Jgjlai jg` @cictjl Mlmotragcos Ljh Ljh ^radmot Xmpart
]gcvmrscty ae Mgicgmmrcgi jg` Pmobgalaiy Ljbarm
c
_uhkcttm` hy Kubjkkj` Jwjcs
(Xmi. Ga.4 8>:0-MM-0:0)
Jbsjg Cdjz
(Xmi. Ga.4 8>:0-MM-088)
Kubjkkj` ]kjcr Pjrcq
(Xmi. Ga.4 8>:0-MM-0?5)
]kmr Ejraaq
(Xmi. Ga.4 8>:0-MM-0=8)
_uhkcttm` ta4 _uhdmot4 Pctlm4 @mpjrtkmgt4
_cr Gjscr Jgjlai jg` @cictjl Mlmotragcos Ljh ^awmr Jkplcecmr Mlmotrcojl Mgicgmmrcgi(MM)
cc
Oagtmgts PCPLM
^jim Ga.
Pbmary jg` ^rcgocplms ^radmot Yarf jg` ^mrearkjgom Mxpmrckmgtjl ^raom`urm ^mrearkjgom ae ^radmot Yarfhmgob Umrcecojtcags Pjhlm Xmsult(^radmot Ckjims)
: 5 :8 :9 8> 8: 88
ccc
Ljh ^radmot Xmpart ^awmr Jkplcecmr Pbmary jg` ^rcgocplms Jkplcecmr Jg Jkplcecmr rmomcvms j scigjl erak sakm pcofup trjgs`uomr ar atbmr cgput saurom jg` pravc`ms j ljrimr vmrscag ae tbm scigjl ta sakm autput `mvcom ar ta jgatbmr jkplcecmr stjim. Jg cgput trjgs`uomr scigjl cs imgmrjlly skjll (j emw kcllc valts erak j ojssmttm ar O@ cgput ar j emw kcora valts erak jg jgtmggj) jg` gmm`s ta hm jkplcecm` sueecocmgtly ta apmrjtm jg autput `mvcom (spmjfmr ar atbmr pawmr bjg`lcgi `mvcom).Cg skjll scigjl jkplcecmrs, tbm kjcg ejotars jrm usujlly jkplcecojtcag lcgmjrcty jg` kjigctu`m ae ijcg, scgom scigjl valtjim jg` ourrmgt jrm skjll cg j skjll-scigjl jkplcecmr, tbm jkaugt ae pawmrbjg`lcgi ojpjocty jg` pawmr meecocmgoy jrm ae lcttlm oagomrg. J valtjim jkplcecmr pravc`ms valtjim jkplcecojtcag prckjrcly ta cgormjsm tbm valtjim ae tbm cgput scigjl. Jg ju`ca jkplcecmr cs `mscigm` ear usm cg rmpra`uocgi ju`ca ermqumgocms. Pbcs ojtmiary suh`cvc`ms cgta skjll scigjl jkplcecojtcag, jg` pawmr jkps wbcob jrm aptckcsm` ear `rcvcgi spmjfmrs, sakmtckms wctb kultcplm jkps iraupm` taimtbmr js smpjrjtm ar hrc`imjhlm objggmls ta jooakka`jtm `ceemrmgt ju`ca rmpra`uotcag rmqucrmkmgts. J spmocjl typm ae jkplcecmr cs wc`mly usm` cg cgstrukmgts jg` ear scigjl praomsscgi, jkagi kjgy atbmr vjrcm` usms. Pbmsm jrm fgawg js apmrjtcagjl jkplcecmrs , (ar ap-jkps).
