Magic Areas in REMEDIAL LAW
2016 Bar Examination Dean ED VINCENT S. ALBANO Bar Review Director, ABRC JURISDICTION Jurisdiction is conferred by law.
In a complaint for recoer! of po""e""ion of a real propert! #efore t$e %TC #&t faile' to alle(e t$e a""e""e' al&e of t$e propert!) attac$e' a cop! of a Declaration of %eal *ropert! "$o+in( t$at t$e "&#,ect propert! $a" a mar-et al&e of *1)/6.00 an' a""e""e' al&e of *20)/0.00) t$e %TC $a" ,&ri"'iction if it i" locate' o&t"i'e of etro anila. It i" +ell"ettle' t$at ,&ri"'iction oer a "&#,ect matter i" conferre' #! la+) not #! t$e partie"3 action or con'&ct) an' i") li-e+i"e) 'etermine' from t$e alle(ation" in t$e complaint. 4enerall!) t$e co&rt "$o&l' onl! loo- into t$e fact" alle(e' in t$e complaint to 'etermine +$et$er a "&it i" +it$in it" ,&ri"'iction. 5Bar#o"a . ernan'e7) 4.%. No. 18869) :&l! 10) 200) 2 SC%A //;. T$ere ma! #e in"tance") $o+eer) +$en a ri(i' application of t$i" r&le ma! re"< in 'efeatin( "&#"tantial ,&"tice or in pre,&'ice to a part!3" "&#"tantial ri($t. 5See Tan . Director of
&e"tion on ,&ri"'iction an' +o&l' $ae ren'ere' len(t$! liti(ation on t$i" point &nnece""ar!. Accion publiciana; assessed value determines the curt !ith "urisdictin# Accion pu"liciana i" an or'inar! ciil procee'in( to 'etermine t$e #etter ri($t of po""e""ion of
realt! in'epen'ent of title. It refer" to an e,ectment "&it ?le' after t$e expiration of one !ear from t$e accr&al of t$e ca&"e of action or from t$e &nla+f&l +it$$ol'in( of po""e""ion of t$e realt!. 5V'a. 'e A(&ilar . Alfaro) 4.%. No. 169902) :&l! ) 2010) 628 SC%A 180) 190;. T$e o#,ectie of t$e plainti@" in accion pu"liciana i" to recoer po""e""ion onl!) not o+ner"$ip. o+eer) +$ere t$e partie" rai"e t$e i""&e of o+ner"$ip) t$e co&rt" ma! pa"" &pon t$e i""&e to 'etermine +$o #et+een t$e partie" $a" t$e ri($t to po""e"" t$e propert!. T$i" a',&'ication i" not a ?nal 'etermination of t$e i""&e of o+ner"$ip it i" onl! for t$e p&rpo"e of re"olin( t$e i""&e of po""e""ion) +$ere t$e i""&e of o+ner"$ip i" in"epara#l! lin-e' to t$e i""&e of po""e""ion. T$e a',&'ication of t$e i""&e of o+ner"$ip) #ein( proi"ional) i" not a #ar to an action #et+een t$e "ame partie" inolin( title to t$e propert!. T$e a',&'ication) in "$ort) i" not concl&"ie on t$e i""&e of o+ner"$ip. 5S&apo) et al. . Sp". De :e"&") et al.) 4.%. No. 1/=86) April 20) 201) Brion) :; The RTC and MTC have jurisdiction over accion publiciana.
In ie+ of t$e amen'ment" to t$e %&le of La+) ,&ri"'iction oer action" inolin( title to or po""e""ion of real propert! i" no+ 'etermine' #! it" a""e""e' al&e. 5See O&ano . *4TT International Ine"tment) 989 *$il. 2= 2002 ilario . Sala'or) 9/ *$il. 82 200 eir" of Se#e . eir" of Seilla) 61= *$il. 8/ 200/ *a're . Ba'illo) 4.%. No. 16928) :an&ar! 1/) 2011) 690 SC%A 0)66;. T$e a""e""e' al&e of real propert! i" it" fair mar-et al&e m<iplie' #! t$e a""e""ment leel. It i" "!non!mo&" to taxa#le al&e. 5ilario . Sala'or) "&pra. B< Citilan' Corp. . Ota-e) 4.%. No. 1881) :&l! 2/) 2010) 220 SC%A 220) 22/;. In #uinagoran v. Court of Appeals) p$il. 60) 6 200) it +a" r&le' t$at a" t$in(" no+ "tan') a 'i"tinction #e ma'e #et+een t$o"e propertie" a""e""e' al&e of +$ic$ #elo+ o&t"i'e etrom&"t anila an' *0)000.00) if +it$in. If t$et$e a""e""e' al&e a" "$o+n #!i"t$e tax *20)000.00) 'eclaration i"if *8/)000.00 an' attac$e' to t$e complaint) t$e TC of anila $a" ,&ri"'iction een if not alle(e'. 5S&apo) et al. . Sp". De :e"&") et al.) 4.%. No. 1/=86) April 20) 201) Brion) :; Jurisdiction of a court is determined by the allegations in the complaint.
It i" a +ell"ettle' r&le t$at ,&ri"'iction of t$e co&rt i" 'etermine' #! t$e alle(ation" in t$e complaint an' t$e c$aracter of t$e relief "o&($t. In Russell v. Vestil) 4.%. No. 11/89) arc$ 1) 1///) 809 SC%A 8=) 99;) it +a" r&le' t$at in 'eterminin( +$et$er an action i" one t$e "&#,ect matter of +$ic$ i" not capa#le of pec&niar! e"timation t$e criterion of ?r"t a"certainin( t$e nat&re of t$e principal action or reme'! "o&($t i" re"orte' to. If it i" primaril! for t$e recoer! of a "&m of mone!) t$e claim i" con"i'ere' capa#le of pec&niar! e"timation) an' +$et$er ,&ri"'iction i" in t$e m&nicipal co&rt" or in t$e %TC" +o&l' 'epen' on t$e amo&nt of t$e claim. B&t +$ere t$e #a"ic i""&e i" "omet$in( ot$er t$an t$e ri($t to recoer a "&m of mone!) +$ere t$e mone! claim i" p&rel! inci'ental to) or a con"e>&ence of) t$e principal relief "o&($t) "&c$ action" a" ca"e" +$ere t$e "&#,ect of t$e liti(ation ma! not #e e"timate' in term" of mone!) an') $ence) are incapa#le of pec&niar! e"timation. T$e"e ca"e" are co(ni7a#le excl&"iel! #! %TC". 5S&riin( eir" of Alfre'o Ba&ti"ta . Lin'o) et al.) 4.%. No. 20=282) arc$ 10) 2019;. n determining whether an action is one the subject matter of which is not capa ble of pecuniary estimation! the nature of the principal action or remedy sought must "rst be ascertained.
$ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
In 'eterminin( +$et$er an action i" one t$e "&#,ect matter of +$ic$ i" not capa#le of pec&niar! e"timation) t$e Co&rt $a" a'opte' t$e criterion of ?r"t a"certainin( t$e nat&re of t$e principal action or reme'! "o&($t. If it i" primaril! for t$e recoer! of a "&m of mone!) t$e claim i" con"i'ere' capa#le of pec&niar! e"timation) an' +$et$er ,&ri"'iction i" in t$e m&nicipal co&rt" or in t$e %TC" +o&l' 'epen' on t$e amo&nt of t$e claim. B&t +$ere t$e #a"ic i""&e i" "omet$in( ot$er t$an t$e ri($t to recoer a "&m of mone!) +$ere t$e mone! claim i" p&rel! inci'ental to) or a con"e>&ence of) t$e principal relief "o&($t) t$e Co&rt $a" con"i'ere' "&c$ action" a" ca"e" +$ere t$e "&#,ect of t$e liti(ation ma! not #e e"timate' in term" of mone!) an') $ence) are incapa#le of pec&niar! e"timation. T$e"e ca"e" are co(ni7a#le excl&"iel! #! %TC". 5SeeRusell v. Vestil) $%& 'CRA ($), Marc* +(, + SF%VIVIN4 EI%S O< AL<%EDO %. BAFTISTA) et al. v. <%ANCISCO LINDO) et al.) 4.%. No. 20=282) arc$ 10) 2019) Vela"co) :r.) :; Jurisdiction can be raised for the "rst time on appeal.
