8:
^_G[J[ _ÁELHJ[ HG KF@K_GXF HG XL^F E_J]GHJH [f` g{xrwkxwrj{ hg xjcg{ hlag`{lf`g{ zwg ~fr {w ~rf~lf ~g{f rg{l{xg` cj{ mwgryj{ zwg jkxùj` {forg gccj{. G{xê` ja~cljag`xg hlmw`hlhj{ g` xfhf gc aw`hf erjklj{ j cj {g`klccgy hg {w g{zwgaj kf`{xrwkxl}f | aìxfhf{ hg gigkwklû`# j cj {gewrlhjh ~jrj kwjczwlgr jcxwrj hg ~rg{j | ~jrj hlmgrg`xg{ kf`hlklf`g{ `jxwrjcg{ hg {w ga~cjyjalg`xf Cj rgcjklû` hg g{ogcxgy ~jrj cf{ ~rlagrf{ xrjojif{ hg g{xg xl~f# rgjclyjhf{ g` Gel~xf# mwg hg 89:. Cf{ rfaj`f{ agifrjrf` g{xj rgcjklû` j ;9: ~grf g` cj jkxwjclhjh {f` kfaw`g{ rgcjklf`g{ ag`frg{ zwg :.
Cj{ ~rg{j{ hg erj}ghjh afhgr`j{ {g kf`{xrw|g` mrgkwg`xgag`xg blhrfjcl}ljhfrj{ g{ hgklr kf` frlmlklf{ }grxghfrg{ {w~grmlkljcg{ f ~rfmw`hf{. [g bjkg` {frhj{ {fcjag`xg g` jzwgccf{ {gkxfrg{ hf`hg gl{xg gc kf`xjkxf kf` cj{ frlccj{. ^rg{j{ kfa~cgxjag`xg {frhj{ {g kf`{xrw|g` g` cj jkxwjclhjh aw| rjrjag`xg ~wg{xf zwg gccj{ rg{wcxj` aê{ kjrj{ ~jrj w`j al{aj jcxwrj zwg cj{ mcglocg{. G` Kfcfaolj {g hj gc kj{f hgc Ojif J`kblkj|ê kfaf ~rg{j ráelhj hg kf`krgxf blhrfjcl}ljhfrj4 blhrfjcl}l jhfrj4 xfhj{ cj{ hgaê{ ~rg{j{ hg erj`hg{ ~rf|gkxf{ {f` hg xl~f mcglocg "Cj G{agrjchj# Efclccj{# [jc}jil`j# g`xrg fxrj{,.
W{wjcag`xg {g hgij g{xrwkxwrj hg hl{l~jklû` jewj{ jojif ~fr kf`xrfc hg grf{lû`
Klag`xjklû` Klag`x jklû` hg cj{ ~rg{j{ :, ^rg{j{ {forg xgrrg`f la~gragjocg la~gragjocg W{wjcag`xg# {g xrjxj hg ~rg{j{ klag`xjhj{ g` rfkj f jrklccj{. Cj{ mlcxrjklf`g{ cjxgrjcg{ | ~fr cj klag`xjklû` {f` hg{~rgkljocg{ jc lewjc zwg gc }jcfr hg cj {wo~rg{lû`. Gc ~f{locg jrrj{xrg hg ~jrxákwcj{ g{ w` ~rfocgaj ag`fr | `f {g ~rg{g`xj` ~rfocgaj{ hg grf{lû`# jwag`xf hgc kjwhjc mlcxrjhf# f ~rfocgaj{ hg l`g{xjolclhjh. Cj{ hlag`{lf`g{ hg~g`hg` ~fr xj`xf hg cf{ rg{wcxjhf{ hgc kêckwcf hg g{xjolclhjh.
8?
?, ^rg{j{ {forg {forg xgrrg`f ~gragjocg Hgog hl{xl`ewlr{g g`xrg ~rg{j{ klag`xjhj{ {forg xgrrg`f rfkf{f | `f rfkf{f.
?.: ^rg{j{ {forg mw`hjklf`g{ mw`hjklf`g{ rfkf{j{ Cj{ rfkj{ kf`{xlxw|g` cj klag`xjklû` lhgjc ~jrj w`j ~rg{j. [l cj{ ~rg{j{ {g klalg`xj` {forg rfkj {j`j rg{wcxj` kf` }jcfrg{ hg kfgmlklg`xg{ hg g{ogcxgy oj{xj`xg ojif{ | ~fr g`hg aw| gkf`ûalkj{. [g ~wghg cferjr kf` gccj{ jcxwrj{ kf`{lhgrjocg{. Gc kwgr~f hg cj ~rg{j kfaf rgecj eg`grjc g{xê w`lhf j cj klag`xjklû` ~fr cj{ mwgryj{ hg jhbgrg`klj | {w g{xjolclhjh {g g{xwhlj kfaf w` kfa~cgif ù`lkf9 ~rg{j | klag`xjklû`. G` awkbf{ kj{f{ cj l`mlcxrjklû` g` aghlf{ rfkf{f{ ~wghg {gr hg{~rgkljhj j ag`f{ zwg {g xrjxg hg rfkj{ aw| ml{wrjhj{. _fkj{ ml{wrjhj{ {g }g` {fagxlhj{ j cf{ g{mwgryf{ hg cj ~rg{lû` hgc jewj hg mlcxrjklû` zwg j`xg{ hg gl{xlr cj ~rg{j `f {g ~rg{g`xjoj`. Jc ~g`gxrjr g` cj{ ml{wrj{# jù` g` cj{ aê{ ~gzwgúj{# jc jewj ~rfhwkg w`j jkklû` hg kwúj# ja~clj`hf cf{ g{~jklf{# | hl{al`w|g`hf cj la~gragjolclhjh. la~gragjolclhjh. G{xj jkklû` hg kwúj hgc jewj {g bjkg `fxjr erjhwjcag`xg | j }gkg{ {fcf {g aj`lmlg{xj jc kjof hg cf{ júf{. _gjcag`xg# cj mlcxrjklû` g` g{xf{ aghlf{ `f g{xê aw| olg` g{xwhljhj. Hg`xrf hg cj{ mw`hjklf`g{ g` rfkj {g hl{xl`ewg` hf{ xl~f{ oê{lkf{9
Mw`hjklf`g{ g` rfkj{ hwrj{ kfaf erj`lxf{# hlfrlxj{# oj{jcxf{# hljoj{j{# ~frmlrlxj{# j`hg{lxj{# e`gl{# kwjrklxj{# gxk. Agrgkg` g{~gkljc kwlhjhf cj{ ~lghrj{ kjckêrgj{# g{zwl{xf{# kjcklxj{ | xfhj{ jzwgccj{ rfkj{ kf`{xlxwlhj{ ~fr |g{f# j`báhrlhf{ | {jc kfaù`# zwg ~wghg` mfrajr kj}gr`j{ zwg {g kjrjkxgrlyj` ~fr {w ~fkj rg{l{xg`klj j cj jkklû` hgc jewj. Kwj`hf g{xê` mwgrxgag`xg ml{wrjhj{ {f` ~gclerf{j{ kfaf mw`hjklf`g{ ~jrj g{xrwkxwrj{ hg kf`xg`klû`. µ
Mw`hjklf`g{ {gal!rfkf{j{ "jrelclxj{# jrklccfclxj{# jrklccfclxj{# ajrej{# ajrej{# gxk.,. G{xj{ mfrajklf`g{ mfrajklf`g{ xlg`g` xlg`g` erj` {g`{lolclhjh jc jewj | ~wghg` ~rg{g`xjr ~rfmw`hj agxgfrlyjklû`. agxgfrlyjklû`. µ
Cj ~rg~jrjklû` ~jrj klag`xjr cj g{xrwkxwrj hg cj ~rg{j kf`{l{xg g` jorlr cj gkj}jklû` bj{xj cj{ kfxj{ mlijhj{# bjkgr gc xrjxjalg`xf hg cj {w~grmlklg hg cj rfkj | {w cla~lgyj hg oj{wrj{# {wgcf{ jrklccf{f{# gxk. Gc agifrjalg`xf hg cj oj{g hg mw`hjklû` kf`{l{xg g` cj kgag`xjklû` hg cj{ erlgxj{ | gc rgccg`f hg cf{ {lxlf{ hìolcg{ kf` kf`krgxf. Jhgaê{ ~jrj kjaoljr gc rìelag` hg mlcxrjklû` {g rgkfalg`hj la~cgag`xjr gc hrg`jig hg cj mw`hjklû`.
?.? ^rg{j{ {forg {forg xgrrg`f `f rfkf{f Cj{ ~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf g` mw`hjklf`g{ `f rfkf{j{ {g hl{xl`ewg` hg cj{ ~rg{j{ {forg mw`hjklf`g{ mw`hjkl f`g{ rfkf{j{ ~fr {w mfraj aê{ gxg`hlhj f {gj ag`f{ g{ogcxj | ~fr {w erj` ~g{f. ^fr ì{xf# g` mw`hjklf`g{ `f rfkf{j{# rg{wcxj ~fkf gkf`ûalkf | mrgkwg`xgag`xg la~f{locg cj kf`{xrwkklû` {forg gccj{ hg ~rg{j{ jcxj{ hg kf`krgxf# clalxê`hf{g {w jcxwrj j w`f{ 7> a j `f {gr zwg {gj` ~rg{j{ hg xl~f mcglocg. G` cf{ {wgcf{ ~frf{f{ {g kwa~cg cj cg| hg Hjrk|. Cf{ ~rl`kl~jcg{ ~rfocgaj{ g` g{xf{ {wgcf{ {g ~wghg` hgrl}jr hg {w kfa~rg{lolclhjh# j{g`xjalg`xf{ g l`mlcxrjklf`g{. ]jrlf{ xl~f{ hg klag`xjklf`g{ `f rfkf{j{ {g ~wghg` hl{xl`ewlr9
8;
j, ^rg{j{ {forg {wgcf{ jrklccf{f{9 ~wghg` {wmrlr j{g`xjalg`xf{ jc kf`{fclhjr{ kf`{fclhjr{gg gc {wgcf4 gc erjhf hg kfa~rg{lolclhjh hg~g`hg hg cj bwaghjh4 kf` gc jwag`xf hg cj bwaghjh {w rg{l{xg`klj hl{al`w|g | {g g~j`hg`4 {l {g {gkj` {g kf`xrjg` | ~rfhwkg` j{g`xjalg`xf{. [wgcf{ jrklccf{f{ ~f{gg` w` kfgmlklg`xg hg mlcxrjklû` ~gzwgúf. o, ^rg{j{ klag`xjhj{ {forg {wgcf{ xl~f cfg{9 rgzwlgrg` xfajr aghlhj{ g{~gkljcg{ hg ~rgkjwklû` kfaf bwaghgklalg`xf ~rg}lf hgc {wgcf# jhj~xjklû` hg cj ~rf~lj kf`{xrwkklû` j ~f{locg{ erj`hg{ j{g`xjalg`xf{# gxk. k, Cf{ {wgcf{ claf{f{ | cj{ xwroj{9 {g kjrjkxgrlyj` ~fr xg`gr w`j gkg~klf`jc kfa~rg{lolclhjh. ^jrj klag`xjr w`j ~rg{j g` gccf{# bj| zwg xfajr g{~gkljcg{ aghlhj{ ~jrj {w kfa~jkxjklû`. Cj kf`{xrwkklû` hg ~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf {forg {wgcf{ claf{f{ | xwrof{f{ rg{wcxj kfa~cgij. [f` aj{ l`hlkjhf{ kfaf mw`hjklû` ~jrj ~rg{j{ ojij{ mcglocg{. h, Cf{ {wgcf{ {wgcxf{ `f kfbg{l}f{ "erj}j{# jrg`j{,9 cj jw{g`klj hg kfbg{lû`# jcxj ~gragjolclhjh | ê`ewcf hg mrlkklû` l`xgr`j jcxf# ccg}j j zwg cj kfa~jkxjklû` {g ~rfhwkg rê~lhjag`xg rê~lhjag` xg w`j }gy j~clkjhj cj kjrej. [forg {wgcf{ hg erj}j | ewlijrrf{ {g ~wghg` kf`{xrwl kf`{xrwlrr ~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf bj{xj jcxwrj{ hg ;> j 8> a | {forg jrg`j{ bj{xj hg ?> a | jù` ;> a. Cj{ ~rg{j{ hg kf`xrjmwgrxg{ f jclegrjhj{ ~wghg` {gr w`j jcxgr`jxl}j j cj{ ~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf `f jclegrjhj{ hg xl~f erj}ghjh. [g ~wghg` klag`xjr ~rg{j{ hg ojij ~rg{lû` g` jrg`j{ {wgcxj{ "af}ghlyj{, {lga~rg | kwj`hf {g {fagxj` j mfrxjcgklalg`xf hgc {wgcf kf` l`|gkklf`g{ hg kfa~wg{xf{ zwáalkf{ kgrrj`hf xfhf gc kfa~cgif hg cj g{xrwkxwrj aghlj`xg xjocg{xjkjhf{. Cj{ jrg`j{ j`xg kjrej{ "hl`êalkj{, }lorjxfrlj{ hj` erj`hg{ j{g`xjalg`xf{ | ccgej` j w` g{xjhf hg clkwgmjkklû` g` zwg ~lgrhg` xfhj {w kj~jklhjh ~frxj`xg. G` eg`grjc# g` xgrrg`f{ `f rfkf{f{ {g ~rg{g`xj gc ~rfocgaj hg cj mlcxrjklû` gc zwg kjw{j9 ^ìrhlhj hg jewj g` gc gaojc{g Mwgryj{ hg {wo~rg{lû` f ~rg{lû` gigrklhj ~fr cj{ mwgryj{ hgc jewj mlcxrjhj ojif cj g{xrwkxwrj f g` cj{ iw`xj{ hg cj al{aj. Grf{lû` | cj}jhf hg ~jrxákw ~jrxákwcj{ cj{ zwg kf`mfraj` cj mw`hjkl mw`hjklû`. û`. Cj {jclhj hgc jewj mlcxrjhj jewj{ jojif joj if hg cj ~rg{j g{ kj{l }grxlkjc cf zwg ~wghg fkj{lf`jr rgafklû` hg ~jrxg hgc {wgcf | ~fr g`hg l`g{xjol l`g{xjolclhjhg{. clhjhg{. Cj mlcxrjklû` ~wghg `f {gr {fcjag`xg ojif cj g{xrwkxwrj ~grf xjaolì` cjxgrjcag`xg ~rg{g`xê`hf{g9 Mcwif j xrj}ì{ hg cj yf`j jcxgrjhj hg cf{ ga~fxrjalg`xf{ Mcwif j xrj}ì{ hgc kwgr~f hg cj ~rg{j. Mcwif j xrj}ì{ hgc kjúû`. µ
µ
µ
µ
µ
µ
µ
µ
Awrf{ f kfrxl`j{ la~gragjocg{ zwg hgog` ~g`gxrjr g` cj cjhgrj gc g{~g{fr hgc {wgcf f hg cj rfkj jcxgrjhj kf` gc ml` hg l`xgrkg~xjr gc mcwif [g frlg`xj` kf`}g`lg`xg
{geù`
rg{wcxg
aj{
88
Cj ~jrxg hgc klalg`xf hg cj ~rg{j {g ccg}j ~fr hgojif hgc `l}gc hgc cgkbf hgc ráf. W`j }gy {gkj | cla~lj hg g{kfaorf{# }gegxjklû`# | ajxgrlj freê`lkj# cj {w~grmlklg hgc ~fyf hg klag`xjklû` {g ~rfkghg j {w `l}gcjklû`. Cj{ kj~j{ hg ajxgrljc {wgcxf {g gxrjg` | rgkfeg`. @f {g hgog` hgijr hg{~grhlklf{ hg ajxgrljcg{ f la~cgag`xf{ hg xrjojif. Cj {w~grmlklg hgc {wgcf hg mw`hjklû` {g ~wghg rgkworlr kf` w`j kj~j hg kf`krgxf ":> ka !:7 ka,# {forg cj kwjc {g mw`hg gc kf`krgxf hg cj ~rg{j.
