant %or (&r(o!e o% #e*i#in' )et)er a 'iven *a!e involvin' %orei'n8 ele,ent :
/)all "e a#5&#i*ate# &(on "$ it! on #o,e!ti* la! or "$ la! o% !o,e ot)er !tate; /)all "e !&"5e*t o% it! *o&rt! o% !o,e ot)er !tate.
T)&!- (rivate international la #eal! it) *a!e! in )i*) !o,e relevant %a*t )a! a 'eo'ra()i*al *onne*tion it) a %orei'n *o&ntr$ an# ,a$ on t)at 'ro&n# rai!e a <&e!tion a! to t)e a((li*ation o% In#ian or !o,e ot)er a((ro(riate %orei'n la to t)e #eter,ination o% t)e i!!&e or a! to t)e e9er*i!e o% 5&ri!#i*tion "$ In#ian or %orei'n *o&rt!.
APPLICATION OF PRIATE INTERNATIONAL LA+: U!&all$ t)e *a!e! t)at *o,e %or trial "e%ore t)e ,&ni*i(al *o&rt! are t)o!e )o!e ele,ent! are internal. T)&!- t)e &!&al *a!e! t)at *o,e %or trial "e%ore In#ian *o&rt! are t)o!e in )i*) *a&!e o% a*tion ari!e! in In#ia- )o!e (artie! are In#ian! or #o ,i*ile# in In#ia an# t)e ot)er ele,ent! o% )i*) are al!o o% #o,e!ti* *)ara*ter. O**a!ionall$- In#ian *o&rt! are al!o !ei3e# o% *a!e! )avin' %orei'n ele,ent!- i.e. one or t)e ot)er ele,ent o% t)e !&it! i! *onne*te# it) !o,e %orei'n * o&ntr$. It ,a$ )a((en t)at an In#ian *o&rt i! *alle# &(on to tr$ t)e <&e!tion o% !&**e!!ion to t)e (ro(ert$ o% a (er!on )o #ie# in In#ia 0#o,i*ile# in In#ia or a"roa#- )o )a! le%t ,ova"le an# i,,ova"le (ro(ertie! "ot) in In#ia an# a"roa# ; to #e*i#e a (etition o% #ivor*e (re!ente# "$ an In#ian #o,i*ile# in In#ia )o )a# ,arrie# an En'li!) o,an in En'lan#- or )o )a# ,arrie# a Fren*) o,an in Berlin; or to #eter,ine a (etition (re!ente# "$ an En'li!) #o,i*ile# (arent %or t)e *&!to#$ o% )i! *)il# )o *a,e to In#ia it) it! ,ot)er a! a to&ri!t ; or to tr$ a !&it %or "rea*) o% *ontra*t %ile# " $ a Ne Yor2 #o,i*ile# (lainti%% a'ain!t a #e%en#ant #o,i*ile# in En'lan# in re!(e*t o% a *ontra*t entere# into in Pari! %or t)e !&((l$ o% 'oo#! to In#ia; to #eter,ine a *lai, o% a Pa2i!tani #o,i*ile# (lainti%% a'ain!t an In#ian #o,i*ile# #e%en#ant %or a tort *o,,itte# "$ t)e latter in Pa2i!tan )ile )e a! t)ere on a !)ort vi!it; or to tr$ a !&it o% an In#ian #o,i*ile# (lainti%% a'ain!t an In#ian re!i#ent in In#ia %or t)e re*over$ o% a #e"t ta2en "$ t)e latter in Ban'la#e!) an# (a$a"le t)ere. It i! evi#ent t)at all t)e!e *a!e! )ave !o,e %orei'n ele,ent.