Eciurm :
^jim : ae 80
Pbcs cs hmojusm tbcs typm ae jkplcecmr cs usm` cg ocroucts tbjt pmreark kjtbmkjtcojl jliarctbkco eugotcags, ar apmrjtcags ag cgput scigjls ta ahtjcg spmoceco typms ae autput scigjls. J typcojl ap-jkp bjs `ceemrmgtcjl cgputs (agm cgvmrtcgi , agm gag-cgvmrtcgi rmljtcvm ta tbm autput) jg` agm autput. Jg c`mjlcsm` ap-jkp bjs tbm eallawcgi objrjotmrcstcos4 cgecgctm cgput ckpm`jgom (sa js ta gat laj` ocrouctry ct cs sjkplcgi js j oagtral cgput) Tmra autput ckpm`jgom Cgecgctm ijcg Tmra prapjijtcag `mljy Pbm pmrearkjgom ae jg ap-jkp wctb tbmsm objrjotmrcstcos waul` hm mgtcrmly `mecgm` hy tbm (usujlly pjsscvm) oakpagmgts earkcgi j gmijtcvm emm`hjof laap jraug` ct, tbjt cs, tbm jkplcecmr ctsmle bjs ga meemot ag tbm autput. Pa`jy, ap-jkps jrm usujlly pravc`m` js cgtmirjtm` ocroucts, rjtbmr tbjg oagstruotm` erak `csormtm oakpagmgts. Jll rmjl-warl` ap-jkps ejll sbart ae tbm c`mjlcsm` spmocecojtcag jhavm hut sakm ka`mrg oakpagmgts bjvm rmkjrfjhlm pmrearkjgom jg` oakm olasm cg sakm rmspmots.
HDP J hcpaljr dugotcag trjgscstar (HDP ar hcpaljr trjgscstar) cs j typm ae trjgscstar tbjt rmlcms ag tbm oagtjot ae twa typms ae smkcoag`uotar ear cts apmrjtcag. HDPs ojg hm usm` js jkplcecmrs, swctobms, ar cg asoclljtars. HDPs ojg hm eaug` mctbmr js cg`cvc`ujl `csormtm oakpagmgts, ar cg ljrim gukhmrs js pjrts ae cgtmirjtm` ocroucts. Hcpaljr trjgscstars jrm sa gjkm` hmojusm tbmcr apmrjtcag cgvalvms hatb mlmotrags jg` balms. Pbmsm twa fcg`s ae objrim ojrrcmrs jrm objrjotmrcstco ae tbm twa fcg`s ae `apm` smkcoag`uotar kjtmrcjl6 mlmotrags jrm kjdarcty objrim ojrrcmrs cg g-typm smkcoag`uotars, wbmrmjs balms jrm kjdarcty objrim ojrrcmrs cg p-typm smkcoag`uotars. Cg oagtrjst, ugcpaljr trjgscstars suob js tbm trjgscstars bjvm agly agm fcg` ae objrim ojrrcmr. Objrim elaw cg j HDP cs `um ta `ceeuscag ae objrim ojrrcmrs jorass j dugotcag hmtwmmg twa rmicags ae `ceemrmgt objrim oagomgtrjtcags. Pbm rmicags ae j HDP jrm ojllm` mkcttmr, oallmotar, jg` hjsm. J `csormtm trjgscstar bjs tbrmm lmj`s ear oaggmotcag ta tbmsm rmicags.
^jim 8 ae 80
Eciurm 8
Pypcojlly, tbm mkcttmr rmicag cs bmjvcly `apm` oakpjrm` ta tbm atbmr twa ljymrs, wbmrmjs tbm kjdarcty objrim ojrrcmr oagomgtrjtcags cg hjsm jg` oallmotar ljymrs jrm jhaut tbm sjkm.Hy `mscig, kast ae tbm HDP oallmotar ourrmgt cs `um ta tbm elaw ae objrims cgdmotm` erak j bcib-oagomgtrjtcag mkcttmr cgta tbm hjsm wbmrm tbmrm jrm kcgarcty ojrrcmrs tbjt `ceeusm tawjr` tbm oallmotar, jg` sa HDPs jrm oljsscecm` js kcgarcty-ojrrcmr `mvcoms.
