POTENTIAL OF CALAMANSI (Citrus microcarpa) PEELINGS EXTRACT AND PULVERIZE CHARCOAL AS SOURCE OF ENERGY
A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty, Special Science Class Buenavista National High School Buenavista Guimaras
In Partial Fulllment !" the Re#uirements "or Completion In $unior High School
%incent &milio '( Chan )arch **, *+-
POTENTIAL OF CALAMANSI PEELED (Citrus microcarpa) EXTRACT AND PULVERIZE CHARCOAL AS ALTERNATIVE DRY CELL
%incent &milio '( Chan
Chapter Introduction Chapter !ne is divided into ve parts. /0 Bac1ground o" the Study, /*0 Statement o" the !23ectives and Hypothesis, /40 Signicance o" the Study, /50 denition o" 6erms and /70 8elimitations o" the Study Part !ne, Bac1ground o" the Study, gives a general e9planation a2out the research pro2lem and the rationale :hy the study is 2eing conducted Part 6:o, Research o23ectives and Hypothesis sho:s the goal o" the study and specic pro2lems to 2e 1no:n :ith hypothesis to 2e e9perimented Part 6hree, Signicance o" the Study, presents the application o" the gathered 1no:ledge :hich can 2e advantageous to the di;erent associations and can improve the results o" the study Part Four, 8enition o" 6erms, contains the proper denitions o" 1ey:ord present in the study Part Five, 8elimitations o" the Study, distinguishes the scope and limitations encountered along the study Bac1ground o" the Study
&nergy is 2asic needs in our daily li"e( It is use in our things li1e gadgets and e#uipments that need energy in order to run( No:, in our community :e use a lot o" energy and sometimes :e :aste a lot o" it( 6he researcher :ants to nd a solution on ho: to nd a source o" energy "rom a certain material that is cheaper and more eesh /Stuart9change, *+40( Clamansi "ruit is rich in phosphorous, calcium, iron and vitamin C and has a very sour taste( /Barth Fruit, *++?0( %olatile acompounds in the peel o" calamansi /Citrus microcarpa0 "rom )alaysia, the Philippines and %ietnam :ere e9tracted :ith dichloromethane and he9ane( Seventy=nine compounds representing @? o" the volatiles :ere identied( Across the three geographical sources, a relatively small proportion o" potent o9ygenated compounds :as signicantly di;erent, e9emplied 2y the highest amount o" methyl N= methylanthranilate in )alaysian calamansi peel( Principal component analysis and canonical discriminant analysis were applied to interpret the complex volatile compounds in the calamansi peel extracts /)(( Cheong, et al( /*+*0(
According to Felicidad and Anna2elle /40, citrus is chie>y utiliDed "or its pulp and 3uice 2ut the rind, pressed pulp, covering each individual segment o" the edi2le portion( It is there"ore, important to produce them locally in order to o;set the cost o" importation and to provide a means o" utiliDing products :hich could other:ise 2e disposed o" as :aste(
Charcoal is a su2stance o2tained 2y partial 2urning or car2oniDation o" organic material( It is largely pure car2on( 6he entry o" air during the car2oniDation process is controlled so that the organic material does not turn to ash, as in a conventional re, 2ut decomposes to "orm charcoal /Colum2ia &ncyclopedia, *+-0( It is a 2lac1ish material that came "rom the volatile constituents "rom plant matter /such as :ood0 or animal matter /such as 2one0( Currently, charcoal is used "or coo1ing /such as outdoor grilling0 and some industrial processes /Ne: orld &ncyclopedia, *+40( 6he process leaves 2lac1 lumps and po:der, a2out *7 o" the original :eight( hen ignited, the car2on in charcoal com2ines :ith o9ygen and "orms car2on dio9ide, car2on mono9ide, :ater, other gases, and signicant #uantities o" energy /AmaDing Ri2s, *+-0( In an article o" Gma Net:or1 Ne:s, a po:er outage lasting as long as 4 hours may a;ect parts o" the :orld "amous Boracay Island along :ith the three provinces in :estern %isayas on April , *+7 /gmanet:or1, *+70( Because o" these "acts the researcher lead to the idea in studying the components 2oth physical and chemical o" calamansi /Citrus microcarpa0 peelings e9tract and charcoal to generate energy that can help une9pected events(
Research !23ectives 6here is in"ormation regarding the peeling o" dalandan "ruit / Citrus microcarpa0 and charcoal as a source o" energy 2ut there is a little in"ormation on the potential o" charcoal that could generate energy General Objective: 6o attain e
