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Power Quality and Energy Saving Solutions – What is Real? Presented by: Dan Carnovale, P.E.
[email protected]
© 2008 Eaton Corporation. Corporation. All rights reserved. reserved.
New Trend in Selling PQ Solutions • Selling Selling PQ for for the sake sake of of PQ isn’t isn’t good good enough enough anymo anymore re • Power Quality (PQ) and Energy Energy Management Management (EM) (EM) linked by conservation activities (VFDs, fluorescent lights, etc.) • Insura Insuranc nce e (PQ (PQ)) ver versu sus s “rea “real” l” (EM) (EM) savi savings ngs • Ener Energy gy cos costs ts are are ris risin ing g • Require Required d payback payback peri periods ods are are decreas decreasing ing (<2 (<2 yrs) yrs) • Significant Significant confusio confusion n in sales methods and product product literature literature • Black Black-bo -box x “all“all-inin-on one” e” solut solution ions s are are more more com commo mon n
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Overview • Need Need – Eve Everyo ryone ne want wants s to save save ener energy! gy! • People want to believe that there is a simple solution • Electric bills can be confusing • Misleading sales methods by unknowing salespeople • What claims are real? • What claims are false? • What should YOU do? 3
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Understanding Your Utility Bill Energy (kWh) Demand (kW) PF Charges
+
Taxes
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Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full? Wasted Capacity Full Capacity
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EPRI Said It Best….
You can only save energy that is wasted!!!
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PQ Solutions that “Claim” to Save Energy Category 1: PF correction equipment • Black/green boxes with capacitors in them • PF correction capacitors • Harmonic filters
Category 2: Other PQ Solutions • • • • • • • •
Negative sequence current reduction Neutral blocking filter Surge protection Soft starters Zig-zag reactors Harmonic mitigating transformers (HMT) Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) equipment Green plug 7
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Energy Savers A thought….don’t you think the government would require these devices if they worked as well as claimed???? Our units are garaunteed to save you money! (Maybe a “garauntee” is totally different from a “guarantee”….)
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It Happens to the Best of Us…. • 2007 – Eaton Fluid Power Plant • Applied Three (3) Energy Savers ($65k) • Claimed 11-30% • Actual Savings (Year/Year) – 15%? • What????? (Plant lighting was changed to energy efficient lighting three months prior to application of Energy Saver!)
• Actual Savings <1%!
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It Happens to the Best of Us…. N-07 Oct-07 S-07 Aug-07 J-07 Jun-07 M-07 Apr-07 M-07 Feb-07 J-07 Dec-06 N-06 Oct-06 S-06 Aug-06 J-06 Jun-06 M-06 Apr-06 M-06 Feb-06 J-06
kWh
kW
Excess rKVA
Cost
346,811 329,366 297,597 312,736 331,227 308,103 319,200 369,870 354,678 400,302 395,049 357,737 384,850 354,128 339,933 382,376 361,292 345,645 352,918 337,043 347,956 387,728 289,015
664.3 628.5 571 605.02 637.56 616.8 630 643 664 704.4 708.7 718.6 693.9 653.9 656.9 719.2 712.5 702.44 672 771.2 635.3 840.9 600.7
198.5 150.1 106.5 22.8 64.1 467.4 529.7 439.5 510.1 506.2 533.6 564.6 546.7 455.7 560 579.4 558.4 508.4 493.8 534.1 468.1 527.1 458.5
$28,856.55 $27,351.46 $24,879.59 $26,120.39 $27,100.99 $26,607.99 $26,920.13 $28,231.73 $28,663.34 $30,757.42 $30,808.96 $30,444.10 $30,099.75 $28,255.68 $28,109.33 $30,869.79 $30,259.63 $29,315.43 $28,505.66 $31,194.23 $27,432.08 $34,813.36 $25,364.67
kW savings over previo us year
Cost savings over previous year
4.3% 3.9% 13.1% 15.9% 10.5% 12.2% 6.3% 16.6% -4.5% 16.2% -18.0%
4.1% 3.2% 11.5% 15.4% 10.4% 9.2% 5.6% 9.5% -4.5% 11.7% -21.5%
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Year-over-year Data Should NOT be Used • Year-over-year data can be very misleading • Usually, only the good months are highlighted • Residential data is especially difficult to track from year to year
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PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy “ Black Box” All-in-One Solutions
• Description: Magic boxes full of PF correction, harmonic correction, surge protection, etc. • Claim: Up to 35% • Reality: < 3% typical
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But they showed me how it works… Demo Cases – What’s in that box? • Motor • Capacitor • Meter • (….maybe a few tricks) “Look…current reduced from 10 to 5 Amps, that results in 50% energy savings!” 13
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But they showed me how it works… Electro-magnetic disk meter spins slower with the black box on. It takes 5 hours to make one rotation with the unit on vs. 4 hours with the unit off. Why?