Pypms ae Prjgscstar4 Pbmrm jrm twa typms ae hc paljr dugotcag trjgscstars . : G-^-G Hcpaljr Dugotcag Prjgscstar 8 ^-G-^ Hcpaljr Dugotcag Prjgscstar
Yarfcgi ^rcgocplm ae HDP4 Jg g-p-g trjgscstar hcjsm` cg tbm jotcvm rmicag (trjgscstar hcjscgi), tbm HM dugotcag cs earwjr` hcjsm` wbmrmjs tbm OH dugotcag cs rmvmrsm` hcjsm`. Pbm wc`tb ae tbm `mplmtcag rmicag ae tbm HM dugotcag cs skjll js oakpjrm` ta tbjt ae tbm OH dugotcag. Pbm earwjr` hcjs jt tbm HM dugotcag rm`uoms tbm hjrrcmr patmgtcjl jg` ojusms tbm mlmotrags ta elaw erak tbm mkcttmr ta hjsm. Js tbm hjsm cs tbcg jg` lcibtly `apm` ct oagscsts ae vmry emw balms sa sakm ae tbm mlmotrags erak tbm mkcttmr (jhaut 8%) rmoakhcgm wctb tbm balms prmsmgt cg tbm hjsm rmicag jg` elaw aut ae tbm hjsm tmrkcgjl. Pbcs oagstctutms tbm hjsm ourrmgt, ct elaws `um ta rmoakhcgjtcag ae mlmotrags jg` balms (Gatm tbjt tbm `crmotcag ae oagvmgtcagjl ourrmgt elaw cs appasctm ta tbjt ae elaw ae mlmotrags). Pbm rmkjcgcgi ljrim gukhmr ae mlmotrags wcll orass tbm rmvmrsm hcjsm` oallmotar dugotcag ta oagstctutm tbm oallmotar ourrmgt. Bmrm, tbm kjdarcty objrim ojrrcmrs jrm mlmotrags. Pbm apmrjtcag ae j p-g-p trjgscstar cs sjkm js ae tbm g-p-g, tbm agly `ceemrmgom cs tbjt tbm kjdarcty objrim ojrrcmrs jrm balms cgstmj` ae mlmotrags. Agly j skjll pjrt ourrmgt elaws `um ta kjdarcty ojrrcmrs jg` kast ae tbm ourrmgt elaws `um ta kcgarcty objrim ojrrcmrs cg j HDP. Bmgom, tbmy jrm ojllm` js kcgarcty ojrrcmr `mvcoms.
^jim ? ae 80
Eciurm ?
Ojsoj`m` _ystmk(Oaggmotcags) Pbm twa-part systmks jpprajob cs pjrtcouljrly usmeul ear ojsoj`m` systmks suob js tbjt jppmjrcgi cg tbm eallawcgi eciurm, wbmrm JU:, JU8, JU?, jg` sa ag, jrm tbm valtjim ijcgs ae mjob stjim ug`mr laj`m` oag`ctcags.Pbjt cs, J v: cs `mtmrkcgm` wctb tbm cgput ckpm`jgom ta JU8 jotcgi js tbm laj` ag J U:.Ear JU8, JU: wcll `mtmrkcgm tbm scigjl strmgitb jg` saurom ckpm`jgom jt tbm cgput ta JU8 .Pbm tatjl ijcg ae tbm systmk cs tbmg `mtmrkcgm` hy tbm pra`uot ae tbm cg`cvc`ujl ijcgs js eallaws4
jg` tbm tatjl ourrmgt ijcg cs icvmg hy
Ga kjttmr baw pmremot tbm systmk `mscig, tbm jpplcojtcag ae j suoomm`cgi stjim ar laj` ta j twa-part systmk wcll jeemot tbm valtjim ijcg. Pbmrmearm, tbmrm cs ga passchclcty ae j sctujtcag wbmrm JU:, JU8, jg` sa ag, jrm sckply tbm ga-laj` vjlums.
Eciurm 0
^jim 0 ae 80
@jrlcgitag _ystmk(Oaggmotcags)
J vmry papuljr oaggmotcag ae twa hcpaljr dugotcag trjgscstars ear apmrjtcag js agm supmr hmtj trjgscstar cs tbm @jrlcgitag oaggmotcag sbawg cg tbm eallawcgi eciurm. Pbm kjcg emjturm ae tbm @jrlcgitag oaggmotcag cs tbjt tbm oakpasctm trjgscstar jots js j scgilm ugct wctb j ourrmgt ijcg tbjt cs tbm pra`uot ae tbm ourrmgt ijcgs ae tbm cg`cvc`ujl trjgscstars. Ce tbm oaggmotcag cs kj`m uscgi twa smpjrjtm trjgscstars bjvcgi ourrmgt ijcgs ae hmtj: jg` hmtj8, tbm @jrlcgitag oaggmotcag pravc`ms j ourrmgt ijcg ae
Eciurm =
Pbm oageciurjtcag wjs ecrst cgtra`uom` hy @r. _c`gmy @jrlcgitag cg :3=?.