/o,eti,e!- $et anot)er <&e!tion ari!e! in a ,&ni*i(al *o&rt. It i! t)e <&e!tion o% re*o'nition o% a %orei'n 5&#',ent or en%or*e,ent o% a %orei'n #e*ree. /&((o!e- an In#ian i%e %ile! a (etition %or ,aintenan*e &n#er !. 1=> o% t)e In#ian Cri,inal Pro*e#&re Co#e in an In#ian *o&rt a'ain!t )er In#ian )&!"an# #o,i*ile# in Ne Yor2. T)e )&!"an# ta2e! t)e (lea t)at t)e ,arria'e )a# alrea#$ "een #i!!olve# "$ a #e*ree o% a Ne Yor2 *o&rt an# t)ere%ore t)e a((li*ant! *lai, i! not ,aintaina"le=. T)e <&e!tion i! )et)er t)e In#ian *o&rt ill re*o'ni3e t)e Ne Yor2 #e*ree an# 'ive e%%e*t to it. Or- A o"tain! a ,one$ #e*ree a'ain!t B %ro, a Da**a *o&rt an# %ile! an e9e*&tion a((li*ation o% t)at #e*ree in an In#ian *o&rt a'ain!t t)e In#ian !it&ate# a!!et! o% t)e 5&#',ent6#e"tor. T)e <&e!tion )ere i!- *an a %orei'n #e*ree "e e9e*&te# in In#ia? Or- P an En'li!) ,ot)er )o )a# ,arrie# B an In#ian #o,i*ile# (er!on at a Lon#on re'i!tr$ o%%i*e %ile! an a((li*ation in an In#ian *o&rt %or t)e *&!to#$ o% )er *)il# )o )a# "een "ro&')t to In#ia earlier "$ t)e %at)er in #e%ian*e o% *&!to#$ or#er o% t)e Lon#on *o&rt *o,,ittin' t)e *&!to#$ o% t)e *)il# to )er. T)e <&e!tion "e%ore t)e *o&rt i! )et)er an or#er o% t)e %orei'n *o&rt ill "e 'iven e%%e*t to in In#ia- an# i% !o to )at e9tent? T)&! in re!(e*t o% *a!e! )avin' %orei'n ele,ent- a #o,e!ti* *o&rt ,a$ "e *alle# &(on to #eter,ine t)e %olloin' t)ree <&e!tion!:
In )at *ir*&,!tan*e! t)e *o&rt ill a!!&,e 5&ri!#i*tion over *a!e! )avin' %orei'n
ele,ent!; 0C)oi*e O% @&ri!#i*tion I% t)e *o&rt an!er! t)e %ir!t <&e!tion in a%%ir,ative- t)en )et)er it ill #eter,ine t)e *a!e entirel$ &n#er t)e In#ian la- or ill it a((l$ t)e a((ro(riate %orei'n la; 0C)oi*e o %
La an# In )at *ir*&,!tan*e! it ill re*o'ni3e a %orei'n 5&#' ,ent or )en it ill or#er t)e e9e*&tion o% a %orei'n #e*ree. 0Re*o'nition an# En%or*e,ent o% Forei'n Aar#.
/o lon' a! international relation! are "a!e# o n t)e !overei'n e<&alit$ o% nation!- t)e ,&ni*i(a l *o&rt! are not "o&n# to re*o'ni3e or to 'ive e%%e*t to a %orei'n la or %orei'n 5&#',ent.