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But they showed me how it works… They showed me a set of bills from a facility in Alaska and they saved money when the units were on. Why?
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Typical Claims • Correct PF • Provide Surge Protection • Save Energy • Commercial, Institutional and Residential Targets The Reality: Capacitors with MOV’s (i.e. PF correction with surge protection)
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Authors’ Viewpoint • We have done the calculations • We have done the measurements • We have talked to the vendors • We simply do not believe the excessive claims • Can you save significant money with PF correction? Yes, IF there is a penalty
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PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy Harmonic Filters and PF Correction
• Description: Harmonic filters or PF correction equipment • Claim: Reduce kW and eddy current losses • Reality: Reduces I2R depending on location – typical is less than 2%
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PF Correction and Energy Savings • Well known benefit: kW Loss Reduction (real savings) • Problem: Overstated • Claim: 11-30% savings • Reality: 1-4% overall savings typical • 500 “pieces of technology” installed… • Open the “black box” – it’s full of capacitors… If it looks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks like a duck….
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PF Correction and Energy Savings • Claim: Reduces harmonics • Reality: Will ALWAYS increase harmonics by series or parallel resonance unless installed as a filter • Is this a problem? Maybe, maybe not…. • The caps can usually take it (for a while) • The system can take some additional current or voltage THD but should be watched
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Capacitor Placement – Physical Location Utility Penalty – If needed for PF penalty
• Typical savings is 5-30% of bill Capacity Improvement – if needed to improve the capacity
of a transformer or cable • 1-2% of overall kW savings is typical Loss Reduction – If needed for kVA or loss reduction
• 1-4% of overall kW is typical with distributed capacitor (some may claim more)
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Power Factor Penalties • Not possible to cover all penalties • Table 3 (Blooming/Carnovale paper) shows some typical methods
• User should determine which type of penalty (if any) the utility is using • Then investigate further • Sometimes utility uses multiple penalty methods
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Power Factor Penalties Table I (partial) from “Capacitor Application Issues” paper http://www.eaton.com/EatonCom/Markets/Electrical/ServicesSupport/Experience/index.htm
POWER F ACTOR PENALTIES R ATE TYPE
DESCRIPTION OF PF PENALTY
kVA (demand) rates PF (kVA) adjustment
Penalty for < 1.0 pf; generally applied as a $/kVA When the pf is less than X%, the demand may be taken as X% of the measured kVA
PF ratio (kW demand) adjustment
If the pf is < X%, the demand will be adjusted by the following: X%/actual pf * actual demand = adjusted demand.
PF magnitude (kW demand)
PF adjustment increases or decreases the net (kW) demand
EXAMPLE Demand = 800 kW; pf=80%; kVA=1000; demand charge = $10/kVA pf penalty = (1000 – 800)*$10 = $2000/month When the pf is less than 90%, the demand may be taken as 90% of the measur pf=80%; kVA=1000; demand charge = $10/kVA Billed demand = 0.90*1000 = 900 kW pf penalty = (900 – 1000*0.80)*$10 = $1000/month If the pf is < 85%, the demand will be adjusted by the following: 85%/actual demand = adjusted demand. Demand = 800 kW; pf=80%; demand charge = $10/kW Adjusted demand = (0.85/0.80)*800=850kW pf penalty = (850-800)*$10 = $500/month Where the pf is < 85%, the net demand charges shall be increased 1% for each pf is < 90%; likewise, where the pf is higher than 95%, the demand charges wi
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PF Correction – Loss Reduction R1
R2
Resistive Load Motor Load Place here for li ne loss reduction and voltage improvement
Place here for uti lity PF penalty
Place here for uti lity PF penalty (utility owned transformer) or Place here to r educe losses in transform er or free capacity 24
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PF Correction – Loss Reduction
R1
I1
R2
I2
Motor Load Resistive Load
PLOSSES = I12 R1 + I22 R2 + (Transf Losses) + (Load Losses)
Delivery Losses
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Savings Depends on Location R1
I1
This curr ent is reduced
Motor Load
R2
Resistive Load
I2
This one is not Many tim es, the “ black box” vendors wi ll say, “ see, we don’t reduce the current to yo ur motor/loads.”
