Power Supply Engr. Ian Pabillaran
"arc P!illip P. #abor
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de ro, P!ilippines
"ar$ %y I. #aurente #aurente &a'el Da(n ). Patica #eonard *. +agaral
bective o establis! establis! a po(er supply t!at !as a voltage output of /0 1 Abstract – In this project, the students were asked to make a power supply and established a desired voltage output. The desired voltage output is 12 . !pon, testing using a multimeter, the measured voltage output is 12 thereby, accomp accomplis lishin hing g the set objectiv objective. e. This This was achieved achieved by conn connec ecti ting ng the the blue blue term termina inall "neg "negat ativ ive# e# and and the the red red terminal "positive# to the multimeter. $hen the red and black is used, the voltage output is 2% . The power supply was mounted on a breadboard breadboard but the students &ound out that it is more practical to use P'(. There was also a )*+ light that was mounted on the circuit and it lits whenever the power supply is connected to a source.
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All po po( (er su supp ppli lies es !a !ave ve a power input , (! (!ic ic! ! rece re ceiv ives es en ener ergy gy fr from om t! t!ee en ener ergy gy so sour urce ce,, an and d a power output t!at t!at delivers energy to t!e load. In most po(er supplies t!e po(er input and output consist of electrical connectors or !ard(ired circuit connections, t!oug! some po(er supplies empl em ploy oy (i (ire rele less ss en ener ergy gy tr tran ansf sfer er in li lieu eu of ga galv lvan anic ic connec con nection tionss for t!e po( po(er er inp input ut or out output put.. +o +ome me po( po(er er supplies !ave ot!er types of inputs and outputs as (ell, for functions suc! as e4ternal monitoring and control 5/6.
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powe werr su suppl pply y is an ele A po lecctr tron onic ic dev evic icee t! t!aat supplies suppli es elect electric ric ener energy gy to an elect electrica ricall load. !e prim primary ary function of a po(er supply is to convert one form of electrical ener en ergy gy to an anot ot!e !err an and, d, as a re resu sult lt,, po po(e (err su supp pplie liess ar aree sometimes some times referred referred to as elec electric tric po(e po(err conve converter rters. s. +ome po(er supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, (!ereas ot!erss are built into larger devices ot!er devices along (it! t!eir load loads. s. E4am E4 ampl ples es of t! t!ee la latt tter er in incl clud udee po po(e (err su supp ppli lies es fo foun und d in des$top computers and consumer electronics devices.
Every Ever y po po(e (err su supp pply ly mu must st ob obta tain in t! t!ee en ener ergy gy it supplies to its load, as (ell as any energy it consumes (!ile performing t!at tas$, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a po(er supply may obtain energy from various types of ener energy gy sourc sources, es, inclu including ding elec electrica tricall ener energy gy trans transmiss mission ion systems, syste ms, ener energy gy stora storage ge device devicess suc! as a batte batteries ries and fuel cells, cel ls, ele electr ctrome omec!a c!anic nical al sy syste stems ms suc suc! ! as gen genera erator torss and alternators, solar po(er converters, or anot!er po(er supply.
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!e diagram to be assembled is given on t!e diagram belo(
*ig 0. Po(er +upply Design
It is e4pected to display an output of /0 1. o verify t!e output, t!e po(er supply i s to be tested using a multimeter.
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Using a multimeter, t!e follo(ing results (ere obtained. !e students gave t!eir individual analyses and conclusions for t!is particular proect rial / 0 9 : ; < = > ? /@
1oltage utput /0 1 /0 1 /0 1 /0 1 /0 1 /0 1 /0 1 /0 1 /0 1 /0 1
"A3C P&I##IP P. #A)3 A2A#8+I+ In t!e !alf-(ave Pea$-to-Pea$ measurement (!ere t!e load is =.? $ and !aving a resistance of /@@, an erratic relations!ip bet(een t!e inputted capacitors and measured voltage (as produced. In t!e 0@@ set-up, and same variations of capacitor inputs, t!e voltage measured (as some(!at constant. In t!e :=@ setup, again (it! t!e same variations of capacitor input, it also s!o(ed a rat!er constant voltage measured (it! some outlying values. In t!e !alf-(ave DC output voltage (!erein t!e resistance is :=@, all t!e set-up (it! varied load inputs and capacitor variations produced a rat!er constant voltage measurement. *ull-7ave Pea$-to-Pea$ measurement (!ere t!e load is =.? $ and !aving a resistance of /@@, (it! t!e increasing variations of t!e capacitor, t!e voltage measured also increased. In t!e 0@@ setup, a constant voltage measurement (as produced toget!er (it! t!e :=@ setup. *ull-7ave DC output voltage (!erein t!e resistance is :=@, all t!e setup produced a voltage of @.@/ volts. "A3B %8 I. #AU3E2E
!e core obective of t!is proect is to establis! a po(er supply t!at !as a voltage output of /0 volts. )y definition, it is an electronic device t!at supplies electric energy to an electrical load. *or t!is proect, it is desired t!at t!e output voltage t!at (ould come out is /0 volts and verifying it (as t!roug! t!e digital reading of t!e multimeter. o establis! t!e /0-volt output voltage, t!e design (!ic! can be found in *ig.0 in t!e lab report must be follo(ed (!ic! entails t!e po(er supply design (it! careful e4perimentations and follo(ing t!e procedures, (!ic! can, at least, lessen t!e errors and (ould come out as a successful proect.