, U2!$ "#1,74 C$# P#C th! blig%ti2 !8i"t" 2l& i2 $!"p!t 9 i9!# Chil$!2 (l!giti3%t! $ Ill!giti3%t!6 %2 p%$!2t"4 th! 9$3 i9! i2lu!" % i0$! i9! h h%" 2t $!3%$$i!#
T)e$ ill "e- !tri*tl$ !(ea2in' it)in t)eir ri')t! an# a*tin' in a**or#an*e it) t)e (rin*i(le i% t)e$ #e*i#e ever$ *a!e in a**or#an*e it) t)eir #o,e!ti* la- an# i'nore all %orei'n 5&#',ent!. T)e #o*trine o% !overei'nl$ i,(o!e! no o"li'ation on ,&ni*i(al *o&rt! to a((l$ an$ ot)er la. B&t !&*) are t)e %a*t! o% international li%e t)at )ar#l$ t)ere i! a *o&ntr$ )i*) *lai,! to #e*i#e *a!e! )avin' %orei'n ele,ent! entirel$ on t)e "a!i! o% it! #o,e!ti* la. Pra*ti*all$ ever$ *o&ntr$ o% t)e orl# #e*i#e! *a!e! )avin' %orei'n ele,ent! it) re%eren*e to *on*erne# %orei'n la. /i,ilarl$- *o&rt! o% ,o!t *o&ntrie! #o a**or# re*o'nition to %orei'n 5&#',ent!. B&t t)ere no &ni%or,it$ in t)e la! o% t)e *o&ntrie! o% t)e orl# a! to in )at *ir*&,!tan*e! ,&ni*i(al *o&rt! a!!&,e 5&ri!#i*tion over *a!e! )avin' %orei'n ele,ent or in )at *ir*&,!tan*e! an# in )i*) *a!e! %orei'n la i! to "e a((lie# or %orei'n 5&#',ent! are to "e 'iven re*o'nition. It i! t)e %&n*tion an# (rovin*e o% (rivate international la to (rovi#e !ol&tion to t)e!e (ro"le,!. In t)e or#! o% C)e!)ire (rivate international la- t)en- i! t)at (art o% la )i*) *o,e! into (la$ )en t)e i!!&e "e%ore t)e *o&rt a%%e*t! !o,e %a*t!- event! i or tran!a*tion t)at i! !o *lo!el$ *onne*te# it) a %orei'n !$!te, o% la a! to ne*e!!itate re*o&r!e to t)at !$!te,. In t)e or#! o% Di*e$ an# Morri!- En'li!) (rivate international la i! t)at "ran*) o% la o% En'lan# )i*) *on!i!t! o% r&le! )i*) #o n ot #ire*tl$ #eter,ine t)e ri')t! an# lia"ilitie! o% (arti*&lar (er!on! "&t )i*) #eter,ine! t)e li,it o% t)e 5&ri!#i*tion to "e e9er*i!e# "$ t)e En'li!) *o&rt! an# al!o t)e *)oi*e o% t)e "o#$ o% la- )et)er #o,e!ti* la o% En'lan# or t)e la o% an$ %orei'n *o&ntr$ "$ re%eren*e to )i*) En'li!) *o&rt! are to #eter,ine #i%%erent ,atter! "ro&')t "e%ore t)e, %or #e*i!ion. Private international la- t)o&') )a! an international a!(e*t- i! e!!entiall$ a "ran*) o% ,&ni*i(al la. T)i! i! )$ ever$ *o&ntr$ )a! it! on (rivate international la. Hoever- (rivate international la t)o&') a "ran*) o% ,&ni*i(al la- #oe! not #eal it) an$ on e "ran*) o% la- "&t i! *on*erne# (ra*ti*all$ it) ever$ "ran*) o% la an# t)&! )a! a ver$ i#e a,"it. T)e nee# %or (rivate international la ari!e! "e*a&!e #i%%erent *o&ntrie! )ave #i%%erent !$!te,! o% la. Ever$ *o&ntr$ ,a2e! la! re'ar#in' ,arria'e- ,atri,onial *a&!e!- a#o(tion!&**e!!ion- *ontra*t- #e"t!- tort! an# li2e ,atter!. B&t- ,ore o%ten t)an not- la! o% #i%%erent *o&ntrie! )ave #i%%erent r&le! in re!(e*t o% t)e!e ,atter!. /o,eti,e! even it)in a *o&n tr$ la! are #i%%erent.