Frequently co nvenient to locate capacitors at the main bus, but this reduces only part of the curr ent and not the current that is likely to yield the greatest loss savings
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Savings Depends on Location R1
I1
R2
I2
Motor Load Resistive Load
Both curr ents are reduced Still, motor c urrent is the same. Placing the capacitor as close to t he load as poss ible wil l generally yield the greatest power delivery los s savings but t he applic ation, in general, is m ore costl y for mult iple capacito rs at the load(s).
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Example – PF Correction Savings 12.47/0.48 12.47 kV
2 mi, 336 MCM Overhead
%R=1 300 ft, 1000 MCM Cable
500 kW PF=1
1076 kW LOSSES:
4.73 kW 0.44%
500 kW PF=.88
5.1 kW 0.47%
71.2 kW 6.65%
Total Circui t Losses: 81 kW / 8.1%
Source: EPRI 28
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Example, Capacitor at Main Incoming 12.47/0.48 12.47 kV
2 mi, 336 MCM Overhead
%R=1 300 ft, 1000 MCM Cable 250 kvar
500 kW PF=.88 500 kW PF=1
1070 kW
LOSSES:
4.03 kW 0.38%
4.33 kW 0.40%
66.4 kW 6.23%
Total Cir cuit Losses: 74.8 kW / 7.48%
Saved a little here because voltage improved
End User Loss Savings: 76 kW - 70 kW = 6 kW This is 8% savings in loss es, but net power into load decreases only 6 kW or 0.6% of load Source: EPRI 29
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Example, Capacitor at Load 12.47/0.48 12.47 kV
2 mi, 336 MCM Overhead
(250 kvar)
%R=1 300 ft, 1000 MCM Cable
500 kW PF=.88 500 kW PF=1
1065 kW
LOSSES:
4.03 kW 0.38%
4.32 kW 0.40%
60.6 kW 6.23%
Total Cir cuit Losses: 68.9 kW / 6.89% End User Loss Savings: 76 kW - 65 kW = 11 kW This is nearly 15% savings in los ses, but net power int o load decreases on ly 11 kW or 1.1% of lo ad Source: EPRI 30
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Computer Simulation – High Rise Building PF
kW
kvar
kvar added
% kW Savings
0.58
615
870
0
0.0%
0.62
612.8
771
100
0.4%
0.67
610.9
671
200
0.7%
0.73
609.2
568.8
300
0.9%
0.79
607.7
466
400
1.2%
0.86
606.6
361
500
1.4%
0.92
605.7
255
600
1.5%
0.97
605.1
147
700
1.6%
1.00
604.8
38
800
1.7%
0.99
604.9
-72
900
1.6%
0.96
605.3
-184
1000
1.6%
% Los s Improv ement 1.8% 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
31 Losses vs. kvar Added
800
900 1000 31
Computer Simulation – High Rise Building Utility 615.0 kW 870.3 kVAR
1000 kVA @ 0.6 PF
Utility Bus
0.19 % VD LF Voltage 12446.51 V LF Voltage(%) 99.81 %
Transf Pri
0.19 % VD LF Voltage 12446.47 V LF Voltage(%) 99.81 %
Utility Feeder 615.0 kW 870.3 kVAR LF kW Loss 0.00 kW
615.0 kW 870.3 kVAR LF kW Loss 11.40 kW
1000 kVA
Secondary Bus 5.71 % VD LF Voltage 452.61 V LF Voltage(%) 94.29 % 603.6 kW 805.8 kVAR LF kW Loss 3.64 kW
480 V Cable
Load Bus 6.34 % VD LF Voltage 449.56 V LF Voltage(%) 93.66
1000 kVA Load 1000.00 kVA LF kW 600.00 kW LF kVAR 800.00 kVAR LF PF 0.60
Capacitor LF kVAR 0.00 kVAR Capacitor kVAR 0.0
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Field Tests 600
1.000 0.900
550
0.800 500
0.700
t n e r r 450 u C , 400 W k
Trend Data During Test
0.600 0.500 0.400
F P
kW Current PF
0.300
350
0.200 300
0.100
250
0.000 1
600
1.000 0.900
550
0.800 500 0.700
Trend Data Zoom
t 450 n e r r u C 400 , W k 350
0.600
kW
0.500 F P
Current
0.400
PF
0.300 300 0.200 250
0.100
200
33 1
0.000
33
Field Tests
12
1.000 0.900
10
) % ( n o i t r o t s i D c i n o m r a H
0.800 0.700
8
0.600 6
0.500 0.400
4
F P
VTHD ITHD PF
Harmonic Trend Data During Test
0.300 0.200
2
0.100 0
0.000 1
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Field Tests 250
kW
1
kvar
0.9
kVA 200
0.8
A V k 150 , r a v k , 100 W k
0.7
50
0.2
PF
0.6 0.5
F P
Load with Cycling Air Compressor
0.4 0.3
0.1 0
0
1
1001
1
kW
160
PF
0.9
140
0.8
0.7
120
F P
W k
0.6
Zoom of Load with Cycling Air Compressor
100 0.5
80 0.4
60
0.3
1
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Confusion Created by Sales Hard Savings
