Submitted By- Mohd Abid Hussain Ansari
Position of Assignme Poor and Indigent nt on person under Public Criminal Internatio ustice System GUIDED BY- PROF. GHULAM YAZDANI
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Acknowledgement !riting the Ac"no#ledgement for the pro$ect in the sub$ect of %a# and and Po&e o&erty rty is a fai fairly rly simp simplle unde nderta"i ta"in ng for for anyo anyone ne #ho #ho has has attended e&en a single class of Prof' (hulam)a*dani' +he clarity, the command and the humour he brings into e&ery class is infectious, ma"ing any student belie&e that there can be no easier sub$ect that the Public International %a# and that anyone can master it, pro&ided he gi&es the sub$ect the respect and recogni recognition tion that Sir himself gi&es the sub$ect' urthe urtherrmor more I #ould #ould li" li"e to than than" " all all thos those e peop people le #ho #ho ga&e ga&e the the sub$ect their time and #rote boo"s #hich I e&entually referred' In this matter, I #ould particularly li"e to than" .pendraBu/i, #hose boo" #as precise and the largest reference in this #or"' My father, a professor #ith large access to boo"s of &alue has been of great help to me' !ithout !ithout the contributi contribution on of the abo&e said people people I could ha&e ne&er completed this pro$ect'
Mohd'AbidHussain Ansari B'A'%%'B Hons1 2th Semester 3nd )ear
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Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. #. %. &. 8. *.
Introduction to Poverty Law………………………………………………...3 Defining Poverty………………………………………………………...…..4 Introduction………………………………………………………………….8 Criminal Jutice !ytem……………………………………………………1" Com$onent………………………………………………………………...14 !uggetion…………………………………………………………………1& Indigent $eron……………………………………………………………..2" 'iew of (ig) Court……………………………………………………….2# +i,liogra$)y………………………………………………………………..28
Introduction to Po&erty %a# 3|Page
Poverty law i t)e ,ody of law w)ic) concern t)e rig)t of low-income individual and familie to acce government ,enefit.
)e term $overty law decri,e t)e ,road area of law and legal need w)ic) arie ,y virtue of an individual/ or a grou$/ $overty. 0enerally $overty law deal wit) iued aimed at eliminating $overty in t)e $o$ulation and addreing t)e need of t)e $oor. Iue include )ouing and )omelene acce to medical care and educational o$$ortunitie among ot)er. )e .!. Cenu +ureau define t)e level of $overty ued ,y t)e federal government acro all tate t)roug) t)e official meaure of $overty eta,li)ed ,y t)e ffice of anagement and +udget 5+6. Due $roce rig)t re7uire t)e $oor to )ave acce to t)e utice ytem t)erefore $u,lic lawyer are a$$ointed for t)oe w)o can/t afford a lawyer and are $oi,ly faced wit) incarceration. any filing fee re7uired ,y t)e utice ytem may ,e waived ,y u,mitting a $overty affidavit. )ere are alo numerou tate and federal government ,enefit availa,le to t)oe w)o )ave a ma9imum income level at or ,elow a defined $overty line.
5e6ning Po&erty 7 A Historic Perspecti&e Historically $overty )a ,een related to income w)ic) remain at t)e core of t)e conce$t today. (owever :income; i itelf no le $ro,lematic a conce$t t)an :$overty;< it too )a to ,e carefully 8|Page
and $reciely ela,orated. t)er reource uc) a aet income in =ind and u,idie to $u,lic ervice and em$loyment )ould ,e im$uted to arrive at a com$re)enive ,ut accurate meaure of income.Peo$le can ,e aid to ,e in $overty w)en t)ey are de$rived of income and ot)er reource needed to o,tain t)e condition of life>t)e diet material good amenitie tandard and ervice > t)at ena,le t)em to $lay t)e role meet t)e o,ligation and $artici$ate in t)e relation)i$ and cutom of t)eir ociety. )e determination of a $overty line cannot ,e ,aed on an ar,itrary election of a low level of income. nly cientific criteria inde$endent of income can utify w)ere t)e $overty line )ould ,e drawn. )e multi$licity and everity of different ty$e of de$rivation can contitute t)oe criteria. )e =ey i t)erefore to define a t)re)old of income ,elow w)ic) $eo$le are found to ,e t)u de$rived.)e meaure of multi$le de$rivation mut ,e decided on t)e ,ai of evidence a,out eac) and every $)ere of t)e range of ocial and individual activitie $eo$le $erform in fulfillment of individual and family need and ocial o,ligation. )e degree of material and ocial de$rivation relative to income i t)e ,ai for acertaining t)e t)re)old amount of income ordinarily re7uired ,y )oue)old of different com$oition to urmount $overty. )e a$$lication of t)i met)od$ermit analyi of trend in $overty in and acro different countrie. )e undertanding and relief of $overty )a ,een a maor )uman $reoccu$ation for many centurie. !ince t)e 188" t)ree alternative conce$tion of $overty )ave evolved a a ,ai for international andcom$arative wor=. )ey de$end $rinci$ally on t)e idea of u,itence ,aic need and relative de$rivation. )e u,itence idea wa a reult of wor= $rom$ted ,y nutritionit in 'ictorian ?ngland. @amilie were defined to ,e in $overty w)en t)eir income were not :ufficient to o,tain t)e minimum necearie for t)e maintenance of merely $)yical efficiency;. A family wa treated a ,eing in $overty if it income minu rent fell )ort of t)e $overty line. Alt)oug) allowance wa made in calculating t)e income level for clot)ing fuel and ome ot)er item t)i allowance wa very mall and food accounted for muc) t)e greatet )are of u,itence. )ee idea )ave influenced cientific$ractice and international and national$olicie for over 1"" year. ?9am$le aret)e tatitical meaure ado$ted todecri,e ocial condition at firt wit)in individual countrie ,ut later wit) wide a$$lication ,y international agencie uc) a t)e Borld +an=. )e idea of u,itence wa freely e9$orted to mem,er !tate of t)e former +riti) ?m$ire e.g. for etting t)e wage of ,lac= in !out) Africa and framing develo$ment $lan in India and alayia. In t)e nited !tate :u,itence; remain t)e ,ai of t)e official meaure of $overty. )e ue of :u,itence; to define $overty )a ,een criticied ,ecaue it im$lie t)at )uman need are mainly $)yical rat)er t)an alo ocial need. Peo$le are not im$ly individual organim 2|Page
re7uiring re$lacement of ource of $)yical energy< t)ey are ocial ,eing e9$ected to $erform ocially demanding role a wor=er citien $arent $artner neig),ourand friend. oreover t)ey are not im$ly conumer of $)yical good ,ut $roducer of t)oe good and are alo e9$ected to act out different role in t)eir variou ocial aociation. )ey are de$endent on collectively $rovidedutilitie and facilitie. )ee need a$$ly univerally and not merely in t)e ric) indutrial ocietie. )e lac= of ela,orate ocial intitution and ervice in low-income countrie and t)eir cant reource direct our attention to w)et)er or not t)e mot ,aic material u,itence need can ,e met in t)oe countrie. eeting uc) need a t)e atifaction of )unger i widely acce$ted a a $riority. !uc) need )ave ,een included in t)e categoriation of :a,olute; $overty w)ic) )owever would ,etter ,e la,eled :e9treme; or :evere.; P)yical need are u,ect to ra$id c)ange ,ecaue of )ift in ocial activity and demand $attern. )e need for material good t)eir relevance to t)e ociety of t)e day and even t)e good t)emelve are not after all fi9ed or unvarying. And t)e amount and =ind and t)u t)e cot of food de$end on wor= climate and ocial cutom. !o material need turn out to ,e ocially determined in different way.+y t)e 1*&" a econd formulation>t)at of :,aic need;>,egan to e9ert wide influence u$$orted trongly ,y t)e IL. wo element were included. @irt minimum conum$tion need of a family ade7uate food )elter and clot)ing a well a certain )oue)old furniture and e7ui$ment. And econd eential ervice $rovided ,y and for t)e community at large uc) a afe water anitation $u,lic tran$ort and )ealt) care education and cultural facilitie. In rural area ,aic need alo include land agricultural tool and acce to farming. )e :,aic need; conce$t i an e9tenion of t)e u,itence conce$t. In addition to material need for individual $)yicalurvival and efficiency t)ere are t)e facilitie and ervice>for )ealt) care anitation and education>re7uired ,y local communitie and $o$ulation a a w)ole. )e attraction to ome of t)e :u,itence; conce$t included it limited co$e and t)erefore limited im$lication for $olicy and $olitical action. In t)e $at and into t)e $reent it eemed eaier to retrict t)e meaning of $overty to material and $)yical need t)an alo to include t)e nonfulfillment of ocial role given t)e overriding em$)ai of individualim. )e :,aic need; conce$t on t)e ot)er )and aimed at eta,li)ing at leat ome of t)e $recondition for community develo$ment. It $layed a $rominent $art in national develo$ment $lan fotered ,y t)e international community e$ecially E agencie. In t)e late 2"t) century a t)ird ocial formulation of t)e meaning of $overty wa develo$ed relative de$rivation. :Felativity; a uggeted a,ove a$$lie to ,ot) income and ot)er reource and alo to material and ocial condition. In t)e 21t century ocietie are $aing t)roug) uc) ra$id c)ange t)at a $overty tandard devied at ome )itorical date in t)e $at i difficult to utify under new condition. Peo$le living in t)e $reent are not u,ect to t)e ame law o,ligation and cutom t)at a$$lied to 9|Page