For in!tan*e- la! o% #i%%erent !tate! o% t)e Unite# /tate! #i%%er %ro, ea*) ot)er. Ha# it not "een !o- t)ere o&l# not )ave "een an$ nee# %or (rivate international la. T)&!- i% ,arria'e ,ean! t)e !a,e t)in' all over t)e orl# an# t)e r&le! o% *a(a*it$ an# *ere,onie! o% ,arria'e are t)e !a,e in all *o&ntrie!- t)e <&e!tion o% *on%li*t "eteen t)e la! o% to *o&ntrie! o&l# not ari!e. An# i% t)ere i! no *on%li*t "eteen t)e la! o% #i%%erent *o&ntrie!- t)ere o&l# "e no nee# %or (rivate international la. /in*e t)e la! o% #i%%erent *o&ntrie! #i%%er- it "e*o,e! ne*e!!ar$ in ever$ *o&ntr$ t)at t)ere !)o&l# "e a "ran*) o% la )i*) re!olve! t)e!e *on%li*t!. It i! t)i! "ran*) o% la )i*) i! 'iven t)e na,e o% (rivate international la or *on%li*t o% la!. Broa#l$ !(ea2in'- *on%li*t o% la! ,a$ ari!e in t)e %olloin' to *a!e!:
+)en t)e la! o% to or ,ore *o&ntrie! it) )i*) t)e *a!e i! *onne*te# #i%%er %ro,
ea*) ot)er. T)e *on%li*t ,a$ ari!e "eteen t)e la! o% t)e !a,e *o&ntr$. T)i! ,a$ )a((en: +)en la! o% #i%%erent !tate! or (rovin*e! o% a *o&ntr$ #i%%er %ro, ea*) ot)er- 5&!t a! o t)e la! o% !tate! o% t)e U./.A. or o% t)e /oviet Union or o% t)e (rovin*e! o% Cana#a o
#i%%er %ro, ea*) ot)er. T)i! i! a *a!e o% Con%li*t o% territorial la!- Or +)en t)e la! o% #i%%erent *o,,&nitie! in a *o&ntr$ #i%%er %ro, ea*) ot)er. For in!tan*e- in (er!onal ,atter! la! o% Hin#&!- M&!li,!- C)ri!tian! an# Par!i! #i%%er %ro, ea*) ot)er in In#ia. T)i! i! a *a!e o% *on%li*t "eteen t)e (er!onal la! o% *o,,&nitie!.
+)enever ,&ni*i(al *o&rt! are *alle# &(on to a#5&#i*ate &(on a #i!(&te- t)e$ ren#er #e*i!ion! on t)e "a!i! o% t)eir internal la!. T)&!- an In#ian *o&rt a#5&#i*atin' &(on a *a!e it in a**or#an*e it) In#ian la. B&t t)en t)e <&e!tion i! )at #o e ,ean 6 "$ internal la or In#ian la?
Fro, t)e (oint o% vie o% (rivate international la- t)e internal la o% a *o&ntr$ ,a$ "e #ivi#e# &n#er to )ea#!.
#irst - "$ internal la- or In#ian la 0i.e. internal la o% In#ia- e ,ean t)at "o#$ o% r&le! "$ )i*) all ,atter! relatin' to t)e ri')t! an# o"li'ation! o% (er!on! re!i#in' or #o,i*ile# in In#ia- an# all #i!(&te! ari!in' %ro, *ontra*t! an# tran!a*tion! entere# into in In#ia "eteen !&*) (er!on! are #e*i#e#. To #i!tin'&i!) it %ro, t)e !e*on# t$(e o% la it ,a$ "e *alle# internal la. T)i! internal la i! o"vio&!l$ ver $ i,(ortant. Hoverer)o!oever i,(ortant t)i! la ,a$ "e- it )a!- %ro, t)e (oint o% vie o% (rivate
international la- #ire*tl$ no !i'ni%i*an*e. $econdly- t)e !e*on# "ran*) o% In#ian la i! t)at )i*)- t)o&') #oe! not #e*i#e t)e ri')t! an# o"li'ation! o% (artie!- #eter,ine! t)e territorial li,it o% In#ian *o&rt! an# la$! #on a! to )et)er a 'iven *a!e ill "e #e*i#e# "$ re%eren*e to #o t)e internal la o% In#ia or "$ re%eren*e to relevant %orei'n la. %his branch of law, which fixes the territorial limits of the !urisdiction of Indian courts, comes into operation when a case has some foreign elements. %his is &nown as private international law.