Soft Savings
Reduced kWh
Lengthens equipment life
Reduced kW
Protects sensitive electronic equipment
Improved PF
Reduces maintenance
Reduction in equipment losses Protects environment (cables, transformers, motors, etc.) Reduced taxes
Less HVAC required Space savings Improves safety Reduces greenhouse gases 36
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Confusion Created by Sales • Expert/Third party testimonials and/or “Technical sign-off” (usually engineer signs off then the sales person goes to the controller or finance person with the paper) • Unknowing/Non-technical or passionate salesmen (he believes and so should you!) • Patented technology • Only the inventor truly understands the “technology” • Hard to prove/disprove guarantees (buy our stuff and then show us you didn’t save…) • Sell to unknowing residential and commercial customers with little or no knowledge of kW vs. kVA (current is reduced so “power is reduced”) 37
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Confusion Created by Sales Confusing Percentages • Transformer 97% Efficient • New Transformer 97.8% Efficient • Either 0.8% Improvement or 27% Reduction in Losses
Faulty/Questionable M&V • Inferences/overgeneralizations from “similar” measurements • Comparison to customer with PF penalty • Revenue grade metering • CT inaccuracies/phase shifts • Lack of practical demonstration method • Too long/short measurement length 38
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Interesting Quotes What genuinely makes this product different and thus sets it apart from most other devices on the market is built in line noise filtering, “LNF”. This LNF circuit helps to balance balance out the distortion distortion in the wave cycle cycle which causes causes KVAR’s KVAR’s in the harmonic harmonic balance associate with inductive loads. (Interpretation: Can you say “flux capacitor”?) Achieved savings derived from using both MOV, MOV, TVSS and line filter capacitance together in one unit maximizes the energy savings feature in real time operations, with results results showing anywher anywhere e from 5% - 20% or more in monthly monthly electrical electrical savings possible. (Interpretation: I can almost almost guarantee guarantee it might work….) Highly sophisticated band-pass filter….blocks out harmonics, power spikes and surges….clean up your power…increase your power factor, f actor, reduces KVAR, amp draw and most most importantly importantly kWH usage…reme usage…remember, mber, you are billed billed for kWH….reduci kWH….reducing ng your kWH kWH reduces reduces your electric electric bills. bills. (Interpretation: Does everything but wash your car)
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Interesting Quotes Utility companie companiess hate our product product because because it takes money money out of their pockets. pockets. They don’t like when customers save money on their bills. (Actually: yes, they do and they would love to pay you to save them from building new gen plants)
How do you get get 30% savings savings on a typical typical power system system – well, if you save save 2% on every motor and you have 15 motors, there you go…. (Must be be that “new “new math” math” – I guess guess I really really don’t don’t understa understand nd per unit math math after after all….)
The inventor will call you to talk to you about the product (I’m still waiting by the phone….)
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Interesting Quotes “Power Factor” improvement is recognized by the US Department Department of Energy and all Electric Electric Power Companie Companiess as a method to reduce reduce kWH on your electric electric bill. (Actually: yes, PF correction is recognized but not, generally speaking to reduce kWH)
Our product is certified by ANSI/UL STD 810 FOLDER which means it is a POWER FACTOR improver.