Signicance o" the Study 6he result o" this study :ill 2e 2enecial to the "ollo:ing. Students - this study :ould 2enet the students "or they :ould gain some 1no:ledge and thoughts on :hich they can share to others or may give them ideas to try other things that may have :onder them( It can re"resh their minds and they can nd ne: things around( Teachers= this study :ould 2enet the teachers "or they may learn and understand the things that 2other them and they can share the ideas they learn to their "ello: students that can motivate them to e9plore ne: many things( Battery Producers - this study :ould 2enet the 2attery ma1ers "or they :ill have ne: ideas, great and a;orda2le products that :ill motivate the 2uyers to 2uy :isely 2ecause o" its cheap and a;orda2le price( Future esearchers - this study could 2enet the "uture researchers "or they can gain some ne: ideas or they can "orm out o" something "rom the study that :ill motivate them to use and apply it to their o:n study( For them to encourage other researchers :ho have di
on the studies and the people :ill 2e a:are on 2uying cheap and a;orda2le materials(
8enition o" 6erms 6he "ollo:ing terms given are dened conceptually and operationally "or 2etter understanding. Calamansi - is a smooth and sli!htly spiny plant" !ro#in! to a hei!ht o$ % to & meters' (ea)ets are elliptic to oblon!*elliptic" + to , centimeters lon!' Petioles are very narro#ly or scarcely #in!ed" about - centimeter lon!' Flo#ers are a.illary" solitary" rarely in pairs" #hite" and short*stal/ed' Fruit is yello# #hen ripe" nearly spherical" 0 to %'& centimeters diameter" 1* to 2*celled" and thin*s/inned' The s/in or peel is !reen to yello#ish !reen or yello#" loosely adherin! to the )esh' The )esh contains a $e# li!ht oran!e seeds /Stuart9change, *+40( In this study, calamansi peelings are 2oiled and the e9tract is used as a solvent instead o" :ater in 2oiling the charcoal( Charcoal - a dar/ or blac/ porous carbon prepared $rom ve!etable or animal substances 3as $rom #ood by charrin! in a /iln $rom #hich air is e.cluded4 or a piece or pencil o$ fne charcoal used in dra#in! /)erriam=e2ster, ?*?0( In this study, the charcoal is pulveriDe and 2oiled "rom the calamansi peeling e9tract
&9tract - is a product 3as a juice or concentrate4 that is obtained by the process o$ e.traction /)erriam=e2ster, ?*?0( In this study, the e9tract o" the calamansi peeling :as used in 2oiling the charcoal &nergy- is the capacity $or action and per$ormin! #or/5 also defne as a usable po#er 3as heat and electricity4 or the resources $or producin! such po#er /)erriam=e2ster, ?*?0( In this study, :e came the idea o" developing energy 2y using charcoal and calamansi peeling e9tract
PulveriDe- defne as to reduce 3as by crashin! or !rindin!4 or be reduced
into very small pieces5 also to destroy or by smashin! into $ra!ments /)erriam= e2ster, ?*?0( In this study, the method use in turning the charcoal to very ne o23ect Peeling= to remove 3the s/in" rind" outer coverin!" etc4 o$ 3a $ruit" e!!" etc4 /Idioms dictionary, *++*0( In this study, the calamansi peelings :ere use as the source o" the 2oiling solvent o" the pulveriDe charcoal
Scope and 'imitation o" the Study 6he main purpose o" the study is to determine the potential o" calamansi peeling e9tract and charcoal as an alternative source o" energy( 6he research study :ill 2e conducted at the researcherEs house, !ld Po2lacion, Buenavista, Guimaras( 6his study :ill utiliDe the use o" Complete RandomiDed 8esign /CR80 :here t:elve 2atteries :ill 2e arranged 2y three in a ro: o" "our that serves as replicates o" the treatments( 6his study "ocuses on the di;erence 2et:een the varying amount o" calamansi peeling e9tract and the constant amount o" pulveriDe charcoal and the study is limited only to the peelings o" the calamansi "ruit, no other parts are involve( 6his e9perimental research :ill have three varia2les. the dependent, the independent, and the controlled varia2le( 6he independent varia2le includes the di;erent amount o" pulveriDed charcoal 2oiled on the calamansi peeling / Citrus
microcarpa0 "ruit e9tract, the dependent varia2le in the study results on the material applied on the product, and the controlled varia2le is the articial 2attery(
CHAP6&R * R&%I& !F R&'A6&8 'I6&RA6R& R&'A6&8 S68I&S C!NC&P6A' FRA)&!R
6his chapter deals :ith the revie: o" literature related to the study( It is divided into seven parts. /0 Calamansi Fruit, /*0 !rigin and 8istri2ution o" Calamansi Fruit, /40 Charcoal, /50 8ry Cell, /70 Related Studies, /-0 Conceptual Frame:or1, and /0 Summary(
Part !ne, Calamansi Fruit Part 6:o, !rigin and 8istri2ution o" Calamansi Fruit Part 6hree, Charcoal Part Four, 8ry Cell
Part Five, Related Studies Part Si9, Conceptual Frame:or1 Part Seven, Summary
Calamansi Fruit Scientic Name. Citro"ortunella microcarpa Family. Rutaceae Common Names.