It i" a +ell"ettle' r&le of ,&ri"pr&'ence t$at t$e i""&e of ,&ri"'iction can #e rai"e' een for t$e ?r"t time on appeal. In Heirs of -ulao v. De -esus, 4.%. No. 16020) Septem#er 2/) 2019) Del Ca"tillo) :) t$e SC +a" of lac-for of ,&ri"'iction #ein( rai"e' i" in of a part!3" appellant3" It +a" once a(ainconfronte' r&le' t$at+it$ eent$e if iti""&e +a" rai"e' t$e ?r"t time on appeal no moment. Fn'er #rief. Section 1) %&le / of t$e %ei"e' %&le" of Co&rt) 'efen"e" not plea'e' eit$er in a motion to 'i"mi"" or in t$e an"+er are 'eeme' +aie') except for lac- of ,&ri"'iction) litis pendentia) res udicata) an' pre"cription) +$ic$ m&"t #e apparent from t$e plea'in( or t$e ei'ence on recor'. In ot$er +or'") t$e 'efen"e of lac- of ,&ri"'iction oer t$e "&#,ect matter ma! #e rai"e' at an! "ta(e of t$e procee'in(") een for t$e ?r"t time on appeal. 5eir" of :o"e &ire' t$ro&($) or +aie' #!) an! act or omi""ion of t$e partie" nor can it #e c&re' #! t$eir "ilence) ac>&ie"cence) or een expre"" con"ent. 5eir" of :&lian Dela Cr&7 . eir" of Al#erto Cr&7) 12 *$il. 8=/) 900 200 eir" of :&lao . De :e"&") 4.%. No. 16020) Septem#er 2/) 2019;. #octrine of non$interference or doctrine of judicial stability
T$e re$a#ilitation ca"e i" 'i"tinct an' 'i""imilar from t$e ann&lment of foreclo"&re ca"e) in t$at t$e ?r"t ca"e i" a "pecial procee'in( +$ile t$e "econ' i" a ciil action. A ciil action i" one #! +$ic$ a part! "&e" anot$er for t$e enforcement or protection of a ri($t or t$e preention or re're"" of a +ron(. Strictl! "pea-in() it i" onl! in ciil action" t$at one "pea-" of a ca&"e of action. A ca&"e of action i" 'e?ne' a" t$e act or omi""ion #! +$ic$ a part! iolate" ri($t of in anot$er. T$&")t$e in mort(a(e t$e ann&lment of foreclo"&re ca"e) t$e ca&"e of action of %om#e i" t$e act of a A"iatr&"t foreclo"in( on %om#e3" propertie" #! +$ic$ t$e latter3" ri($t to t$e propertie" +a" alle(e'l! iolate'. In'ee') t$e t+o ca"e" are 'i@erent +it$ re"pect to t$eir nat&re) p&rpo"e) an' t$e relief" "o&($t "&c$ t$at t$e in,&nctie +rit i""&e' in t$e ann&lment of foreclo"&re ca"e 'i' not interfere +it$ t$e re$a#ilitation ca"e. T$e p&rpo"e of t$e re$a#ilitation ca"e an' t$e relief" pra!e' for #! %om#e are t$e "&"pen"ion of pa!ment" #eca&"e it Gfore"ee" t$e impo""i#ilit! of meetin( it" 'e#t" +$en t$e! re"pectiel! fall '&e)G an' t$e approal of it" propo"e' re$a#ilitation plan. T$e an' t$e relief" "o&($t #! %om#e in t$e ann&lment of foreclo"&re ca"e are) amon( ot$er") to ann&l t$e &nilateral increa"e in t$e intere"t rate an' to cancel t$e a&ction of t$e mort(a(e' propertie". ence) #ein( 'i""imilar a" to t$e nat&re) p&rpo"e an' relief" "o&($t) t$e or'er (rantin( t$e in,&nctie +rit in t$e ann&lment of foreclo"&re ca"e 'i' not interfere +it$ t$e or'er 'i"mi""in( t$e re$a#ilitation petition an' liftin( of t$e "ta! or'er i""&e' #! %TC Branc$ . 5%OBE EHIT%ADE 5*ILS.;) INC.) et al. ". ASIAT%FST DEVELO*ENT BAN) 4.%. No. 1699/)
T$e ori(inal an' excl&"ie ,&ri"'iction oer a complaint for >&ietin( of title an' recone!ance inolin( friar lan' #elon(" to eit$er t$e %e(ional Trial Co&rt 5%TC; or t$e &nicipal Trial Co&rt 5TC;) 'epen'in( &pon t$e a""e""e' al&e of t$e propert!. Conforma#l! Sec. 1/)inole" B* 12/ a" #!po""e""ion %A 6/1) #eca&"e an action or foran! recone!ance or to remoe a clo&' on+it$ one3" title t$eamen'e' title to) or of) real propert!) intere"t t$erein) excl&"ie ori(inal ,&ri"'iction oer "&c$ action pertaine' to t$e %TC) &nle"" t$e a""e""e' al&e of t$e propert! 'oe" not excee' *20)000.00 or *0)000.00 in +$ic$ in"tance t$e TC $ain( territorial ,&ri"'iction +o&l' $ae excl&"ie ori(inal ,&ri"'iction. Determinatie of +$ic$ re(&lar co&rt $a" ,&ri"'iction +o&l' #e t$e alle(ation" of t$e complaint on t$e a""e""e' al&e of t$e propert! an' t$e principal relief t$ere#! "o&($t. 5eir" of 4enero"o Se#e . eir" of Seilla) 4.%. No. 199/) Octo#er 2) 200/) 608 SC%A 8/ eir" of %eterta) et al. . Sp". Lope7) 4.%. No. 1//91) A&(&"t 1) 2011) Ber"amin) :;. n partition cases! assessed value determines the court with jurisdiction.
TCC $a" ,&ri"'iction to ta-e co(ni7ance of real action" or t$o"e a@ectin( title to real propert!) or for t$e recoer! of po""e""ion) or for t$e partition or con'emnation of) or foreclo"&re of a mort(a(e on real propert!. ere) t$e "&#,ect propert!3" a""e""e' al&e +a" merel! *=)0=0.00) an amo&nt +$ic$ certainl! 'oe" not excee' t$e re>&ire' limit of *20)000.00 for ciil action" o&t"i'e etro anila to fall +it$in t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e TCC. T$erefore) t$e lo+er co&rt correctl! too- co(ni7ance of t$e in"tant ca"e. 5Barri'o . Nonato) 4.%. No. 169/2) Octo#er 20) 2019) *eralta) :;. Action to enforce right to repurchase lot is beyond pecuniary estimation.
An action to enforce a ri($t to rep&rc$a"e t$e lot of a part! formerl! o+ne' p&r"&ant to t$e ri($t of a free patent $ol'er &n'er Sec. 11/ of CA 191 or t$e *&#lic Lan' Act i" one #e!on' pec&niar! e"timation.
& %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
It i" not one inolin( title to or po""e""ion of real propert! or intere"t t$erein. T$e reac>&i"ition of t$e lot" i" #&t an o@"$oot of t$e exerci"e of t$e ri($t to re'eem t$e "ame. T$e recone!ance of t$e title i" "olel! 'epen'ent on t$e exerci"e of "&c$ ri($t to rep&rc$a"e an' i" not t$e principal main relief or reme'!. T$e ri($t to rep&rc$a"e i" proi'e' for #! t$e la+ +$ic$ i" ?e 5; !ear" from t$e 'ate of cone!ance +$ic$ i" 'eeme' to #e +ritten in t$e contract. T$&") it i" a #in'in( pre"tation +$ic$ t$e o+ner ma! "ee- to enforce. e ?le' a complaint to enforce $i" ri($t (rante' #! la+ to coer t$e lot "&#,ect of free patent. Er(o) it i" clear t$at $i" action i" for "peci?c performance) or if not "trictl! "&c$ action) t$en it i" a-in or analo(o&" to one of "peci?c performance. S&c$ #ein( t$e ca"e) $i" action for "peci?c performance i" incapa#le of pec&niar! e"timation an' co(ni7a#le #! t$e %TC. 5S&riin( eir" of Alfre'o Ba&ti"ta . Lin'o) et al.) 4.%. No. 20=282) arc$ 10) 2019) Vela"co) :;. Recovery of damages due to malicious prosecution; total amount of damages determines the jurisdiction of the court.
It i" "ettle' t$at ,&ri"'iction i" conferre' #! la+ #a"e' on t$e fact" alle(e' in t$e complaint "ince t$e latter "tatement of t$e <imate fact"attorne!3" con"tit&tin( plainti@3" of action. If t$e maincompri"e" action i" a forconci"e 'ama(e") e.(.) exemplar! 'ama(e") fee"t$e an' liti(ationca&"e" expen"e") t$e! are not merel! inci'ental to or con"e>&ence" of t$e main action #&t con"tit&te t$e primar! relief pra!e' for in t$e complaint) $ence) t$e totalit! r&le applie". T$e total amo&nt of monetar! claim" incl&'in( t$e claim" for 'ama(e" +a" t$e #a"i" to 'etermine t$e ,&ri"'ictional amo&nt. 5Inie(o . *&r(anan) 4.%. No. 166=6) arc$ 29) 2006) 9= SC%A 8/9 Sante . on. Claraall) et. al.) 4.%. No. 18/1)
T$e operation of e"toppel on t$e >&e"tion of ,&ri"'iction 'epen'" on +$et$er t$e lo+er co&rt act&all! $a' ,&ri"'iction or not. If it $a' no ,&ri"'iction) #&t t$e ca"e +a" trie' an' 'eci 'e' &pon t$e t$eor! t$at it $a' ,&ri"'iction) t$e partie" are not #arre') on appeal) from a""ailin( "&c$ ,&ri"'iction) for t$e "ame Jm&"t exi"t a" a matter of la+) an' ma! not #e conferre' #! t$e con"ent of t$e partie" or #! estoppel. o+eer) if t$e lo+er co&rt $a' ,&ri"'iction) an' t$e ca"e +a" $ear' an' 'eci'e' &pon a (ien t$eor!) a" t$at t$e co&rt $a' no ,&ri"'iction) t$e part! +$o in'&ce' it to a'opt "&c$ t$eor! +ill not #e permitte') on appeal) to a""&me an incon"i"tent po"itionKt$at t$e lo+er co&rt $a' ,&ri"'iction. 5See al"o etrome'ia Time" Corp. . *a"torin) 4.%. No. 192/) :&l! 2) 200) 96 SC%A 820 /oon v, 0/RC) 810 *$il 1 1//;. RULE & ' ACTIONS '(ect of misjoinder of causes of action.