^_G[J[ OJIJ[ ]G_XGHF_J[ [f` kf`{xrwkklf`g{ zwg {g cg}j`xj` g` gc cgkbf hgc ráf ~jrj jxjijr gc jewj kf` gc ml` hg ejrj`xlyjr w` hgxgral`jhf `l}gc hg l`w`hjklû`. [g ccjaj` xjaolì` ~rg{j{ hgrl}jhfrj{ f jywhg{. ^jrj zwg w`j ~rg{j hg erj}ghjh rg{wcxg gkf`ûalkj# {g ow{kj l`}fcwkrjr hg`xrf hg {w kwgr~f cj g{xrwkxwrj hg }grxlalg`xf# ~fr cf zwg g` jhgcj`xg {g bjrê rgmgrg`klj j ~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf }grxghfrj{ f alxj{.
Hl{gúf hg cj ~rg{j Gc hl{gúf hg kwjczwlgr ~rg{j {g ~wghg rg{fc}gr {fcf {l {g kf`{lhgrj` xrg{ kf`hlklf`g{ mw`hjag`xjcg{9 ejrj`xáj hg {w g{xjolclhjh# kf`xrfc hg mlcxrjklf`g{ | hl{l~jklû` hg cj g`greáj g` gkg{f hgc kbfrrf }grxlhf ~fr cj ~rg{j.
^grmlc xgûrlkf. Cj{ ~rlagrj{ ~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf {g kf`{xrw|grf` kf` ~grmlcg{ oj{xj`xg ~g{jhf{ hg mfraj xrj~gyflhjc. G{xg ~grmlc {g mwg hg{jrrfccj`hf kf` gc xlga~f bj{xj ccgejr j w` ~grmlc xrlj`ewcjr zwg rg{wcxj aj{ gkf`ûalkf | zwg g{ gc w{jhf g` cj jkxwjclhjh. G{xg ~grmlc xgûrlkf {g kf`}lgrxg g` w` ~grmlc ~rêkxlkf jc xg`gr g` kwg`xj jcew`j{ l`kcl`jklf`g{ | kfrrgkklf`g{ hgxgral`jhj{ ~fr cj{ kf`hlklf`g{ hg xrjojif | g{xjolclhjh hg cj{ ~rg{j{. µ
Gc }ìrxlkg hgc xrlê`ewcf hgc ~grmlc xgûrlkf {g kfcfkj jc `l}gc `frajc hgc jewj. Gc mrj`kì{ Ajwrlkg Cg}| mwg gc ~rlagrf g` mlijr cf{ krlxgrlf{ zwg jkxwjcag`xg {g {lewg` ~jrj gc hl{gúf | oj{ê`hf{g g` gc ~grmlc xrlj`ewcjr ~rf~w{f w`j {g`klccj mfrawcjklû` ~jrj gc hlag`{lf`jalg`xf l`lkljc hg cj ~rg{j. Gc ~grmlc gkf`ûalkf ow{kj g`kf`xrjr gc j`kbf aá`laf hg cj ~rg{j O. G{xg ~grmlc {l` gaojref# hgog {jxl{mjkgr hf{ kf`hlklf`g{9 ^rlagrf# zwg `f bj|j g{mwgryf{ hg xrjkklû` g` gc kf`krgxf | [gew`hf# zwg bj|j w`j {wmlklg`xg g{xjolclhjh hg xfhf gc kwgr~f hg cj ~rg{j jc kfrrlalg`xf ~fr cj klag`xjklû`. Cj ~rlagrj kf`hlklû` g{ foclejxfrlj ~wg{xf zwg gc kf`krgxf hìolcag`xg rg{l{xg cj xrjkklû`. @f g{ ~gral{locg cj ~rg{g`klj hg erlgxj{ g` cj kjrj hg cj ~rg{j {fagxlhj j cj ~rg{lû` hgc jewj ~wg{xf zwg g{xf ~rfhwklráj mlcxrjklf`g{ ~gclerf{j{ hg jewj kf` xfhf{ {w{ ~f{locg{ kf`{gkwg`klj{ `gejxl}j{. ^fr ì{xf# cj ~rlagrj kf`hlklû` {g kwa~cg {l {g jhf~xj zwg g{xj{ xg`{lf`g{ g` gc kêckwcf {gj` lewjcg{ j >. [l` gaojref g{xj kf`hlklû` `f ejrj`xlyj# | {forg xfhf ~jrj ~rg{j{ jcxj{# zwg `f j~jrgykj` xg`{lf`g{ hg xrjkklû` ~rl`kl~jcg{ aj|frg{. ^fr ì{xf bj| kûhlef{ zwg gleg` zwg {forg cj kjrj j ~rg{lû` hg cj ~rg{j# cj{ xg`{lf`g{ {gj` lewjcg{ j > | zwg cf{ g{mwgryf{ hg kfa~rg{lû` {gj` >.?7 λ ub# "w` kwjrxf hg cj ~rg{lû` blhrf{xêxlkj j cj ~rfmw`hlhjh b,. [l ì{xf `f {g kwa~cg {g gleg w`j kjrj j ~rg{lû` blhrfjl{cjhj. Gc }wgckf `f {g {wgcg kbgzwgjr ~frzwg eg`grjcag`xg `f g{ hfal`j`xg.
o1
87
B
λ k & λ u ": ∟ `, $ `"? ∟ `, ∟ K {
B
`o
":!`,o o
µ
Xrj`{mfrajklû` hgc ~grmlc xgûrlkf g` ~grmlc rgjc
Gc ~grmlc xgûrlkf hg cj{ ~rg{j{ {g hghwkg kjrej`hf ì{xj kf` {w ~g{f ~rf~lf# cj kjrej blhrf{xêxlkj | cj hg mlcxrjklû`. Ojif kf`hlklf`g{ rgjcg{# {forg cj{ ~rg{j{ jkxùj` fxrj{ kjrej{ kfaf cj ~rg{lû` hg {ghlag`xf{# cj ~rg{lû` hgc blgcf# cj{ mwgryj{ {á{alkj{# cj ~rg{lû` hg cj{ fcj{ | fxrj{. G{xf frlel`j zwg gc ~grmlc xgûrlkf xg`ej zwg {gr kfrrgelhf# jhlklf`j`hf klgrxf{ gcgag`xf{ kf`{xrwkxl}f{# j{á9 µ
Ofrhg Clorg9 ~jrj kf`xg`gr gc fcgjig | gc rgof{g hg cj ~rg{j.
G` jcew`f{ kj{f{ rg{wcxj `gkg{jrlf l`kcl`jr gc ~jrjag`xf j`xgrlfr hg cj ~rg{j ~jrj kf`xrjrrg{xjr cj{ mwgryj{ hg ~rg{lû` hg {ghlag`xf{# cj ~rg{lû` hgc fcgjig | hgc blgcf# | cj{ mwgryj{ {á{alkj{. µ
Cj kf`{xrwkklû` hgc }grxghgrf g` cj ~rg{j ~wghg ~rfhwklr jcew`j rghl{xrlowklû` hg mwgryj{ | afag`xf{# ~grf g`xrg aê{ jcxj {gj cj ~rg{j ì{xj l`mcwg`klj {g }j ~grhlg`hf. G` lewjc mfraj# cj ~rg{lû` hgc jewj g` gc `l}gc jewj{ jojif# kwj`hf {g bjkg gc j`êcl{l{ hg g{xjolclhjh hg ~rg{j{ jcxj{# {g hg{~rgklj. G` ~rg{j{ ojij{ g{xj ~rg{lû` {g xlg`g g` kwg`xj | ~wghg ccgejr j gigrkgr erj` l`mcwg`klj g` gc g{xjhf hg xg`{lf`g{ hg cj ~rg{j. µ
Hg`xgccf`g{ jewj{ jrrloj# f aghlhj{ {lalcjrg{# {g hgog` xfajr kf` gc ml` hg jwag`xjr cj {gewrlhjh jc hg{clyjalg`xf hg cj ~rg{j# mjklclxjr cj{ l`|gkklf`g{# f agifrjr gc kf`xjkxf hg cj ~rg{j kf` cj mw`hjklû`. µ
Ejcgráj{ ~jrj fo{gr}jr gc kfa~frxjalg`xf hg cj mlcxrjklû`# j~jrlklû` hg erlgxj{ | ~gralxlr cj l`{xjcjklû` hg gzwl~f{ hg aghlklû` g` gc l`xgrlfr hg cj{ ~rg{j{. Cj hlag`{lû` l`xgr`j aá`laj hg cj{ ejcgráj{ g{ cj zwg ~gralxj gc ~j{f hg ~gr{f`j{ | gzwl~f{. µ
W`j }gy kf`}grxlhf gc ~grmlc xgûrlkf g` ~grmlc ~rêkxlkf {g ~rfkghg j hgxgral`jr cj{ kjrej{ zwg jkxùj` {forg cj g{xrwkxwrj | j kbgzwgjr {w g{xjolclhjh.
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Mwgryj{ jkxwj`xg{ {forg cj{ ~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf [forg w`j ~rg{j jkxùj` xrg{ xl~f{ hg kjrej{9 cj{ kjrej{ ~rl`kl~jcg{# cj{ kjrej{ {gkw`hjrlj{ | cj{ kjrej{ gkg~klf`jcg{.