a $reviou era. 0lo,aliation i connecting $eo$le and t)eir tandard of living w)ile ine7ualitie wit)in and ,etween countrie are growing. )ere are t)erefore maor o,ection to merely u$dating any )itorical ,enc)mar= of $overty on t)e ,ai of ome inde9 of $rice. ver many year t)e :relativity; of meaning of $overty )a come to ,e recognied in $art if not com$re)enively. Adam !mit) for e9am$le recognied t)e way in w)ic) :neceitie; were defined ,y cutom in t)e early $art of t)e 1*t) century citing t)e la,orerG need to wear a )irt a an e9am$le. It i not enoug) to decri,e $overty a a condition a$$lying to t)oe w)oe di$oa,le income i low relative to t)at of ot)er. )i i to fail to ditingui) conce$tually ,etween ine7uality and $overty. Poor $eo$le are not ut t)e victim of a miditri,ution of reource ,ut more e9actly t)ey lac= or are denied t)e reource to fulfill ocial demand and o,erve t)e cutom a well a t)e unfolding law of ociety. )i criterion lend itelf to cientific o,ervation meaurement and analyi of multi$le de$rivation. (owever a wit) any formulation t)ere are $ro,lem in defining $overty o$erationally. nder t)e :relative de$rivation; a$$roac) a t)re)old of income i enviaged according to ie and ty$e of family ,elow w)ic) wit)drawal or e9cluion from active mem,er)i$ of ociety i common. ?ta,li)ing t)at t)re)old de$end onaccumulating t)e availa,le evidence andw)et)er ociological and economic a$$roac)e may ,e reconciled. !uc) reconciliation i ome ditance away. De$ite t)e influence of Amartya!enGcontri,ution to develo$ment tudie for two decade )i idea on ca$a,ilitie )ave not reac)ed t)e maintream of $overty analyi among economit and )ave ,een aid to leave im$ortant ga$. )ere are form of im$overi)ment for e9am$le t)roug) ocial e9cluion w)en individual ca$a,ilitie to overcome $overty are not at iue. )oe ca$a,ilitie are alo identified a originating wit)in t)e individual rat)er t)an wit) grou$ or nation collectively or ,eing determined e9ternally ,y mar=et conglomerate. Again t)e ca$a,ilitie a$$roac) doe not eem to addre t)e tructural ource of t)e ca$a,ilitie of t)e ric) and $owerful. Ca$a,ilitie are different from $erce$tion. )ee ometime offer a valua,le correction to inde$endent analyi of ,e)aviour and living condition. In an attem$t to define $overty o$erationally t)e Borld +an= in 1**" ado$ted a rule-of-t)um, meaure of !H 3&" $er year $er $eron at 1*8# $rice 5t)e :dollar a day; $overty line6 for $oor countrie. )i crude indicator may )ave ,een a convenient interim meaure for $ractical $ur$oe a )ort-term e9$edient ,ut )a not turned out to ,e of continuing value. ?liminating $overty re7uire ,etter definition and meaurement. Be need 5i6 an international $overty line t)at define a t)re)old of income 5including in =ind6 re7uired in different countrie to urmount material and ocial de$rivation< 5ii6 regular re$ort on t)e e9tent of $overty in every country ,aed on meaure of,ot) :a,olute; i.e. :e9treme; and :overall; $overty a agreed in 1**# at t)e Borld !ummit for !ocial Develo$ment. )u anti$overty $olicie mut ,e monitored and evaluated regularly and on a muc) larger cale ,y government ,y t)e nited Eation ,y t)e international financial intitution and ,y ot)er relevant international agencie.
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: A (uman condition c)aracteried ,y utained or c)ronic de$rivation of t)e reource ca$a,ilitie c)oice ecurity and $ower neceary for t)e enoyment of an ade7uate tandard of living and ot)er civil cultural economic $olitical and ocial rig)t.; EDP - 2""1
Introduction )e Indian Penal Code came into force in 18%2< a amended it continued in force in1**3. +aed on +riti) criminal law t)e code define ,aic crime and $uni)ment a$$lie to reident foreigner and citien ali=e and recognie offene committed a,road ,y Indian national.)e $enal code claifie crime under variou categorie crime againt t)e tate t)e armed force $u,lic order t)e )uman ,ody and $ro$erty< and crime relating to election religion marriage and )ealt) afety decency and moral. Crime are cognia,le or non-cognia,le com$ara,le to t)e ditinction ,etween felonie and midemeanor in legal ue in t)e nited !tate. !i9 categorie of $uni)ment includefine forfeiture of $ro$erty im$le im$rionment rigorou im$rionment wit) )ardla,or life im$rionment and deat). An individual can ,e im$rioned for failure to $ayfine and u$ to t)ree mont)/ olitary confinement can occur during rare rigorouim$rionment entence. Commutation i $oi,le for deat) and life entence.?9ecution are ,y )anging and are rare--t)ere were only t)ree in 1**3 and two in 1**4--and are uually reerved for crime uc) a $olitical aaination and multi$le murder.Court of law try cae under $rocedure t)at reem,le t)e Anglo-American $attern. )emac)inery for $revention and $uni)ment t)roug) t)e criminal court ytem ret on t)eCode of Criminal Procedure of 1*&3 w)ic) came into force on A$ril 1 1*&4 re$lacing acode dating from 18*8. )e code include $roviion to e9$edite t)e udicial $roceincreae efficiency $revent a,ue and $rovide legal relief to t)e $oor. )e ,aicframewor= ;|Page
of t)e criminal utice ytem )owever wa left unc)anged.Contitutional guarantee $rotect t)e accued a do variou $roviion em,odied in t)e1*&3 code. reatment of t)oe arreted under $ecial ecurity legilation can de$art fromt)ee norm )owever. In addition for all $ractical $ur$oe t)e im$lementation of t)eenorm varie widely ,aed on t)e cla and ocial ,ac=ground of t)e accued. In motcae $olice officer )ave to ecure a warrant from a magitrate ,efore intitutingearc)e and eiing evidence. Individual ta=en into cutody )ave to ,e advied of t)ec)arge ,roug)t againt t)em )ave t)e rig)t to ee= counel and )ave to a$$ear ,efore amagitrate wit)in twenty-four )our of arret. )e magitrate )a t)e o$tion to releae t)eaccued on ,ail. During trial a defendant i $rotected againt elf-incrimination and onlyconfeion given ,efore a magitrate are legally valid. Criminal cae uually ta=e $lacein all trail alt)oug) in limited circumtance cloed trial occur. Procedure e9it for a$$eal to )ig)er court. India i a nion of !tate and i governed ,y a written contitution w)ic) came into force on 2% Eovem,er 1*4*. India conit of 2# tate and & nion erritorie. Due to it colonial )eritage India follow t)e Anglo-!a9on common law utice ytem. Article 24% of t)e Contitution $rovide for t)ree lit w)ic) are enumerated in &t) !c)edule of t)e Contitution. Lit-1 i t)e nion Lit w)ic) enumerate t)e u,ect on w)ic) t)e Parliament of India )a e9cluive $ower to ma=e t)e law. Lit-2 i t)e !tate Lit w)ic) enumerate t)e u,ect on w)ic) t)e legilature of a tate )a t)e $ower to ma=e law. )e t)ird lit i t)e Concurrent Lit w)ic) enumerate u,ect on w)ic) ,ot) t)e IndianParliament and t)e Legilature of t)e tate can enact law ,ut if t)ere i any conflict or inconitency ,etween t)e law made ,y t)e Indian Parliament and t)e legilature of any tate t)e law enacted ,y t)e nion Parliament will )ave overriding effect. Im$ortantly t)e :Pu,lic rder; and t)e :Police; are enumerated in ?ntrie 1 and 2 re$ectively of t)e !tate Lit meaning t)ere,y t)at all matter relating to t)e organiation tructure and regulation of t)e $olice force fall wit)in t)e am,it of t)e tate. (owever t)e KCriminal LawGand t)e KCriminal ProcedureG are enumerated in Lit-3 i.e. t)e Concurrent Lit. +ot) t)e Indian Parliament and tate legilature )ave t)e $ower to ma=e u,tantive and $rocedural law incriminal matter. )e tate can alo enact law on local and $ecial u,ect. )u under t)e contitutional c)eme t)e ,aic criminal law i.e. t)e Indian Penal Code t)e Code of Criminal Procedure and t)e Indian ?vidence Act )ave ,een enacted ,y t)e Indian Parliament. )e Indian Police Act )a alo ,een enacted ,y t)e IndianParliament. )e tate )ave alo enacted law on everal local and $ecial u,ect. !ome tate in India )ave alo enacted t)eir own Police Act. )e Indian Police Act 18%1 )owever i t)e ,aic tatutory law governing t)e contitution and organiationof $olice force in t)e tate. Article 14 of t)e Contitution $rovide for e7uality ,efore law. Article 21 guarantee $rotection of life and $eronal li,erty. Article 2" $rovide $rotection againt dou,le eo$ardy. Eo $eron can ,e $roecuted and $uni)ed for t)e ame offence more t)an once. Article 3*-A mandate t)e tate to ecure e7ual utice for all. It alo $rovide for free legal aid in re$ect of indigent $eron. Article
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#" i im$ortant a it $rovide for t)e e$aration of t)e udiciary from t)e e9ecutive in t)e $u,lic ervice of tate. DISTRICT—THE BASIC UIT !" AD#IISTRATI!