i",oin'er of ca&"e" of action i" not a (ro&n' for 'i"mi""al. In'ee') t$e co&rt" $ae t$e po+er) actin( &pon t$e motion of a part! to t$e ca"e or sua sponte) to or'er t$e "eerance of t$e mi",oine' ca&"e of action to #e procee'e' +it$ "eparatel!. o+eer) if t$ere i" no o#,ection to t$e improper ,oin'er or t$e co&rt 'i' not motu proprio 'irect a "eerance) t$en t$ere exi"t" no #ar in t$e "im<aneo&" a',&'ication of all t$e erroneo&"l! ,oine' ca&"e" of action. InRepu"lic of t*e 1*ilippines v. Her"ieto it +a" r&le' i",oin'er of ca&"e" of action an' partie" 'o not inole a >&e"tion of ,&ri"'iction of t$e co&rt to $ear an' procee' +it$ t$e ca"e. T$e! are not een accepte' (ro&n'" for 'i"mi""al t$ereof. In"tea') &n'er t$e %&le" of Co&rt) t$e mi",oin'er of ca&"e" of action an' partie" inole an implie' a'mi""ion of t$e co&rt3" ,&ri"'iction. It ac-no+le'(e" t$e po+er of t$e co&rt) actin( &pon t$e motion of a part! to t$e ca"e or on it" o+n initiatie) to or'er t$e "eerance of t$e mi",oine' ca&"e of action) to #e procee'e' +it$ "eparatel! 5in ca"e of mi",oin'er of ca&"e" of action; an'or t$e 'roppin( of a part! an' t$e "eerance of an! claim a(ain"t "ai' mi",oine' part!) al"o to #e procee'e' +it$ "eparatel! 5in ca"e of mi",oin'er of partie" 2&) 1*il. 33( 43%%567. It "$o&l' #e emp$a"i7e' t$at t$e fore(oin( r&le onl! applie" if t$e co&rt tr!in( t$e ca"e $a" ,&ri"'iction oer all of t$e ca&"e" of action t$erein not+it$"tan'in( t$e mi",oin'er of t$e "ame. 5Lilia A'a) et al. . Ba!lon) 4.%. No. 1=298) A&(&"t 18) 2012;. )ailure to state a cause of action
Lac- of ca&"e of action i" not a (ro&n' for a 'i"mi""al of t$e complaint t$ro&($ a motion to 'i"mi"" &n'er %&le 16 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt) for t$e 'etermination of a lac- of ca&"e of action can onl! #e ma'e '&rin( an'or after trial. M$at i" 'i"mi""i#le ia t$at mo'e i" fail&re of t$e complaint to "tate a ca&"e of action. T$e r&le i" t$at in a motion to 'i"mi"") a 'efen'ant $!pot$eticall! a'mit" t$e tr&t$ of t$e material alle(ation" of t$e <imate fact" containe' in t$e plainti@3" complaint. M$en a motion to 'i"mi"" i" (ro&n'e' on t$e fail&re to "tate a ca&"e of action) a r&lin( t$ereon "$o&l') a" r&le) #e #a"e' onl! on t$e fact" alle(e' in t$e complaint. Ne+ Vi"ta3" t$re"$ol' contention t$at De 4&7man" S*A to "ell "$o&l' not #e con"i'ere' for not $ain( #een incorporate' a" part of it" amen'e' complaint i" incorrect "ince Vitan(col '&l! "&#mitte' t$at piece of 'oc&ment in co&rt in t$e co&r"e of t$e $earin( on t$e motion to 'i"mi"". T$&") t$e trial co&rt acte' +it$in it" 'i"cretion in con"i'erin( "ai' S*A relatie to t$e motion to 'i"mi"" t$e amen'e' complaint. T$i" i" "o #eca&"e it i" 'eeme' part of t$e plea'in(. 5ALICE VITAN4COL an' NO%BE%TO VITAN4COL V. NEM VISTA *%O*E%TIES) INC.) 4.%. No. 16019) Septem#er 1) 200/) VELASCO) :%.) -.; RULE ( ) *arties Real parties in interest.
( %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
Accor'in( to Sec. 2 of %&le 8 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt) a real part!inintere"t i" t$e part! +$o "tan'" to #e #ene?te' or in,&re' #! t$e ,&'(ment in t$e "&it or t$e part! entitle' to t$e aail" of t$e "&it. T$e S&preme Co&rt "too' #! it" r&lin( in 8ortic* v. Corona t$at farmer#ene?ciarie") +$o are not approe' a+ar'ee" of CA%*) are not real partie"inintere"t. In 8ortic*) t$e farmer" +$o interene' in t$e ca"e +ere mere recommen'ee". In t$e ca"e at #ar) mem#er" of petitioner 'ama*an are mere >&ali?e' #ene?ciarie" of CA%*. T$e certi?cation t$at CLOA" +ere alrea'! (enerate' in t$eir name") #&t +ere not i""&e' #eca&"e of t$e pre"ent 'i"p&te) 'oe" not e"t an! ri($t to t$e farmer" "ince t$e fact remain" t$at t$e! $ae not !et #een approe' a" a+ar'ee") act&all! a+ar'e' lan'") or (rante' CLOA". 5SAAAN4 A4SASAA N4 8 ETA%A . MIL<%EDO OSFE%A) et al.) 4.%. No. 12980) 22 arc$ 200) Vela"co) :r.) :;. Capacity *f mammals to sue.
A noel ca"e +a" recentl! 'eci'e' #! t$e S&preme Co&rt +$ere a "&it +a" ?le' #! re"i'ent marine mammal") li-e +$ale") 'olp$in") etc. inor'er to preent t$e exploration) 'eelopment an' exploitation of petrole&m re"o&rce" +it$in Tanon Strait) a narro+ pa""a(e of +ater "it&ate' #et+een t$e i"lan'" of Ne(ro" an' Ce#&. Onela+ of a" t$elocus #a"icstandi. >&e"tion" i" +$et$er t$e! $ae t$e capacit! to "&e or ot$er+i"e -no+n in con"tit&tional Inanimate o#,ect" are "ometime" partie" in liti(ation. A "$ip $a" a le(al per"onalit!) a ?ction fo&n' &"ef&l for maritime p&rpo"e". T$e corporation "ole a creat&re of eccle"ia"tical la+ i" an accepta#le a'er"ar! an' lar(e fort&ne" ri'e on it" ca"e". T$e or'inar! corporation i" a Gper"onG for p&rpo"e" of t$e a',&'icator! proce""e") +$et$er it repre"ent" proprietar!) "pirit&al) ae"t$etic) or c$arita#le ca&"e". So it "$o&l' #e a" re"pect" alle!") alpine mea'o+") rier") la-e") e"t&arie") #eac$e") ri'(e") (roe" of tree") "+amplan') or een air t$at feel" t$e 'e"tr&ctie pre""&re" of mo'ern tec$nolo(! an' mo'em life. T$e rier) for example) i" t$e liin( "!m#ol of all t$e life it "&"tain" or no&ri"$e"K?"$) a>&atic in"ect") +ater o&7el") otter) ?"$er) 'eer) el-) #ear) an' all ot$er animal") incl&'in( man) +$o are 'epen'ent on it or +$o en,o! it for it" "i($t) it" "o&n') or it" life. T$e rier a" plainti@ "pea-" for t$e ecolo(ical &nit of life t$at i" part of it. T$o"e people +$o $ae a meanin(f&l relation to t$at #o'! of +ater K+$et$er it #e a ?"$erman) a canoei"t) a 7oolo(i"t) or a lo((erKm&"t #e a#le to "pea- for t$e al&e" +$ic$ t$e rier repre"ent" an' +$ic$ are t$reatene' +it$ 'e"tr&ction. T$e primar! rea"on animal ri($t" a'ocate" an' enironmentali"t" "ee- to (ie animal" an' inanimate o#,ect" "tan'in( i" '&e to t$e nee' to compl! +it$ t$e "trict re>&irement" in #rin(in( a "&it to co&rt. O&r o+n 1// %&le" of Co&rt 'eman' t$at partie" to a "&it #e eit$er nat&ral or ,&ri'ical per"on") or entitie" a&t$ori7e' #! la+. It f&rt$er nece""itate" t$e action to #e #ro&($t in t$e name of t$e real part!in intere"t) een if ?le' #! a repre"entatie. Een #efore t$e %&le" of *roce'&re for Enironmental Ca"e" #ecame e@ectie) t$e Co&rt $a' alrea'! ta-en to a permi""ie po"ition t$e i""&e loc&" "tan'i In Opo"a) +a" allo+e' #e #ro&($t in t$eon name of of (eneration" !etin enironmental &n#orn G#a"e'ca"e". on t$e concepta "&it of inter(enerational re"pon"i#ilit! in"ofar a" t$e ri($t to a #alance' an' $ealt$f&l ecolo(! i" concerne'.G <&rt$ermore) t$e ri($t to a #alance' an' $ealt$f&l ecolo(!) a ri($t t$at 'oe" not een nee' to #e "tate' in o&r Con"tit&tion a" it i" a""&me' to exi"t from t$e inception of $&man-in') carrie" +it$ it t$e correlatie '&t! to refrain from impairin( t$e enironment. T$e nee' to (ie t$e %e"i'ent arine ammal" le(al "tan'in( $a" #een eliminate' #! o&r %&le") +$ic$ allo+ an!