:, Cj{ kjrej{ ~rl`kl~jcg{ {f` cj{ zwg {lga~rg jkxùj` {forg cj g{xrwkxwrj | {f` xrg{9 kjrej hg jewj kjrej hgc ~g{f ~rf~lf | cj kjrej hg l`mlcxrjklû`. Kjrej hg jewj 9 g{ hgolhj j cj hl{xrlowklû` blhrf{xêxlkj hg ~rg{lû` | xlg`g w`j rg{wcxj`xg bfrlyf`xjc hg cj mwgryj ^:. Xjaolì` gl{xg kfa~f`g`xg }grxlkjc g` gc kj{f hg zwg gc g{~jchû` hg jewj{ jrrloj xg`ej w` xjcwh | cj{ kjrej{ gzwl}jcg`xg{ jewj{ jojif f~grj{g` g` gc g{~jchû` rg{~gkxl}f,. Kjrej hgc ~g{f ~rf~lf9 {g hgxgral`j ~jrj w` ~g{f g{~gkámlkf hgc ajxgrljc. ^jrj w` j`êcl{l{ gcê{xlkf {la~cg {g kf`{lhgrj zwg cj mwgryj rg{wcxj`xg ^? jkxwj j xrj}ì{ hgc kg`xrflhg hg ~rg{lû` Kjrej hg l`mlcxrjklû`9 cf{ ~jxrf`g{ hg l`mlcxrjklû` hg gzwlclorlf {g hg{jrrfccjrê` hg`xrf | ~fr hgojif hg cj ~rg{j# ~fr giga~cf# g` cf{ ~frf{ | cj{ hl{kf`xl`wlhjhg{# kf` w`j kjrej rg{wcxj`xg }grxlkjc lhg`xlmlkjhj kfaf w` ga~wig gxgr`f g l`xgr`f. ?, Cj{ kjrej{ {gkw`hjrlj{ ~wghg` {gr xga~frjcg{ f `f ~rg{g`xjr{g hwrj`xg cj }lhj ùxlc hg cj forj. G{xj mwgryj{ {f`9 Kjrej hg {ghlag`xf{9 cf{ {ghlag`xf{ jkwawcjhf{ eg`grj` w` ga~wig bfrlyf`xjc# kf`{lhgrjhf kfaf w`j kjrej blhrf{xêxlkj jhlklf`jc Kjrej blhrfhl`êalkj hg f`hj{9 g{ w`j kjrej xrj`{lxfrlj eg`grjhj ~fr cj jkklû` hg cj{ f`hj{ {forg cj ~rg{j "eg`grjcag`xg `f g{ la~frxj`xg,. Kjrej hg blgcf9 {g ~wghg hg{jrrfccjr g` kf`hlklf`g{ kclaêxlkj{ gxrgaj{ "eg`grjcag`xg `f g{ la~frxj`xg,. Kjrej xìralkj "~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf,9 g{ w`j kjrej l`xgr`j eg`grjhj ~fr cj{ hlmgrg`klj{ hg xga~grjxwrj j{fkljhj{ kf` cf{ kjaolf{ g` cj{ kf`hlklf`g{ jaolg`xjcg{ | kf` cj blhrjxjklû` | g`mrljalg`xf hgc kgag`xf. Gmgkxf{ l`xgrjkxl}f{9 {f` l`xgr`f{# {wreg` hg cj{ rlelhgkg{ rgcjxl}j{ | cj{ hgmfrajklf`g{ hlmgrg`kljcg{ hg w`j ~rg{j | {w klag`xjklû`. Kjrej blhrf{xêxlkj {forg cf{ g{xrlof{ 9 g{ w`j kjrej l`xgr`j hg l`mlcxrjklû` g` cf{ g{xrlof{ g` w`j rfkj ajklyj. "G{ hg ~jrxlkwcjr la~frxj`klj g` cj{ ~rg{j{ hg jrkf f hg oû}ghj,. ;, Cj{ kjrej{ gkg~klf`jcg{9 {g ~rg{g`xj` hwrj`xg g}g`xf{ gxrgaf{. Kjrej {á{alkj9 cj{ kjrej{ l`grkljcg{ bfrlyf`xjcg{ | }grxlkjcg{ {g eg`grj` kf` rg{~gkxf j cj ~rg{j | jc jewj rgxg`lhj hgolhf j af}lalg`xf{ {á{alkf{
85
Gmgkxf{ xgkxû`lkf{9 cj {jxwrjklû` f cj{ ~grxwrojklf`g{ ~rfhwklhj{ ~fr gkj}jklf`g{ ~rfmw`hj{ g` rfkj{# ~wghg` eg`grjr kjrej{ kfaf rg{wcxjhf hg af}lalg`xf{ xgkxû`lkf{ cg`xf{. Cj hgkl{lû` hg kf`{lhgrjr xfhj{ cj{ kjrej{ {gkw`hjrlj{ | gkg~klf`jcg{ f w`j kfaol`jklû` hg gccj{ hg~g`hg hg cj g~grlg`klj hgc l`eg`lgrf hl{gújhfr# hg cj la~frxj`klj hg cj forj# | hg {w cfkjclyjklû`. Cf{ hl{gúf{ hgog` oj{jr{g g` cj aj{ hg{mj}frjocg kfaol`jklû` hg kf`hlklf`g{ ~rfojocg{ hg kjrej. Hgog l`kcwlr{g {fcf jzwgccj{ kfaol`jklf`g{ hg kjrej zwg xlg`g` ~rfojolclhjh rjyf`jocg hg fkwrrg`klj {lawcxê`gj.
Kfaol`jklû` hg kjrej{ Cj{ ~rg{j{ hg erj}ghjh hgog` {gr hl{gújhj{ ~jrj w`j kfaol`jklû` jhgkwjhj hg kjrej{ zwg xg`ej` g` kwg`xj cj{ kf`hlklf`g{ aj{ jh}gr{j{ zwg xg`ej` ~f{lolclhjh hg fkwrrg`klj {lawcxê`gj. Cj {lewlg`xg xjocj rg{wag cj{ kfaol`jklf`g{ hg kjrej ~rf~wg{xj{ ~rfhwkxf{ hg ~rêkxlkj{ rg~rg{g`xjxl}j{ g` GWJ | _gl`f W`lhf. [w w{f `f g{ clalxj`xg {l`f zwg kjhj l`eg`lgrf hgog hgklhlr j hl{krgklû` cj{ kfaol`jklf`g{ hg kjrej zwg agifr rgmcgig` cj {lxwjklû` hg kjhj ~rg{j# l`kcw|g`hf ~fr giga~cf# kjrej awgrxj | gaojc{g }jkáf.
Kfaol`jklf`g{ hg kjrej{ "W[O_# :<5=# :<25 Dg``jrh#Fug`{ | _gjhgr# :<<=, @f}jd# ^.# Afmmjx# J. L. O.# @jccwrl K. ?>>:. Mwg`xg hg mwgryj ^rlajrlj Jewj Kjwkg jewj{ jojif ^g{f ~rf~lf [wo~rg{lû` f ga~wig
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G{xjolclhjh hg cj{ ~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf Cj g{xjolclhjh hg cj g{xrwkxwrj hgog ejrj`xlyjr{g hg mfraj zwg g{xì g` kf`hlklf`g{ hg rg{l{xlr cj{ hlmgrg`xg{ kjrej{ zwg ~wghj` jkxwjr {forg gccj hwrj`xg {w }lhj ùxlc. Cj g{xjolclhjh hgog j`jclyjr{g ~jrj }jrlf{ g{xjhf{ hg kjrej9 gaojc{g ccg`f | gaojc{g }jkáf# | ~jrj }jrlj{ {lxwjklf`g{9 ~rg{j {frhj f }grxghfrj# kf` kfa~wgrxj{ f {l` kfa~wgrxj{. Gc ~grmlc xrj`{}gr{jc hg cj ~rg{j | {w{ hlag`{lf`g{ foxg`lhj{ aghlj`xg gc j`êcl{l{ hgc ~grmlc xgûrlkf hgog` {gr {fagxlhj{ j kfa~rfojklû` hg rg{l{xg`klj eg`grjc | g{xjolclhjh hg kwgr~f hg cj ~rg{j | hg {w klag`xjklû` ~jrj cf{ hl}gr{f{ g{xjhf{ hg xrjojif. [g g{xwhlj` cf{ {lewlg`xg{ kj{f{9 :, Kj{f hg f~grjklû` ~graj`g`xg9 ~jrj cj g{xrwkxwrj xfxjcag`xg kf`{xrwlhj | kwj`hf cj ~rg{j ~wghg }gr{g {fagxlhj j cj jkklû` hg xfhj{ cj{ ~f{locg{ kfaol`jklf`g{ hg kjrej{ ~rl`kl~jcg{ | {gkw`hjrlj{. G{ gc kj{f aê{ la~frxj`xg. ?, Kj{f hwrj`xg cj kf`{xrwkklû`9 ~jrj ~rg{j{ zwg hwrj`xg gc ~gráfhf hg kf`{xrwkklû` kfalg`yj` j {gr g~cfxjhj{ {fagxlì`hfcj{ j w`j jcxwrj hg ~rg{lû` ~jrkljc. ;, Kj{f hg rg~jrjklû`9 fkwrrg w`j rghl{xrlowklû` | afhlmlkjklû` hgc g{xjhf hg g{mwgryf{ g` cj ~rg{j. G{xf {wkghg `f {fcjag`xg g` gc kj{f zwg xfzwg rgmfryjrcj# {l`f xjaolì` g` gc kj{f hg afhlmlkjklf`g{ g` {w jcxwrj. Kfaf {g }lf j`xgrlfrag`xg# gc ~grmlc xrlj`ewcjr g{ cj mfraj aj{ gkf`ûalkj hg w`j ~rg{j hg kf`krgxf. Gc hlag`{lf`jalg`xf | cj mfraj ml`jc hg cj g{xrwkxwrj hg~g`hg hg cj{ kf`hlklf`g{ hg g{xjolclhjh. Hf{ xl~f{ hg kbgzwgf{ hgog` bjkgr{g9 gzwlclorlf g{xêxlkf | gcê{xlkf hg cj g{xrwkxwrj. Gc gzwlclorlf g{xêxlkf la~clkj cj g{xjolclhjh jc }fckjalg`xf | jc hg{clyjalg`xf. Gc gzwlclorlf gcê{xlkf la~clkj zwg {g kbgzwgg` cf{ g{mwgryf{ `frajcg{ }grxlkjcg{ kf` gc ml` hg }gr {l gkghg` f `f cj kj~jklhjh ~frxj`xg hg cf{ ajxgrljcg{ | hg~g`hg hg zwg cj rg{wcxj`xg hg cj{ mwgryj{ ~j{g ~fr gc xgrklf kg`xrjc hg cj oj{g hg cj g{xrwkxwrj. ^jrj hgxgral`jr cj g{xjolclhjh hg ~rg{j{ hg erj}ghjh {g j{wag` cf {lewlg`xg9 Gc kf`krgxf hg cj ~rg{j g{ bfafeì`gf# l{fxrû~lkf# | w`lmfragag`xg gcê{xlkf. @f bj| af}lalg`xf{ hlmgrg`kljcg{ zwg fkwrrj` g` gc {lxlf hg ~rg{j hgolhf j kjrej{ hg jewj {forg cj{ ~jrghg{ | gc ~l{f hgc gaojc{g. Xfhj{ cj{ kjrej{ {f` {f~frxjhj{ ~fr jkklû` hg cj erj}ghjh hg ocfzwg{ zwg `f rgklog` {f~frxg cjxgrjc hg gcgag`xf{ }gkl`f{. ^rg{lf`g{ }grxlkjcg{ w`lxjrlj{# f g{mwgryf{ `frajcg{ {forg ~cj`f{ bfrlyf`xjcg{# }jráj` w`lmfragag`xg kfaf w`j cá`gj rgkxj hg cj kjrj jewj{ jrrloj j cj kjrj jewj{ jojif. G{mwgryf{ kfrxj`xg{ bfrlyf`xjcg{ xlg`g` w`j }jrljklû` ~jrjoûclkj j xrj}ì{ hg ~cj`f{ bfrlyf`xjcg{ hg{hg cj kjrj jewj{ jrrloj bj{xj cj kjrj jewj{ jojif hg cj ~rg{j. µ
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Jc g}jcwjr cj{ kf`hlklf`g{ hg kjrej ~rfojocg{# gc ~grmlc hgog af{xrjr w` ajreg` hg {gewrlhjh jkg~xjocg kf` rg{~gkxf j9 _fxjklû` | }wgckf Xrj{cjklû` | hg{clyjalg`xf [forg!g{mwgryf | mjccj hgc ajxgrljc
Mjkxfrg{ hg {gewrlhjh Xfhj{ cj{ kjrej{ hg hl{gúf hgog` {gr g{kfelhj{ ~jrj rg~rg{g`xjr xj`xf kfaf {gj ~f{locg cj{ kjrej{ rgjcg{ zwg ~wghg` jkxwjr hwrj`xg cj }lhj ùxlc hg cj forj. Cf{ mjkxfrg{ hg {gewrlhjh hgog` {gr w`j g}jcwjklû` xj` ~rgkl{j kfaf ~f{locg hg cj kj~jklhjh hg cj g{xrwkxwrj ~jrj rg{l{xlr cj{ kjrej{ j~clkjhj{. Xfhf{ cf{ mjkxfrg{ cl{xjhf{ {f` }jcfrg{ aá`laf{. Cj{ ~rg{j{ kfaf kwjczwlgr fxrj g{xrwkxwrj hgog` {gr l`{~gkklf`jhj{ mrgkwg`xgag`xg. [l gl{xg l`kgrxlhwaorg kf` rgcjklû` j mjkxfrg{ hg kjrej# kj~jklhjh hg rg{l{xg`klj# f kjrjkxgrá{xlkj{ hg cj mw`hjklû`# hgog` rgjclyjr{g fo{gr}jklf`g{ | aghlklf`g{ ~jrj hgxgral`jr zwg gc kfa~frxjalg`xf g{xrwkxwrjc hg cj ~rg{j | {w mw`hjklû` g{ g` xfhf afag`xf jkfrhg jc hl{gúf.