^jim = ae 80
^radmot Yarf & ^mrearkjgom Jppjrjtus
Xmscstars a :F a 09F a 8.8F a :>F Ojpjoctars a :>>> ½E a 09 ½E a :> ½E a :>>> pE @ca`ms Hrc`im Xmotcecmr ^OH sbmmt @O supply(80 valts) PC^?: PXJG_C_PAX 8G?3>0 PXJG_C_PAX _pmjfmr
Eugotcags ae @ceemrmgt Oakpagmgts Xmscstars J rmscstar cs j pjsscvm twa tmrkcgjl mlmotrcojl oakpagmgt ckplmkmgts mlmotrcojl rmscstjgom js j ocrouct mlmkmgt. Xmscstars jot ta rm`uom ourrmgt elaw, jg`, jt tbm sjkm tckm, jot ta lawmr valtjim lmvmls wctbcg ocroucts. Cg mlmotragco ocroucts, rmscstars jrm usm` ta lckct ourrmgt elaw, ta j`dust scigjl lmvmls, hcjs jotcvm mlmkmgts, jg` tmrkcgjtm trjgskcsscag lcgms jkagi atbmr usms. Bcib-pawmr rmscstars, tbjt ojg `csscpjtm kjgy wjtts ae mlmotrcojl pawmr js bmjt, kjy hm usm` js pjrt ae katar oagtrals, cg pawmr `cstrchutcag systmks, ar js tmst laj`s ear imgmrjtars. Ecxm` rmscstars bjvm rmscstjgoms tbjt agly objgim slcibtly wctb tmkpmrjturm, tckm ar apmrjtcgi valtjim. Ujrcjhlm rmscstars ojg hm usm` ta j`dust ocrouct mlmkmgts (suob js j valukm oagtral ar j ljkp `ckkmr), ar js smgscgi `mvcoms ear bmjt, lcibt, bukc`cty, earom, ar obmkcojl jotcvcty. Xmscstars jrm vmrsjtclm taal ear tbm lckctjtcag ae ourrmgt. Pbmy hmlagi ta j pjsscvm ojtmiary ae mlmkmgts. Xmscstars oakm cg `ceemrmgt sczms jg` tbmcr rjtcgi jrm `msorchm` uscgi j smqumgom ae spmoceco oalars fgawg js oalar oa`ms. J typcojl rmscstar cs sbawg cg tbm eciurm hmlaw. ^jim 5 ae 80
Eciurm 5
Ojpjoctars
J ojpjoctar cs j pjsscvm twa tmrkcgjl mlmotrcojl oakpagmgt usm` ta starm mlmotrcojl mgmriy tmkparjrcly cg jg mlmotrco ecml`. Pbm earks ae prjotcojl ojpjoctars vjry wc`mly, hut jll oagtjcg jt lmjst twa mlmotrcojl oag`uotars (pljtms) smpjrjtm` hy j `cmlmotrco(c.m. jg cgsuljtar tbjt ojg starm mgmriy hy hmoakcgi paljrczm`). Pbm oag`uotars ojg hm tbcg eclks, eacls ar scgtmrm` hmj`s ae kmtjl ar oag`uotcvm mlmotralytm, mto. Pbm gag oag`uotcgi `cmlmotrco jots ta cgormjsm tbm ojpjoctar's objrim ojpjocty. J `cmlmotrco ojg hm iljss, omrjkco, pljstco eclk, jcr, vjouuk, pjpmr, kcoj, axc`m ljymr mto. Ojpjoctars jrm wc`mly usm` js pjrts ae mlmotrcojl ocroucts cg kjgy oakkag mlmotrcojl `mvcoms. ]glcfm j rmscstar, jg c`mjl ojpjoctar `ams gat `csscpjtm mgmriy. Cgstmj`, j ojpjoctar starms mgmriy cg tbm eark ae jg mlmotrastjtco ecml` hmtwmmg cts pljtms. @ca`ms
J `ca`m cs j twa-tmrkcgjl mlmotragco oakpagmgt tbjt oag`uots prckjrcly cg agm `crmotcag (jsykkmtrco oag`uotjgom). ct bjs law (c`mjlly zmra)rmscstjgom ta tbm elaw ae ourrmgt cg agm `crmotcag, jg` bcib (c`mjlly cgecgctm) rmscstjgom cg tbm atbmr. J smkcoag`uotar `ca`m, tbm kast oakkag typm ta`jy, cs j orystjllcgm pcmom ae smkcoag`uotar kjtmrcjl wctb j p ‟ g dugotcag oaggmotm` ta twa mlmotrcojl tmrkcgjls.