In eac) tate t)ere are a num,er of ditrict. )e Ditrict i governed ,y a triumvirate coniting of t)e Ditrict agitrate t)e Ditrict !u$erintendent of Police and t)e Ditrict and !eion Judge. )e Ditrict agitrate i t)e c)ief e9ecutive officer of t)e ditrict and )e ,elong to t)e Adminitrative !ervice. )e $olice in t)e ditrict function under )i general direction and control. )e Ditrict!u$erintendent of Police i t)e )ead of t)e $olice force in a ditrict. (e i re$oni,le for t)e $revention and detection of crime and t)e maintenance of law and order u,ect to uc) direction a may ,e iued ,y t)e Ditrict agitrate. In $ractical term t)e Ditrict agitrate )a no role in criminal invetigation. )e Ditrict and !eion Judge i t)e )ead of t)e udiciary in a ditrict. (e ,elong to t)e )ig)er tate udicial ervice. )e entire magitracy in t)e ditrict function under )i control and u$erviion. CRI#IA$ %USTICE S&STE#
)e criminal utice ytem )a four im$ortant com$onent in India namely t)e Invetigating Agency 5Police6 t)e Judiciary t)e Proecution Bing and t)e Prion and Correctional !ervice. A ,rief mention of t)eir tructure and t)eir role i made )ere ,elow Investigating Agency
)e $olice force are raied ,y t)e tate under t)e Indian Police Act 18%1. )e ,aic duty of t)e $olice force i to regiter cae invetigate t)em a $er t)e $rocedure laid down in t)e Code of Criminal Procedure 5to ,e referred to a t)e Code )ereinafter6 and to end t)em u$ for trial. In addition to t)e !tate Police @orce t)e 0overnment of India )a contituted a central invetigating agency called t)e Central +ureau of Invetigation 5C+I6 under t)e $ecial enactment called t)e Del)i !$ecial Police ?ta,li)ment Act 1*4%. It )a concurrent uridiction in t)e matter of invetigation in t)e nion erritorie. It can ta=e u$ t)e invetigation of cae falling wit)in t)e uridiction of t)e tate only wit) t)e $rior conent of t)e tate government concerned. )ere are certain ot)er $ecialied invetigating agencie contituted ,y t)e central government in variou de$artment namely t)e Cutom De$artment t)e Income a9 De$artment t)e ?nforcementDirectorate etc. )ey invetigate cae falling wit)in t)eir uridiction and $roecute t)em in t)e court of law. )u India )a ,ot) t)e tate $olice invetigating agencie and central invetigating agencie a mentioned a,ove. C+I )owever i t)e $rimary invetigating agency of t)e central government. T'e Co(rts =|Page
)e cae intituted ,y t)e tate $olice and t)e Central Invetigating Agency are adudicated ,y t)e court. Be )ave a four tier tructure of court in India. At t)e ,ottom level i t)e Court of Judicial agitrate. It i com$etent to try offence $uni)a,le wit) im$rionment of t)ree year or le. A,ove it i t)e Court of C)ief Judicial agitrate w)ic) trie offence $uni)a,le wit) le t)an & year. At t)e ditrict level t)ere i t)e Court of Ditrict and !eion Judge w)ic) trie offence $uni)a,le wit) im$rionment of more t)an & year. In fact t)e Code $ecificallyenumerate offence w)ic) are e9cluively tria,le ,y t)e Court of !eion. )e )ig)et court in a tate i t)e (ig) Court. It i an a$$ellate court and )ear a$$eal againt t)e order of conviction or ac7uittal $aed ,y t)e lower court a$art from )aving writ uridiction. It i alo a court of record. )e law laid down ,y t)e (ig) Court i ,inding on all t)e court u,ordinate to it in a tate. At t)e a$e9 t)ere i t)e !u$reme Court of India. It i t)e )ig)et court in t)e country. All a$$eal againt t)e order of t)e (ig) Court in criminal civil and ot)er matter come to t)e !u$reme Court. )i Court )owever i elective in it a$$roac) in ta=ing u$ cae. )e law laid down ,y t)e !u$reme Court i ,inding on all t)e court in t)e country. Prosec(tion )ing
It i t)e duty of t)e tate to $roecute cae in t)e court of law. )e tate government )ave contituted cadre of$u,lic $roecutor to $roecute cae at variou level in t)e u,ordinate court and t)e (ig) Court. I will revert to t)e u,ect later w)en I dicu t)e tructure and functioning of t)e $roecution wing in t)e tate and t)e central government. Prisons and Correctional Services
)i i t)e fourt) im$ortant element in t)e criminal utice ytem. )e $rion in India are under t)e control of t)e tate government and o are t)e correctional ervice. C!STITUTI! AD STRUCTURE !" PR!SECUTI! )I*
A tated a,ove t)e $olice i a tate u,ect in our contitutional c)eme. )e $rimary invetigative unit i t)e $olice tation in India. After due invetigation c)arge-)eet are filed in t)e court concerned a $er t)e $roviion of t)e Code. )e cae are $roecuted ,y t)e $u,lic $roecutor a$$ointed ,y t)e tate government. Prior to t)e enactment of t)e Criminal Procedure Code of 1*&3 $u,lic $roecutor were attac)ed to t)e $olice de$artment and t)ey were re$oni,le to t)e Ditrict !u$erintendent of Police. (owever after t)e new Code of Criminal Procedure came into force in 1*&3 t)e $roecution wing )a ,een totally detac)ed from t)e $olice de$artment. )e $roecution wing in a tate i now )eaded ,y an officer deignate a t)e Director of Proecution. In ome of t)e tate )e i a enior $olice officer and in ot)er )e i a udicial officer of t)e ran= of Ditrict and !eion Judge. (e i aited ,y a num,er of Additional Director De$uty Director and 40 | P a g e
AitantDirector etc.At t)e ditrict level t)ere are two levelof $u,lic $roecutor i.e. t)e AitantPu,lic Proecutor 0rade-I and t)e Aitant Pu,lic Proecutor 0rade-II. )ey a$$ear in t)e Court of agitrate. )e Director of Proecution i re$oni,le for t)e $roecution of cae in t)e agiterial Court. In !eion Court t)e cae are $roecuted ,y Pu,lic Proecutor. )e Ditrict agitrate $re$are a $anel of uita,le lawyer in conultation wit) t)e !eion Judge to ,e a$$ointed a $u,lic $roecutor. )e tate government a$$oint $u,lic $roecutor out of t)e $anel $re$ared ,y t)e Ditrict agitrate and t)e !eion Judge. It i im$ortant to mention t)at $u,lic $roecutor w)o $roecute cae in t)e !eion Court do not fall under t)e uridiction and control of t)e Director of Proecution. )e tate government alo a$$oint $u,lic $roecutor in t)e (ig) Court. )e a$$ointment are made in conultation wit) t)e (ig) Court a $er ection 24 of t)e Code. )e mot enior law officer in a tate i t)e Advocate 0eneral w)o i a contitutional aut)ority. (e i a$$ointed ,y t)e governor of a tate under Article 1%#. (e )a t)e aut)ority to addre any court in t)e tate. nder