Since t$e! +ere not implea'e' a" partie" an' (ien t$e opport&nit! to participate in t$e action) t$e ?nal ,&'(ment in "ai' ca"e cannot #in' t$em. T$e e@ect of t$e "ai' ,&'(ment cannot #e exten'e' to t$em #! "impl! i""&in( an alia" +rit of exec&tion a(ain"t t$em. No man "$all #e a@ecte' #! an! procee'in( +$ic$ $emanner) i" a "tran(er) "tran(er" can to a #e ca"e are not #o&n' ,&'(ment #! t$e co&rt. Intot$e "ame a +ritan' of exec&tion i""&e' onl! a(ain#!a an! part! an' not ren'ere' a(ain"t one +$o 'i' not $ae $i" 'a! in co&rt. Onl! real partie" in intere"t in an action are #o&n' #! t$e ,&'(ment t$erein an' #! +rit" of exec&tion i""&e' p&r"&ant t$ereto. 5&no7 . Att!. a#&t) et al.) 4.%. No. 19266 &no7 . Sp". C$an) et al.) 4.%. No. 1961=) :&ne 6) 2011) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro) :;. Non,oin'er or mi",oin'er of partie" i" not a (ro&n' for 'i"mi""al. T$e complaint can #e amen'e' to 'rop or implea' a part!. +olidary co$debtor are not indispensable parties.
an&el an' Lolita o#taine' a loan from Bo"ton E>&it! re"o&rce" Inc. o#li(atin( t$em"ele" ,ointl! an' "eerall! to pa! t$e amo&nt of t$e o#li(ation an' $er $&"#an' $a" alrea'! pa""e' a+a!) t$e contention t$at t$e e"tate of an&el i" an in'i"pen"a#le part! an' t$at t$e claim "$o&l' #e a(ain"t t$e e"tate of an&el i" not correct) #eca&"e t$e o#li(ation i" "oli'ar!. T$e cre'itor can collect t$e entire o#li(ation from Lolita alone. Fn'er t$e la+) t$e cre'itor ma! procee' a(ain"t an!one of t$e "oli'ar! 'e#tor" or "ome or all of t$em "im<aneo&"l!. T$e 'eman' ma'e a(ain"t one of t$em "$all not #e an o#"tacle to t$o"e +$ic$ ma! "&#"e>&entl! #e 'irecte' a(ain"t t$e ot$er") "o lon( a" t$e 'e#t $a" not #een f&ll! "ati"?e'. 5Art. 1216) NCC;. T$e cre'itor ma! opt to collect t$e entire amo&nt from an!one of t$e "oli'ar! 'e#tor". 5Bo"ton E>&it! %e"o&rce") Inc. . CA) et al.) 4.%. No. 18/96) :&ne 1/) 2018) *ere7) :;. T$e e"tate of an&el i" not an in'i"pen"a#le part! to t$e collection ca"e) for t$e "imple rea"on t$at t$e o#li(ation of an&el an' $i" +ife i" "oli'ar!. Soli'ar! co'e#tor" are not in'i"pen"a#le partie".
+ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
T$e collection ca"e can procee' an' t$e 'eman'" of t$e cre'itor can #e "ati"?e' #! re"pon'ent onl!) een +it$o&t implea'in( t$e "tate of an&el. Con"e>&entl!) t$e e"tate of an&el i" not an in'i"pen"a#le part! to petitioner3" complaint for "&m of mone!. 5Bo"ton E>&it! %e"o&rce") Inc. . CA) et al.) 4.%. No. 18/96) :&ne 2/) 2018) *ere7) :;. Reasons why suits must be between real parties in interest.
T$e p&rpo"e" of t$e re>&irement for t$e real part! in intere"t pro"ec&tin( or 'efen'in( an action at la+ are 5a; to preent t$e pro"ec&tion of action" #! per"on" +it$o&t an! ri($t) title or intere"t in t$e ca"e 5#; to re>&ire t$at t$e act&al part! entitle' to le(al relief #e t$e one to pro"ec&te t$e action 5c; to aoi' a m<iplicit! of "&it" an' 5'; to 'i"co&ra(e liti(ation an' -eep it +it$in certain #o&n'") p&r"&ant to "o&n' p&#lic polic!. In'ee') con"i'erin( t$at all ciil action" m&"t #e #a"e' on a ca&"e of action) 'e?ne' a" t$e act or omi""ion #! +$ic$ a part! iolate" t$e ri($t of anot$er) t$e former a" t$e 'efen'ant m&"t #e allo+e' to in"i"t &pon #ein( oppo"e' #! t$e real part! in intere"t "o t$at $e i" protecte' from f&rt$er "&it" re(ar'in( t$e "ame claim. Fn'er t$i" rationale) t$e re>&irement #ene?t" t$e 'efen'ant #eca&"e Jt$e 'efen'ant can a plainti@ +ill to a@or' $im a "et&p proi'in( (oo' re" ,&'icata protection if t$e "tr&((le i" in"i"t carrie'&pon t$ro&($ on t$e+$o merit" t$e en'. T$e r&le on real part! in intere"t en"&re") t$erefore) t$at t$e part! +it$ t$e le(al ri($t to "&e #rin(" t$e action) an' t$i" intere"t en'" +$en a ,&'(ment inolin( t$e nominal plainti@ +ill protect t$e 'efen'ant from a "&#"e>&ent i'entical action. S&c$ a r&le i" inten'e' to #rin( #efore t$e co&rt t$e part! ri($tf&ll! intere"te' in t$e liti(ation "o t$at onl! real controer"ie" +ill #e pre"ente' an' t$e ,&'(ment) +$en entere') +ill #e #in'in( an' concl&"ie an' t$e 'efen'ant +ill #e "ae' from f&rt$er $ara""ment an' exation at t$e $an'" of ot$er claimant" to t$e "ame 'eman'. 5Stron($ol' In". Co.) Inc. . C&enca) 4.%. No. 182/) arc$ 6) 2018;. '(ect of death of a party in an action that survives.
If an action "&rie" after t$e 'eat$ of a part!) t$ere can #e "&#"tit&tion of t$e 'ece'ent #! $i" $eir". 5Sec. 16) %&le 8) %&le" of Co&rt;. If t$e action "&rie" 'e"pite 'eat$ of a part!) it i" t$e '&t! of t$e 'ecea"e'3" co&n"el to inform t$e co&rt of "&c$ 'eat$) an' to (ie t$e name" an' a''re""e" of t$e 'ecea"e'3" le(al repre"entatie". T$e 'ecea"e' ma! #e "&#"tit&te' #! $i" $eir" in t$e pen'in( action. 5Cr&7 . Cr&7) 4.%. No. 182/2) Septem#er 1) 2010;. If no le(al repre"entatie i" name' #! t$e co&n"el of t$e 'ecea"e') or t$e le(al repre"entatie fail" to appear +it$in a "peci?e' perio') it i" t$e '&t! of t$e co&rt +$ere t$e ca"e i" pen'in( to or'er t$e oppo"in( part! to proc&re t$e appointment of an exec&tor or a'mini"trator for t$e e"tate of t$e 'ecea"e'. T$e rea"on for t$i" r&le to e"tate. protect 5S&mal,a( all concer ne' +$o ma! #eNo. a@ecte' #! :&ne t$e interenin( 'eat$) partic&larl! t$e 'ecea"e' an'i" $i" . Literato) 4.%. 19/=) 1=) 200=) SC%A 8 Cr&7 . Cr&7) 4.%. No. 182/2) Septem#er 1) 2010;. &hen there is a class suit.
An action 'oe" not #ecome a cla"" "&it merel! #eca&"e it i" 'e"i(nate' a" "&c$ in t$e plea'in(". M$et$er t$e "&it i" or i" not a cla"" "&it 'epen'" &pon t$e atten'in( fact") an' t$e complaint) or ot$er plea'in( initiatin( t$e cla"" action "$o&l' alle(e t$e exi"tence of t$e nece""ar! fact") to +it) t$e exi"tence of a "&#,ect matter of common intere"t) an' t$e exi"tence of a cla"" an' t$e n&m#er of per"on" in t$e alle(e' cla"") in or'er t$at t$e co&rt mi($t #e ena#le' to 'etermine +$et$er t$e mem#er" of t$e cla"" are "o n&mero&" a" to ma-e it impractica#le to #rin( t$em all #efore t$e co&rt) to contra"t t$e n&m#er appearin( in t$e recor' +it$ t$e n&m#er in t$e cla"" an' to 'etermine +$et$er claimant" on recor' a'e>&atel! repre"ent t$e cla"" an' t$e "&#,ect matter of (eneral or common intere"t. 5at$a! . T$e Con"oli'ate' Ban- an' Tr&"t Compan!) 1 *$il. 1 51/9; Att!. S!lia Ban'a) et al. . Ermita) 4.%. No. 166620) April 2/) 2010;. Adherence to jurisdiction.
:&ri"'iction once ac>&ire' i" not lo"t &pon t$e in"tance of t$e partie" #&t contin&e" &ntil t$e ca"e i" terminate'. Certainl!) it +o&l' #e t$e $ei($t of in,&"tice to allo+ partie" t$at 'i"a(ree +it$ t$e 'eci"ion of a ,&'icial tri#&nal to ann&l t$e "ame t$ro&($ t$e expe'ient of tran"ferrin( t$eir intere"t" or ri($t" inole' in t$e ca"e. A tran"feree pendente lite "tan'" in exactl! t$e "ame po"ition a" it" pre'ece""orinintere"t) t$e ori(inal 'efen'ant) an' i" #o&n' #! t$e procee'in(" $a' in t$e ca"e #efore t$e propert! +a" tran"ferre' to it. It i" a proper #&t not an in'i"pen"i#le part! a" it +o&l' in an! eent #e #o&n' #! t$e ,&'(ment a(ain"t $i" pre'ece""or. T$i" +o&l' follo+ een if it i" not formall! incl&'e' a" a 'efen'ant t$ro&($ an amen'ment of t$e complaint. ence) it" nonincl&"ion of erita(e in t$e procee'in(" i" of no moment a" %&le 8 of Section 1/ of t$e %OC "peci?call! allo+" t$e procee'in(" to procee' +it$ t$e ori(inal partie" +$ile #in'in( t$e tran"feree. 5E%ITA4E *A% ANA4EENT CO%*O%ATION5*C; . CIAC an' EL*IDIO F) et al.) 4.%. No. 19=188) Octo#er =) 200=) VELASCO) :%.)-.7 RULE + ) ,enue &here to "le an action for foreclosure of a parcel of land.
