TEXAS A&M UNIVESIT! el"# $%neren'e
(%)er S)ings d*ring +"*lt $%nditi%ns , -l"'%*t An"l#sis "nd Av%id"n'e /rg -l*ms'hein 1 M"r'h 2015
© Siemens AG AG 2015. All rights rights reserved.
-"si's
P =
!"#G
!"#$
U G ⋅ U M X G
+ X L + X M
sin(ϑ )
!"#M ma&
% A
G*M
%B
%G
%M
ϑ
0(
'0(
1)0( ϑ
© Siemens AG 2015
Inl*en'e % v%lt"ge "ngle Bus
A in the electrical centre i-. #G * #$/#M
#M
#$
#G %G
%M % A !"#G
!"#$
%B !"#M
ma& M*G
ϑ*120(
!"#G
ϑ*,0(
!"# %G G
%G
%B %M ! % !"#$ !"#M A ! !"# !"#M % A $ %B %M !
%G
%B
%M
ϑ *,0( ϑ *120( *1)0( ϑ*1)0(
0(
'0(
UA30
1)0( ϑ © Siemens AG 2015
T#4i'"l im4ed"n'e tr"e't%r# 3ϑ* 0(4 ϑ*
0( normal loa6 con6ition
#
ϑ*
120( 6angerous -or 6istance 7rotection
ϑ*
1)0( unsta8le 7o9er s9ing out o- ste7 tri77ing
6%ne 61
3ϑ* 0(4
3ϑ* 1)0(4
3ϑ* 120(4
© Siemens AG 2015
e7*ired 'h"r"'teristi's %r 4%)er s)ing dete'ti%n
a6a7tiv : N% settings re;uire6< no com7le& calculation nee6e6
Detection o- 7o9er s9ing 9ith re7*en'ies r%m 0189 *4 t% 1089
Detection o- 7o9er s9ing that occur d*ring single,4%le %4en con6ition an6 d*ring "*lts
!mme6iate *n:l%'ing % dist"n'e 4r%te'ti%n on all =in6 o- -aults occurring 6uring 7o9er s9ing
>uic= 6etection o- re"44e"red 4%)er s)ing a-ter -ault clearance
;*t,%,ste4 tri44ing in case o- unsta8le 7o9er s9ing
© Siemens AG 2015
e7*ired 'h"r"'teristi's %r 4%)er s)ing dete'ti%n
a6a7tiv : N% settings re;uire6< no com7le& calculation nee6e6 Detection o- 7o9er s9ing 9ith re7*en'ies r%m 0189 *4 t% 1089 Sta8le o9er S9ing< lo9 s9ing -re;uency. Synen?c-g %nsta8le o9er S9ing< high s9ing -re;uency. S@ast?c-g
© Siemens AG 2015
e7*ired 'h"r"'teristi's %r 4%)er s)ing dete'ti%n
a6a7tiv : N% settings re;uire6< no com7le& calculation nee6e6
Detection o- 7o9er s9ing 9ith re7*en'ies r%m 0189 *4 t% 1089
Detection o- 7o9er s9ing that occur d*ring single,4%le %4en con6ition an6 d*ring "*lts
>uic= 6etection o- re"44e"red 4%)er s)ing a-ter -ault clearance
o9er S9ing 6uring o7en 7ole. C7en7ole?G
© Siemens AG 2015
e7*ired 'h"r"'teristi's %r 4%)er s)ing dete'ti%n
a6a7tiv : N% settings re;uire6< no com7le& calculation nee6e6
Detection o- 7o9er s9ing 9ith re7*en'ies r%m 0189 *4 t% 1089
Detection o- 7o9er s9ing that occur d*ring single,4%le %4en con6ition an6 d*ring "*lts
!mme6iate *n:l%'ing % dist"n'e 4r%te'ti%n on all =in6 o- -aults occurring 6uring 7o9er s9ing
;*t,%,ste4 tri44ing in case o- unsta8le 7o9er s9ing
-ault 6uring o9er S9ing. $5?G
© Siemens AG 2015
(rin'i4le % 4%)er s)ing dete'ti%n #
ontinuous
calculation an6 monitoring o- !m7e6ances irst
one
im7e6ance in 7o9er s9ing area. algorithm starts to analyFe the im7e6ance traectory
automatically siFe6 7o9er s9ing area
© Siemens AG 2015
M"in 'riteri" %r 4%)er s)ing dete'ti%n
© Siemens AG 2015
m%n%t%n# 'riteri%n
7o9er
# H#1 H#2 H#11 H#2
H#2 H2 H2 H2
H1
H1
s9ing i- H1 an6 H2 an6 or H#1 an6 H#2 have havesame same6irection 6irections
no
7o9er s9ing i- H1 an6 H2 an6 H#1 an6 H#2 have 6i--erent 6irections
© Siemens AG 2015
'%ntin*it# 'riteri%n
7o9er
s9ing i- H or H# e&cee6 a threshol6
# H#
no