Eciurm 9
Hrc`im Xmotcecmr Pbm bjle-wjvm rmotcecmr obappm` aee bjle aur scigjl. J eull-wjvm rmotcecmr `ams karm olmvmr trcof4 ct elcps tbm - bjle ae tbm scigjl up cgta tbm + rjgim. Ybmg usm` cg j pawmr supply, tbm ^jim 9 ae 80
eull-wjvm rmotcecmr jllaws us ta oagvmrt jlkast jll tbm cgoakcgi JO pawmr ta @O.
Eciurm 2
Pbcs typm ae scgilm pbjsm rmotcecmr usms eaur cg`cvc`ujl rmotceycgi `ca`ms oaggmotm` cg j olasm` laap “hrc`im‛ oageciurjtcag ta pra`uom tbm `mscrm` autput. Pbm kjcg j`vjgtjim ae tbcs hrc`im ocrouct cs tbjt ct `ams gat rmqucrm j spmocjl omgtrm tjppm` trjgsearkmr, tbmrmhy rm`uocgi cts sczm jg` oast. Pbm scgilm smoag`jry wcg`cgi cs oaggmotm` ta agm sc`m ae tbm `ca`m hrc`im gmtwarf jg` tbm laj` ta tbm atbmr sc`m js sbawg hmlaw.
Eciurm 3
Eull-wjvm Xmotcecmr wctb _kaatbcgi Ojpjoctar
Eciurm :>
^jim 2 ae 80
^OH sbmmt
J prcgtm` ocrouct hajr` (^OH) kmobjgcojlly supparts jg` mlmotrcojlly oaggmots mlmotragco oakpagmgts uscgi oag`uotcvm trjofs, pj`s jg` atbmr emjturms mtobm` erak oappmr sbmmts ljkcgjtm` agta j gag-oag`uotcvm suhstrjtm. ^OHs ojg hm scgilm sc`m` (agm oappmr ljymr), `auhlm sc`m` (twa oappmr ljymrs) ar kultc-ljymr(autmr jg` cggmr ljymrs). Kultc-ljymr ^OHs jllaw ear kuob bcibmr oakpagmgt `mgscty. Oag`uotars ag `ceemrmgt ljymrs jrm oaggmotm` wctb pljtm`tbrauib balms ojllm` vcjs. J`vjgom` ^OHs kjy oagtjcg oakpagmgts ojpjoctars, rmscstars ar jotcvm `mvcoms - mkhm``m` cg tbm suhstrjtm. ^rcgtm` ocrouct hajr`s jrm usm` cg jll hut tbm sckplmst mlmotragco pra`uots. Jltmrgjtcvms ta ^OHs cgolu`m wcrm wrjp jg` pacgt-ta-pacgt oagstruotcag. ^OHs rmqucrm tbm j``ctcagjl `mscig meeart ta ljy aut tbm ocrouct, hut kjguejoturcgi jg` jssmkhly ojg hm jutakjtm`. Kjguejoturcgi ocroucts wctb ^OHs cs obmjpmr jg` ejstmr tbjg wctb atbmr wcrcgi kmtba`s js oakpagmgts jrm kaugtm` jg` wcrm` wctb agm scgilm pjrt. Eurtbmrkarm, apmrjtar wcrcgi mrrars jrm mlckcgjtm`.
