PRACTICE TEST 19 May 1999 Questions 1-9 The term "Hudson River school" was applied to the foremost representatives representative s of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which egan around !#$ and Line lasted until the late !%$&s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the (5) !'$&s as a direct result of the struggle etween the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older painters, most of whom were orn efore !(#, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopoli)ed y landscape su*ect matter and were securely estalished in and fostered y the reigning American art organi)ation, the National Academy of +esign. (10) The younger painters returning home from training in urope worked more with figural su*ect matter and in a old and impressionistic techniue their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it y attaining academic recognition in New /ork. 0ne of the results of the conflict etween the two factions was that what in previous years had een referred to as the "American", (15) "native", or, occasionally, "New /ork" school 1 the most representative school of American art in any genre genre 1 had y !2$ ecome ecome firmly estalished estalished in the the minds of critics and pulic alike as the Hudson River school. The soriuet was first applied around !'2. 3hile it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and (20) sociali)ed in New /ork, the Hudson&s port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying freuency. 4ost important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of techniue and composition consistent with those of America&s first first popular landscape artist, artist, Thomas Thomas 5ole, who uilt a career career painting the 5atskill 4ountain scenery ordering the Hudson River. A possile implication in the (25) term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like 5ole, lived on or near the anks of the Hudson. 6urther, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored y the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks Adirondacks and the mountains mountains of of 7ermont 7ermont and New Hampshire. Hampshire.
1. 3hat does the passage mainly discuss8
9A: The National Academy of +esign 9;:
9A: 6igural painting 95: >mpressionistic painting
9;: =andscape painting 9+: Historical painting
3. The word "struggle" in line # is closest in meaning to
9A: connection
9;: distance
95: communication
9+: competition
4. The word "monopoli)ed" in line is closest in meaning to
9A: alarmed
9;: dominated
95: repelled
9+: pursued
5. According to the passage, what was the function of the National Academy of +esign for the painters orn efore
!(#8 9A: >t mediated conflicts etween artists. 9;: >t supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniues. 95: >t determined which su*ects were appropriate. 9+: >t supported their growth and development. 6. The word "it" in line !? refers to
9A: matter
9;: techniue
95: patronage
9+: country
95: cities
9+: images
95: complimentary
9+: flashy
7. The word "factions" in line !@ is closest in meaning to
9A: sides
9;: people
8. The word "flattering" in line ! is closest in meaning to
9A: epressive
9;: serious
9. 3here did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training8
9A: >n urope 95: >n 7ermont
9;: >n the Adirondacks 9+: >n New Hampshire
Questions 10-22 Television has transformed politics in the Bnited Ctates y changing the way in which information is disseminated, y altering political campaigns, and y changing citi)en&s patterns of response to politics. ;y giving citi)ens independent access to the Line candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the (5) ma*or party candidates. ;y centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citi)en&s focus on character rather than issues.
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are riefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given y traveling politicians and lasting (D? to ? hours, which characteri)ed nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the ($-second advertisement and the !$ second "sound ite" in roadcast news. >ncreasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician ut rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news. >n these areviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has een lost. >n !# or ($ seconds, a speaker cannot estalish the historical contet that shaped the issue in uestion, cannot detail the proale causes of the prolem, and cannot eamine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferale to others. >n snippets, politicians assert ut do not argue. ;ecause television is an intimate medium, speaking through it reuire a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the oldstyle stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorale pictures rather than memorale words. Cchools teach us to analy)e words and print. However, in a word in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citi)enship reuires a new set of skills. Recogni)ing the power of television&s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events, called pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. 4uch of the political activity we see on television news has een crafted y politicians, their speechwriters, and their pulic relations advisers for televised consumption. Cound ites in news and answers to uestions in deates increasingly sound like advertisements.