7o9er s9ing i- H an6 H# are 8elo9 the threshol6
H
© Siemens AG 2015
sm%%thness 'riteri%n
7o9er
# H#1 H#1 H2 H2
2 H H# 1
s9ing i- H1 nearly H2 an6 H#1 nearly H#2
H# 2 7o9er s9ing i- no H1 strong vary -rom H2 or H#1 strong vary -rom H#2
H1
© Siemens AG 2015
I three m"'hines %s'ill"ting "g"inst e"'h %ther
#
!m7e6ance
traectory 9ill not -ollo9 a 7er-ect elli7tical 7ath
6i--icult
to manage 9ith 8lin6ers
easy
to 6etect 9ith criteria monotony< continuity an6 smoothness
© Siemens AG 2015
Im4ed"n'e tr"e't%ries % ,m"'hine,4%)er,s)ings sim*l"ted :# NET;MA$
© Siemens AG 2015
test % ,m"'hine,4%)er,s)ing *sing " tr"diti%n"l net)%r m%del
© Siemens AG 2015
Single line di"gr"m % the N%rth "re" % (er* several
generation units are 6irectly connecte6 to the electrical system
a66itional
to this large amounts o- energy are im7orte6 over long lines
A
-ault at the ,0 =I si6e cause6 a 7o9er s9ing at the 220 =I system
© Siemens AG 2015
Im4ed"n'e tr"e't%r# r%m " re"l 4%)er s)ing "t the N%rth "re" % (er* im7e6ance
traectories 6o not -ollo9 the ty7ical 7ath o- a t9o machine 7o9er s9ing
im7e6ance
traectories enter the 7olygon moving in #:6irection only
a-ter
turning aroun6 in the secon6 ;ua6rant the im7e6ance enters one 1 o- the 6istance 7rotection
© Siemens AG 2015
Test res*lts "44l#ing the 4r%4%sed meth%d t% " re"l 4%)er s)ing "t the N%rth "re" % (er* relay
7ic=u7 in reverse 6irection -irst
relay
7ic=u7 in -or9ar6 6irection later
no
maltri7 6ue to secure 7o9er s9ing 6etection -or this three machine 7o9er s9ingK
© Siemens AG 2015
Im4ed"n'e tr"e't%r# % " st":le 4%)er s)ing #
!m7e6ance increasing s7ee6 7oint o- return
!m7e6ance 6ecreasing s7ee6
one
is moving into the 7olygon
nearly sto7s at the 7oint o- return har6
to 6istinguish -rom a three 7hase -ault !m7e6ance
is leaving the 7olygon
© Siemens AG 2015
Ne'essit# % 4%)er s)ing dete'ti%n e<"m4le =1
d%n?t tri4
d%n?t tri4
=2
+:7hase:-ault initiates a 7o9er s9ing in the transmission net9or=
G
Tr"nsmissi%n net)%r =
d%n?t tri4
,4h"se "*lt
d%n?t tri4
=>
el"# 5
o9er
s9ing 8loc=ing -unction 7revents the 6istance relays D1 ?? D -rom unselective tri77ing
=istri:*ti%n net)%r © Siemens AG 2015
Im4ed"n'e tr"e't%r# %r =ist"n'e el"# => #
+:7hase reverse -ault. !m7e6ance vector um7s to Z ault
6%ne 62 6%ne 61
Z @%"d
Z +"*lt one 6%ne 6
(%)er s)ing dete'ti%n
7o9er s9ing is initiate6 8y the reverse -ault. Lhe im7e6ance moves on a circular traectory 7o9er s9ing 8loc=ing 7revents an unselective tri7< i- the im7e6ance enters the tri77ing Fone 1
© Siemens AG 2015
+"*lt d*ring 4%)er s)ing
internal
-ault $2:E 6uring 7o9er s9ing
7o9er
s9ing 6ro7s o-- -or -aulty 7hase
single
7ole tri77ing is 7ossi8le
© Siemens AG 2015
@%"d :"l"n'e % the S%*th s#stem % (er*
the
loa6 area in the South o- eru 9as interconnecte6 via the 220=I 6ou8le circuit line MantarootaruseSoca8aya to the generation o- the entral area at the time o- the event more than hal- o- the loa6 35, MN4 9as im7orte6 -rom the entral area © Siemens AG 2015
=es'ri4ti%n % the event
a