:, G{mwgryf{ ~gral{locg{ G{mwgryf{ hg kfa~rg{lû` aêlaf{ ~gralxlhf{ g` gc kf`krgxf ^jrj kfaol`jklû` w{wjc hg kjrej{9 Gc g{mwgryf hg kfa~rg{lû` aêlaf ~gralxlhf g` gc kf`krgxf hgog {gr ag`fr zwg cj rg{l{xg`klj j kfa~rg{lû` g{~gklmlkjhj hl}lhlhj ~fr w` mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh hg xrg{. µ
^jrj kfaol`jklf`g{ l`w{wjcg{ hg kjrej9 Gc g{mwgryf hg kfa~rg{lû` aêlaf ~gralxlhf g` gc kf`krgxf hgog {gr ag`fr zwg cj rg{l{xg`klj j kfa~rg{lû` g{~gklmlkjhj hl}lhlhj ~fr w` mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh hg hf{. ^jrj kfaol`jklf`g{ gxrgaj{ hg kjrej9 Gc g{mwgryf hg kfa~rg{lû` aêlaf ~gralxlhf g` gc kf`krgxf hgog {gr ag`fr zwg cj rg{l{xg`klj j kfa~rg{lû` g{~gklmlkjhj hl}lhlhj ~fr w` mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh aj|fr zwg :.>. µ
G{mwgryf hg xg`{lû` ~gral{locg
^jrj `f gkghgr gc g{mwgryf j cj xg`{lû` zwg ~fhráj g}g`xwjcag`xg ~gralxlr{g g` gc kf`krgxf# gc g{mwgryf j cj kfa~rg{lû` aá`laf ~gralxlhf kjckwcjhf {l` cj ~rg{lû` blhrf{xêxlkj l`xgr`j hgog {gr hgxgral`jhf kf` cj {lewlg`xg g~rg{lû` zwg xfaj g` kwg`xj cj rg{l{xg`klj j xg`{lû` hgc kf`krgxf g` {w~grmlklg{ {fagxlhj{ j {wo~rg{lû`9 m ϋ kw 1 ~λ u b x M { ϋ kw 1 g{mwgryf aá`laf hg kfa~rg{lû` ~gralxlhf g` gc kf`krgxf g` cj kjrj jewj{ jrrloj ~ 1 mjkxfr hg rghwkklû` ~jrj kf`{lhgrjr gc gmgkxf hg hrg`g{ λ u 1 ~g{f w`lxjrlf hgc jewj b 1 ~rfmw`hlhjh hgc jewj j ~jrxlr hg cj {w~grmlklg hgc gaojc{g m x 1 rg{l{xg`klj j cj xg`{lû` hgc kf`krgxf M { 1 mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh
7> ~ 1 :.> {l `f bj| hrg`g{ ~ 1 >.8 {l bj| hrg`g{ M { 1 ;.> ~jrj kfaol`jklû` w{wjc hg kjrej{ M { 1 ?.> ~jrj kfaol`jklû` l`w{wjc hg kjrej{
ϋ kw 0 > ~jrj cj kfaol`jklû` w{wjc hg kjrej{
Jerlgxjalg`xf g` gc kf`krgxf fkwrrg {l gc g{mwgryf g` cj kjrj jewj{ jrrloj g{ ag`fr zwg ϋ kw kjckwcjhf kf` cj gkwjklû` j`xgrlfr# j{walg`hf M { 1 :.> | cj kfaol`jklû` gxrgaj hg kjrej. Cj g{xrwkxwrj {g kf`{lhgrj g{xjocg ~jrj g{xj kjrej {l# hg{~wì{ hg zwg gc jerlgxjalg`xf bj|j {lhf l`kcwlhf# cf{ g{mwgryf{ g` cj g{xrwkxwrj `f gkghg` cj{ rg{l{xg`klj{ g{~gklmlkjhj{ | cj g{xjolclhjh jc hg{clyjalg`xf {g aj`xlg`g. µ
G{mwgryf aêlaf j cj kfa~rg{lû` ~gralxlhf g` cj mw`hjklû`
Gc g{mwgryf aêlaf j cj kfa~rg{lû` ~gralxlhf g` cj mw`hjklû` hgog {gr ag`fr zwg cj rg{l{xg`klj j cj kfa~rg{lû` hgc ajxgrljc hg cj mw`hjklû` hl}lhlhj ~fr w` mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh hg 8.> ~jrj kfaol`jklû` w{wjc hg kjrej{# ?.5 ~jrj kfaol`jklû` l`w{wjc hg kjrej{ | :.; ~jrj kfaol`jklû` gxrgaj hg kjrej{.
?, G{xjolclhjh jc hg{clyjalg`xf Gc mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh g{ w`j aghlhj hg cj rg{l{xg`klj jc hg{clyjalg`xf f jc kfrxg g`xrg cj{ {w~grmlklg{ hg kf`xjkxf. [g j~clkj j kwjczwlgr {gkklû` hg cj g{xrwkxwrj f jc kf`xjkxf kf` cj mw`hjklû`. Gc mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh g{ cj rgcjklû` g`xrg cj{ mwgryj{ rg{l{xg`xg{ | cj{ mwgryj{ afxfrj{ | {g kjckwcj kf` cj {lewlg`xg gkwjklû`9 M {h 1
√ mwgryj{ rg{l{xg`xg { 1 KJ $ m √ M] √ mwgryj{ afxfrj{ √ MB
M {h 1 mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh jc hg{clyjalg`xf m 1 kfgmlklg`xg hg mrlkklû` M] 1 mwgryj{ }grxlkjcg{ l`kcw|g`hf cj mwgryj hg {wo~rg{lû`. MB 1 mwgryj{ bfrlyf`xjcg{ K 1 kfbg{lû` w`lxjrlj J 1 êrgj hgc hg`xgccû` g` kf`xjkxf kf` gc {wgcf f êrgj hg cj {gkklû` kf`{lhgrjhj. M {h 1 ;.> ~jrj kfaol`jklû` w{wjc hg kjrej{ M {h 1 ?.> ~jrj kfaol`jklû` l`w{wjc hg kjrej{ M {h 1 :.> ~jrj kfaol`jklû` gxrgaj hg kjrej{
L`kcl`jklû` w{wjc hgc ~jrjag`xf jewj{ jojif g{ : ] 9>.<= B {l cj mwgryj hg {wo~rg{lû` {g bj l`kcwlhf g` gc kbgzwgf | : ] 9>.77 B {l cj mwgryj hg {wo~rg{lû` g{ hg{~rgkljocg. Gc mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh jc hg{clyjalg`xf {g agifrj l`kcw|g`hf w` hg`xgccû` g` cj oj{g hg cj ~rg{j. Gc w{f hg hg`xgccf`g{ {g clalxj j ~rg{j{ {forg {w~grmlklg{ hg kf`krgxf f {forg rfkj ~grf
7:
`f {forg ajxgrljcg{ ocj`hf{. Fxrj ~f{lolclhjh ~jrj agifrjr gc mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh jc hg{clyjalg`xf g{ kf`{xrwlr w`j oj{g hg`xjhj zwg jwag`xg cj mrlkklû` g`xrg cj ~rg{j | gc ajxgrljc hg mw`hjklû`.
Xjocj @f :5. ]jcfrg{ hgc kfgmlklg`xg hg mrlkklû` Ajxgrljc m Kf`krgxf&kf`krgxf >.5 Kf`krgxf&rfkj {j`j >.5 Kf`krgxf&rfkj hg aghlj`j kjclhjh >.= Kf`krgxf&erj}j >.7 Kf`krgxf&jrg`j >.8 Kf`krgxf&jrklccj >.? j >.; G` mw`hjklf`g{ `f rfkf{j{ m {g ~wghg xfajr kfaf cj xj`eg`xg hgc ê`ewcf hg mrlkklû` l`xgr`j hgc ajxgrljc.
;, G{xjolclhjh jc }wgckf G{xg kbgzwgf eg`grjcag`xg `f g{ hfal`j`xg g` gc kj{f hg ~rg{j{ aj{l}j{ ojij{. M {}
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^jrj gaojc{g }jkáf# cf{ afag`xf{ {g xfaj` kf` rg{~gkxf jc ~w`xf l`mgrlfr hg cj kjrj jewj{ jrrloj. ^jrj gaojc{g ccg`f# cf{ afag`xf{ {g xfaj` kf` rg{~gkxf jc ~w`xf l`mgrlfr hg cj kjrj jewj{ jojif. G` eg`grjc# {g hgog xrjxjr zwg cj rg{wcxj`xg kjlej hg`xrf hg cf{ hf{ xgrklf{ kg`xrjcg{ hg cj oj{g hg cj ~rg{j. L`kcl`jklû` w{wjc hgc ~jrjag`xf jewj{ jojif zwg kwa~cg` kf` g{xg rgzwl{lxf g{ : ] 9>.= B . µ
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G{ ~f{locg zwg cj mw`hjklû` {gj rfkf{j | zwg cj ~rg{g`klj hg erlgxj{# | mjccj{ bjej zwg {g mfrag` ocfzwg{ hg rfkj. Gc mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh j`xg gc hg{clyjalg`xf hg g{xf{ ocfzwg{ ~fr cf{ ~cj`f{ hg mjccj hgog kjckwcjr{g w{j`hf cj al{aj g~rg{lû` j`xg{ }l{xj. Cf{ mjkxfrg{ hg {gewrlhjh g` g{xg kj{f {f`9 M {h 1 8.> ~jrj kfaol`jklû` w{wjc hg kjrej{ M {h 1 ?.5 ~jrj kfaol`jklû` l`w{wjc hg kjrej{ M {h 1 :.; ~jrj kfaol`jklû` gxrgaj hg kjrej{ [l gc mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh rg{wcxj`xg g{ ag`fr zwg gc rgzwgrlhf# hgog bjkgr{g xrjxjalg`xf hg cj mw`hjklû` ~jrj agifrjr {w rg{l{xg`klj.
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G{xrwkxwrj{ hg }grxlalg`xf hg jewj{ hg gkg{f [f` g{xrwkxwrj{ zwg ~gralxg` g}jkwjr hg mfraj frej`lyjhj cf{ gkg{f{ hg jewj hwrj`xg krgklg`xg{# g}lxj`hf w`j gkg{l}j gcg}jklû` hgc `l}gc aêlaf hgc jewj g` gc gaojc{g. [g ccjaj` xjaolì` }grxghgrf{# rgof{jhgrf{ f jcl}ljhgrf{. Cj kj~jklhjh hg hg{kjrej hg cf{ jcl}ljhgrf{ hg~g`hg hg cj{ hlag`{lf`g{ hgc frlmlklf }grxghgrf " C# B , hg cj mfraj hg cj g`xrjhj# hgc g{~g{fr hg cj ~jrgh }grxghfrj | xjaolì` hgc erjhf hg jbfejalg`xf. ^jrj {w kêckwcf blhrêwclkf hgog kf`fkgr{g gc `l}gc `frajc hgc gaojc{g | gc kjwhjc aêlaf hg krgklg`xg.
Xl~f{ hg ]grxghgrf{ {w~grmlkljcg{ Kj`jc rê~lhf# kj`jc cjxgrjc# ~grmlc xl~f Krgjegr# }grxghgrf{ hg krg{xj j`kbj# }grxghgrf{ hg kjogyfxg# ~fyf# {lmû`.
[jclhj hg jewj hg w` gaojc{g ~fr aghlf hg w` kj`jc G` eg`grjc hf{ {lxwjklf`g{ {g ~rg{g`xj`9 Kj`jc kf` mcwif {wokráxlkf9 kf`xrfcj gc kj`jc Kj`jc kf` mcwif {w~grkráxlkf9 kf`xrfcj cj krg{xj Gc kj{f aj{ {g`klccf rgcjklf`jhf kf` gc ~rfocgaj hg {jclhj hg jewj hg w` gaojc{g# {g ~rg{g`xj kwj`hf cj ~g`hlg`xg hgc kj`jc hg hg{kjrej g{ {w~grkráxlkj # |j zwg cj ~rfmw`hlhjh j cj {jclhj hgog {gr cj kráxlkj# {lg`hf ~fr xj`xf cj krg{xj hgc }grxghgrf cj zwg gigrkg gc kf`xrfc {forg gc mw`klf`jalg`xf blhrêwclkf. [l cj ~g`hlg`xg hgc kj`jc hg {jclhj g{ {wokráxlkj# gc kf`xrfc cf la~f`g` cj{ kf`hlklf`g{ hg jewj{ jojif | gc mcwif g{ {wokráxlkf | w`lmfrag j xfhf cf cjref hgc kj`jc {lg`hf afhgcjhf ajxgaêxlkjag`xg kf` w`j gkwjklû` kfaf cj hg Aj``l`e.
[gcgkklû` hgc {lxlf hgc }grxghgrf G` {w cfkjclyjklû` {g kf`{lhgrj `f {fcjag`xg gc kf{xf {l`f zwg xjaolì` iwgej w` ~j~gc la~frxj`xg cj {gewrlhjh hgc `whf blhrêwclkf. G` ~rg{j{ mcglocg{ cj agifr f~klû` g{ cfkjclyjr gc }grxghgrf {g~jrjhf hg gccj{# | {l `f g{ ~f{locg ì{xf# {g ~wghg` wolkjr g` w`f hg cf{ gxrgaf{ hgc xgrrj~cì`. G` ~rg{j{ hg kf`krgxf kf` }lg`g zwg {g wolzwg hg`xrf hg {w kwgr~f "^rg{j{ blhrfjcl}ljhfrj{,. Cj hg{kjrej hgc }grxghgrf {g ow{kj kfaf agifr f~klû`# bjkgrcj j w` kjwkg }gkl`f f jc al{af kjwkg {lga~rg zwg {g xfag` aghlhj{ jhgkwjhj{ hg ~rfxgkklû` | rg{wcxg mjkxlocg.