ection 24 of t)e Cr.P.C. t)e central government may alo a$$oint one or more $u,lic $roecutor in t)e (ig) Court or in t)e ditrict court for t)e $ur$oe of conducting any cae or cla of cae in any ditrict or local area. )e mot enior law officer of t)e 0overnment of India i t)e Attorney 0eneral for India w)o i a $reidential a$$ointee under Article &%. (e )a t)e aut)ority to addre any court in t)e country. )e Aitant Pu,lic Proecutor 0rade-I and 0rade-II are a$$ointed ,y a tate government on t)e ,ai of a com$etitive e9amination conducted ,y t)e !tate Pu,lic !ervice Commiion. )ey are law graduate falling wit)in a $ecified age grou$. )ey oin a Aitant Pu,lic Proecutor 0rade-II and a$$ear in t)e Court of agitrate. )ey are $romotedto Aitant Pu,lic Proecutor 0rade-I and generally a$$ear in t)e Court of C)ief Judicial agitrate. n furt)er $romotion t)ey ,ecome Aitant Director of Proecution and can go u$ to t)e level of Additional Director of Proecution. )ey)owever do not a$$ear in t)e !eion Court. A mentioned a,ove t)e Ditrict agitrate in conultation wit) t)e !eion Judge $re$are a $anel of lawyer wit) a minimum of & year of e9$erience to ,e a$$ointed a $u,lic $roecutor. )ey are o a$$ointed ,y t)e tate government. )ey $lead t)e cae on ,e)alf of t)e tate government in t)e !eion Court. )ey )ave tenure a$$ointment and are not $ermanent em$loyee of t)e tate government. )ey are $aid an )onorarium 5not alary6 ,y t)e tate government. )ere i now a move to integrate t)e aforeaid two cadre of $u,lic $roecutor wit) t)e o,ect to im$roving t)e $romotion $ro$ect of law officer w)o oin at t)e lowet level i.e. Aitant Pu,lic Proecutor 0rade-II. )e idea i to $romote t)e Aitant Pu,lic Proecutor 0rade-I to Additional Pu,lic Proecutor or Pu,lic Proecutor a t)e cae may ,e to $lead cae in t)e !eion Court. If it come a,out t)i will o,literate t)e need for a$$ointing lawyer from t)e o$en mar=et a $u,lic $roecutor to $lead cae in t)e !eion Court.
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!hat is Criminal ustice System> Criminal utice i t)e ytem of $ractice and intitution of government directed at u$)olding ocial control deterring and mitigating crime or anctioning t)oe w)o violate law wit)criminal $enaltie and re)a,ilitation effort. )oe accued of crime )ave $rotection againta,ue of invetigatory and $roecution $ower.)e criminal utice ytem decend from t)e +riti) model. )e udiciary and t)e ,ar are inde$endent alt)oug) effort )ave ,een made ,y ome $olitician to undermine t)e autonomy of t)e udiciary. @rom a,out t)e time of Indira 0and)i/ tenure a $rime miniter t)e e9ecutive )a treated udicial aut)oritie in an ar,itrary fa)ion. Judge w)o )anded down deciion t)at c)allenged t)e regime in office )ave on occaion ,een $aed over for $romotion for e9am$le. @urt)ermore un$o$ular udge )ave ,een given le-t)an-deira,le aignment. +ecaue t)e $ay and $er7uiite of t)e udiciary )ave not =e$t u$ wit) alarie and ,enefit in t)e $rivate ector fewer a,le mem,er of t)e legal $rofeion )ave entered t)e ran= of t)e enior udiciary. De$ite t)e decline in t)e cali,er and $ro,ity of t)e udiciary eta,li)ed $rocedure for t)e $rotection of defendant e9ce$t in t)e cae of trife-torn area are routinely o,erved. )e $enal $)iloo$)y em,race t)e ideal of $reventing crime and re)a,ilitating criminal.Criminal utice i t)e ytem of $ractice and organiation ued ,y national and local government directed at maintaining ocial control deter and controlling crime and anctioning t)oe w)o violate law wit) criminal $enaltie. )e criminal utice ytem conit of t)ree main $art •
Legilative 5create law6
•
Adudication 5court6< and
•
Correction 5ail $rion $ro,ation and $arole6.
In t)e criminal utice ytem t)ee ditinct agencie o$erate toget)er ,ot) under t)e rule of lawand a t)e $rinci$al mean of maintaining t)e rule of law wit)in ociety.
Criminal %a# and Procedure nder t)e contitution criminal uridiction ,elong concurrently to t)e centralgovernment and t)e tate. )e $revailing law on crime $revention and $uni)ment i em,odied in two $rinci$al tatute t)e Indian Penal Code and t)e Code of CriminalProcedure of 1*&3. )ee law ta=e 43 | P a g e
$recedence over any tate legilation and t)e tatecannot alter or amend t)em. !e$arate legilation enacted ,y ,ot) t)e tate and t)e centralgovernment alo )a eta,li)ed criminal lia,ility for act uc) a muggling illegal ueof arm and ammunition and corru$tion. All legilation )owever remain u,ordinate tot)e contitution.
Components of criminal $ustice system? %a# enforcement?
Law enforcement Law enforcement officer are
re$oni,le for uc) legal dutie a Feceiving and documenting re$ort of crime wit)in t)e agency/ uridiction< invetigating t)e re$orted crime< 0at)ering and )olding evidence of t)e crime< Arreting t)e alleged offender< and Conducting follow-u$ invetigation a needed.
Prosecution?
)e role of t)e Proecutor ,egin once t)e $olice )a conducted t)e
invetigation and filed t)e c)arge )eet in t)e court. (e)e )a no role to $lay in t)e invetigation. )e Proecutor mut conduct t)e $roecution on ,e)alf of t)e !tate. A an officer of t)e court it i )i)er duty to act im$artially and $reent t)e full and material fact witnee and evidence ,efore t)e court to ena,le t)ecourt to decide t)e cae. Proecution )e offender/ rig)t in t)e court $roceeding include )e rig)t to )ave legal re$reentation< t)e rig)t to a $eedy trial< t)e rig)t to ,e informed regarding t)e $roceeding< and t)e rig)t to ,e )eard.
udiciary?
Judiciary )e udge ma=e t)e final deciion or ruling at eac) tage. )e udge will Decide t)e releae tatu of an offender< decide w)et)er or not to acce$t a guilty $lea or a negotiated $lea ,y an offender< overee t)e trial w)ere t)e indicted offender i determined to ,e guilty or not guilty< and determine t)e final entence of t)e court for a convicted offender.)e udge i li=e an um$ire in a game and conduct t)e trial im$artially and in an o$en court. )e udge )ear all t)e witnee and any ot)er evidence $reented ,y t)e $roecution and t)e defence. )e udge decide w)et)er t)e accued $eron i guilty or innocent on t)e ,ai of t)e evidence $reented and in accordance wit) t)e law. If t)e accued i convicted t)en
48 | P a g e
t)e udge $ronounce t)e entence. (e may end t)e $eron to ail or im$oe a fine or ,ot)de$ending on w)at t)e law $recri,e.