10. 3hat is the main point of the passage8
9A: 5iti)ens in the Bnited Ctates are now more informed aout political issues ecause of television coverage. 9;: 5iti)ens in the Bnited Ctates prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person. 95:
9A: analy)ed
9;: discussed
95: spread
9+: stored
12. >t can e inferred that efore the introduction of television, political parties
9A: had more influence over the selection of political candidates 9;: spent more money to promote their political candidates 95: attracted more memers 9+: received more money 13. The word "accelerated" in line % is closest in meaning to
9A: allowed
9;: increased
95: reuired
9+: started
14. The author mentions the "stump speech" in line as an eample of
9A: an event created y politicians to attract media attention 9;: an interactive discussion etween two politicians 95: a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century 9+: a style of speech common to televised political events 15. The phrase "given way to" in line !$ is closest in meaning to
9A: added interest to 95: imitated
9;: modified 9+: een replaced y
16. The word "that" in line !? refers to
9A: audience 95: politician
9;: roadcast news 9+: advertisement
17. According to the passage, as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discourse was more
successful at 9A: allowing news coverage of political candidates 9;: placing political issues within a historical contet 95: making politics seem more intimate to citi)ens 9+: providing detailed information aout a candidates private ehavior 18. The author states that "politicians assert ut do not argue" 9line !: in order to suggest that politicians
9A: make claims without providing reasons for the claims 9;: take stronger positions on issues than in the past 95: en*oy eplaining the issue to roadcasters 9+: dislike having to eplain their own positions on issues to citi)ens 19. The word "Reliance" in line ?! is closest in meaning to
9A: aundance
9;: clarification
95: dependence
9+: information
20. The purpose of paragraph @ is to suggest that
9A: politicians will need to learn to ecome more personal when meeting citi)ens 9;: politicians who are considered very attractive are favored y citi)ens over politicians who are less attractive 95: citi)ens tend to favor a politician who analy)ed the issue over one who does not
9A: create more time to discuss political issues 9;: otain more television coverage for themselves 95: spend more time talking to citi)ens in person 9+: engages in deates with their opponents 22. 3hich of the following statements is supported y the passage8
9A:
Questions 23-33
Line (5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
(30)
The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in arth&s atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-ased oservations from which we know that the aurora rilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign. To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the arth enclosed y its magnetosphere, a huge region created y the arth&s magnetic field. 0utside the magnetosphere, lasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ioni)ed gases with its own magnetic filed. 5harged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind&s magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The arth&s magnetosphere is a arrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. ;ut in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the arth and of the solar wind unch together. Here many of the solar wind&s charged particles reak through the magnetosphere and enter arth&s magnetic field. They then spiral ack and forth etween the arth&s magnetic poles very rapidly. >n the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ioni)e and ecite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visile light. The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy ecitation of oygen atoms. +uring huge magnetic storms oygen atoms also undergo high energy ecitation and emit a crimson light. cited nitrogen atoms contriute ands of color varying from lue to violet. 7iewed from outer space, auroras can e seen as dimly glowing elts wrapped around each of the arth&s magnetic poles. ach aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. 3hen the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may etend as far as the southern regions of the Bnited Ctates. Ctudies of auroras have given physicists new information aout the ehavior of plasmas, which has helped to eplain the nature of outer space and is eing applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.
9A: The methods used to oserve auroras from outer space 9;: The formation and appearance of auroras around the arth&s poles 95: The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras 9+: The periodic variation in the display of auroras 24. The word "phenomena" in line ? is closest in meaning to
9A: ideas
9;: stars
95: events
9+: colors
95: descrie
9+: eplain
25. The word "picture" in line % is closest in meaning to
9A: frame
9;: imagine
26. The passage descries the magnetosphere as a arrier 9line !!: ecause
9A: its position makes it difficult to e oserved from arth 9;: it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering arth&s atmosphere 95: it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind 9+: it is strongest in the polar regions 27. The word "them" in line !' refers to
9A: polar regions 95: atoms and molecules
9;: electrons 9+: aurora radiations
28. According to the passage, which color appears most freuently in an aurora display8
9A: Ereenish-white
9;: 5rimson
95: ;lue
9+: 7iolet
95: add to
9+: give off
95: charging
9+: hanging
29. The word "emit" in line ?! is closest in meaning to
9A: change from
9;: connect with
30. The word "glowing" in line ?( is closest in meaning to
9A: shining
9;: moving
31. Auroras may e seen in the southern regions of the Bnited Cates when
9A: magnetic storms do not affect arth 9;: solar flares are very intense 95: the speed of the solar wind is reduced 9+: the ecitation of atoms is low 32. The passage supports which of the following statements aout scientists& understanding of auroras8
9A: ;efore advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little aout auroras. 9;: New knowledge aout the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more aout auroras. 95: Ccientists cannot eplain the cause of the different colors in auroras. 9+: Bntil scientists learn more aout plasma physics, little knowledge aout auroras will e availale. 33. 3hich of the following terms is defined in the passage8
9A: "magnetosphere" 9line ': 95: "ioni)e" 9line !%:
9;: "electrons" 9line !%: 9+: "fusion" 9line ($:
4atching the influ of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the Bnited Ctates during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the Bnited Ctates. The country had een overwhelmingly rural at the Line eginning of the century, with less than # percent of Americans living in large towns (5) or cities. The proportion of uran population egan to grow remarkaly after !@$, increasing from !! percent that year to ? percent y !$ and to @% percent y !2$$. A country with only % cities oasting a population of more than ,$$$ in !$$ had ecome one with #@# such cities in !2$$. of these, ?% had a population of more than !$$,$$$ including ( that held more than a million people. 4uch of the migration (10) producing an uran society came from smaller towns within the Bnited Ctates, ut the comination of new immigrants and old American "settlers" on America&s "uran frontier" in the late nineteenth century proved etraordinary.