T$e foreclo"&re of mort(a(e "$o&l' #e ?le' #efore t$e co&rt +$ere t$e propert! i" locate' "ince it al"o inole" t$e title to or po""e""ion of real propert!) an' t$erefore it i" al"o a real action. 5C$ien( . Santo") 4.%. No. 16/69) A&(&"t 81) 200) 81 SC%A 80;. o+eer) t$e action ma! pro"per if t$e 'efen'ant fail" to o#,ect on t$e (ro&n' of +ron( en&e) in +$ic$ ca"e t$e o#,ection i" 'eeme' +aie'. T$e la!in( of en&e i" proce'&ral rat$er t$an "&#"tantie) relatin( a" it 'oe" to ,&ri"'iction of t$e co&rt oer t$e per"on rat$er t$an t$e "&#,ect matter. Ven&e relate" to trial an' not to ,&ri"'iction. It i" a proce'&ral) not a ,&ri"'ictional matter. 5Noc&m . Tan) 4.%. No. 19022) Septem#er 28) 200) 90 SC%A 680;.
- %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
+tipulation on venue with the use of the word ,shall;- e(ect.
If t$e partie" inten' in t$eir contract t$at t$e place "peci?e' a" t$e en&e of all "&it" i" excl&"ie) t$e! m&"t emplo! a cate(orical an' "&ita#le limitin( lan(&a(e) t$at t$e! +i"$ t$e en&e of all action" #et+een t$em to #e lai' onl! an' excl&"iel! at a 'e?nite place) ot$er+i"e it i" permi""ie. T$e fact t$at in t$eir a(reement t$e partie" "pecif! onl! one of t$e en&e" mentione' in %&le 9 or ?x a place for t$eir action" 'i@erent from t$o"e "peci?e' in "ai' r&le) 'oe" not "&Qce to c$aracteri7e t$e a(reement a" a re"trictie one. T$ere m&"t #e accompan!in( lan(&a(e clearl! an' cate(oricall! expre""in( t$eir p&rpo"e an' 'e"i(n t$at action" #et+een t$em #e liti(ate' onl! at t$e place name' #! t$em. An! 'o&#t or &ncertaint! a" to t$e partie"3 intention" m&"t #e re"ole' a(ain"t (iin( t$eir a(reement a re"trictie or man'ator! a"pect. 5Fnima "ter" Con(lomeration) Inc. ". CA) et al. ) / SCAD 291) 4.%. No. 11/6)
If one of t$e partie" fail" or ref&"e" to a#i'e #! t$e compromi"e) t$e ot$er part! ma! eit$er enforce t$e compromi"e or re(ar' it a" re"cin'e' an' in"i"t &pon $i" ori(inal 'eman'. 5Art. 2091) NCC;. In exerci"in( t$e "econ' option &n'er Art. 2091) t$e a((riee' part! ma!) if $e c$oo"e") #rin( t$e "&it contemplate' or inole' in $i" ori(inal 'eman') a" if t$ere $a' neer #een an! compromi"e a(reement) +it$o&t #rin(in( an action for re"ci""ion. T$i" i" #eca&"e $e ma! re(ar' t$e compromi"e a" alrea'! re"cin'e' #! t$e #reac$ t$ereof of t$e ot$er part!. 5Cate'rilla . La&ron) 4.%. No. 1/011) April 1) 2018 citin( C$ae7 . CA) 4.%. No. 1/911) arc$ 1=) 200;. Noncompliance +it$ t$e ,&'(ment #a"e' on compromi"e at t$e #aran(a! i" 'eeme' to #e rep&'iation #eca&"e it 'enote" t$at t$e re"pon'ent 'i' not inten' to #e #o&n' #! t$e term" t$ereof) t$ere#! ne(atin( t$e er! p&rpo"e for +$ic$ it +a" exec&te'. *art! $a" t$e option to enforce or re(ar' it a" re"cin'e' an' in"i"t on ori(inal claim. 5C$ae7 . CA) 9/8 *$il. /9 5200; See Art". 208 P 2091) NCC i(&el . ontane7) 4.%. No. 1/1886) :an&ar! 2) 2012;. RULE 0 ' Cunterclaims Compulsory counterclaim! when it is.
A claim recoer! of an exce"" in t$e #i' price it"$o&l' "et &p in t$e action for pa!ment 'e?cienc! a" aforcomp&l"or! co&nterclaim) ot$er+i"e +o&l'#e#elate'l! rai"e') $ence) +aie'.of Aa co&nterclaim i" comp&l"or! if 5a; it ari"e" o&t of or i" nece""aril! connecte' +it$ t$e tran"action or occ&rrence +$ic$ i" t$e "&#,ect matter of t$e oppo"in( part!3" claim 5#; it 'oe" not re>&ire for it" a',&'ication t$e pre"ence of t$ir' partie" of +$om t$e co&rt cannot ac>&ire ,&ri"'iction an' 5c; t$e co&rt $a" ,&ri"'iction to entertain t$e claim #ot$ a" to it" amo&nt an' nat&re) except t$at in an ori(inal action #efore t$e %TC) t$e co&nterclaim ma! #e con"i'ere' comp&l"or! re(ar'le"" of t$e amo&nt. A claim for recoer! of t$e exce"" in t$e #i' price i"Ri" t$e amo&nt '&e "$o&l' #e interpo"e' a" a comp&l"or! co&nterclaim in an action for recoer! of a 'e?cienc! ?le' #! t$e mort(a(ee a(ain"t t$e 'e#tor mort(a(or. 8irst) in #ot$ ca"e") "&#" tantiall! t$e "ame ei'ence i" nee'e' in or'er to proe t$eir re"pectie claim. 'econd) a',&'ication in faor of one +ill nece""aril! #ar t$e ot$er "ince t$e"e t+o action" are a#"ol&tel! incompati#le +it$ eac$ ot$er a 'e#t cannot #e f&ll! pai' an' partiall! &npai' at t$e "ame time. 9*ird) t$e"e t+o oppo"in( claim" aro"e from t$e "ame "et of tran"action". An' :nall!) if t$e"e t+o claim" +ere to #e t$e "&#,ect of "eparate trial") it +o&l' 'e?nitel! entail a "&#"tantial an' nee'le"" '&plication of e@ort an' time #! t$e partie" an' t$e co&rt) for "ai' action" +o&l' inole t$e "ame partie") t$e "ame tran"action) an' t$e "ame ei'ence. 5ET%O*OLITAN BAN AND T%FST CO*AN . C*% -; *%OOTIONS AND A%ETIN4) INC.) et al.) 4.%. No. 2006 :&ne 22) 201 VELASCO) :%.) ,eri1catin and Certi1catin against 2rum Sh33ing Test 4T$e 4rum te"tsh33ing# to 'etermine +$et$er for&m "$oppin( exi"t" i" +$et$er t$e element" of litis pendencia are pre"ent or +$ere a ?nal ,&'(ment in one ca"e +ill amo&nt to res udicata in t$e ot$er. Res udicata
mean" a matter or t$in( a',&'(e') ,&'iciall! acte' &pon or 'eci'e') or "ettle' #! ,&'(ment. It" re>&i"ite" are 51; t$e former ,&'(ment or or'er m&"t #e ?nal 52; t$e ,&'(ment or or'er m&"t #e one on t$e merit" 58; it m&"t $ae #een ren'ere' #! a co&rt $ain( ,&ri"'iction oer t$e "&#,ect matter an' partie" an' 59; #et+een t$e ?r"t an' "econ' action") t$ere m&"t #e i'entit! of partie") "&#,ect matter) an' ca&"e" of action. 5CLA% DEVELO*ENT CO%*O%ATION . OND%A4ON LEISF%E AND %ESO%TS CO%*O%ATION) et al.) 4.%. No. 10/=6) 2 arc$ 200) :. Vela"co) :r.; RULE 5 ) Manner 4 Allegatins Manner of alleging actionable document.
M$eneer an action or 'efen"e i" #a"e' &pon a +ritten in"tr&ment or 'oc&ment) t$e "&#"tance of "&c$ in"tr&ment or 'oc&ment "$all #e "et fort$ in t$e plea'in() an' t$e ori(inal or a cop! t$ereof "$all #e attac$e' to t$e plea'in( a" an ex$i#it) +$ic$ "$all #e 'eeme' to #e a part of t$e plea'in() or "ai' cop! ma! +it$ li-e e@ect #e "et fort$ in t$e plea'in(. 5Section ) %&le = of t$e %&le" of Co&rt;. An Jactiona#le 'oc&ment i" a +ritten in"tr&ment or 'oc&ment on +$ic$ an action or 'efen"e i" fo&n'e'. It ma! #e plea'e' in eit$er of t+o +a!" 51; #! "ettin( fort$ t$e "&#"tance of " &c$ 'oc&ment in t $e plea'in( an' attac$in( t$e 'oc&ment t$ereto a" an annex) or
0 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
52;
#! "ettin( fort$ "ai' 'oc&ment er#atim in t$e plea'in(. 5etropolitan Ban- P Tr&"t Co. . Le! Con"tr&ction P De. Corp.) et al.. 4.%. No. 1=/0) Decem#er 8) 2019) Leonar'o De Ca"tro) :;.
enuineness and due e/ecution of actionable document.