Corrections?
Correction @or t)e duration of t)e entence t)e correction taff
$rovide uc) legal dutie a aintain t)e ecurity of t)e facility< Provide internal u$erviion of inmate w)ic) may include couneling or educational $rogram< Provide medical care for inmate< and Procee inmate for releae from t)e intitution eit)er on $arole 5conditional releae6 or w)en t)e inmate )a erved t)e ma9imum time )e)e mut erve ,efore releae 5unconditional releae6.
Criminal $ustice process? In7uiitorial $roce and Adverary $roce. )e invetigative tage run ,y t)e $olice t)e adudicatory tage run ,y t)e udge and lawyer. Article 22 of t)e Contitution and criminal law guarantee to every arreted $eron t)e following @undamental Fig)t )e Fig)t to ,e informed at t)e time of arret of t)e offence for w)ic) t)e $eron i ,eing arreted )e Fig)t to ,e $reented ,efore a magitrate wit)in 24 )our of arret. )e Fig)t not to ,e ill-treated or tortured during arret or in cutody. Confeion made in $olice cutody cannot ,e ued a evidence againt t)e accued. A ,oy under 1# year of age and women cannot ,e called to t)e $olice tation only for 7uetioning. AFICL? 22 @ (? CE!IIE. )e !u$reme Court of India )a laid down $ecific re7uirement and $rocedure t)at t)e $olice and ot)er agencie )ave to follow for t)e arret detention and interrogation of any $eron. )ee are=nown a t)e D.M. +au 0uideline and ome of t)ee include )e $olice official w)o carry out t)e arret or interrogation )ould wear clear accurate and vii,le identification and name tag wit) t)eir deignation< A memo of arret )ould ,e $re$ared at t)e time of arret and )ould include t)e time and date of arret. It )ould alo ,e atteted ,y at leat one witne w)o could include a family mem,er of t)e $eron arreted. )e arret memo )ould ,e counter-igned ,y t)e $eron arreted. )e $eron arreted detained or ,eing interrogated )a a rig)t to inform a relative friend or wellwi)er. B)en a friend or relative live outide t)e ditrict t)e time $lace of arret and venue of cutody mut ,e notified ,y $olice wit)in 8 to 12 )our after arret. 0ID?LIE?! +N D.M. +A!
@b$ecti&es of criminal $ustice system? 42 | P a g e
)e main o,ective of t)e criminal utice ytem can ,e categoried a follow •
o $revent t)e occurrence of crime.
•
o $uni) t)e trangreor and t)e criminal.
•
o re)a,ilitate t)e trangreor and t)e criminal.
•
o com$enate t)e victim a far a $oi,le. o maintain law and order in t)e ociety.
•
o deter t)e offender from committing any criminal act in t)e future.
ights of &ictims? )e .E declaration recognied four maor com$onent of t)e rig)t of victim - Acce to utice and fair treatment Fetitution Com$enation aitance.
te!s to P"o#$%e Ass$stan&e to C"$'e ($&t$'s $n In%$a) )e natural e7uence of rendering meaningful utice ocial and legal )ould $roceed a follow @air coniderate and ym$at)etic treatment ,y t)e $olice )o$ital welfare organiation $roecution and court< Prom$t retitutioncom$enation to t)e victim for t)e inury or lo uffered ,y uing t)e e9iting $roviion< and !ecurity to victim and $otential victim againt victimiation in future.
Suggestions? !uggetion to fill t)e loo$)ole and im$rove criminal utice adminitration ytem in India!im$lification of Fule and Procedure Fe$ealing of utdated Law Criminal Law Amendment Police a Invetigative Agency Judicial Accounta,ility A$$ointment Promotion and ranfer of Judge Average Judge-Po$ulation Fatio. !im$lification of Fule and Procedure Fe$ealing of utdated Law Criminal Law Amendment Police a Invetigative Agency Judicial Accounta,ility 49 | P a g e
A$$ointment Promotion and ranfer of Judge Average Judge-Po$ulation Fatio Perury and Contem$t f Court ?fficient Pu,lic Proecutor ran$arency of Court Proceeding ime +ound @illing of 'acant Pot in t)e Judiciary.
THE DUTIES AD "UCTI!S !" A PUB$IC PR!SECUT!R
Pu,lic $roecution i an im$ortant com$onent of t)e $u,lic utice ytem. Proecution of an offender i t)e duty of t)e e9ecutive w)ic) i carried out t)roug) t)e intitution of t)e Pu,lic Proecutor. )e $u,lic $roecutor i a$$ointed ,y t)e !tate and )e conduct $roecution on ,e)alf of t)e !tate. B)ile it i t)e re$oni,ility of t)e $u,lic $roecutor to ee t)at t)e trial reult in conviction )e need not ,e overw)elmingly concerned wit) t)e outcome of t)e trial. (e i an officer of t)e court and i re7uired to $reent a trut)ful $icture ,efore t)e court. ?ven t)oug) )e a$$ear on ,e)alf of t)e !tate it i e7ually )i duty to ee t)at t)e accued doe not uffer in an unfair and unet)ical manner. )e $u,lic $roecutort)oug) an e9ecutive officer i an officer of t)e court and i duty ,ound to render aitance to t)e court. )e $u,lic $roecutor re$reent t)e !tate and t)e !tate i committed to t)e adminitration of utice a againt advancing t)e interet of one $arty at t)e cot of t)e ot)er. (e )a to ,e trut)ful and im$artial o t)at even t)e accued $eron receive utice. )e $u,lic $roecutor $lay a dominant role in t)e wit)drawal of a cae from $roecution. (e )ould wit)draw from $roecution in rare cae let t)e confidence of $u,lic in t)e efficacy of t)e adminitration of utice ,e )a=en. )e !u$reme Court of India )a defined t)e role and function of a $u,lic $roecutor in Shiv NandanPaswan vs. State of Bihar& Others 5AIF 1*83 !C 1**46 a under a6 )e Proecution of an offender i t)e duty of t)e e9ecutive w)ic) i carried out t)roug) t)e intitution of t)e Pu,lic Proecutor. ,6 Bit)drawal from $roecution i an e9ecutive function of t)e Pu,lic Proecutor. c6 Dicretion to wit)draw from$roecution i t)at of t)e Pu,licProecutor and t)at of none ele and)e cannot urrender t)i dicretionto anyone. d6 )e 0overnment may ugget to t)e Pu,lic Proecutor to wit)draw a cae ,ut it cannot com$el )im and ultimately t)e dicretion and udgment of t)e Pu,lic Proecutor would $revail. e6 )e Pu,lic Proecutor may wit)draw from $roecution not only on t)e ground of $aucity of evidence ,ut alo on ot)er relevant ground in order to furt)er t)e ,road end of $u,lic utice $u,lic order and $eace.
4: | P a g e
f6 )e Pu,lic Proecutor i an officer of t)e Court and i re$oni,le to it. R!$E !" A PUB$IC PR!SECUT!R I I+ESTI*ATI!S
Invetigation in India are conducted a $er $roviion of C)a$ter OII of t)e Code. Cae are regitered under ection 1#4 of t)e Code. A $olice officer i com$etent to invetigate only cognia,le offence. Eon-cognia,le offence cannot ,e invetigated ,y t)e $olice wit)out o,taining $rior order from t)e court. A $olice officer can e9amine witnee under ection 1%1. (owever t)e tatement are not to ,e igned ,y t)e witnee. Confeion of accued $eron and tatement of witnee are recorded under ection 1%4 of t)e Code. A $olice officer )a t)e $ower to conduct earc)e in emergent ituation wit)out a warrant from t)e court under ection 1%#. A $olice officer i com$etent to arret an accued u$ected to ,e involved in a cognia,le offence wit)out an order from t)e court in circumtance $ecified in ection 41 of t)e Code. (e i re7uired to maintain a day to day account of t)e invetigation conducted ,y )im under ection 1&2. After com$letion of invetigation a $olice officer i re7uired to u,mit a final re$ort to t)e court under ection 1&3. If a $rima facie cae i made out t)i final re$ort i filed in t)e )a$e of a c)arge-)eet. )e accued )a t)ereafter to face trial. If no cogent evidence come on record a cloure re$ort i filed in t)e Court. )e $u,lic $roecutor $lay t)e following role at t)e invetigation tage 516 (e a$$ear in t)e court and o,tain arret warrant againt t)e accued< 526 (e o,tain earc) warrant from t)e court for earc)ing $ecific $remie for collecting evidence< 536 (e o,tain $olice cutody remand for cutodial interrogation of t)e accued 5ection 1%&6< 546 If an accued i not tracea,le )e initiate $roceeding in t)e court for getting )im declared a $roclaimedoffender 5ection 826 and t)ereafterfor t)e confication of )i mova,leand immova,le aet 5ection 836
4; | P a g e
$roecutor a to t)e via,ility of t)e $roecution t)e deciion of t)e Ditrict !u$erintendent of Police i final.