(Regarding (Regarding surge surge protection) protection) – Every time you type on your keyboard, keyboard, you create micro-transients. These transients travel through the power system and waste energy. Installing our surge protection will clean up your system and save you XXX% on your energy bill.
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Interesting Quotes You have to install our product – it works over time. You can’t just turn it on and off and expect it to show a difference.
These capacitors are “different” – they aren’t just regular capacitors…. (opened the box and what do you know….)
Q: How does 18 AWG wire in a demo box translate up to 500 MCM in a plant? A: It just does….
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Interesting Reference Quotes Our KWH was reduced by approximately 15-18%....Amperage was reduced by 22% and the KWH was reduced by about the same….I’m not an electrician, so cannot explain exactly how they work, but testing has shown us they do.
This also gave (us) the opportunity to participate in something that is positive for the environment and good for the country we live in.
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My Favorite HELP Line Calls “I just started working for a company that makes energy saving devices…sometimes our product saves energy and sometimes it doesn’t – can you help me explain to our customers why that is the case????”
I want to sell some black box energy savings devices and I want to be conscientious about what I’m selling. I’ve set up a W-H meter and did some testing. Why would my meter spin slower with the unit on if it doesn’t save real kW? (Finally, a valid question!) 44
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My Favorite Personal Slams (on me) You are thinking too much like an engineer – you will probably never understand this product. OK smart guy, how many classes did you talk about PF correction in college – 2, maybe 3 and does that make you an expert on this stuff? Eaton doesn’t like us because we have a patent on the “technology” and you can’t sell it.
….what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger!
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My Favorite Redemption Line
…salesman that sold the product but came to understand the truth…. “I can’t believe we sold you this bucket of $%#*^!
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Other PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy Products that Reduce Negative Sequence Currents in Motors
• Description: Voltage unbalance or negative sequence voltage harmonics make motor resist 60 Hz rotation • Claim: > 10% savings? 5th Harmonic
• Reality: MG-1 describes voltage/current unbalance but losses are typically < 2%
60 Hz Rotation
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Rotation
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Other PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy (Balancing) Zig-Zag Reactors
• Description: Balance voltages, cancel harmonics, improve PF • Claim: > Up to 20% savings? • Reality: I2R savings, possible harmonic savings, possible PF savings, possible voltage unbalance savings – total less than 3% typically
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Other PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy Surge Suppressors
• Description: TVSS/SPD typical equipment • Claim: Transients waste energy and surge protection equipment removes transients • Reality: Impossible and unbelievable! FTC warning = 0.00000% • From EPRI = typical load may yield 0.044 Wh/yr from many severe transients/year “….you can only save energy that is wasted…” 49
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Other PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy Harmonic Mitigating Transformers
• Description: Phase shifting transformers • Claim: Up to 20% • Reality: Actual savings is from energy efficient transformer changes (2-4%) plus < 4% from harmonic reduction is typical
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Other PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy Neutral Blocking Filter
• Description: 3rd harmonic blocking filter • Claim: Up to 8% • Reality: Possible to get up to 8% but more typical is 1-4% depending on load mix
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Other PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy Soft Starter
• Description: Power electronic motor starter • Claim: Reduce kW demand • Reality: 2-10 seconds of starting current will not significantly reduce 15 min billing demand. In addition, inrush current is primarily reactive (kvar, not kW). Savings = 0%.
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Other PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR)
• Description: Reduce voltage to loads by 5-10% • Claim: Reduce kW demand, usage up to 13% • Reality: Depends on load mix – constant impedance loads will reduce kW but could increase load cycles (heating loads, for example). Constant HP (motor) loads could increase current and increase I2R losses. Typical <2% for aggregate systems could be more for specific individual loads. 53
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Voltage Reduction and Incandescent Light Bulbs
Source: Light Measurement Handbook; http://www.intl-light.com
You save energy but you get less light: why not change to a more efficient lighting technology instead? 54
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Other PQ Solutions that “Save” Energy Energy Saver (green) Plug
• Description: “The Green Plug was invented by my thesis adviser…it’s really a Modulated Switched Dynamic Filter Capacitor Compensator (did he mean to say “flux capacitor?”), a device designed to make existing power systems more powerful and energy efficient by reducing the amount of reactive energy and harmonic currents that are generated by electrical residential and commercial loads”
• Claim: “…the actual savings available through the green plug are difficult to measure…but he estimated that power producers could expect to experience a drop of 10-20% in power if the green plug is used extensively”
• Reality: No comment ☺ 55
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Table 2 – Summary Table Description Primary PQ Benefit Stated EM Savings or Other Benefit(s) Realistic EM Savings Reasons for Discrepancies
Conclusion: Buyer Beware!!!