In a ver$ i#e an# 7"roa# !en!e In#ian la ,ean! all r&le! o% la )i*) In#ian *o&rt! a((l$ )en t)e$ a#5&#i*ate &(on a *a!e- an# in t)i! !en!e it al!o in*l&#e r&le! o% (rivate international la- *)oi*e o% la. In a &n#er )i*) t)e *o&rt! #eter,ine t)e <&e!tion! o% 5&ri!#i*tion an# narro !en!e- In#ian la! all !&*) r&le! "eteen t)e r&le! o% (rivate international T)e #i!tin*tion *o&ntr$ t)e "roa# narro ,eanin' o% t)e internal la o% a to %or'et ,&!t ala$! "e 2e(t in vie. It i!- t)ere%ore- evi#ent t)at (rivate international la i! a "ran*) o% internal la o% ever$ *o&ntr$. B&t (rivate international i! t)at "ran*) o% la " $ re%eren*e to )i*) no a#5&#i*ation *an "e %inall$ #eter,ine#. Private International la- "$ it! ver$ nat&re- ,erel$ in#i*ate! t)e 'overnin' la &n#er )i*) a *a!e! i! to "e #e*i#e#. For E9a,(le- a *o&rt i! *alle# &(on to #eter,ine t)e vali#it$ o% ,arria'e (er%or,e# "etee n an In#ian #o,i*ile# ,an an# an En'li!) #o,i*ile# o,an- t)e *ere,onie! o% ,arria'e ere (er%or,e# in Pari!. Private international la ,erel$ in%or,! &! t)at t)e <&e!tion- a! to *a(a*it$ to ,arria'e i! to "e #eter,ine# "$ t)e la o% t)e #o,i*ile o% t)e (artie! an# t)e <&e!tion o% (er%or,an*e o% *ere,onie! i! to "e #eter,ine# "$ t)e la o% t)e (la*e )ere t)e ,arria'e a! !ole,ni3e#. On 2noin' t)i!- t)e$ #e*i#e t)e *a!e a**or#in'l$: i% t)e <&e!tion i! o% *a(a*it$ *o&rt Fill t)e ,atter ill "e #eter,ine# "$ re%eren*e to In#ian la or En'li!) la: )et)er or not- t)e *o&rt
ill #e*i#e it "$ re%eren*e to Fren*) la. or- i% t)e <&e!tion i! )et)er re<&i!ite *ere,onie! ere (er6%or,e# )en it i! !ai# t)at *a!e! )avin' %orei'n ele,ent! are to "e #eter,ine# "$ re%eren*e to relevant %orei'n la- t)e <&e!tion i! )at i! ,eant "$ %orei'n la. In *o,,on (arlan*e- %orei'n la ,ean! t)e la o% a %orei'n *o&ntr$. B&t in (rivate international la %orei'n la )a! a te*)ni*al ,eanin'. +)en a *a!e i! #e*i#e# "$ a *o&rt it) re%eren*e to a !$!te, o% la )i*) i! #i%%erent %ro, a !$!te, o% la )i*) t)e *o&rt ill a((l $ to a (&rel$ #o,e!ti* *a!e- !&*) la i! *alle# %orei'n la. T)i! ,a$ "e t)e la o% a *o& ntr$; or it ,a$ "e t)e la o% a (art o% a *o&ntr$. For in!tan*e- a &e"e* *o&rt ,a$ #e*i#e t)at t)e la a((li*a"le to t)e *a!e i! t)e la o% In#ia or t)e la o% Ontario. Fro, t)e (oint o% vie o% (rivate international la%or t)e *o&rt o% &e"e*- t)e la o% Ontario i! a! ,&*) a %orei'n la a! t)e la o% In#ia.