%&le =) Section = "peci?call! applie" to action" or 'efen"e" fo&n'e' &pon a +ritten in"tr&ment an' proi'e" t$e manner of 'en!in( it +$ic$ m&"t #e &n'er oat$ an' "peci?call! 'enie" t$e in"tr&ment ot$er+i"e it" (en&inene"" an' '&e exec&tion "$all #e a'mitte'. It i" more controllin( t$an %&le 6) Section 10 +$ic$ merel! proi'e" t$e e@ect of fail&re to ?le a %epl! +$ic$ i" all t$e ne+ matter" alle(e' in t$e An"+er +ere 'eeme' controerte'. T$&") +$ere t$e 'efen"e in t$e An"+er i" #a"e' on an actiona#le 'oc&ment) a %epl! "peci?call! 'en!in( it &n'er oat$ m&"t #e ma'e ot$er+i"e) t$e (en&inene"" an' '&e exec&tion of t$e 'oc&ment +ill #e 'eeme' a'mitte'. Since re"pon'ent faile' to 'en! t$e (en&inene"" an' '&e exec&tion of t$e Dacion an' Con?rmation Statement &n'er oat$) t$en t$e"e are 'eeme' a'mitte' an' m&"t #e con"i'ere' #! t$e co&rt in re"olin( t$e 'em&rrer to ei'ence. o+eer) a'mi""ion of t$e (en&inene"" '&e exec&tion Con?rmation Statement 'oe" not preent intro'&ction ofan' ei'ence "$o+in( of t$att$e t$eDacion Dacionan' excl&'e" t$e promi""or! note". Ca"ent") #! +a! t$e of 'efen"e) "$o&l' $ae pre"ente' ei'ence to "$o+ t$at t$e Dacion incl&'e" t$e promi""or! note". 5Ca"ent %ealt! Deelopment Corporation ". *$ilBan-in( Corporation) 4.%. No. 1081) Septem#er 19) 200) Vela"co) :r. :;. Meaning of the admission of the genuineness and due e/ecution of an actionable document.
B! t$e a'mi""ion of t$e (en&inene"" an' '&e exec&tion of an in"tr&ment) i" meant t$at t$e part! +$o"e "i(nat&re it #ear" a'mit" t$at $e "i(ne' it or t$at it +a" "i(ne' #! anot$er for $im +it$ $i" a&t$orit!) t$at at t$e time it +a" "i(ne') it +a" in +or'" an' ?(&re" exactl! a" "et o&t in t$e plea'in(" of t$e part! rel!in( &pon it) t$at t$e 'oc&ment +a" 'eliere' an' t$at an! formal re>&i"ite" re>&ire' #! la+) "&c$ a" "eal) an ac-no+le'(ment) or reen&e "tamp" +$ic$ it lac-" are +aie'. T$e 'efen"e of for(er! or t$at it +a" &na&t$ori7e' are c&t o@ #! t$e a'mi""ion of it" (en&inene"" an' '&e exec&tion. 5i##ar' ". E#ole an' cmillan) 82 *$il. 9 Simon ". Canla") 4.%. No. 19=28) April 1/) 2006;. 0o 1nowledge su2cient to form a belief; when it is a speci"c denial.
T$e 'efen'ant3" 'enial of alle(ation" for lac- of -no+le'(e a" to t$eir tr&t$ an' $ain( applie' for mem#er"$ip +it$ t$e car' compan! an' t$at "$e neer a&t$ori7e' an!one to (et $er alle(e' car' t$&") not #ein( a mem#er) "$e $a" no o#li(ation) monetar! or ot$er+i"e) to t$e plainti@ i" con"i'ere' a" "peci?c 'enial &n'er oat$ t$e (en&inene"" an' '&e exec&tion of actiona#le 'oc&ment". It i" "ince tr&e t$at "$e 'eni e' "$e t$e 'oc&m merel! Jlacof -no+le'(e 'eni t$o"e al) i" ina'e>&ate #! t$eir nat&re o&($t ent" to -no+ t$e for tr&t$ of t$e alle(ation" +$ic$ re(ar'in( 'oc&ment". B&t t$i" ina'e>&ac! +a" c&re' #! $er a""ertion t$at "$e +a" 'en!in( t$e alle(ation" re(ar'in( t$o"e actiona#le 'oc&ment") "tatin( t$at "$e neer applie' for mem#er"$ip +it$ t$e car' compan!. T$e"e rea"on" cannot #e i(nore' an' t$e! form part of t$e an"+er. ence) +$en "$e 'enie' t$e tran"action for Jlac- of -no+le'(e) it +a" $er +a! of "a!in( t$at "&c$ tran"action" too- place +it$o&t $er -no+in(. Since t$e an"+er +a" eri?e') "$e in e@ect 'enie' &n'er oat$ t$e (en&inene"" an' '&e exec&tion of t$e 'oc&ment" "&pportin( t$em. &ita#le Car'net+or-) Inc. . Capi"trano) 4.%. No. 1=01)
T$e (en&inene"" an' '&e exec&tion of a 'oc&ment i" 'eeme' a'mitte' if 'oc&ment i" not 'enie' "peci?call! an' &n'er oat$. B&t t$e part! can proe t$at t$ere +a" no con"i'eration. Extent of t$e a'mi""ion are limite' to t$e (en&inene"" an' '&e exec&tion of t$e actiona#le 'oc&ment) t$e "i(nat&re" of t$e notar! p&#lic) +itne""e" a" +ell a" t$e ?(&re" containe' t$erein #&t not lia#ilit!. 5a&nla' Sain(" P Loan" A""ociation) Inc. . CA) 4.%. No. 119/92) Noem#er 2) 2000;.
#efendant of (en&inene"" non$liability. M$ilecan t$e present Jfail&reevidence to 'en! t$e an' '&e exec&tion of an actiona#le 'oc&ment t$ere i"
an a'mi""ion of t$e "ame) it 'oe" not precl&'e a part! from ar(&in( a(ain"t it #! ei'ence of fra&') mi"ta-e) compromi"e) pa!ment) "tat&te of limitation")estoppel an' +ant of con"i'eration nor #ar a part! from rai"in( t$e 'efen"e in $i" an"+er or repl! an' proe at t$e trial t$at t$ere i" a mi"ta-e or imperfection in t$e +ritin() or t$at it 'oe" not expre"" t$e tr&e a(reement of t$e partie") or t$at t$e a(reement i" inali' or t$at t$ere i" an intrin"ic am#i(&it! in t$e +ritin() 54o Ton( Electrical S&ppl! Co.) Inc.) et al. . B*I
Defen"e" an' o#,ection" not plea'e' eit$er in a motion to 'i"mi"" or in t$e an"+er are 'eeme' +aie'. o+eer) +$en it appear" from t$e plea'in(" or t$e ei'ence on recor' t$at t$e co&rt $a" no ,&ri"'iction oer t$e "&#,ect matter) t$at t$ere i" anot$er action pen'in( #et+een t$e "ame partie" for t$e "ame ca&"e) or t$at t$e action i" #arre' #! prior ,&'(ment or 8/ statute 4 limitatins) t$e co&rt "$all 'i"mi"" t$e claim. 5Sec. 1) %&le /) %&le" of Co&rt;.
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An action may be dismissed on the ground of prescription even if not pleaded in a motion to dismiss.
Trial co&rt" $ae a&t$orit! an' 'i"cretion to 'i"mi"" an action on t$e (ro&n' of pre"cription +$en t$e partie"3 plea'in(" or ot$er fact" on recor' "$o+ it to #e in'ee' time#arre' x x x an' it ma! 'o "o on t$e #a"i" of a motion to 'i"mi"") or an an"+er +$ic$ "et" &p "&c$ (ro&n' a" an aQrmatie 'efen"e or een if t$e (ro&n' i" alle(e' after ,&'(ment on t$e merit") a" in a motion for recon"i'eration or een if t$e 'efen"e $a" not #een a""erte' at all) a" +$ere no "tatement t$ereof i" fo&n' in t$e plea'in(") or +$ere a 'efen'ant $a" #een 'eclare' in 'efa<. What is essential nl/: t re3eat: is that the 4acts demnstrating the la3se 4 the 3rescri3tive 3erid: 8e ther!ise su;cientl/ and satis4actril/ a33arent n the recrd < either in the averme nts 4 the 3laint i7s cm3laint: r ther!ise esta8lished 8/ the evidence#5*NB . A7nar) et al.) 4.%. No. 11=0) a! 80) 2011) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro)
:;.
The e(ect and remedies of a party in default.
M$en 'efen'ant 'eclare't$at in 'efa<) t$e proper reme'! a motion "et a"i'e t$e or'er of 'efa< &pon a properi""$o+in( $i" fail&re to an"+er +a"i" to '&e?leto fra&') to acci'ent) mi"ta-e or exc&"a#le ne(li(ence) an' t$at $e $a" a meritorio&" 'efen"e. 5%&le /) Sec. 85#;. A part! 'eclare' in 'efa< lo"e" $i" "tan'in( in co&rt an' $i" ri($t to a''&ce ei'ence an' to pre"ent $i" 'efen"e. e) $o+eer) $a" t$e ri($t to appeal from t$e ,&'(ment #! 'efa< on t$e (ro&n') t$at t$e amo&nt of t$e ,&'(ment i" exce""ie or i" 'i@erent in -in' from t$at pra!e' for) or t$at plainti@ faile' to proe t$e material alle(ation" of $i" complaint) or t$at t$e 'eci"ion i" contrar! to la+. e ma! not "ee- t$e reer"al of t$e'eci"ion on t$e #a"i" of ei'ence "&#mitte' in t$e appellate co&rt.Ot$er+i"e) $i" ri($t to a''&ce ei'ence +o&l' $ae #een ret&rne' to $im. e can al"o ?le a motion for ne+ trial or petition for 'eclaration of n&llit! or ann&lment of ,&'(ment or "pecial ciil action for certiorari &n'er %&le 6. 5Na#&a) et al. . L& m) 4.%. No. 16191) Decem#er 16) 200=;. '(ect if there are several defen dants in an action for %uieting of title some answer ed and others were defaulted.