• • • • • •
Philippine 'emon /eng(0 Calamondin !range /eng(0 alamansi /tag(0 alamondin /tag(0 Calamonding /P( Bis(0 Calamunding /Pamp(0 6he calamansi /Citrus madurencis0 is considered as one o" the ma3or "ruit
crops in the Philippines, :hich is indigenous to the country and li1e its relatives, such as the mandarin, pomelo and s:eet orange, the calamansi is rich in phosphorous, calcium, iron and %itamin C or ascor2ic acid( It is the most popular and most commonly used citrus "ruit in the country /A)A8, ??0( Citro"ortunella
microcarpa, the calamondin or calamansi, is a "ruit tree in the "amily Rutaceae native Asia( !ther &nglish language common names include calamonding, calamandarin, golden lime, Panama orange, Chinese orange, acid orange( Calamondin is an acid "ruit originating in China, :hich :as introduced as an Jacid orangeJ a2out ++( But indeed, the "ruit is edi2le( 6he "ruit is small and orange, a2out J in diameter, and resem2les a small tangerine( 6he peel is thin and smooth, yello: to yello:=orange and easily separa2le and the >esh is orange, 3uicy and acid( Calamondins are :idely gro:n as an ornamental tree( !ne calamondin is a2out * calories, :ith a very small trace o" "at( It contains appro9imately (* g 2er, 4 mg potassium, (4 mg vitamin C, 7(5 mg I vitamin A, ?(5 mg calcium, and 7(7 g :ater and 4( g car2ohydrates( Calamondins are thin s1inned and do not 1eep long /Sastry Bapanna, *+40( Calamansi is a popular citro"otunellaK this means it is an intergenetic hy2rid 2et:een the genes o" a citrus and um#uat( Calamondins are thin s1inned and do not 1eep long( Choose rm, yello: to yello:=orange "ruit( Calamansi is 1no:n 2y various names throughout the glo2e the most popular ones 2eing calamonding, calamondin orange, calamansi, calamandarin, golden lime, 1alamunding, 1alamansi, Philippine lime, Panama orange, Chinese orange, mus1 orange and acid orange( Calamansi is :idely cultivated in di;erent parts o" the :orld such as Philippines, )alaysia, Indonesia and Southern China( 6his "ruit is availa2le throughout the year in Philippines and is mostly "ound in unripen green state and it is easy to cultivate( 6his plant gro:s :ell in cool and elevated areas and in sandy soils rich in organic matter( aterlogged areas are not suita2le "or cultivation 2ecause calamansi plants cannot tolerate too much moisture and the 3uice o" the calamondin can 2e used li1e lemon or lime to ma1e re"reshing 2everages, to >avor sh, to ma1e ca1es,
marmalades, pies, preserves, sauces and to use in soups and teas( /Fruitsin"o, *+-0( Flo:ers are a9illary, solitary, rarely in pairs, :hite, and short=stal1ed( Fruit is yello: :hen ripe, nearly spherical, * to 4(7 centimeters diameter, -= to =celled, and thin=s1inned( 6he s1in or peel is green to yello:ish green or yello:, loosely adhering to the >esh( 6he >esh contains a "e: light orange seeds( 6he leaves yields volatile oil "rom +( to (+- together :ith the rind yielding o" aldehydesK ses#uiterpenesK 2eta=pineneK linaloolK linelyl acetateK tanninK glucosideK cyanogenetic su2stances( 6he parts used are s1in, leaves, "ruit and roots /Stuart9change, *+40(
Growth and Distribution of Calamansi Fruit Calamondin is an acid "ruit originating in China, :hich :as introduced as an Jacid orangeJ a2out ++( It is o"ten considered an ornamental citrus tree and a small 2ranch o" calamondins is o"ten put in shipped citrus pac1ages "or contrast and ornamentation( 6he calamondin "ruit ta1es nearly a year to ripen( )ature "ruit can 2e produced year round 2ut are most a2undant "rom Novem2er to $une /Fruitsin"o, *+-0