Indigent Person- Meaning Indigent $eron are t)oe $eo$le t)at do not )ave financial mean and are ,elow a certain income t)re)old 5a defined ,y federal tate and local government6. Indigent $eron are often t)oug)t of a $oor and living in $overty. any $u,lic ervice are offered to t)e indigent $o$ulation to enure t)at t)ey receive ,aic ervice t)at are needed. Eeedy or im$overi)ed. A defendant w)o can demontrate )i or )er indigence to t)e court may ,e aigned a court-a$$ointed attorney at $u,lic e9$ene. )e conce$t i well e9$lained ,y t)e ria )ig) court in t)e cae of angluC)attar v. a)e)war+)oi a follow t)e tool of artian are e9em$ted from t)e attac)ment. In t)e intant cae according to t)e finding of t)e trial court t)e a$$ellant $oeed of tool and weaving material and t)ey get daily wage. +ot) t)ee item are covered under t)e !ection %"516 of CD? @ CI'IL PFC?DF? 1*"8. )ere i no ot)er evidence adduced from t)e ide of t)e defendant to )ow t)at t)e $etitioner are $oeed of any ot)er $ro$erty. )erefore t)ere i no di$ute a,out t)e fact t)at t)e a$$ellant are all weaver and t)eir weaving material conit of tool of artian. )ee $ro$ertie are not to ,e ta=en into conideration to find out w)et)er t)ey will ,e a,le to $ay t)e court fee. !o alo t)e daily wage t)ey get cannot ,e ta=en into conideration for t)e aforeaid $ur$oe. n t)e aforeaid analyi it )ould ,e )eld t)at t)e a$$ellant are indigent $eron and t)erefore t)ey )ould ,e allowed to ue a indigent $eron.
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)e !u$reme Court of India )a ettled t)e iue t)at w)et)er a $u,lic com$any can file a uit a an indigent $eron w)ile )olding t)e udgement of I v. M)ader International Contruction )eld t)at t)e word :$eron; )a to ,e given it meaning in t)e conte9t in w)ic) it i ued. It refer to a $eron w)o i ca$a,le of filling a uit and t)i ,eing a ,enevolent $roviion< it i to ,e given an e9tended meaning. )erefore a $u,lic limited com$any w)ic) i ot)erwie entitled to maintain uit a a legal $eron can every well maintain a$$lication under rder OOOIII Fule 1 CD? @ CI'IL PFC?DF? 1*"8. )e word :$eron; mentioned in rder OOOIII include not only a natural $eron ,ut ot)er udicial $eron alo.
Court Costs and ees In federal and tate udicial ytem nationwide indigent $eron are often entitled to a waiver of court fee and cot if t)ey $etition t)e court and 7ualify for uc) a waiver. ?ac) udicial ytem )a it own rule for a$$lying for a waiver of fee and cot a well a it own t)re)old for w)at contitute ,eing indigent. If you need a waiver of court filing fee and cot contact t)e court cler=/ office and a= w)ere you can locate information on )ow to a$$ly for a waiver. Cost )'ere Indigent Person S(cceeds
B)ere t)e $laintiff ucceed in t)e uit t)e court )all calculate t)e amount of court fee w)ic) would )ave ,een $aid ,y t)e $laintiff if )e )ad not ,een $ermitted to ue a an indigent $eron< uc) amount )all ,e recovera,le ,y t)e tate government from any $arty rdered ,y t)e decree to $ay t)e ame and )all ,e a firt c)arge on t)e u,ect matter of t)e uit.!uc) a decree i e9ecuted ,y t)e collector to intitute new $roceeding to $urue for t)e recovery of t)e amount of court fee from t)e $eron or $ro$erty lia,le to $ay t)e court fee t)at too a arrear of land revenue )ence e$arate recovery $roceeding cannot ,e $urued in e9ecution $roceeding.+ut t)e ituation i different w)en we tal= of Indigent $eron in a ituation w)ere a uit i filled ,y t)e indigent $eron for realiation of full contractual amount from government. Decree wa $aed in favour of $laintiff. Direction wa iued to defendant !tate 0overnment to $ay cot of $laintiff a lia,ility wa im$oed on defendant to $ay court fee $aya,le to 0overnment )ence $roceeding initiated againt $laintiff for recovery of court fee wa not maintaina,le.
%egal epresentation 4= | P a g e
Indigent $eron )ould not feel a t)oug) t)ey )ave no o$tion for ecuring legal re$reentation. Indigent $eron may not ,e a,le to afford $ricey attorney ,ut t)at doe not mean t)at legal ervice are unavaila,le to t)i egment of t)e $o$ulation. Eot only do many attorney $rovide $ro ,ono ervice for cae t)ey feel o,liged for moral reaon wit)out regard for $ayment of ervice ,ut many organiation e9it w)oe $ur$oe i to foter legal ervice for indigent $eron. @inally eac) tate )a an office devoted to enuring t)at indigent $eo$le )ave acce to legal re$reentation< t)i office i informally =nown in many uridiction a t)e $u,lic defender/ office. )e !u$reme Court in Mathai M. PaikedayVs. C.K. Antony )a dicued t)e conce$t of /indigent $eron/ a defined under rder 33 of t)e Code of Civil Procedure 1*"8. B)ile dicuing t)e relevant udgment on t)e u,ect t)e court )eld a under<*. rder 33 of t)e Code of Civil Procedure deal wit) uit ,y indigent $eron w)erea rder 44 t)ereof deal wit) a$$eal ,y indigent $eron. rder 33 Fule 1 of t)e Code of Civil Procedure $rovide for intituting of uit ,y indigent $eron tating 1. !uit may ,e intituted ,y indigent $eron-- !u,ect to t)e following $roviion any uit may ,e intituted ,y an indigent $eron. ?9$lanation I.--A $eron i an indigent $eron1. If )e i not $oeed of ufficient mean 5ot)er t)an $ro$erty e9em$t from attac)ment in e9ecution of a decree and t)e u,ect-matter of t)e uit6 to ena,le )im to $ay t)e fee $recri,ed ,y law for t)e $laint in uc) uit or 2. B)ere no uc) fee i $recri,ed if )e i not entitled to $ro$erty wort) one t)ouand ru$ee ot)er t)an t)e $ro$erty e9em$t from attac)ment in e9ecution of a decree and t)e u,ectmatter of t)e uit. ?9$lanation II.--Any $ro$erty w)ic) i ac7uired ,y a $eron after t)e $reentation of )i a$$lication for $ermiion to ue a an indigent $eron and ,efore t)e deciion of t)e a$$lication )all ,e ta=en into account in conidering t)e 7uetion w)et)er or not t)e a$$licant i an indigent $eron. ?9$lanation III.--B)ere t)e $laintiff ue in a re$reentative ca$acity t)e 7uetion w)et)er )e i an indigent $eron )all ,e determined wit) reference to t)e mean $oeed ,y )im in uc) ca$acity. 11. rder 44 of Code of Civil Procedure $rovide for intituting an a$$eal a an indigent $eron. )e $roviion read-
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1. B)o may a$$eal a an indigent $eron - Any $eron entitled to $refer an a$$eal w)o i una,le to $ay t)e fee re7uired for t)e memorandum of a$$eal may $reent an a$$lication accom$anied ,y a memorandum of a$$eal and may ,e allowed to a$$eal a an indigent $eron u,ect in all matter including t)e $reentation of uc) a$$lication to t)e $roviion relating to uit ,y indigent $eron in o far a t)oe $roviion are a$$lica,le. 2. )e o,ect and $ur$oe of rder 33 and rder 44 of t)e Code of Civil Procedure are to ena,le a $eron w)o i ridden ,y $overty or not $oeed of ufficient mean to $ay court fee to ee= utice. rder 33 and rder 44 of t)e Code of Civil Procedure e9em$t uc) indigent $eron from $aying re7uiite court fee at t)e firt intance and allow )im to intitute uit or $roecute a$$eal in forma $au$eri.