(15)
(20)
The growth of cities and the process of industriali)ation fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possile for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numers of factories. 5ities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction-as well as the epanded market in consumer goods-allowed continued growth of the uran sector of the overall economy of the Bntied Ctates.
Technological developments further stimulated the process of urani)ation. 0ne eample is the ;essemer converter 9an industrial process for manufacturing steel:, which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the (25) telephone, rought additional comforts to uran areas that were unavailale to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. >n every era the lure of the city included a ma*or psychological element for country people the ustle and social interaction of uran life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.
9;: The impact of foreign immigrants on cities 95: Ctandards of living 9+: The relationship etween industriali)ation and urani)ation 35. The word "influ" in line ! is closest in meaning to
9A: working
9;: processing
95: arrival
9+: attraction
36. The paragraph preceding the passage most proaly discuss
9A: foreign immigration 95: the agricultural revolution
9;: rural life 9+: famous cities of the twentieth century
37. 3hat proportion of population of the Bnited Ctates was uran in !2$$8
9A: 6ive percent 95: Twenty-eight percent
9;: leven percent 9+: 6orty-si percent
38. The word "etraordinary" in line !? is closet in meaning to
9A: epensive
9;: eceptional
95: supreme
9+: necessary
39. The phrase "each other" in line !( refers to
9A: foreign immigrants and domestic migrants 95: growth of cities and industriali)ation
9;: farms and small towns 9+: industry and transportation
40. The word "stimulated" in line !@ is closest in meaning to
9A: forced
9;: prepared
95: limited
9+: motivated
41. 3hy does the author mention "electric lighting" and "the telephone" in lines ?@-?#8
9A: They contriuted to the agricultural revolution 9;: They are eamples of the conveniences of city life 95: They were developed y the same individual. 9+: They were products of the ;essemer converter. 42. The word "them" in line ?% refers to
9A: uran areas
9;: rural Americans
95: farms
9+: cities
95: action
9+: uniue situation
43. The word "era" in line ?% is closest in meaning to
9A: period of time
9;: location
44. The word "intriguing" in line ? is closest in meaning to
9A: profitale
9;: attractive
95: comfortale
9+: challenging
Line (5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
The nervous system of verterates is characteri)ed y a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the rain. ven in its most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary speciali)ation, and their further evolution from lower to higher verterate classes is a process that is far from fully understood. Nevertheless, the asic arrangements are similar in all verterates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system of higher animals. 4oreover, for any species, the study of the emryological development of the nervous system is indispensale for an understanding of adult morphology. >n any verterate two chief parts of the nervous system may e distinguished. These are the central nervous system 9the nerve cord mentions aove:, consisting of the rain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term "autonomic nervous system" refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands. The nervous system is composed of many millions of nerve and glial cells, together with lood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nerve cells, or "neurons", are characteri)ed y many processes and are speciali)ed in that they ehiit to a great degree the phenomena of irritaility and conductivity. The glial cells of the central nervous system are supporting cells collectively termed "neuroglia". They are characteri)ed y short processes that have special relationships to neurons, lood vessels, and connective tissue. The comparale cells in the peripheral nervous system are termed "neurilemmal" cells.
45. 3hat does the passage mainly discuss8
9A: The parts of a neuron 95: The nervous system of verterates
9;: The structure of animals& nerve 9+: The development of the rain
46. According to the passage, the nerve cord of verterates is
9A: large
9;: hollow
95: primitive
9+: emryological
47. The author implies that a careful investigation of a iological structure in an emryo may
9A: >mproved research of the same structure in other species 9;: A etter understanding of the fully developed structure 95: +iscovering ways in which poor development can e corrected 9+: A method y which scientists can document the various stages of development 48. The two main parts of the central nervous system are the rain and the
9A: sensory endings
9;: cranial nerve
95: spinal cord
9+: peripheral nerves
49. All of the following are descried as eing controlled y the autonomic nervous system F5
9A: connective tissue
9;: cardiac muscle
95: glandular activity
9+: smooth muscle
50. >n what lines does the author identify certain characteristic of nerve cells8
9A: !-?
9;: !$-!(
95: !(-!%
9+: !-?$
PRACTICE TEST 19
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