UTILITY OF PRIATE INTERNATIONAL LA+: Private international la e9(lore! *ro!!6"or#er le' al relation!)i(!. T)e #i!*i(line inve!ti'ate! *ore le'al i!!&e! (ertainin' to international *o,,&ni*ation- !&*) a! t)e *riteria %or re!olvin' *on%li*t! o% la ari!in' &n#er *ontra*t!. Tea*)in' an# re!ear*) in (rivate international la *o,(ri!e vario&! area!- !&*) a! t)e international la o% o"li'ation!- international %a,il$ an# in)eritan*e la- international (ro(ert$ la an# international *ivil (ro*e#&re la. Ot)er i!!&e! e9a,ine# relate to (er!onal le'al !tat&! a! ell a! t)e t)eor$- *on*e(t! an# ,et)o#! o% (rivate international la.
Private international la (la$! a vital role to #evelo( t)e e9i!tin' le'al !$!te,! o% t)e
#i%%erent !tate!. It )el(! to &n#er!tan# vario&! le'al or#er! all over t)e orl#. B$ t)e (ro(er re*o'nition an# en%or*e,ent o% %orei'n 5&#',ent- PIL "roa#en t)e #o,ain
o% !tate! le'al arena. Private International la )el(! to #evelo( international le'i!lation an# international la
a!!o*iation. Private international la #evelo(! t)e notion o% international )ar,on$ o% #e*i!ion!. PIL en!&re! t)e !ta"ilit$ it) re'ar# to *ro!!6"or#er le'al relation!)i(!.
NATURE OF PIL:
Private international la i! t)e area o% la t)at *o,e! into (la$ )enever a *o&rt i! %a*e# it) a <&e!tion t)at *ontain! a %orei'n ele,ent- or a %orei'n *onne*tion. T)e (re!en*e o% !&*) a %orei'n ele,ent in a le'al ,atter rai!e! a n&,"er o% <&e!tion! an# it i! t)e %&n*tion o% (rivate international la to (rovi#e an an!er to t)e!e <&e!tion! an# to en!&re 5&!t !ol&tion!. It i! *on*erne# it) all le'al relation!)i(! "eteen (rivate entitie! an# t)&! in*l&#e!- %or e9a,(le%a,il$ la an# t)e la o% *ontra*t! an# o"li'ation!. T)e!e la! #i%%er %ro, *o&ntr$ to *o&ntr$.
PIL i! a "ran*) o% ,&ni*i(al la. PIL i! e!!entiall$ a !$!te, o% In#i*atin' *)oi*e- *)oi*e o% 5&ri!#i*tion- *)oi*e o% la an# re*o'nition o% a %orei'n 5&#',ent. PIL *ontain! t)e %olloin' "a!i* nat&re: It! !&"5e*t ,atter ala$! in*l&#e! a %orei'n ele,ent; One o% it! (ri,e nat&re i! t)e (&r!&it an# a((li*ation o% t)e a((ro(riate le'al !$!te, an# @&ri!t! )ave "een ,ore in%l&ential in t)i! "ran*) o% t)e la t)an i! t$(i*al it) ot)er le'al !&"5e*t!.
REFERENCE: BOO: 1. Para! Dian- Private International La 0In#ian an# En'li!)- 0Dee( Dee( P&"li*ation!- Ne Del)i- Fo&rt) Revi!e# an# Enlar'e# E#ition +EB/ITE/: 1# INTRODUCTION TO PRIATE INTERNATIONAL LA+ AIALABLE AT :
)tt(!:.lin2e#in.*o,(&l!e(rivate6international6la6!ala&##in6!ai,&,6 >GGJ=>KJ1>=GK 0La!t i!ite# On t) Mar*)- =1K