Fn'er Sec. 5c;) %&le / of t$e %&le" of Co&rt) +$en a plea'in( a""ertin( a claim "tate" a common ca&"e of action a(ain"t "eeral 'efen'in( partie") "ome of +$om an"+er an' t$e ot$er" fail to 'o "o) t$e co&rt "$all tr! t$e ca"e a(ain"t all &pon t$e an"+er t$&" ?le' an' ren'er ,&'(ment &pon t$e ei'ence pre"ente'. In t$i" ca"e) con"i'erin( t$at t$e plainti@" "tate' a common ca&"e of action a(ain"t t$e 'efen'ant") t$e trial co&rt "$o&l' $ae trie' or $ear' t$e ca"e a" a(ain"t all t$e 'efen'ant") t$e 'efa<e' 'efen'ant" incl&'e'. o+eer) t$e trial co&rt receie' ei'ence e; parte onl! a(ain"t t$e 'efa<e' 'efen'ant". T$e partiallimite' ,&'(ment i" not onl! iolatie t$eei'ence r&le" #&tt$e al"o a clear ne(ation of t$e ma! 'efa<e' 'efen'ant"3 ri($t". M$ateer 'efen"eofan' non'efa<e' 'efen'ant" pre"ent +$ic$ +o&l' #e applica#le to t$e "it&ation of t$e 'efa<e' 'efen'ant" "$o&l' in&re to t$e #ene?t of t$e latter. In t$i" ca"e) if t$e title i" not n&lli?e' for t$e an"+erin( 'efen'ant") t$en) it "$o&l' faora#l! a@ect t$e 'efa<in( one". SU**LEMENTAL *LEADIN?S +ubstantial amendment in pleadings.
S&#"tantial amen'ment" ma! #e ma'e onl! &pon leae of co&rt) #&t "&c$ leae of co&rt ma! #e ref&"e' if it appear" to t$e co&rt t$at t$e motion +a" ma'e for 'ela!. 5Sec. 8) %&le 10) %&le" of Co&rt;. T$i" i" a 'epart&re from t$e ol' r&le +$ic$ pro$i#ite' "&#"tantial amen'ment". It i" +ell"ettle' t$at amen'ment of plea'in(" i" faore' an' "$o&l' #e li#erall! allo+e' in t$e f&rt$erance of ,&"tice in or'er to 'etermine eer! ca"e a" far a" po""i#le on it" merit" +it$o&t re(ar' to tec$nicalitie". This 3rinci3le is generall/ recgni@ed in rder that the real cntrversies 8et!een the 3arties are 3resen ted: their rights determi ned and the case decided n the merits !ithut unnecessar/ dela/ t 3revent circuitr/ 4 actin and needless e3ense .
5Lim#a&an . Aco"ta) / *$il. // 200=;. an! ca"e)"oa lon( "&#"tantial in t$e of for action or 'efen"e not aa#"&r' #ar to t$at amen' ori(inalIn complaint a" t$e alteration amen'ment i" noca&"e meant 'ela!. It i" al"oi">&ite t$et$e part! +$o ?le' t$e main ca"e +o&l' $im"elf re"ort to 'ilator! tactic" to prolon( t$e 'i"po"ition of $i" ca"e. It i" &n'o&#te'l! to A(&inal'o" intere"t t$at t$i" ca"e #e 'eci'e' +it$ 'i"patc$) more "o t$at t$e! $ae alrea'! #een eicte' from t$e propert!. 5Cit!"tate Sain(" Ban-) Inc. . A(&inal'o) 4.%. No. 20001=) April 6) 201) %e!e") :; Amended complaint.
Accor'in( to Sec. 2 %&le 10 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt) A part! ma! amen' $i" plea'in( once a" a matter of ri($t at an! time #efore a re"pon"ie plea'in( i" "ere'. %e"pon"ie plea'in(" are t$o"e +$ic$ "ee- aQrmatie relief an'or "et &p 'efen"e". A motion to 'i"mi"" i" not a re"pon"ie plea'in(. T$e %TC 'i' not err in a'mittin( petitioner3" amen'e' complaint) re"pon'ent" not $ain( !et an"+ere' t$e ori(inal complaint +$en t$e amen'e' complaint +a" ?le'. Irene) #! force of "ai' Sec. 2 of %&le 10) $a') a" a matter of ri($t) t$e option of amen'in( $er &n'erl!in( recone!ance complaint. Al"o) t$e %TC 'eci"ion (rantin( re"pon'ent"3 motion to 'i"mi"" $a" not !et attaine' ?nalit! at t$e time Irene ?le' $er amen'e' complaint. o+eer) t$e ?lin( of t$e amen'e' complaint 'oe" not c&re t$e 'efect in en&e. T$e action i" a per"onal action. Accor'in( t$e Sec. 2 %&le 9 in'icate" >&ite clearl! t$at +$en t$ere i" more t$an one plainti@ in a per"onal action ca"e) t$e re"i'ence" of t$e principal partie" "$o&l' #e t$e #a"i" for 'eterminin( proper en&e. Irene i" t$e real part! in intere"t "ince "$e i" t$e #ene?ciar! "o entitle' to t$e aail" of t$e pre"ent "&it. Not one of $er coplainti@" can #e con"i'ere' principal partie" #eca&"e t$e! are
5 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
mere repre"entatie of Irene. T$e coplainti@" ma! #e re"i'ent" of Batac) #&t Irene i" t$e principal part!. S$e i" not a re"i'ent of Batac) t$erefore t$e en&e i" improperl! lai'. 5Irene arco"Araneta) et al. . Co&rt of Appeal") et al.) 4.%. No. 190/6 A&(&"t 22) 200=) Vela"co) :r.) :.; Amendment of pleading to conform to evidence.
Section ) %&le 10 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt allo+" t$e amen'ment of a plea'in( to conform to or a&t$ori7e pre"entation of ei'ence. T$i" proi"ion eni"ion" t+o "cenario") +$en ei'ence i" intro'&ce' in an i""&e not alle(e' in t$e plea'in(" an' no o#,ection +a" inter,ecte' an' +$en ei'ence i" o@ere' on an i""&e not alle(e' in t$e plea'in(" #&t t$i" time an o#,ection +a" rai"e'. M$en t$e i""&e i" trie' +it$o&t t$e o#,ection of t$e partie") it "$o&l' #e treate' in all re"pect" a" if it $a' #een rai"e' in t$e plea'in(". On t$e ot$er $an') +$en t$ere i" an o#,ection) t$e ei'ence ma! #e a'mitte' +$ere it" a'mi""ion +ill not pre,&'ice $im. T$&") +$ile 'efen'ant a'mitte' in $er An"+er t$at "$e "till o+e' petitioner" *200)000) 'efen'ant later "&#mitte' an ei'ence to "$o+ t$at "$e alrea'! pai' t$e +$ole amo&nt of $er &npai' o#li(ation. M$en receipt ofofpa!ment +a" formall! ei'ence) petitioner" 'i'i""&e. not manife"t t$eir+a" o#,ection to t$e t$e a'mi""i#ilit! "ai' 'oc&ment on t$eo@ere' (ro&n'a"t$at pa!ment +a" not an Since t$ere an implie' con"ent on t$e part of petitioner" to tr! t$e i""&e of pa!ment) een if no motion +a" ?le' an' no amen'ment of t$e plea'in( $a" #een or'ere') t$e %TC cannot #e fa<e' for a'mittin( 'efen'ant3" te"timonial an' 'oc&mentar! ei'ence to proe pa!ment. 5Sp". Dela Cr&7 . Ana arie Concepcion5 4.%. No. 12=2) Octo#er 11) 2012;. RULE $( ) SER,ICE O2 *LEADIN?S: ETC# +ervice by registered mail is complete; re%uisites.
T$e (eneral r&le i" t$at "erice #! re(i"tere' mail i" complete &pon act&al receipt t$ereof #! t$e a''re""ee. T$e exception i" +$ere t$e a''re""ee 'oe" not claim $i" mail +it$in 'a!" from t$e 'ate of t$e ?r"t notice of t$e po"tma"ter) in +$ic$ ca"e) t$e "erice ta-e" e@ect &pon t$e expiration of "&c$ perio'. Ina"m&c$ a" t$e exception onl! refer" to con"tr&ctie an' not act&al "erice) "&c$ exception m&"t #e applie' &pon concl&"ie proof t$at a ?r"t notice +a" '&l! "ent #! t$e po"tma"ter to t$e a''re""ee. 5:o$n"on an' :o$n"on *$il". Inc. ". CA) 201 SC%A 6=;. Not onl! i" it re>&ire' t$at notice of t$e re(i"tere' mail #e "ent #&t t$at it "$o&l' #e 'eliere' to an' receie' #! t$e a''re""ee. 5Dela Cr&7 ". Dela Cr&7) et al.) 160 SC%A 861;. Nota#l!) t$e pre"&mption t$at oQcial '&t! $a" #een re(&larl! performe' i" not applica#le. It i" inc&m#ent &pon a part! +$o relie" on con"tr&ctie "erice to proe t$at t$e ?r"t et al.) 10/ notice 10=) +a" 4.%. "ent No. an' 120/2) 'eliere':&l! to 1/) t$e 1///) a''re""ee. :o"e an' ". CA) SCAD citin(5Sp". Barrame'a ".Ean(eline Ca"tillo) =A(&ilar) SC%Aet1al. :e"&" 4. Santo" ". CA) et al.) /= SCAD 182) 4.%. No. 12=061) Septem#er 8) 1//=;.
+ervice through courier not allowed.