In A.A. HajaMuniuddin v. Indian Railways 51**26 4 !CC &3% t)i Court )a o,erved #; Acce to utice cannot ,e denied to an individual merely ,ecaue )e doe not )ave t)e mean to $ay t)e $recri,ed fee. In Union Bank of India v. Khader International Constrution 52""16 # !CC 22 t)i Court )a )eld 2". rder 33 CPC i an ena,ling $roviion w)ic) allow filing of a uit ,y an indigent $eron wit)out $aying t)e court fee at t)e initial tage. If t)e $laintiff ultimately ucceed in t)e uit t)e court would calculate t)e amount of court fee w)ic) would )ave ,een $aid ,y t)e $laintiff if )e )ad not ,een $ermitted to ue a an indigent $eron and t)at amount would ,e recovera,le ,y t)e !tate from any $arty ordered ,y t)e decree to $ay t)e ame. It i furt)er $rovided t)at w)en t)e uit i dimied t)en alo t)e !tate would ta=e te$ to recover t)e court fee $aya,le ,y t)e $laintiff and t)i court fee )all ,e a firt c)arge on t)e u,ect- matter of t)e uit. !o t)ere i only a $roviion for t)e deferred $ayment of t)e court fee and t)i ,enevolent $roviion i intended to )el$ t)e $oor litigant w)o are una,le to $ay t)e re7uiite court fee to file a uit ,ecaue of t)eir $overty. ?9$lanation I to Fule 1 rder 33 tate t)at an indigent $eron i one w)o i not $oeed of ufficient amount 5ot)er t)an $ro$erty e9em$t from attac)ment in e9ecution of a decree and t)e u,ect-matter of t)e uit6 to ena,le )im to $ay t)e fee $recri,ed ,y law for t)e $laint in uc) uit. It i furt)er $rovided t)at w)ere no uc) fee i $recri,ed if uc) $eron i not entitled to $ro$erty wort) one t)ouand ru$ee ot)er t)an t)e $ro$erty e9em$t from attac)ment in e9ecution of a decree and t)e u,ect-matter of t)e uit )e would ,e an indigent $eron. In R.V. !ev v. Chief "eretary# $ovt. of Kerala 52""&6 # !CC %*8 t)i Court )a )eld
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8. rder 33 of t)e Code of Civil Procedure deal wit) uit ,y indigent $eron w)erea rder 44 t)ereof deal wit) a$$eal ,y indigent $eron. B)en an a$$lication i filed ,y a $eron aid to ,e indigent certain factor for conidering a to w)et)er )e i o wit)in t)e meaning of t)e aid $roviion are re7uired to ,e ta=en into conideration t)erefor. A $eron w)o i $ermitted to ue a an indigent $eron i lia,le to $ay t)e court fee w)ic) would )ave ,een $aid ,y )im if )e wa not $ermitted to ue in t)at ca$acity if )e fail in t)e uit at t)e trial or even wit)out trial. Payment of court fee a t)e c)eme ugget i merely deferred. It i not altoget)er wi$ed off. )e conce$t of indigent $eron )a ,een dicued in Cor$u Juri!ecundum 52" C.J.!. Cot / *36 a following B)at contitute indigency )e rig)t to ue in forma $au$eri i retricted to indigent $eron. A $eron may $roceed a $oor $eron only after a court i atified t)at )e or )e i una,le to $roecute t)e uit and $ay t)e cot and e9$ene. A $eron i indigent if t)e $ayment of fee would de$rive one of ,aic living e9$ene or if t)e $eron i in a tate of im$overi)ment t)at u,tantially and effectively im$air or $revent t)e $uruit of a court remedy. (owever a $eron need not ,e detitute. @actor conidered w)en determining if a litigant i indigent are imilar to t)oe conidered in criminal cae and include t)e $arty/ em$loyment tatu and income including income from government ource uc) a !ocial !ecurity and unem$loyment ,enefit t)e owner)i$ of unencum,ered aet including real or $eronal $ro$erty and money on de$oit t)e $arty/ total inde,tedne and any financial aitance received from family or cloe friend. Eot only $eronal li7uid aet ,ut alo alternative ource of money )ould ,e conidered. )e eligi,ility of $eron to ue in forma $au$eri )a ,een conidered in American Juri$rudence 52" Am. Jur. 2d Cot / 1""6 a t)u 1"". ?ligi,ility to ue in forma $au$eri< generally )e ,urden of eta,li)ing indigency i on t)e defendant claiming indigent tatu w)o mut demontrate not t)at )e or )e i entirely detitute and wit)out fund ,ut t)at $ayment for counel would $lace an undue )ard)i$ on )i or )er a,ility to $rovide t)e ,aic neceitie of life for )imelf or )erelf and )i or )er family. @actor $articularly relevant to t)e determination of w)et)er a $arty to a civil $roceeding i indigent are 1. t)e $arty/ em$loyment tatu and income including income from government ource uc) a ocial ecurity and unem$loyment ,enefit< 2. t)e owner)i$ of any unencum,ered aet including real or $eronal $ro$erty and monie on de$oit< and finally 3. t)e $arty/ total inde,tedne and any financial aitance received from family or cloe friend. B)ere two $eo$le are living toget)er and functioning a a ingle economic unit 33 | P a g e
w)et)er married related or ot)erwie conideration of t)eir com,ined financial aet may ,e warranted for t)e $ur$oe of determining a $arty/ indigency tatu in a civil $roceeding.