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Gc xrjyjhf hg cj kf`hwkklû` hgc }grxghgrf {g hgog g{kfegr g` cf ~f{locg {forg gc {wgcf rfkf{f | rg{l{xg`xg j cj grf{lû`. Gc }grxghgrf hgog hg{kjrejr aê{ jccê hgc ~lg hgc xjcwh {gkf ~jrj g}lxjr grf{lû` | cj}jhf. G` eg`grjc {g ~rgmlgrg zwg gc }grxghgrf {gj j`kbf | ~fkf ~rfmw`hf ~frzwg j{á cj{ }jrljklf`g{ hg cj ~rfmw`hlhjh {f` ~gzwgúj{ kwj`hf fkwrrg` mcwkxwjklf`g{ g` gc kjwhjc. Cj cf`elxwh aá`laj hg cj krg{xj hgog {gr ?.> a ~jrj g}lxjr fo{xrwkklf`g{. Cj kjrej {forg gc }grxghgrf hgog ~rfkwrjr{g zwg g{xì g`xrg >.8> a | :.7> a. Gc kj`jc hg kf`hwkklû` g`xrg gc }grxghgrf | cj g`xrgej jc kjwkg hgog xg`gr w`j ~g`hlg`xg `f l`mgrlfr jc >.7' ~jrj ~gralxlr w`j g}jkwjklû` rê~lhj hgc jewj. Gc j`kbf hg cj oj{g hgc kj`jc g{ eg`grjcag`xg lewjc j cj cf`elxwh hg cj krg{xj. Gc ~j{f hg cj{ krgklg`xg{ aêlaj{ j xrj}ì{ hgc `whf blhrêwclkf {g gmgkxùj ~fr xfhj{ cj{ g{xrwkxwrj{ hg hg{kjrej# hg{jewg# kj~xjklf`g{# | ~fr xfhf{ cf{ frlmlklf{ hg }jkljhf. [l hwrj`xg gc ~gráfhf hg cj krgklg`xg xfhj{ cj{ forj{ hg{kjrej jrrfij` w` kjwhjc Zaj# cf{ hg{jewg{ Zh# cj{ xfaj{ Zx# g`xf`kg{ gc kjwhjc hgc hl{gúf hg cf{ jcl}ljhgrf{ hg cj ~rg{j Zj {grê9 Zj
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Cj{ forj{ hg hg{kjrej ~rfmw`hj{ {g wxlclyj` ~jrj gc ~j{f hg krgklhj{ ù`lkjag`xg g` gc kj{f g` zwg {g bj|j ~rg}l{xf | ejrj`xlyjhf cj j~grxwrj {gewrj hg cj{ kfa~wgrxj{ f }êc}wcj{ hg ~rfmw`hlhjh {fagxlhj{ j cj{ aêlaj{ ~rg{lf`g{ hgc jewj.
Kjwhjcg{ hg hl{gúf ^jrj hgxgral`jr gc kjwhjc hg krgklg`xg g` w`j kwg`kj g` w` ~w`xf hgxgral`jhf# gl{xg` awkbf{ aìxfhf{ zwg l`kcw|g` ~jrêagxrf{ xjcg{ kfaf9 êrgj# ~g`hlg`xg{ | cf`elxwh hg cj kwg`kj# xl~f hg }gegxjklû`# xl~f hg {wgcf# ~cw}lferjaj{# hl{xrlowklû` g{~jkljc hg ccw}lj{# kjwhjcg{ aêlaf{# gxk. Gc w{f hg kwjczwlgrj hg cf{ aìxfhf{ hg~g`hg hgc xjajúf hg cj kwg`kj# hgc xl~f hg g{xrwkxwrj zwg {g }j|j j hl{gújr# ~grf {forg xfhf hg cj l`mfrajklû` hl{~f`locg. Jcew`f{ hg cf{ aìxfhf{ kfaù`ag`xg w{jhf{ {g ~wghg` kcj{lmlkjr g`9 aìxfhf{ ga~árlkf{# {gal!ga~árlkf{# ~rfojolcá{xlkf{# blhrfagxgfrfcûelkf{# aìxfhf{ hg {gkklû` | ~g`hlg`xg.
Aìxfhf{ ga~árlkf{ 9 {g w{j` ~jrj xg`gr w`j lhgj ~rgclal`jr {forg gc ej{xf hg hl{gúf | {l
{ûcf {g kwg`xj kf` l`mfrajklû` hg jcew`j{ kjrjkxgrá{xlkj{ má{lkj{ hg cj kwg`kj. Giga~cf{ hg g{xf{ aìxfhf{ {f`9 g`}fc}g`xg{ hg Krgjegr# g`}fc}g`xg hg Cfur|# aìxfhf hg Xjcofx.
Aìxfhf{ {gal!ga~árlkf{9 kf`{lhgrj` cj ~rgkl~lxjklû` | kjrjkxgrá{xlkj{ hg cj kwg`kj blhrferêmlkj ~jrj cj hgxgral`jklû` hgc kjwhjc. Cf{ aìxfhf{ rjklf`jc | gc hg Owrdcl!Ylgecgr {f` giga~cf{ hg aìxfhf{ {gal!ga~árlkf{.
Aìxfhf{ blhrf!agxgfrfcûelkf{ 9 {g oj{j` g` cj rg{~wg{xj hg cj kwg`kj blhrferêmlkj j`xg w` g}g`xf hjhf zwg {g rg{wag g` cj rgcjklû` ~rgkl~lxjklû`!g{kwrrlalg`xf!kjwhjc. Cf{ blhrferjaj{ w`lxjrlf{ {f` aìxfhf{ blhrf!agxgfrfcûelkf{.
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[g hgog g{xlajr cj ~g`hlg`xg aghlj hgc kjwkg g` w` xrjaf hg w`f{ hf{klg`xf{ agxrf{# gc kfgmlklg`xg hg rwef{lhjh hg Aj``l`e# gc ~gráagxrf afijhf# gc êrgj afijhj | gc rjhlf blhrêwclkf zwg kfrrg{~f`hg` j w` `l}gc hg krgklg`xg j{walhf " @JAG , g` w` xrjaf zwg xg`ej kf`hlklf`g{ cf aê{ bfafeì`gj{ ~f{locg. G{xj l`mfrajklû` ~gralxg j~clkjr cj gkwjklû` hg Kbgy| kf` kfgmlklg`xg hg Aj``l`e | g`kf`xrjr gc kjwhjc kfrrg{~f`hlg`xg. [w w{f g{ kf`}g`lg`xg ~jrj }grlmlkjr hjxf{ f kwj`hf `f bj| l`mfrajklû` hg xl~f blhrfcûelkf.
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Krg{xj }grxghfrj [g hl{gúj hg xjc aj`grj zwg cj g{xrwkxwrj {g jhj~xg j cj mfraj hg cj ~jrxg l`mgrlfr hg cj `j~j hg jewj g{kwrrlg`hf {forg w` }grxghgrf hg krg{xj jewhj. µ
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1 kfgmlklg`xg hg kf`xrjkklû` hg cj ~lcj zwg hg~g`hg hg cj mfraj | cfkjclyjklû` hg cj{ ~lcj{# hgc g{~g{fr hg cj{ ~lcj{# hg cj kjogyj hg hl{gúf | hg cj }gcfklhjh hg j~rflajklû`. ^jrj kf`hlklf`g{ hg cj kjogyj hg hl{gúf# g{xg kfgmlklg`xg {g ~wghg g{xlajr j{á9 D j 1 kfgmlklg`xg hg kf`xrjkklû` hgolhf j cf{ g{xrlof{ D ~
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Xjocj @f :<. Kfgmlklg`xg{ hg kf`xrjkklû` ~fr gmgkxf hg cf{ g{xrlof{.. W[. Owrgjw fm _gkcjajxlf`# :#<25. Xl~f hg g{xrlof
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Xjocj @f ?:. ^grmlcg{ hg cj krg{xj hjhf{ ~fr cj /W.[. Ujxgruj|{ G~grlag`xjc [xjxlf`‑. Kbfu ]. X. :<2?. ^g`hlg`xg jewj{ jrrloj D ` > B 9;] Xjcwh }grxlkjc ?.>>> :.27> : B 9;] :.<;= :.2;= ? B 9;] :.<;< :.2:> ; B 9;] :.25; :.55= Gc ~w`xf hg xj`eg`klj g`xrg cj krg{xj }grxghfrj | cj {w~grmlklg rgkxj {g g`kwg`xrj hgrl}j`hf cj gkwjklû` g~grlag`xjc hgc ~grmlc }grxghgrf. R
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Mw`klf`jalg`xf hgc }grxghgrf
Kwj`hf gc }grxghgrf xrjojij kf` cj kjogyj hg hl{gúf {g ~rg{g`xj ~rg{lû` jxaf{mìrlkj {forg cj krg{xj. ^rg{lf`g{ ~fr g`klaj hg cj jxaf{mìrlkj rghwkg` cj hg{kjrej | ~rg{lf`g{ ~fr hgojif hg cj jxaf{mìrlkj l`krgag`xj` cj hg{kjrej ~grf l`xrfhwkg` l`g{xjolclhjh g` gc kbfrrf | gl{xg gc ~gclerf hg kj}lxjklû`. B 0 B h
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Mlewrj @f :5. Mw`klf`jalg`xf hgc }grxghgrf.
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]grxghgrf rgewcjhf kf` kfa~wgrxj{
[g rgkfalg`hj kfcfkjr cf{ {gccf{ hg cj{ kfa~wgrxj{ j w`j hl{xj`klj hg >.? B h jewj{ jojif hgc ~w`xf aê{ jcxf hg cj krg{xj }grxghfrj kf` gc ml` hg rghwklr cj xg`hg`klj j ~rfhwklr ~rg{lf`g{ `gejxl}j{. Z1
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Kjwhjc w`lxjrlf
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Eg`grjcag`xg gc kjwhjc w`lxjrlf {forg gc }grxghgrf g{ hg w` :7' j w` ?7' aj|fr zwg gc kjwhjc w`lxjrlf j cj {jclhj " z 1 ":.:7 j :.?7, z{,. Gc j`kbf xfxjc hgc mrg`xg }grxghgrf {g bjkg lewjc jc j`kbf hg cj ~cjxjmfraj hg {jclhj aghlhf g` {g`xlhf xrj`{}gr{jc j cj kfrrlg`xg hg jewj.
Xjocj @f ?>. ]gcfklhjhg{ ~gral{locg{ hgc jewj {forg cj ~cjxjmfraj hg {jclhj g` mw`klû` hgc {wgcf. [wgcf ] ~ "a&{, Jrg`f{f ?.7 j ;.> Jrklccf{f ;.> j ;.7 [gal!rfkf{f ;.7 j 8.7 _fkf{f 7.> j =.> Aw| ocj`hf >.=
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Hl{l~jklû` hg cj g`greáj kl`ìxlkj gkg{l}j hgc kbfrrf jewj{ jojif Gc kbfrrf hg jewj jc kjgr ~fr w` }grxghgrf ccgej jc `l}gc l`mgrlfr kf` w`j }gcfklhjh aghlj ~rf~frklf`jc jc hg{`l}gc g`xrg jewj{ jrrloj | jewj{ jojif. ] 1 K y 1
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J`êcl{l{ hg cj{ ~f{lklf`g{ hgc {jcxf Bj| xrg{ kj{f{ zwg ~gralxg` j w` {jcxf mfrajr{g jewj{ hgojif hg w` kf`xrfc kfaf ~rg{j{ }grxghfrj{# kfa~wgrxj{ f kjáhj{ rgkxj{.
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[jcxf clorg. Gc {jcxf {g awg}g bjklj jewj{ jojif bj{xj w` ~w`xf g` zwg cj gkwjklû` hgc {jcxf {g kwa~cj. G{xg kj{f hgog {gr g}lxjhf g` gc hl{gúf# ~frzwg cj{ jcxj{ }gcfklhjhg{ g`xrg cgc ~lg hg cj g{xrwkxwrj | cj {gkklû` g` zwg {g mfraj gc {jcxf# ~wghg` kjw{jr ~rfocgaj{ hg {fkj}jklû`. W`j {fcwklû` ~f{locg# g{ hl{gújr w` kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr hg mfraj zwg cj {gew`hj ~rfmw`hlhjh kf`iwejhj hgc {jcxf kfl`klhj kf` cj ~rfmw`hlhjh hgc jewj g` gc kjwkg jewj{ jojif.
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Hgxgral`jklû` hgc xlrj`xg hg jewj jewj{ jojif hgc }grxghgrf
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Cj ~rfmw`hlhjh kf`iwejhj hgc rg{jcxf {g kjckwcj ~fr aghlf hg cj {lewlg`xg g~rg{lû`9
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Hgxgral`jklû` hg cj `gkg{lhjh hg kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr
[l g{xj ~rfmw`hlhjh kf`iwejhj |? g{ aj|fr zwg cj ~rfmw`hlhjh `frajc hgc jewj g` gc kjwkg `jxwrjc |` {g rgzwlgrg hl{gújr kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr. G` kj{f kf`xrjrlf# gc rg{jcxf blhrêwclkf {g jbfej | `f {g rgzwlgrg hg kwg`kf. Cj ~rfmw`hlhjh `frajc g` gc kjwkg {g ~wghg foxg`gr aghlj`xg w`j gkwjklû` kfaf cj hg Aj``l`e.
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Hlag`{lf`g{ xá~lkj{ hgc kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr {f`9
h 1 ^rfmw`hlhjh hgc kwg`kf
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8 3 D k 3 7.7 D k g{ mw`klû` hgc `ùagrf hg Mrfwhg. J aj|fr `ùagrf hg Mrfwhg# ag`fr }jcfr hg D k.
Cj cf`elxwh hgc kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr {g ~wghg hgxgral`jr xjaolì` g` mw`klû` hg cj cf`elxwh hgc rg{jcxf blhrêwclkf# j{á9 Cr 1 ?.7":.< ) | ? ∟ |: , Cr 1
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Cj cf`elxwh rg{wcxj`xg hgc kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr {g ~wghg hl{al`wlr kfcfkj`hf rwef{lhjh jrxlmlkljc. K 1 G{~g{fr hg cj cf{j hgc kwg`kf
Cj cf{j hgc kwg`kf hgog {gr kj~jy hg kf`xrjrrg{xjr cj mwgryj hg {wo~rg{lû`. λ u b?