&AE# DA72 ). PAICA Analysis )ased on t!e data obtained, t!e assembled po(er supply displays an accurate and precise voltage output #E2A3D *. +A%A3A# 1oltage, current, and resistance (ere measured using analog and digital multimeters. !e values of analog and digital multimeters (ere different t!us t!ere (as a percent difference. )ased from t!e data gat!ered, as t!e reading of t!e analog and digital multimeter increases t!e lesser is t!e percent difference. *or e4ample /.@1 analog !ad a digital reading of /.001 !aving a percent difference of />.@9. /@1 analog !ad a digital reading of /@.001 !aving a percentage difference of 0./;. &ig!er values cause t!e datareading to !ave lesser percent difference. Digital multimeter is t!e most efficient compared to analog since it automatically gives reading and also muc! easier to use. Analog multimeters are prone to error and possible causes are miscalibration and t!e condition of t!e eFuipment. I1.
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"A3C P&I##IP P. #A)3 In t!e !alf-(ave pea$-to-pea$ measurements, t!e measured voltages depicted an erratic relations!ip (it! t!e increasing variation of capacitorG errors may !ave been done (it! t!e set-up of t!e circuit used. In t!e &alf-7ave DC output voltage, a constant voltage measurement (as read across all t!e variations of load resistance and capacitor inputG again, errors may !ave been done (it! t!e set-up of t!e circuit used. In t!e *ull-7ave Pea$-to-Pea$ measurement /@@ setup, an increasing voltage measurement is produced (!ic! s!o(s a directly proportional relations!ip bet(een capacitor input and voltage output in a full (ave setup. !e 0@@ and :=@ produced a rat!er constant output voltageG again, errors may !ave been done (it! t!e set-up of t!e circuit used. In t!e *ull-7ave DC output voltage setup, all t!e variations (it! t!e load resistance and t!e capacitor variations produced t!e same
output voltageG again, errors may !ave been done (it! t!e setup of t!e circuit used.
(ere =? mA, >; mA and >0 mA respectively. !e diode D (as claimed to be +c!ott$y diode since t!e freFuent voltage value determined in testing diode D (as appro4imately @.: 1.
"A3B %8 #AU3E2E !e t(elve H/0 volts voltage output (as establis!ed e4perimentally (it! careful evaluation and e4perimentation. !e design H(!ic! can be seen in *ig. 0 used (as properly follo(ed and t!e possible errors committed bot! e4perimentally and personally (ere acceptable and by t!at, t!e output voltage t!at came out (as /0 volts. !ese personal errors fell to t!e category of mis!andling of apparatus used, and not-so-accurate-reading-t!e-multimeter scenario but some!o(, t!e e4perimenters managed to obtain lo( errors, (!ic! (ere acceptable and broug!t t!e proect a successful one. &AE# DA72 ). PAICA )ecause of t!e errors incurred in t!e e4periment, t!e c!aracteristic curve of eac! diode (as not establis!ed. )ut nevert!eless, t!e current versus voltage grap! of eac! diode (as plotted in t!e figures in t!e appendi4. "ean(!ile, t!e calculated po(er consumption for t!e #ED diode (ere /@.<: m7, 9./? m7 and 0.// m7 for t!e current supplied (!ic!
#E2A3D *. +A%A3A# Among t!e t(o multimeter t!e digital (as t!e most efficient. Comparing t!e analog and digital in measuring resistance, t!e value of digital is closer to t!e actual value of resistor compared to analog. !e digital multimeter is easier to operate and also provide precise measurements. !e average percentage difference for t!e voltage measurements (as ;.;0. *or current measurements t!e percentage difference (as found out to be /0.0 and /?.; for resistance measurements bet(een analog and digital multimeter. 3 E*E3E2CE+ 5/6 !ttpen.(i$ipedia.org(i$iPo(erJsupply 506 !ttpen.(i$ipedia.org(i$i3ectifier 596 !ttpen.(i$ipedia.org(i$iCapacitor