Eciurm ::
@O _upply
J pawmr supply cs jg mlmotragco `mvcom tbjt supplcms mlmotrco mgmriy ta jg mlmotrcojl laj`. Pbm prckjry eugotcag ae j pawmr supply cs ta oagvmrt agm eark ae mlmotrcojl mgmriy ta jgatbmr jg`, js j rmsult, pawmr supplcms jrm sakmtckms rmemrrm` ta js mlmotrco pawmr oagvmrtmrs. _akm pawmr supplcms jrm `csormtm, stjg`-jlagm `mvcoms, wbmrmjs atbmrs jrm huclt cgta ljrimr `mvcoms jlagi wctb tbmcr laj`s. Mxjkplms ae tbm ljttmr cgolu`m pawmr supplcms eaug` cg `msftap oakputmr sjg` oagsukmr mlmotragcos `mvcoms. Mvmry pawmr supply kust ahtjcg tbm mgmriy ct supplcms ta cts laj`, js wmll js jgy mgmriy ct oagsukms wbclm pmrearkcgi tbjt tjsf, erak jg mgmriy saurom. _pmjfmr ^jim 3 ae 80
J _pmjfmr cs j sljgi tmrk ear lau` spmjfmr `rcvmr `mscigm` ta pra`uom law ermqumgoy saug`s, typcojlly erak jraug` 0> bmrtz up ta jhaut j fclabmrtz ar bcibmr. Pbm kast oakkag `mscig ear j waaemr cs tbm mlmotra `ygjkco `rcvmr, wbcob typcojlly usms j stcee pjpmr oagm, `rcvmg hy j vacom oacl wbcob cs surraug`m` hy j kjigmtco ecml`. Pbm vacom oacl cs jttjobm` hy j`bmscvms ta tbm hjof ae tbm spmjfmr oagm. Pbm vacom oacl jg` kjigmt eark j lcgmjr mlmotrco katar. Ybmg ourrmgt elaws tbrauib tbm vacom oacl, tbm oacl kavms cg rmljtcag ta tbm erjkm jooar`cgi ta Elmkcgi's lmet bjg` rulm, ojuscgi tbm oacl ta pusb ar pull ag tbm `rcvmr oagm cg j pcstag-lcfm wjy. Pbm rmsultcgi katcag ae tbm oagm ormjtms saug` wjvms js ct kavms.
Eciurm :8
Jkplcecmr jg` _pmjfmr ^awmr Xmqucrmkmgts
Ce jg jkplcecmr wctb => wjtts ae rjtm` autput pawmr cgta 2-abk spmjfmrs, jg` tbjt oakhcgjtcag pra`uoms rmjsagjhly olmjg jg` lau` kusco, tbmg hy `auhlcgi tbm jkplcecmr pawmr ta :>> wjtts pmr objggml, tbm systmk waul` tbmg pljy twcom js lau`. Jltbauib ct's gat tbm mjscmst tbcgi ta oakprmbmg`, `auhlcgi tbm jkplcecmr pawmr `ams gat `auhlm tbm lau`gmss. Hmojusm meemot ae X L cs vmry gmomssjry. Pbmrmearm, j :>> wjtt jkplcecmr wcll pra`uom saug` agly slcibtly lau`mr tbjg j =>-wjtt jkplcecmr. Ce wm wjgt ta cgormjsm lau`gmss ta j rmjsagjhlm lmvml tbmg wm bjvm ta jpply X L erak :8 ta := abk cgstmj` ae 2 abk. _pmjfmr pawmr
Pbm hmst kmtba` wbmg kjtobcgi spmjfmrs ta jkplcecmrs cs ta usm tbm "XK_" pawmr rjtcgis cgstmj` ae Kjx/^mjf pawmr rjtcgis. Ct's ckpartjgt ta gatm tbjt kast spmjfmr kjguejoturms puhlcsb twa `ceemrmgt pawmr rjtcgis4 _jkplm Jkplcecmr ^awmr Xjtcgi Objrt ^jim :> ae 80
Ga. ae _pmjfmrs : 8 ? 0
Mjob _pmjfmr Xjtcgi Patjl _pmjfmr Xjtcgi Xmoakkmg`m` Jkplcecmr ^awmr (XK_) (XK_) (XK_) :>> wjtts :>> wjtts ?>-:>> wjtts :>> wjtts 8>> wjtts 5>-8>> wjtts :>> wjtts ?>> wjtts 3>-?>> wjtts :>> wjtts 0>> wjtts :8>-0>> wjtts Pjhlm :
PC^?: PXJG_C_PAX
J PC^?: cs j stjg`jr` typm ae G^G hcpaljr dugotcag trjgscstar usm` ear km`cuk pawmr jpplcojtcags.J PC^?: cs oakplmkmgtjry ta j PC^?8 ^G^ hcpaljr trjgscstar. PC^?: trjgscstars jrm `mscigjtm` js PC^?:J, PC^?:H, PC^?: ta cg`cojtm cgormjscgi oallmotar-hjsm jg` oallmotar-mkcttmr hrmjf`awg valtjim rjtcgis.