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λ u 1 ~g{f g{~gkámlkf hgc jewj λ k 1 ~g{f g{~gkámlkf hgc kf`krgxf ^w 1 mwgryj hg {wo~rg{lû` M { 1 mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh 1 8&; K 1
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[l gc g{~g{fr K hgc kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr g{ aw| erj`hg {g ~wghg` kfcfkjr hrg`g{ g` cj cf{j ~jrj jcl}ljr mwgryj{ hg {wo~rg{lû`. Gc g{~g{fr hg cj cf{j hgc kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr xjaolì` {g ~wghg kjckwcjr xg`lg`hf g` kwg`xj cj }gcfklhjh j cj {jclhj "Frjaj{ E. | Cgaf{ _., K 1 >.:7] : |:
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Jcew`j{ }gkg{ cj }gcfklhjh hgc mcwif {lewg {lg`hf aw| jcxj j cj {jclhj hgc kwg`kf ~fr cf zwg {g ~wghg` hgijr ~cjxjmfraj{ hg {jclhj# ~rfxgkklf`g{ kf` ~lghrj | w` mf{f hg la~jkxf. µ
Kbgzwgf hg cj ~f{lklû` hgc kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr
Cj ~rfmw`hlhjh hgc kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr h hgxgral`j w`j `wg}j ~f{lklû` hgc cgkbf g` cj {jclhj. Hgog rg~gxlr{g gc kjckwcf hg b:# | b? xg`lg`hf g` kwg`xj cj `wg}j ~f{lklû` hg cj hg{kjrej. Gc ~rfkg{f {g rg~lxg bj{xj zwg {g g{xjocgykj gc ojcj`kg hg cj{ hlag`{lf`g{ l`}fcwkrjhj{. µ
Hl{gúf{ xá~lkf{ hg kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr
Gc W.[. Owrgjw fm _gkcjajxlf` bj hl{gújhf }jrlf{ afhgcf{ xá~lkf{ ~jrj }jrlj{ kf`hlklf`g{ hg mw`klf`jalg`xf blhrêwclkf. Cj g{kfeg`klj hg w` kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr g{xj mwgrxgag`xg
=2
l`mcwg`kljhj ~fr cj rgcjklû` g`xrg cj ~rfmw`hlhjh `frajc hgc jewj g` gc ráf | cj {gew`hj ~rfmw`hlhjh kf`iwejhj hgc rg{jcxf blhrjwclkf. Cf{ jafrxlewjhfrg{ {g ~rf|gkxj` ow{kj`hf rghwklr f cfkjclyjr g` w` {lxlf cj grf{lû` g{~grjhj jewj{ jojif hgc }grxghgrf. Hl{gújr ~jrj g}lxjr kfa~cgxjag`xg cj grf{lû` cfkjc rg{wcxj `f {fcf j`xlgkf`ûalkf {l`f zwg g{ ~rêkxlkjag`xg la~f{locg# | jcef hg grf{lû` hgog g{~grjr{g g` cj xrj`{lklû` hgc kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr jc ráf. [g rgkfalg`hj kfcfkjr ~lghrj f jceù` xl~f hg rg}g{xlalg`xf j cj {jclhj hgc kwg`kf jafrxlewjhfr {l cj }gcfklhjh hgc mcwif {lewg {lg`hf jcxj | aj|fr zwg cj ~gral{locg hg~g`hlg`hf hgc xl~f hg ajxgrljc hgc cgkbf. µ
G{xjolclhjh hg cj g{xrwkxwrj }grxghfrj
W`j }gy hl{gújhf gc ~grmlc }grxghgrf# {w g{xjolclhjh xjaolì` hgog kbgzwgjrg{ {lewlg`hf cf{ krlxgrlf{ j`xg{ }l{xf{ ~jrj cj {gkklû` {frhj.
G{zwgaj{ xá~lkf{ hg ~rg{j{ }grxghfrj{ {forg mw`hjklf`g{ `f rfkf{j{ Gc g{zwgaj hg kwjczwlgr ~rg{j {forg mw`hjklû` `f rfkf{j {g ~wghg rg{fc}gr {fcf {l {g kf`{lhgrj gc kf`iw`xf hg xrg{ kf`hlklf`g{ mw`hjag`xjcg{9 ejrj`xáj hg g{xjolclhjh# foxg`klû` hg w` }jcfr jhal{locg hg ~rg{lû` hg mlcxrjklû` "{wo~rg{lû`, | hl{l~jklû` hg cj g`greáj g` gkg{f hgc kbfrrf }grxlhf j xrj}ì{ hg cj ~rg{j.
G{zwgaj L G{ w` kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf ~cj`f {w~grmlkljc# hg{~rf}l{xf hg gcgag`xf{ }grxlkjcg{. [g ~rg{g`xj aj{ g` xgrrg`f{ jrklccf{f{ hf`hg cj kf`{xrwkklû` hg ~j`xjccj{# xjocg{xjkjhf{ f hg`xgccf`g{ }grxlkjcg{ `f rg{wcxj kf`}g`lg`xg. G{zwgaj LL Gc kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf g`xgrrjhf g{ aj{ mrgkwg`xg g` cj ~rêkxlkj. Cj g~grlg`klj g` gc hl{gúf l`hlkj zwg cj klag`xjklû` {g {lxùj j w`j ~rfmw`hlhjh g`xrg :&; | :&7 cj jcxwrj hg cj ~rg{j. Jc lewjc zwg g` gc kj{f j`xgrlfr cj gigkwklû` hg kfrxl`j{ }grxlkjcg{ f ~j`xjccj{ `f rg{wcxj kf`}g`lg`xg# hgolhf ~fr giga~cf j cf{ ajxgrljcg{ jrklccf{f{ hg cj klag`xjklû`. G{zwgaj LLL [g w{j kwj`hf cj kj~j la~gragjocg {g g`kwg`xrj oj{xj`xg ~rfmw`hj. Kfrrg{~f`hg j w` kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf kf` w`j cá`gj hg xjocg{xjkj{ {lxwjhj g` cj ~jrxg j`xgrlfr hg cj klag`xjklû`. Jc {lxwjr gc hrg`jig ojif cj ~rg{j {g gclal`j` cf{ gmgkxf{ hg {wo~rg{lû`. Gc hrg`jig }grxlkjc g{ kf`}g`lg`xg kwj`hf g` cj mw`hjklû` bj| kj~j{ ~fkf ~gragjocg{ | ~jrxlkwcjrag`xg kwj`hf |jkg` hlrgkxjag`xg ojif cj ~rg{j# f g` kj{f hg mwgrxg j`l{fxrf~áj hg cf{ {wgcf{ hg mw`hjklû`. Cj blhrfmrf`xgrj f kj~j la~gragjocg g{xê ~rfmw`hj. G{zwgaj L] ^rg{g`xj hfocg cá`gj hg ~lcfxjig | {g w{j kwj`hf bj| hgcj`xjcg{ la~gragjocg{ j`kcjhf{ j cj ~rg{j | hrg`jig ojif cj cf{j hg cj ~rg{j. [g w{j kwj`hf gc g{xrjxf la~gragjocg g{xê oj{xj`xg ~rfmw`hf.
=<
G{zwgaj ] _g{wcxj kf`}g`lg`xg kwj`hf g{ `gkg{jrlf jxrj~jr gc mcwif hg mlcxrjklû` j`xg{ hg cj ~rg{j ~fr cj ~rg{g`klj# ~fr giga~cf# hg jewj{ hg mlcxrjklû` jerg{l}j{ jc kf`krgxf. [l {g bjkg` hgcj`xjcg{ la~gragjocg{ j`kcjhf{ j cj ~rg{j# {g jkf{xwaorj kf`{xrwlr hrg`jig ojif gccf{ ~jrj jwag`xjr {w gmlklg`klj | gc xjocg{xjkjhf }j g` cj kjogkgrj. [g w{j kwj`hf gc g{xrjxf la~gragjocg g{xj oj{xj`xg ~rfmw`hf. G{zwgaj ]L [g w{j kwj`hf gc g{xrjxf la~gragjocg g{ jckj`yjocg | {g iw{xlmlkj xìk`lkj | gkf`ûalkjag`xg gc klgrrg hg cj kj~j ~gragjocg kf` ~lcfxjig f xjocg{xjkjhf{ f kfrxl`j{. Kf` g{xg g{zwgaj ~rêkxlkjag`xg {g gclal`j gc mcwif hg mlcxrjklû`.
Hgxgral`jklû` hg kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf hg cj ~rg{j ^jrj cj {gewrlhjh hg cj ~rg{j# bj| zwg xfajr aghlhj{ g{~gkljcg{ kf` gc ml` hg agifrjr {w{ kf`hlklf`g{ hg klag`xjklû`. Cj ~ìrhlhj hg kjrej hg ~rg{lû` hgc jewj g{ hlrgkxjag`xg ~rf~frklf`jc j cj cf`elxwh hgc kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf hg{jrrfccjhf. G` {wgcf{ rfkf{f{ {j`f{ gc kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf rg{wcxj hg aá`laj cf`elxwh | cj ~rg{j rg{wcxj`xg g{ oj{xj`xg g{ogcxj. G` xgrrg`f{ `f rfkf{f{ | ~gragjocg{ g{ `gkg{jrlf ~rfcf`ejr gc kjal`f hg cj mlcxrjklû`# hg xjc mfraj zwg cj aj|fr ~jrxg hg cj kjrej hg ~rg{lû` hgc jewj {gj jefxjhj ~fr cj rg{l{xg`klj hgc {wgcf hg cj mw`hjklû` g` gc kjal`f hg{hg jewj{ jrrloj bjklj jewj{ jojif. Cj ~rfcf`ejklû` f hg{jrrfccf hgc kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf hg cj ~rg{j ow{kj jcjrejr cj{ cá`gj{ hg kfrrlg`xg# hl{al`wlr }gcfklhjhg{ hg mlcxrjklû` | g}lxjr gc ~gclerf hg grf{lû`. } 1 dl
cg| hg Hjrk|
d 1 kfgmlklg`xg
hg ~gragjolclhjh
l 1 B&C
B
B:
B? C
^jrj cferjrcf# {g ~wghg jhf~xjr jcew`f hg cf{ aìxfhf{ {lewlg`xg{ f kfaol`jklû` hg gccf{9 "cf{ g{zwgaj{ oê{lkf{ lráj` agifr jzwá,
5>
Kf`{xrwlr jewj{ jrrloj hg cj g{xrwkxwrj ~j`xjccj{ f hgcj`xjcg{ la~gragjocg{ "eg`grjcag`xg g` {wgcf{ jrklccf{f{,. [w cf`elxwh g{xê g`xrg cf{ cáalxg{ :.> B | :.7 B ~jrj zwg {gj gmgkxl}j. µ
B
: j :.7 B Xjocg{xjkjhf{ f ~j`xjccj{ la~gragjocg{ hgojif hgc kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf. Cj ~rfmw`hlhjh hg bl`kjhf hgc xjocg{xjkjhf }j hg >.7 B j :.7 B . [l {f` kfcej`xg{# cj hl{xj`klj g`xrg gccf{ `f hgog {gr ag`fr hg ? }gkg{ {w ~rfmw`hlhjh. Cf{ }jcfrg{ ag`frg{ {g j~clkj` j kjrej{ aj|frg{. µ
B >.7 j :.7 B ?B
Hg`xgccf`g{ j cf cjref hg cj ~rg{j {wgcg` rg{wcxjr ag`f{ kf{xf{f{ zwg cj{ j`xgrlfrg{ ~f{lolclhjhg{. Cj kf`{xrwkklû` hg hg`xgccf`g{ g` kfaol`jklû` kf` cj kf`{xrwkklû` hg hrg`g{ rg{wcxj oj{xj`xg kf`}g`lg`xg. µ
Agifrjalg`xf hgc {wgcf kf`{l{xg`xg g` l`|gkklf`g{ w fxrf xl~f hg {l{xgaj hg g{xjolclyjklû` hgc {wgcf. µ
G` ~rg{j{ cfkjclyjhj{ {forg {wgcf{ kfbg{l}f{ jrklccf{f{ `f g{ rgkfag`hjocg cj kf`{xrwkklû` hg ~j`xjccj{ la~gragjocg{ |j zwg cj ~gragjolclhjh hg g{xf{ gcgag`xf{ g{ kfa~jrjocg kf` cj hgc {wgcf hg mw`hjklû`. G` cwejr hg gccf# g{ agifr kf`{xrwlr hg`xgccf`g{ }grxlkjcg{ ~fkf ~rfmw`hf{ ~jrj g}lxjr gc ~f{locg hg{jrrfccf hg ~j{f{ ~rf~lklf{ j cj mlcxrjklû`. Cj{ hlag`{lf`g{ û~xlaj{ hgc kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf | hgc xl~f hg g{zwgaj j w{jr {g g{xjocgkg` kf` oj{g g` gc j`êcl{l{ xìk`lkf!gkf`ûalkf hg hlmgrg`xg{ }jrlj`xg{. Gl{xg` xrg{ aìxfhf{ ~jrj cj hgxgral`jklû` hgc kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf g` w` aghlf ~frf{f ow{kj`hf kf`xrfcjr mlcxrjklû` hg jewj | grf{lû` hgc {wgcf jewj{ jojif. :. Aìxfhf hg Ocleb ?. Aìxfhf hg Cj`g f hg cj Cf`elxwh hg _wxwrj Blhrêwclkj ;. Aìxfhf hg cj rgilccj blhrfhl`êalkj
5:
G{xg aìxfhf hg cj rgilccj ~gralxg kjckwcjr gc kjwhjc hg mlcxrjklû` | cj ~rg{lû` g` kwjczwlgr ~w`xf ojif cj g{xrwkxwrj# ccg}j`hf gc ~rfocgaj j hf{ hlag`{lf`g{. Gc ~rfkghlalg`xf w{j`hf K hg Ocleb hj }jcfrg{ gkg{l}f{ ~jrj gc rgkfrrlhf hg cj{ jewj{. @f fo{xj`xg# ~rg{j{ bj` mjccjhf | {g bj }l{xf zwg g{ hgolhf jc ~fkf rgkfrrlhf }grxlkjc | cj cf`elxwh {g bj cferjhf hg{jrrfccj`hf cf{ rgkfrrlhf{ bfrlyf`xjcg{. G{xf hgawg{xrj aj|fr gmlklg`klj hg cf{ rgkfrrlhf{ }grxlkjcg{ ~jrj rg{l{xlr gc ~j{f hgc jewj g{~gkljcag`xg g` {wgcf{ g{xrjxlmlkjhf{. Xjocj @f ?=. Kfgmlklg`xg{ hg mlcxrjklû` Eûagy I. C. | Jrjklc I. I. :<87. [wgcf Kfgmlklg`xg K m
Cj`g
Ocleb
Jrg`j aw| ml`j f claf 2.7 :2 Jrg`j ml`j 5.> :7 Jrg`j aghlj =.> ! Jrg`j erwg{j 7.> :? Erj}j ml`j 8.> ! Erj}j aghlj ;.7 ! Erj}j | jrg`j ! < Erj}j erwg{j ;.> ! Ocfzwg{ kf` jcef hg jrg`j ! 8j= Jrklccj ~cê{xlkj ;.> ! Jrklccj aghlj ?.> ! Jrklccj hwrj :.2 ! Jrklccj aw| hwrj :.= ! C 1 cf`elxwh hg rw~xwrj blhrêwclkj K m 1 kfgmlklg`xg hg kjrej hg mlcxrjklû` zwg hg~g`hg hgc xl~f hg {wgcf C 0 K m B
Cj`g kf`{lhgrj cj {gewrlhjh hg cj{ g{xrwkxwrj{ kf` rgcjklû` j cj grf{lû` | jc cj}jhf hg ~jrxákwcj{. G` aghlf{ ~frf{f{# j aj|fr cf`elxwh hgc rgkfrrlhf hgc jewj# ag`fr g{ cj }gcfklhjh hg mlcxrjklû`. CCj`g1 √ C} $ :&; √ Cb
Cj cf`elxwh hgc kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf {g ~wghg hl{al`wlr kf` hrg`g{ | mlcxrf{ hgolhjag`xg kfcfkjhf{.