lightning cause6 a simultaneous -ault at the 6ou8le circuit lines $:205+ an6 $:205 connecting otaruse an6 Soca8aya the 6ou8le 7hase to groun6 -ault on line $:205 9as tri77e6 + 7ole 8y the line 6i--erential 7rotection the single 7hase to groun6 -ault on $ine $:205+ 9as tri77e6 single 7ole 8y the line 6i--erential 7rotection During the single 7ole 6ea6 time 7o9er s9ing arise6O © Siemens AG 2015
=es'ri4ti%n % the event +"*lt re'%rd % line @,205 Due
to the 7o9er s9ing the im7e6ance o- the t9o healthy 7hases moves into the Fone t9o o- the 6istance 7rotection 3see signal M02:SLALK4
o9er
s9ing 9as not 6etecte6 8y the relay SD1:SLALK
one
t9o tri7 a-ter L2 has ela7se6 M02:L!K three 7ole tri7 o- the line $:205+ L! $1K< L! $2K< L! $+K $osing 8oth lines o- the transmission corri6or the South system o- eru colla7se6 into a 8lac=out © Siemens AG 2015
=ire'ti%n"l m%ve % im4ed"n'e tr"e't%ries d*ring single 4%le %4en '%nditi%n During
symmetrical 7o9er s9ings all three im7e6ance traectories move in the same 6irection
Nhen
7o9er s9ings a77ear 6uring single 7ole o7en con6itions< the remaining t9o im7e6ance traectories move in 6i--erent 6irections
© Siemens AG 2015
Vel%'it# % im4ed"n'e tr"e't%ries d*ring single 4%le %4en '%nditi%n During
symmetrical 7o9er s9ings all three im7e6ance traectories move 9ith the same velocity in an6 # 6irection
Nhen
7o9er s9ings a77ear 6uring single 7ole o7en con6itions< the remaining t9o im7e6ance traectories move 9ith 6i--erent velocities? Lhe velocity in 6irection is nearly the same 8ut the velocity in # 6irection 6i--ers signi-icantly © Siemens AG 2015
S#mmetri'"l '%m4%nents d*ring 4%)er s)ing d*ring single 4%le %4en '%nditi%n During
symmetrical 7o9er s9ings neither Fero nor negative se;uence com7onent are 7resent
!n
this case Fero or negative se;uence com7onents are use6 to 6etect -aults 6uring 7o9er s9ing. m
=
I 2
+
I 0
I 1
Nhen
7o9er s9ings a77ear 6uring single 7ole o7en con6ition< 8oth Fero an6 negative se;uence com7onent are 7resent
© Siemens AG 2015
Im4ed"n'e tr"e't%ries d*ring single 4%le de"d time %n line @,205 im7e6ance
traectories -or 7hase B an6 7hase 6uring the single 7ole 6ea6 time in 7hase A
im7e6ances
o- 7hase B an6 7hase move 9ith 6i--erent s7ee6 on 6i--erent traectories -rom the secon6 ;ua6rant o- the com7le& 7lane into the Fones o- the 6istance 7rotection
the
im7e6ance o- 7hase B -irst reaches Fone 2 o- the 6istance 7rotection © Siemens AG 2015
(r%4er 4%)er s)ing dete'ti%n d*ring single 4%le de"d time %n line @,205 im7e6ance
o- 7hase B -irst reaches Fone 2 o- the 6istance 7rotection 21 ic=u7 PBK 50ms
later the im7e6ance o- 7hase also reaches Fone 2 o- 6istance 7rotection 21 ic=u7 PK
6istance
7rotection is 8loc=e6 6ue to the 7hase selective 7o9er s9ing 6etection 3see signals ,) QS9ing PBK an6 ,) QS9ing PK maltri7 o- 6istance 7rotection can 8e avoi6e6 © Siemens AG 2015
'%n'l*si%n
Because -aults an6 7o9er s9ings are relate6< it is im7ortant to 6etect 7o9er s9ings that arise at -ault con6ition or 6uring single 7ole o7en con6itions?