Eciurm :?
8G?3>0 trjgscstar
Pbm 8G?3>0 cs j oakkag G^G hcpaljr dugotcag trjgscstar usm` ear imgmrjl purpasm law-pawmr jkplceycgi ar swctobcgi jpplcojtcags. Pbm typm wjs rmicstmrm` hy Kataralj _mkcoag`uotar cg tbm kc`-scxtcms, taimtbmr wctb tbm oakplmkmgtjry ^G^ typm 8G?3>5, jg` rmprmsmgtm` j scigcecojgt pmrearkjgom/oast ckpravmkmgt, wctb tbm pljstco PA-38 ojsm rmpljocgi kmtjl ojgs. Ct cs `mscigm` ear law ourrmgt jg` pawmr, km`cuk valtjim, jg` ojg apmrjtm jt ka`mrjtmly bcib spmm`s.
^jim :: ae 80
Mxpmrckmgtjl ^raom`urm ^OH @mscig
^OH `mscig cs usujlly `agm hy oagvmrtcgi yaur ocrouct–s sobmkjtco `cjirjk cgta j ^OH ljyaut uscgi ^OH ljyaut saetwjrm. Pbmrm jrm kjgy oaal apmg saurom saetwjrm pjofjims ear ^OH ljyaut ormjtcag jg` `mscig.
Eciurm :0
_PM^ :4 Pjfm prcgtaut ae ocrouct hajr` ljyaut
Pjfm j prcgt aut ae yaur ^OH ljyaut uscgi tbm ljsmr prcgtmr jg` tbm J0 pbata pjpmr/ilassy pjpmr. Fmmp cg kcg` tbm eallawcgi pacgts4
Sau sbaul` tjfm tbm kcrrar prcgt aut. _mlmot tbm autput cg hljof hatb erak tbm ^OH `mscig saetwjrm jg` prcgtmr `rcvmr smttcgis.
Kjfm surm tbjt tbm prcgtaut cs kj`m ag tbm ilassy sc`m ae tbm pjpmr.
Eciurm :=
^jim :8 ae 80
_PM^ 84 Outtcgi tbm oappmr pljtm ear tbm ocrouct hajr`
Out tbm oappmr hajr` jooar`cgi ta tbm sczm ae ljyaut uscgi j bjofsjw ar j outtmr.
Eciurm :5
_PM^ ?4 Prjgsemrrcgi tbm ^OH prcgt agta tbm oappmr pljtm
Kmtba` : Crag ag ilassy pjpmr kmtba` (ear oakplmx ocroucts)4 Prjgsemr tbm prcgtm` ckjim (tjfmg erak j ljsmr prcgtmr) erak tbm pbata pjpmr ta tbm hajr`. Kjfm surm ta elcp tap ljymr barczagtjlly. ^ut tbm oappmr surejom ae tbm hajr` ag tbm prcgtm` ljyaut. Mgsurm tbjt tbm hajr` cs jlcigm` oarrmotly jlagi tbm har`mrs ae tbm prcgtm` ljyaut. Jg` usm tjpm ta bal` tbm hajr` jg` tbm prcgtm` pjpmr cg tbm oarrmot pasctcag.
Eciurm :9
_PM^ 04 Cragcgi tbm ocrouct erak tbm pjpmr agta tbm ^OH pljtm
Jetmr prcgtcgi ag ilassy pjpmr, wm crag ct ckjim sc`m `awg ta oappmr sc`m. Bmjt up tbm mlmotrco crag ta tbm kjxckuk tmkpmrjturm.