o um u$ t)e indigent $eron in term of e9$lanation I to Fule 1 of rder 33 of t)e Code of Civil Procedure i one w)o i eit)er not $oeed of ufficient mean to $ay court fee w)en uc) fee i $recri,ed ,y law or i not entitled to $ro$erty wort) one t)ouand ru$ee w)en uc) court fee i not $recri,ed. In ,ot) t)e cae t)e $ro$erty e9em$ted from t)e attac)ment in e9ecution of a decree and t)e u,ect-matter of t)e uit )all not ,e ta=en into account to calculate financial wort) or a,ility of uc) indigent $eron. oreover t)e factor uc) a $eron/ em$loyment tatu and total income including retirement ,enefit in t)e form of $enion owner)i$ of realia,le unencum,ered aet and $eron/ total inde,tne and financial aitance received from t)e family mem,er or cloe friend can ,e ta=en into account in order to determine w)et)er a $eron i $oeed of ufficient mean or indigent to $ay re7uiite court fee. )erefore t)e e9$reion ufficient mean in rder 33 Fule 1 of t)e Code of Civil Procedure contem$late t)e a,ility or ca$acity of a $eron in t)e ordinary coure to raie money ,y availa,le lawful mean to $ay court fee. +iew o, Hig' Co(rts
)i iue wa alo t)ere for conideration ,efore t)e adra (ig) court in Chandrareka v. "eretary of "tate of India a diviion ,enc) )eld t)at t)e $laintiff in t)at $articular uit w)o o,tained a decree for F. 1"" ,eing a moiety of t)e $ro$erty claimed i lia,le to $ay court fee wit) regard to t)e um of F. 1"" and t)e firt defendant w)o conteted t)e uit i lia,le to $ay court fee for t)e ,alance amount under ection 411 of CD? @ CI'IL PFC?DF? 1*"8 of 1881. )i 7uetion alo came ,efore t)e Alla)a,ad (ig) Court in t)e cae of 0anga !ahal v. M.%. $aura a diviion ,enc) of t)e Alla)a,ad (ig) court )a )eld t)at under Fule 1" of rder 33 of t)e CD? @ CI'IL PFC?DF? 1*"8 t)e legilature deal wit) t)e cae of a $au$er $laintiff w)o ucceed in t)e uit and under Fule 11 wit) t)e cae of a $au$er $laintiff w)o fail in t)e uit. )ere i no e$arate $roviion for a cae li=e t)e $reent in w)ic) a $au$er $laintiff )a $artly ucceed and $artly failed. Preuma,ly t)e court i intended to deal wit) uc) a cae ,y com,ining t)e $roviion of t)e two Fule. It i clear t)at if $laintiff w)o i $ermitted to intitute t)e uit a an indigent $eron ucceeded in t)e $art in a uit t)e court fee $aya,le ,y )im for t)e uit t)e court fee $aya,le ,y )im on t)e $laint or memorandum of a$$eal )a to ,e a$$ortioned ,etween t)e $laintiff and t)e defendant in t)e $ro$ortion to t)e ucce of t)e eac) $arty. )erefore t)e lia,ility of t)e $laintiff w)o ued a indigent $eron or in t)e :forma $au$eri; to $ay t)e court fee if )e ucceed entirely in t)e uit and to $ay t)e court fee in $ro$ortion to t)e ucce if )e ucceed $artly in t)e uit under 38 | P a g e
t)e $roviion of Fule 1" and to $ay t)e entire court fee if )e fail in t)e uit under Fule 11 of t)e rder 33 of t)e $reent code and under t)e analogou $roviion for t)e $reviou code i well eta,li)ed. +ictims - t'e .oor relation
At variou $oint t)e criminal utice ytem articulate it fairne to offender. A reaona,le amount of money i $ut into t)e $roceing t)e management t)e re)a,ilitation and t)e $uni)ment of offender. )ere i an a$iration t)at offender )ould )ave an Kend-to-end erviceG a $aid and $rofeionalied wor=force and a legal ytem and legal aid ,udget t)at $rovide legal re$reentation and rig)tly attem$t to $revent innocent $eo$le ,eing wrongly found guilty or unutly $uni)ed. It i of coure not a $erfect ytem ,ut it a$iration are rig)t and correctly founded u$on t)e $rinci$le of utice. Bit)out ee=ing to undermine t)ee fundamental $rinci$le t)ere are in contrat ine7uitie in t)e way t)e criminal utice ytem treat victim. After a trial
+eing a victim in an un,alanced ytem doe not end on conviction or after an ac7uittal< t)e w)eel of utice continue to turn and again victim are often an aftert)oug)t. )ere are around 2""" a$$eal $er year againt entence of w)ic) &#Q are ucceful and around #"" a$$eal againt conviction of w)ic) 43Q are uccefuly. Net t)ere i no re7uirement for even t)e $roecution let alone victim or t)eir familie to ,e informed a,out an a$$lication for leave to a$$eal. I )ave met victimG familie w)o read a,out an offenderG a$$eal in a new$a$er. B)ere a defendant i ac7uitted following a trial t)ere remain a victim or a ,ereaved family w)o )ould ,e a,le at t)e very leat to dicu wit) t)e CP! lawyer and t)e $olice w)y in t)eir view t)e ac7uittal may )ave occurred and w)at if any legal or invetigative avenue remain availa,le. I met one ,ereaved mot)er w)o wa refued a meeting wit) t)e CP! $roecutor after t)e defendant in )er daug)terG murder trial wa ac7uitted. )e Criminal Cae Feview Commiion rig)tly e9it to enure t)at we mitigate againt micarriage of utice for defendant. It i wort) noting t)at if )undred of cae are found to )ave got it wrong firt time in t)e prosecution’s favour t)en t)ere are li=ely to ,e at leat imilar num,er w)ere it wa adudged wrongly in favour of t)e defence. It i argua,le t)at t)e Criminal Cae Feview Commiion could conider w)et)er it )a a role in $oi,le micarriage of utice cae on ,e)alf of victim or t)eir familie. And once a defendant i convicted it a$$ear t)at de$ite t)e fact victim and t)eir familie are in ome cae left carrying an unimagina,le ,urden for t)e ret of t)eir live t)e u$$ort to t)em w)ic) )a ,een $atc)y to t)i $ointt)en dro$ off almot com$letely. Parole )earing conider w)et)er or not to releae offender ,ac= into t)e community. )ey do t)i ,aed on aement of a $rionerG level of ri= a deciion reac)ed t)roug) an in7uiitorial $roce weig)ing u$ t)e $ro and con. @or victim t)e 32 | P a g e
early releae of t)e $eron convicted of eriou )arm againt t)em and t)e condition t)at mig)t ,e im$oed u$on )i)er li,erty can ,e iue of great concern. And yet t)e ytem doe not ma=e it eay for t)em or t)eir familie to )ave t)eir voice )eard in t)e weig)ing of t)e evidence . )e $arole )earing will ,e )eld in a $rion often mile away from t)e victimG )ome yet t)ey are not guaranteed any $ractical )el$ to get t)ere or emotional u$$ort to deal wit) uc) an intimidating or frig)tening e9$erience. Indeed t)ey are not even necearily allowed to ta=e w)o t)ey want into t)e )earing 5one woman w)oe daug)ter wa murdered and w)oe ,ody wa never recovered wa initially not allowed to )ave )er )u,and wit) )er6 or to )ave t)eir tatement read out unc)allenged.
R!$E !" PUB$ICPR!SECUT!RS I ATI!A$CRI#IA$ %USTICE P!$IC&
)e law are enacted ,y t)e legilatureenforced ,y t)e $olice and inter$reted ,yt)e court. Eeit)er t)e $olice nor t)e$roecution agency )a any ay in t)eformulation of law. )e num,er ofcriminal law i increaing ,y t)e day ,utt)e 7uality of drafting )ow definitedeterioration and ,ritle wit) avoida,levaguene in contruction. It i felt t)at are$reentative eac) of t)e $olicede$artment and t)e $roecution agency)ould ,e aociated wit) t)e formulationdrafting of law. )eir field e9$eriencewould go a long way in im$roving t)e7uality of law enacted. @urt)er unli=et)e $olice t)e $roecution agency doe not)ave a national level ,ody to watc) it$rofeional and ervice interet. )i idue to t)e fact t)at $roecution agencieare organied at t)e tate level and not att)e national level. !uc) an a$e9 )ould ,econtituted ,y t)e government .
SPEED& TRIA$
)e conce$t of $eedy trial i en)rinedin Article 21 of t)e Contitution of India. Article 21 read a under Eo $eron )all ,e de$rived of )i lifeor $eronal li,erty e9ce$t according to$rocedure eta,li)ed ,y law.)e !u$reme Court in 1**& CrLJ $age1*# )a inter$reted t)i Article to meant)at rig)t of $eedy trial i alo afundamental rig)t. ndenia,ly t)e trialin India drag on for year toget)er. )ereare everal agencie re$oni,le for delaynamely t)e $olice t)e lawyer t)e accuedand t)e court. All of t)em $lay acontri,utory role in t)e delay. B)ile t)e$olice agency may ,e re$oni,le for 2# $ercent of delay non-$olice agencie arere$oni,le for t)e ret of it. )e $u,lic$roecutor ,eing an officer of t)e court can$lay an im$ortant role in enuring $eedytrial. It i )i duty to ee t)at t)e ade7uatenum,er of witnee are called at eac))earing and none of t)em goe ,ac=une9amined. !imilarly )e i to enure t)att)e document are $ut u$ to t)e court intime. (e )a alo to enure t)at $oliceofficer w)o generally $revaricate ina$$earing in t)e court do a$$ear a 39 | P a g e
$ert)e c)edule fi9ed ,y t)e court. A goodwor=ing relation)i$ wit) t)e court may)el$ in ac)ieving t)i end. Eot muc)coo$eration can ,e e9$ected from t)edefence counel a e9$erience )ow t)at)e i more intereted in t)e delay t)an in$eedy trial ,ecaue delay mean more)earing w)ic) in turn mean more feefor )im. )i ,e)aviour may ,e unet)icalon )i $art ,ut t)i i t)e ground reality.In t)i cenario t)e role of $u,lic$roecutor aume $ecial ignificance. Jutice ,egotten at a cot i utice lot. Jutice i a natural rig)t. It i t)e ine 7uanon and the raion dRu2"1*etre of the social grouping. Justice in a social environment has to be a natural a lee$ or o9ygen to a living ,eing. @ree and fair
+i,liogra$)y • • • •
$endra,u9i- law and $overty Develo$ment in India- Faa. C)ellia). J.!. 0and)i- Law and !ocial C)ange '.=.0u$ta- $ro$ective of )uman rig)t.
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