Besi6e this it seems to 8e that real 7o9er s9ings sometimes 6i--er -rom the classical a77roach o- the t9o machine mo6el?
!t 9as sho9n that the 6escri8e6 algorithm is a8le to 6etect unsymmetrical 7o9er s9ings an6 three machine 7o9er s9ings?
Lhis a77roach is hel7-ul to 7revent -urther 8lac=outs in the smart gri6s o- the -uture?
© Siemens AG 2015
%t%r "ngle "nd im4ed"n'e tr"e't%ries %r st":le "nd *nst":le 4%)er s)ing 6istinguish
8et9een sta8le an6 unsta8le 7o9er s9ing
Lri7
only -or unsta8le out o- ste7 con6ition strong
net9or=. tri7 as -ast as 7ossi8le
9ea=
net9or=. =ee7 the line in service as long as 7ossi8le
© Siemens AG 2015
Im4ed"n'e tr"e't%ries % *nst":le 4%)er s)ings
1?2
1?25
1?+
E A 1? EB
1?5
1?,
7osition
% A R %B
X
o- circles 6e7en6s on the ratio o- voltages
1? 1?) 1?' 2?0
∅*+0(
1?15
1?
1?
1?5
1?,
E A 1?+
1?25
1?2
EB
∅*0(
2?5 1?1
∅*20( 1?15
6irection
5?0
1?05
B 1?1
∅*++5(
1?05
0?'5 50( 5( 0( +5(
0?'
+0(
∅*25(
A 0?'5 0?2 0?+
0?)5
0?' 0? 0?)
0?5
0?
0?,5
0?5 0?,
E A EB
0?)5 0?,
0?,5
0?
0?5
0?)
o- rotation o- the circles 6e7en6s on the 6irection o- loa6 -lo9
the
7oint o- intersection 9ith the line angle 6e7en6s on the 7osition o- the electrical centre
% A %B © Siemens AG 2015
-"si' sign"ls %r %*t % ste4 dete'ti%n
1? 7o9er s9ing 6etecte6
#
2? im7e6ance in out o- ste7 area 6etecte6
Cut o- ste7 area
+
2
+? im7e6ance crosses the line angle -rom the right si6e
1
5 T
? im7e6ance leaves 7o9er s9ing area at o77osite si6e a-ter com7lete crossing 5? im7e6ance crosses the line angle -rom the le-t si6e © Siemens AG 2015
s4e'i"l %*t % ste4 tri44ing l%gi'
!n6ivi6ual
out o- ste7 tri7 8y logical com8ination o- 8asic signals
Lri7< i- the im7e6ance crosses the line angle + times insi6e the 7re6e-ine6 area
© Siemens AG 2015
s4e'i"l %*t % ste4 tri44ing s'heme #
,? Lri7< i- the im7e6ance crosses the line angle + times insi6e the 7re6e-ine6 area
Cut o- ste7 area Lri7 ,
T
o Lri7
? no tri7< i- the im7e6ance crosses the line angle outsi6e the 7re6e-ine6 out o- ste7 area out
o- ste7 7rotection 8ecomes a selective -unction © Siemens AG 2015
'%n'l*si%n
or the 7rotection o- the transmission systems o- the -uture 9e recommen6 a strong coor6ination o- 7o9er s9ing 6etection< 6istance 7rotection an6 out o- ste7 7rotection? Lhis metho6< success-ully use6 in UaFa=hstan an6 omania has the -ollo9ing a6vantages.
6istance 7rotection -or selective clearing o- -aults in the 7rotecte6 Fone
8loc= 6istance 7rotection in case o- 7o9er s9ing
-le&i8le out o- ste7 7rotection to s7lit the gri6 selectively accor6ing gri6 stu6y
o7timal coor6ination o- 6istance 7rotection an6 out o- ste7 7rotection 8y using the same algorithm -or 7o9er s9ing 6etection © Siemens AG 2015