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Energy Management Cost Saving Solutions t e n Save money thr ough rate structur e d i e S moptim ization, penalty avoidance and ut ilit y y e l g bill accuracy verification p a p n •Energy management audits and assessments u a S M •Power factor correction
INCOMING UTILITY SERVICE
M
•Meters
Manage the facility ’s energy u sage e g s i n throu gh meters and software to identify i r r o p t r i savings opportunities e n t n o E M
•Meters •Enterprise software
UTILITY
MV
MV
METER
SWITCHGEAR
POWER FACTOR
SERVER POWER MANAGEMENT
•Billing and trending applications •Data integration with BMS
e t Reduce energy consumption and save n d i e S mmoney by c ontrolling loads d e n g a a •Peak shaving •Distributed generation m n •Load control •Time-of-use programs e a D M •Meters •Operational savings t Conserve energy throu gh ins tallation o f n e i c s energy-efficient devices i f f e c E i •Drives •Power factor correction y v e g D r •Transformers •Harmonic Solutions e n •Lighting control E
SYSTEM WEB ACCESS
GENERATOR
G M
M
LV SUBSTATION WITH
PEAK SHAVING
LOAD CONTROL
LOAD CONTROL & ATS
ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMER
M
LIGHTING CONTROL PANELBOARD
M
HARMONIC MITIGATING TRANSFORMERS
M
M
MCC WITH PF
HARMONIC
& HARMONIC
FILTER
57CORRECTION
M
DRIVES
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- Meters
Potential Savings of Solutions Table 2 (partial) from “Power Quality and Energy Management Solutions” paper http://www.eaton.com/experience
iption
Primary PQ Benefit
cts to address ive sequence nts
Negative Sequence Current reduction
Stated EM Savings and Other Benefits •
• • •
cts to address anced voltages ding zig-zag rs)
Negative Sequence Current reduction
•
• • •
protection
Elimination of voltage transients
• • • •
rrection
Reduce kvar flows on power system
• • • •
Eliminates “reverse” rotation action on motors yielding higher efficiency kW and kWh savings (usually > 10%) Reduces heating Prevents premature damage Eliminates “reverse” rotation action on motors yielding higher efficiency kW and kWh savings (usually > 10%) Reduces heating Prevents premature damage kW and kWh savings (usually > 20%) Prevents damage Reduces need for maintenance Improves performance of equipment kW and kWh savings (usually > 20%) Prevents damage Reduces need for maintenance Improves performance of equipment
Realistic EM Savings •
kW and kWh savings (usually < 2 %)
Reason for •
•
•
kW and kWh savings (usually < 2 %)
•
•
•
•
•
0.000 %
0.5-2% typical (excluding harmonics) If electric utility charges PF penalty, PF charges may actually save up to 10% or so (not kW or kWh savings) 58
•
•
•
Hard to stated cl Easier t “some” Hard to stated cl Easier t “some” Uneduca
Easy to based o may pur and kva NOTE: as kW o though a 58
Summary Is it a good idea to buy PQ solutions? • Yes – for PQ and reliability reasons Do PQ solutions save energy? • Sometimes but not as much as many will claim Does PF Correction equipment save significant money on the utility bill? • Yes, if there is a penalty 59
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Wrap-up and Questions Reference Papers and Presentations: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Carnovale/Mueller, “Power Quality Solutions and Energy Savings” (PQ Conference – 2005) Blooming/Carnovale – “Capacitor Application Issues” (IEEE IAS – 2006) EPRI – “Energy Savings: You Can Only Save Energy That Is Wasted” EPRI – “Strategies for Evaluating Black Box Technologies”
Contact Information:
[email protected]
Website: Power Systems Experience Center http://www.eaton.com/experience
Questions? 60
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