Kbgzwgf hgc cj}jhf hg ~jrxákwcj{ W`j }gy hgxgral`jhf{ cf{ ~jrêagxrf{ oê{lkf{ hgc kf`xfr`f {woxgrrê`gf | }grlmlkjhj cj g{xjolclhjh hg cj ~rg{j {g ~rfkghg j hgxgral`jr cj rg{l{xg`klj hgc {wgcf jc cj}jhf hg ~jrxákwcj{. Cj{ ~jrxákwcj{ jcrghghfr hgc hg`xgccû` jewj{ jojif ~wghg` af}gr{g bjklj jewj{ jrrloj f bjklj jmwgrj hg cj klag`xjklû` {l gc erjhlg`xg hg ~rg{lû` gkghg j {w ~g{f. Gc ga~wig hg cj kfrrlg`xg bjkg mcfxjr gc ajxgrljc {l cj ~rg{lû` blhrf{xêxlkj l`xgr`j g{ lewjc f aj|fr zwg cj kjrej hgc
5?
ajxgrljc {forg~wg{xf. G{xf kf`hwkg j cj kf`hlklû` kráxlkj hg mcfxjklû`. Gc erjhlg`xg kráxlkf hg mcfxjklû` hgog {gr aj|fr zwg gc erjhlg`xg hg {jclhj jmgkxjhf ~fr w` mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh. lk rg~rg{g`xj
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1 erjhlg`xg blhrêwclkf f erjhlg`xg kráxlkf hg mcfxjklû` "rg~rg{g`xj cj kjrej hg ajxgrljc {forg~wg{xf, λ 1 ~g{f g{~gkámlkf hgc {wgcf "?.=7, ~ 1 ~frf{lhjh M { 1 mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh E{ 1 erjhlg`xg hg {jclhj B 1 hg{`l}gc g`xrg jewj{ jrrloj | jewj{ jojif h 1 ~rfmw`hlhjh hg cj klag`xjklû` o 1 cf`elxwh hg cj klag`xjklû` lk
Kfaf {g }g# w` hg`xgccû` jewj{ jrrloj `f xlg`g gmgkxf g` gc kjckwcf hgc erjhlg`xg hg {jclhj. [l cj kjrej gigrklhj ~fr gc ajxgrljc zwg g{xj {forg~wg{xf g{ ag`fr zwg gc erjhlg`xg hg {jclhj jmgkxjhf ~fr w` mjkxfr hg {gewrlhjh# hgog ~rfkghgr{g j ~rfmw`hlyjr cj klag`xjklû` |j zwg cj l`klhg`klj hg cj cf`elxwh hg cj klag`xjklû` `f g{ aj|fr.
Aìxfhf{ ~jrj rghwklr cj {wo~rg{lû` | cferjr kf`xrfc hg mlcxrjklf`g{ ^jrj w`j }lhj {gewrj | w` xrjojif `frajc hg cj{ g{xrwkxwrj{# g{ `gkg{jrlf zwg {w mw`hjklû` rg{l{xj j cj jkklû` hl`êalkj hgc jewj | zwg gc kf`iw`xf hg cj ~rg{j {gj g{xjocg jc hg{clyjalg`xf# j cf{ g{mwgryf{ `frajcg{# | jc }wgckf. @l`ew`f hg cf{ {lewlg`xg{ aìxfhf{ hj ejrj`xáj jo{fcwxj ~jrj j`wcjr cj {wo~rg{lû` ~grf {l cferj` hl{al`wlrcj. :, Bjkgr rwef{j cj {w~grmlklg hg cj rfkj ~jrj cferjr cj agifr jhbgrg`klj hgc kf`krgxf jwag`xj`hf cj rg{l{xg`klj jc ~j{f hgc jewj9 ?, Hrg`jig9 G` jcew`j{ ~rg{j{ kf`}lg`g hl{~f`gr hg w`j f }jrlj{ mlcj{ hg hrg`jig kgrkj jc ~jrjag`xf hg jewj{ jrrloj kf` gc ml` hg rgkfegr | jcgijr gc jewj zwg ~wghj mlcxrjr{g j xrj}ì{ hgc kf`krgxf ~fr iw`xj{# erlgxj{# f cj klag`xjklû`. Kwj`hf {g hl{~f`g` g` cj oj{g hg cj
5;
klag`xjklû` hg w`j mlcj hg hrg`g{ hg{~wì{ hg fxrj hg jewigrf{ hg l`|gkklf`g{# gc hrg`jig {g ~rêkxlkj hg{~wì{ hg ì{xf{ ~jrj g}lxjr zwg {g xj~f`g` kf` cj cgkbjhj hg kgag`xf zwg ~j{g j xrj}ì{ hg cj{ erlgxj{ hg cj rfkj.
ejcgráj kfcgkxfrj
B:
Xwográj kfcgkxfrj Mlcxrf# ~wghg {gr ~lghrj hrg` hlêagxrf 1 >.? j >.8 a [g~jrjklû` hg ? j 7 a
Gc hrg`jig ~wghg kf`{lhgrjr{g ~griwhlkljc hgolhf jc jewj zwg jxrjg# eg`grj`hf aj|fr kjwhjc hg mlcxrjklû`. Cf{ hrg`g{ ~wghg` {gr xwof{ ~grmfrjhf{ hg ?> ka j 8> ka hg hlêagxrf hl{xj`kljhf{ hg ? j 7 a | zwg hg{gaofkj` }grxlkjcag`xg g` kj`jcg{ f xwográj{ rgkfcgkxfrj{ {lxwjhj{ ~fr cf eg`grjc g` cj ejcgráj hg l`{~gkklû`. ;, L`|gkklf`g{ zwg xlg`g` ~fr foigxl}f{9 la~gragjolclyjr cj klag`xjklû` jcjrej`hf gc rgkfrrlhf hgc jewj | clejr cj ~rg{j j cj rfkj. Cj{ l`|gkklf`g{ agraj` cj{ ~f{lolclhjhg{ hg mlcxrjklû` ~fr cj mw`hjklû` aghlj`xg cj kgag`xjklû` hg erlgxj{# mjccj{# ml{wrj{ | mrjkxwrj{ {g bjkg ow{kj`hf hl{al`wlr cj hgmfrajolclhjh hg cj klag`xjklû` g` eg`grjc. Cj kf`{fclhjklû` hg klalg`xf{ f g{xrwkxwrj{ {g rgjclyj kf` oj{g g` l`|gkklf`g{ hg ~rfhwkxf{ zwg ~wghj` kfcajxjr f jecfagrjr cf{ gcgag`xf{ {wgcxf{ f jerlgxjhf{. Cj hl{xj`klj g`xrg cá`gj{ hg l`|gkklf`g{ hg~g`hg hgc erjhf hg jerlgxjalg`xf hg cj rfkj# kfaù`ag`xg g{ hg :.7 a bj{xj 8 a. Cj hl{xj`klj g`xrg cf{ ojrrg`f{ hg w`j al{aj cá`gj g{ j~rflajhjag`xg cj al{aj. Cf{ ojrrg`f{ kfaù`ag`xg {g bjkg` }grxlkjcg{# g` cf ~f{locg `frajcg{ j cj erlgxj | ùcxlajag`xg l`kcl`jhf{ bjklj jewj{ jrrloj. Gc hlêagxrf hg cj{ ~grmfrjklf`g{ }j hg 8 j 5 aa. Cj{ kfrxl`j{ {g bjkg` hg{hg ejcgráj{ g{~gkljcg{ hgijhj{ g` gc kwgr~f hg cj ~rg{j# hg{hg cj {w~grmlklg hgc xgrrg`f# f hg{hg ejcgráj{ cjxgrjcg{ wolkjhj{ j hl{xl`xf{ `l}gcg{. Gc xjajúf hgc ajxgrljc aê{ kf`}g`lg`xg j l`|gkxjr hl{al`w|g kf` cj la~gragjolclhjh hgc xgrrg`f. Cj{ l`|gkklf`g{ {g hgxgral`j` g~grlag`xjcag`xg g` kwj`xf j ~rfmw`hlhjh | ~rg{lû` hg l`|gkxjig cj zwg hgog {gr xjc zwg ccg`g cf{ g{~jklf{ }jkáf{ ~grf zwg `f ml{wrg aê{ cj rfkj. Cj ~rfmw`hlhjh hgc l`|gkxjig {g bj hgxgral`jhf g~grlag`xjcag`xg kf` oj{g j fxrj{ ~rg{j{ kf`{xrwlhj{ g`xrg >.8 | >.2 cj kjrej hg jewj. B
>.8 j >.2 B
58
Cj ~gragjolclhjh hl{al`w|g hg 5 j :> }gkg{ kf` gc l`|gkxjig.
L`|gkklf`g{ jcxgr`jhj{ g l`kcl`jhj{ Krlxgrlf jagrlkj`f
K λ u B ? B : K λ u B :
B DBK
D g{ w` kfgmlklg`xg zwg la~clkj cj kjáhj hgc ~fxg`klj blhrêwclkf hgolhf jc D 1 >.; j >.= hg~g`hlg`hf hg cj gmgkxl}lhjh hgc l`|gkxjig. _fkj {j`j D 1 >.? j >.8 _fkj ml{wrjhj D 1 >.8 j >.5 L`|gkxjig aj{ hrg`jig D 1 >.: j >.;
l`|gkxjig
8. Hgcj`xjcg{ la~gragjocg{. 8.:. Cf{ hgcj`xjcg{ mcglocg{ "jrklccj{# {wgcf{# {wgcf!kgag`xf# j{mjcxf f ajxgrljcg{ {l`xìxlkf{, rg{~f`hg` j cj{ gleg`klj{ hg hgmfrajolclhjh hg cj mw`hjklû`. Cj ~gragjolclhjh hgc ajxgrljc hgc hgcj`xjc hgog {gr w`j{ 7> }gkg{ ag`fr zwg cj ~gragjolclhjh hg cj mw`hjklû`. ^jrj kjrej{ bj{xj hg :7 a {g w{j` hgcj`xjcg{ hg jrklccj# xlgrrj jrklccf{j | xwrof{j. ^jrj kjrej{ aj|frg{ {g w{j` hg kf`krgxf rgmfryjhf# j{mjcxf{ f {lalcjrg{.
:j?a >.57 a C 1 : j :.7 B
Gc ag`fr }jcfr {g w{j ~jrj kjrej{ ag`frg{
57
Gc g{~g{fr aá`laf g{ hg >.57 a# ~jrj gc gxrgaf j`xgrlfr | hg : j ? a ~jrj gc gxrgaf ~rûlaf j cj ~rg{j. θ 1
B I
I aj|f j aj|fr la~gragjolclhjh
"D j~rf :> !2 a&{,
θ 1 g{~g{fr hgc hgcj`xjc B 1 Kjrej `gxj I 1 erjhlg`xg hg mlcxrjklû` ~gral{locg j xrj}ì{ hgc hgcj`xjc. ^jrj jrklccj{ I }jráj g`xrg = | 2. ^jrj {wgcf{ jrg`f{f{ I }jráj g`xrg 8 | 7.