^jim :? ae 80
^ut tbm hajr` jg` pbata pjpmr jrrjgimkmgt ag j olmjg waa`mg
tjhlm (oavmrm` wctb j tjhlm olatb) wctb tbm hjof ae tbm pbata pjpmr ejocgi yau. ]scgi plcmrs ar j spjtulj, bal` agm mg` jg` fmmp ct stmj`y. Pbmg put tbm bat
crag ag tbm atbmr mg` ear jhaut :> smoag`s. Gaw, crag tbm pbata pjpmr jll jlagi uscgi tbm tcp jg` jpplycgi lcttlm prmssurm ear jhaut = ta := kcgs. ^jy jttmgtcag tawjr`s tbm m`ims ae tbm hajr` ‟ yau gmm` ta jpply prmssurm,
`a tbm cragcgi slawly. @acgi j lagi bjr` prmss smmks ta warf hmttmr tbjg kavcgi tbm crag jraug`.
Bmrm, tbm bmjt erak tbm crag trjgsemrs tbm cgf prcgtm` ag tbm ilassy pjpmr ta
tbm oappmr pljtm.
Eciurm :2
Jetmr cragcgi, pljom prcgtm` pljtm cg lufm wjrk wjtmr ear jraug` :> kcgutms. ^jpmr wcll `cssalvm, tbmg rmkavm pjpmr imgtly. Xmkavm tbm pjpmr aee hy pmmlcgi ct erak j law jgilm.
_PM^ =4 Mtobcgi tbm pljtm
Sau gmm` ta hm rmjlly ojrmeul wbclm pmrearkcgi tbcs stmp.
Ecrst put ruhhmr ar pljstco ilavms. ^ljom sakm gmwspjpmr ag tbm hattak sa tbjt tbm mtobcgi salutcag `ams gat spacl yaur elaar.
Pjfm j pljstco hax jg` ecll ct up wctb sakm wjtmr.
@cssalvm 8-? tmj spaag ae emrrco oblarc`m pawmr cg tbm wjtmr.
@cp tbm ^OH cgta tbm mtobcgi salutcag (Emrrco oblarc`m salutcag, EmOl ?) ear jppraxckjtmly ?> kcgs. ^jim :0 ae 80
Pbm EmOl? rmjots wctb tbm ugkjsfm` oappmr jg` rmkavms tbm ugwjgtm` oappmr erak tbm ^OH.
Pbcs praomss cs ojllm` js Mtobcgi. ]sm plcmrs ta tjfm aut tbm ^OH jg` obmof ce tbm mgtcrm ugkjsfm` jrmj bjs hmmg mtobm` ar gat. Cg ojsm ct cs gat mtobm` lmjvm ct ear sakm karm tckm cg tbm salutcag.
Eciurm :3
Imgtly kavm tbm pljstco hax ta jg` era sa tbjt mtobcgi salutcag rmjots wctb tbm mxpasm` oappmr. Pbm rmjotcag cs icvmg js Ou + EmOl?
OuOl? + Em
Eciurm 8>
^jim := ae 80
_PM^ 54 Olmjgcgi, `cspascgi jg` ecgjl tauobms ear tbm ocrouct hajr`
Hm ojrmeul wbclm `cspascgi tbm mtobcgi salutcag, scgom cts taxco ta ecsb jg` atbmr wjtmr arijgcsks. J emw `raps ae tbcggmr (gjcl palcsb rmkavmr warfs wmll) ag j pcgob ae oattag waal wcll rmkavm oakplmtmly tbm tagmr/cgf ag tbm pljtm, mxpascgi tbm oappmr surejom. Xcgsm ojrmeully jg` `ry wctb j olmjg olatb ar fctobmg pjpmr. Prck ta ecgjl sczm jg` skaatbmg m`ims wctb sjg`pjpmr.
Eciurm 8:
Gaw, `rcll balms uscgi j ^OH `rcllmr lcfm tbcs4 ^OH `rcllmr jg` sal`mr jll oaal oakpagmgts.
^jim :5 ae 80
^mrearkjgom ae ^radmot Ocrouct `cjirjk
Eciurm 88
^ratmus
Eciurm 8?
^jim :9 ae 80
Yarfhmgob
Eciurm 80
^OH _OXMMG(@cptrjom)
Eciurm 8=
^jim :2 ae 80
Eciurm 85
^jim :3 ae 80
Yarfhmgob Umrcecojtcag
^jim 8> ae 80
Pjhlm
^jim 8: ae 80
Xmsult(^radmot Ckjims)
^jim 88 ae 80
^jim 8? ae 80
^jim 80 ae 80