Cf{ g{~g{frg{ hg cj{ kj~j{ }j` hg :> j ?7 ka# {geù` gc gzwl~f hg kfa~jkxjklû`. G` `l`eù` kj{f {g ~gralxg cj mfrajklû` hg erlgxj{ g`xrg gc hgcj`xjc | cj ~rg{j# |j zwg ì{xj{ ~fr ~gzwgúj{ zwg {gj` j`wcj` gc xrjojif hgc hgcj`xjc kfaf gcgag`xf j`xlmlcxrj`xg. Cj{ iw`xj{ g`xrg gc kf`krgxf | cj jrklccj hgog` {gr l`kcl`jhj{. R
8.? Cf{ hgcj`xjcg{ ráelhf{ {g kf`{xrw|g` kfaù`ag`xg g` cj{ klag`xjklf`g{ kfa~jkxjhj{ hg cj ~rg{j# g` mfraj hg cf{j{ jl{cjhj{ kf` iw`xj{ ~rf}l{xj{ hg {gccf{ la~gragjocg{ Fxrf{ {f` cf{ hgcj`xjcg{ j`kcjhf{# kfa~wg{xf{ eg`grjcag`xg hg cf{j{ hg >.8 j >.5 a. hg g{~g{fr | kw|j jrajhwrj {g w`g j cj ajccj l`mgrlfr hg cj jrajhwrj hg cj ~cjkj hg klag`xjklû` hg cj ~rg{j. 7, Xjocg{xjkj{9 [g w{j` hg jkgrf# kf`krgxf rgmfryjhf | j }gkg{ hg ajhgrj. Cj{ hg kf`krgxf rgmfryjhf ~gralxg` zwg {gj` bgkbj{ g` gc {lxlf. Cj{ hg jkgrf ~gralxg` cferjr erj`hg{ cf`elxwhg{. Cj{ hg ajhgrj `f cferj` erj` la~gragjolclhjh | {w ~rfmw`hlhjh hg bl`kjhf g{ ag`fr. =, ^j`xjccj{ g la~gragjolclyjklf`g{ hgc cjhf jewj{ jrrloj. ^jrj kf`xrfcjr mlcxrjklf`g{ g` gc kwgr~f hg cj ~rg{j {g bj` w{jhf la~gragjolclyjklf`g{ f ~j`xjccj{ g` gc ~jrjag`xf jewj{ jrrloj. G{xj{ xlg`g` ~fr ml` hrg`jr gc jewj mlcxrjhj | rgkfegrcj g` kf`hwkxf{ }grxlkjcg{ zwg {g g`cjyj` g` cj ~jrxg ojij kf` w` kfcgkxfr zwg cj kf`hwkg jewj{ jojif. G` cj aj|fráj hg cf{ kj{f{ cj la~gragjolclhjh hg cj ~rg{j hg~g`hg hg cj aj{j hg kf`krgxf# ~grf g` jcew`j{ {g bj }l{xf cj xg`hg`klj hg g`rlzwgkgr gc ~jrjag`xf jewj{ jrrloj ~fr aghlf hg kj~j{ hg afrxgrf f kgag`xf oj{xj`xg la~gragjocg. G{xj{ ~j`xjccj{ j`wcj` cj{ ~rg{lf`g{ blhrf{xêxlkj{ l`xgr`j{ g` gc kwgr~f hg cj ~rg{j {lga~rg zwg cj{ mlcxrjklf`g{ `f {gj` xjcg{ zwg ccg`g` j ~rg{lû` cf{ hrg`g{ f hwkxf{ }grxlkjcg{ g`xrg ~j`xjccj{ | ~rg{j. Jhgaê{# cj klrkwcjklû` hgc jlrg ~fr g{f{ hwkxf{ lewjcj cj{ xga~grjxwrj{ g` jaof{ ~jrjag`xf{ hg cj ~rg{j cf zwg kf`xrlow|g j agrajr erlgxj{. G{xj ~j`xjccj l`krgag`xj awkbf gc kf{xf hg cj ~rg{j ~fr cf{ ajxgrljcg{ | cj aj`f hg forj g{kfelhj zwg {g rgzwlgrg ~fr cf zwg `f {g w{j aw| mrgkwg`xgag`xg.
5=
5, Hg`xgccf`g{9 {g w{j` kwj`hf cj{ kf`hlklf`g{ egfcûelkj{ la~f{lolclxj` cj kf`{xrwkklû` hg {l{xgaj{ j`xlmlcxrj`xg{ bl`kjhf{. {g bjkg` ~jrj agifrjr gc kf`xjkxf g`xrg cj ~cjkj hg klag`xjklû` | cj mw`hjklû`# | ~jrj ~rg}g`lr cj ~gclerf{j mlcxrjklû` g` gc kf`xjkxf. Cj ~rfmw`hlhjh hg cf{ hg`xgccf`g{ g{ hg ? a j ; a jw`zwg ~wghg {gr aj|fr {l g` gc kêckwcf hg g{xjolclhjh hg cj ~rg{j jc hg{clyjalg`xf {g l`kcw|g gc {wgcf wolkjhf g`xrg cf{ hg`xgccf`g{. Gc j`kbf hgc hg`xgccû` {g mlij hg jkwgrhf j cj{ kf`hlklf`g{ hg gigkwklû` hgc xrjojif. Gc hg`xgccû` ~f{xgrlfr {g kf`xjkxj kf` cj ~cjkj hgc ~fyf hl{l~jhfr hg g`greáj hg cj ~rg{j# kf`{xrw|ì`hf{g g` cj iw`xj w` {gccf hg g{xj`zwglhjh.
Cf{ hg`xgccf`g{ {g ~wghg` kf`{xrwlr hg }jrlj{ mfraj{9 Aìxfhf jolgrxf hg yj`ij{# g`xlojhf hg ~jrghg{ | gxrjkklû` hg jewj mlcxrjhj ~fr ofaogf. Mw`hlklf`g{ hg kf`krgxf ojif jewj. L`|gkklf`g{ hg agykcj{ hg kgag`xf | jrklccj!kgag`xf g` {wgcf{ jrg`f{f{ | erj}f!jrg`f{f{. Kjif`g{ ~grf `f {f` mrgkwg`xg{ g` blhrfxgk`lj. µ
µ
µ
µ
L`mcwg`klj hg cf{ mg`ûag`f{ hg }jrljklû` hg xga~grjxwrj | bwaghjh g` gc kf`krgxf J~jrxg hg cj{ hgmfrajklf`g{ gcê{xlkj{ hgolhj{ j cj{ kjrej{ zwg {wmrg gc kf`krgxf# ì{xg ~wghg g~grlag`xjr kjaolf{ }fcwaìxrlkf{ hgolhf{ j9 Gcg}jklû` hg cj xga~grjxwrj hgolhf jc mrjewjhf hgc kf`krgxf | hg{kg`{f hg cj al{aj jc xìral`f hgc mrjewjhf. ]jrljklû` hg cj xga~grjxwrj jxaf{mìrlkj µ
µ
Hwrj`xg gc ~gráfhf hg kf`{xrwkklû` hg cj ~rg{j# {g ~rfhwkg w` kjcg`xjalg`xf hgc kf`krgxf hg :7¾ K j ?7¾ K# ccgej`hf g` kj{f{ bj{xj ;=¾ K. [gewlhjag`xg {w g`mrljalg`xf hg{w`lmfrag ~rfhwkg xg`{lf`g{ hg kfa~rg{lû` | xrjkklû`. Hwrj`xg gc ~gráfhf hg f~grjklû`# {wreg` xg`{lf`g{ ~fr xga~grjxwrj hgolhj{ j cj{ }jrljklf`g{ hgc aghlf klrkw`hj`xg9 jlrg | jewj. Gl{xg` hf{ afag`xf{ ~gclerf{f{9 gc ~rlagrf# kwj`hf {g bj` g`mrljhf cf{ ofrhg{ hg cj ~rg{j ~grf gc l`xgrlfr kf`{gr}j xga~grjxwrj aj{ jcxj. Gc ~rfkg{f hg hl{al`wklû` hg cj xga~grjxwrj hgc kf`krgxf kjcg`xjhf {g ~rfcf`ej j }gkg{ }jrlf{ júf{# cwgef hg cf kwjc cj ~jrxg l`xgrlfr hgc kwgr~f hg cj ~rg{j xfaj cj xga~grjxwrj aghlj hgc cwejr | cj{ yf`j{ kgrkj`j{ j cj{ kjrj{ gxgr`j{ "bj{xj 7 j = a. hg ~rfmw`hlhjh hg{hg cj {w~grmlklg, {g }g` {fagxlhj{ j }jrljklf`g{
55
g{xjklf`jcg{ hg xga~grjxwrj hg~g`hlg`hf hg cj xga~grjxwrj hgc jewj f jlrg zwg klrkw`hj` cj ~rg{j. Gc {gew`hf afag`xf ~gclerf{f {g ~rfhwkg kwj`hf {g bj|j g}jkwjhf xfhf gc kjcfr hg cj ~rg{j# ~rfhwklì`hf{g xrjkklf`g{ g` kf`xjkxf kf` gc klalg`xf ráelhf g l`hgmfrajocg# zwg la~lhg cj clorg hgmfrajklû` hg cj g{xrwkxwrj. G{xg gmgkxf hg cj xga~grjxwrj `f xlg`g aj|fr l`klhg`klj g` g{xrwkxwrj{ hg g{kj{f g{~g{fr f hg kf`{xrwkklû` cg`xj# ~grf g`xrg aj|fr {gj gc }fcwag` hg aj{l}f kfcfkjhf# xj`xf aê{ {le`lmlkjxl}j g{ cj hg{w`lmfralhjh hg cj{ xga~grjxwrj{ | cj hwrjklû` hgc g`mrljalg`xf hgc kf`krgxf. ^rfkg{f{ {lalcjrg{ ~grf hg ag`fr la~frxj`klj fkwrrg` kfaf rg{wcxjhf hgc j{g`xjalg`xf | gc bl`kbjalg`xf hgc kf`krgxf kwj`hf bj| w`j hl{xrlowklû` hg{w`lmfrag hg bwaghjh. Hgolhf j cf j`xgrlfr {g ~rfhwkg` xrjkklf`g{ g` gc kf`krgxf hg cj{ ~rg{j{ zwg ~wghg` ccgejr j }g`kgr {w rg{l{xg`klj hj`hf cwejr j cj mfrajklû` hg erlgxj{. Cj{ erlgxj{ xrj`{}gr{jcg{ {g hg{jrrfccj` `frajcag`xg jc gig cf`elxwhl`jc hg cj ~rg{j. @f ~griwhlkj` cj g{xjolclhjh hg cj ~rg{j ~grf ~rfhwkg` ~ìrhlhj{ hg jewj hgc gaojc{g ~fr mlcxrjklû`. µ
Erlgxj{ xrj`{}gr{jcg{
Erlgxj{ cf`elxwhl`jcg{9 `f {f` xj` mrgkwg`xg{ kfaf cj{ j`xgrlfrg{ ~grf {á aw| ~gclerf{j{. [g kf`{lhgrj` ~jrj ~rg{j{ aj|frg{ hg 7> a. µ
Erlgxj{ bfrlyf`xjcg{9 {f` ~fkf ~rfmw`hj{ | {g cfkjclyj` g` gc ~jrêagxrf jewj{ jrrloj. Hj` cwejr j zwg bj|j {wo~rg{lû` {forg xfhj cj ~rfmw`hlhjh hg cj erlgxj. µ
^jrj hl{al`wlr cf{ gmgkxf{ hg xga~grjxwrj | mrjewjhf {g ~wghg {gewlr jcew`j hg cj{ {lewlg`xg{ ~f{lolclhjhg{9 ]jrljklf`g{ zwg l`mcw|g` g` cj kjclhjh | kfa~f{lklû` hg cf{ ajxgrljcg{ "w{f hg kf`krgxf blhrfxìk`lkf# ga~cgf hg jhgkwjhf | gmlkjy aìxfhf hg }lorjhf,. Ùcxlajag`xg {g bj w{jhf g` jcew`f{ ~já{g{ kf`krgxf kfa~jkxjhf kf` rfhlccf "KK_, f _fccgr Kfa~jkxgh Kf`krgxg "_KK,. µ
µ
_gmrlegrjklû` jrxlmlkljc hgc kf`krgxf.
Iw`xj{ hg kf`xrjkklû`!hlcjxjklû`. Cj ~rg{j {g kfrxj kf` iw`xj{ ~graj`g`xg{ kf`{xrwkxl}j{ | hg xga~grjxwrj# mrgkwg`xgag`xg kfaol`jhj{. G{xj{ iw`xj{ ~fr cf rgewcjr {g wolkj` j lewjcg{ hl{xj`klj{ j cf cjref hg cj ~rg{j. [w wolkjklû` {g rgcjklf`j kf` cj{ kf`hlklf`g{ hg kf`{xrwkklû` | cj cfkjclyjklû` hg frlmlklf{ hg cj ~rg{j | xjaolì` kf` gc kfrxg g` ocfzwg{ hg kfcfkjklû` hgc kf`krgxf. Gc j`kbf hg cj iw`xj }j hg : aa j ?> aa "bj{xj 8 ka g` cj ~jrxg {w~grlfr hg cj ~rg{j,# hg~g`hlg`hf hgc kclaj | hg cj mw`hjklû`. "G` mw`hjklû` `f rfkf{j {g w{j` cf{ aj|frg{ }jcfrg{,. Cj{ iw`xj{ aê{ mrgkwg`xg{ {f` cj{ ~cj`j{# ~jrj cj{ kwjcg{ cj{ {gkklf`g{ hg cj ~rg{j xrjojij` | {g hgmfraj` l`hg~g`hlg`xgag`xg. Cj{ iw`xj{ xrjojhj{ ~gralxg` xrj`{alxlr g{mwgryf{ hg w`j {gkklû` j cj fxrj{# | hlmlkwcxj` cj {jclhj hgc jewj ~grf ~wghg` ~rfhwklr erlgxj{ g` gc kf`krgxf g` cf{ {lxlf{ hg zwlgorg. µ
^jrj cferjr zwg cj iw`xj {gj la~gragjocg hgog` w{jr{g {gccf{ xj`xf ~grlagxrjcag`xg kfaf l`xgrlfrag`xg. G{xf{ {gccf{ kf`{l{xg` g` xj~f`g{ g` mfraj hg }lej{ hg kf`krgxf jrajhf# kf`krgxf