*er"onal "erice an' ?lin( are preferre' for o#io&" rea"on". *lainl!) "&c$ "$o&l' expe'ite action or re"ol&tion on a plea'in() motion or ot$er paper an' coner"el!) minimi7e) if not eliminate) 'ela!" li-el! to #e inc&rre' if "erice or ?lin( i" 'one #! mail) con"i'erin( t$e ineQcienc! of t$e po"tal "erice. Li-e+i"e) per"onal "erice +ill 'o a+a! +it$ t$e practice of "ome la+!er" +$o) +antin( to appear cleer) re"ort to t$e follo+in( le"" t$an et$ical practice 51; "erin( or ?lin( plea'in(" #! mail to catc$ oppo"in( co&n"el o@(&ar') t$&" leain( t$e latter +it$ little or no time to prepare) for in"tance) re"pon"ie plea'in(" or an or 52; &pon from#e t$eclaime') po"t oQce t$at procra"tinatin( t$e re(i"tere' containin( t$e plea'in( of oppo"ition or ot$er paper from t$ereceiin( a'er"e notice part! ma! &n'&l! #efore claimin( t$e parcel) or) +or"e) not claimin( it at all) t$ere#! ca&"in( &n'&e 'ela! in t$e 'i"po"ition of "&c$ plea'in( or ot$er paper". If onl! to &n'er"core t$e man'ator! nat&re of t$i" innoation to o&r "et of a',ectie r&le" re>&irin( per"onal "erice +$eneer practica#le) Section 11 of %&le 18 t$en (ie" t$e co&rt t$e 'i"cretion to con"i'er a plea'in( or paper a" not ?le' if t$e ot$er mo'e" of "erice or ?lin( +ere not re"orte' to an' no +ritten explanation +a" ma'e a" to +$! per"onal "erice +a" not 'one in t$e ?r"t place. T$e exerci"e of 'i"cretion m&"t) nece""aril! con"i'er t$e practica#ilit! of per"onal "erice) for Section 11 it"elf #e(in" +it$ t$e cla&"e J+$eneer practica#le. 5Cit! of D&ma(&ete . **A) 4.%. No. 16=/8) A&(&"t 29) 2011;. Rule not absolute.
Fn'er Section 11) %&le 18 of t$e 1// %&le" of Ciil *roce'&re) per"onal "erice an' ?lin( i" t$e (eneral r&le) an' re"ort to ot$er mo'e" of "erice an' ?lin() t$e exception. encefort$) +$eneer per"onal "erice or ?lin( i" practica#le) in t$e li($t of t$e circ&m"tance" of time) place an' per"on) per"onal "erice or ?lin( i" man'ator!. Onl! +$en per"onal "erice or ?lin( i" not practica#le ma! re"ort to ot$er mo'e" #e $a') +$ic$ m&"t t$en #e accompanie' #! a +ritten explanation a" to +$! per"onal "erice or ?lin( +a" not practica#le to #e(in +it$. In a',&'(in( t$e pla&"i#ilit! of an explanation) a co&rt "$all li-e+i"e con"i'er t$e importance of t$e "&#,ect matter of t$e ca"e or t$e i""&e" inole' t$erein) an' t$e prima facie merit of t$e plea'in( "o&($t to #e exp&n(e' for iola tion of Section 11. 5Cit! of D&ma(&ete . **A) 4.%. No. 16=/8) A&(&"t 29) 2011) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro) :;.
6 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
RULE $+ ' SUMMONS 4ow court ac%uires jurisdiction over defendant.
Co&rt" ac>&ire ,&ri"'iction oer t$e plainti@" &pon t$e ?lin( of t$e complaint. On t$e ot$er $an') ,&ri"'iction oer t$e 'efen'ant" in a ciil ca"e i" ac>&ire' eit$er t$ro&($ t$e "erice of "&mmon" &pon t$em or t$ro&($ t$eir ol&ntar! appearance in co&rt an' t$eir "&#mi""ion to it" a&t$orit!. 5&-an International Corporation . %e!e") 4.%. No.1=22/) Septem#er 2/) 2010) 681 SC%A /6) 612) citin( Orion Sec&rit! Corporation . alfam Enterpri"e") Inc.) 4.%. No. 1682=) April 2) 200) 22 SC%A 61) 622 C$& . ac$ A"ia Tra'in( Corp.) 4.%. No. 1=9888) April 1) 2018) *eralta) :;. +ubstituted service of summons.
T$e follo+in( are t$e re>&irement" for "&#"tit&te' "erice of "&mmon" to #e ali' 51; Impo""i#ilit! of prompt per"onal "erice 52; Speci?c 'etail" in t$e ret&rn an' 58; S&#"tit&te' "erice e@ecte' on a per"on in of c$ar(e "&ita#leofa(e an' 'i"cretion at place 'efen'ant3" $o&"e or re"i'ence or on a competent 'efen'ant3" oQce re"i'in( or re(&lar of #&"ine"". T$ere i" no ali' "&#"tit&te' "erice of "&mmon" if t$ere i" no ret&rn "$o+in( impo""i#ilit! of per"onal "erice "pecif!in( t$e 'etail" 'one to "ere it per"onall!. oreoer) t$e t$ir' re>&irement +a" al"o not "trictl! complie' +it$ a" t$e "&#"tit&te' "erice +a" ma'e not at petitioner3" $o&"e or re"i'ence #&t in t$e *N* Detention Center +$ere a,. 4en. 4arcia i" 'etaine') een if t$e latter i" of "&ita#le a(e an' 'i"cretion. ence) no ali' "&#"tit&te' "erice of "&mmon" +a" ma'e Defen'ant 'i' not ol&ntaril! appear #efore t$e co&rt) #eca&"e t$e plea'in(" ?le' #! petitioner +ere ?le' "olel! for "pecial appearance +it$ t$e p&rpo"e of c$allen(in( t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e San'i(an#a!an oer $er per"on an' t$at of $er t$ree c$il'ren. 5CLA%ITA DE*AAIBO 4A%CIA ". SANDI4ANBAAN) et al.) ) 4.%. No. 10122 Octo#er 12) 200/ :. Vela"co;. 5oluntary appearance.
A" a (eneral propo"ition) one +$o "ee-" an aQrmatie relief i" 'eeme' to $ae "&#mitte' to t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e co&rt. It i" #! rea"on of t$i" r&le t$at t$e ?lin( of motion" to a'mit an"+er) for a''itional time to ?le an"+er) for recon"i'eration of a 'efa< ,&'(ment) an' to lift or'er of 'efa< +it$ motion for recon"i'eration) i" con"i'ere' ol&ntar! "&#mi""ion to t$e co&rt3" ,&ri"'iction. T$i") $o+eer) i" tempere' #! t$e concept of con'itional appearance) "&c$ t$at a part! +$o ma-e" a s3ecial a33earance t challenge: amng thers: the curtBs "urisdictin ver his 3ersn cannot #e con"i'ere' to $ae "&#mitte' to it" a&t$orit!. 51; 52; 58;
*re"cin'in( from t$e fore(oin() clear t$at Special appearance operate" it a"i"ant$&" exception to t$e (eneral r&le on ol&ntar! appearance Accor'in(l!) 8"ectins t the "urisdictin 4 the curt ver the 3ersn 4 the de4endant must 8e e3licitl/ made:i.e.: set 4rth in an uneuivcal manner an' 2ailure t d s cnstitutes vluntar/ su8missin to t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e co&rt) es3eciall/ in instances !here a 3leading r mtin seeing a;rmative relie4 is 1led and su8mitted t the curt 4r reslutin . 5*$ilippine Commercial International Ban- .
Spo&"e" D!) 606 *$il. 61 200/;
RULE $0 ) MOTION TO DISMISS
&hen court can dismiss an action motu proprio.
T$e %&le" of Co&rt allo+" co&rt" to 'i"mi"" ca"e" motu proprio on an! of t$e en&merate' (ro&n'" 51; lac- of ,&ri"'iction oer t$e "&#,ect matter 52; litis pendentia 58; res udicata an' pre"cription proi'e' t$at t$e (ro&n' for 'i"mi""al i" appa"rent from t$e plea'in( or t$e ei'ence on recor'. S&c$ a 'i"mi""al ma! #e or'ere' een on appeal. 5Sec. 1) %&le /) %&le" of Co&rt eir" of Domin(o Valiente" . %ama") 4.%. No. 1=2) Decem#er 1) 2010) 68= SC%A 999) 91 %CBC . ilario) et al.) 4.%. No. 160996) Septem#er 1/) 2012) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro) :;.
Rule in ruling a MT# on the ground of failure to state a cause of actions.
Settle' i" t$e r&le t$at in a otion to Di"mi"" #a"e' on fail&re to "tate a ca&"e of action) t$e i""&e i" pa""e' &pon on t$e #a"i" of t$e alle(ation" in t$e complaint) a""&min( t$em to #e tr&e. T$e co&rt 'oe" not in>&ire into t$e tr&t$ of t$e alle(ation" an' 'eclare t$em to #e fal"e ot$er+i"e) it +o&l' #e a proce'&ral error an' a 'enial of '&e proce"" to t$e plainti@. Onl! t$e "tatement" in t$e complaint ma! #e properl! con"i'ere') an' t$e co&rt cannot ta-e co(ni7ance of external fact" or $ol' preliminar! $earin(" to a"certain t$eir exi"tence. T$e te"t for 'eterm inin( +$et$er a complaint "tate" or 'oe" not "tate a ca&"e of action a(ain"t t$e 'efen'ant" i" +$et$er or not) a'mittin( $!pot$eticall! t$e tr&t$ of t$e alle(ation" of fact ma'e in t$e complaint) t$e ,&'(e ma! ali'l! (rant t$e relief 'eman'e' in t$e complaint. 5St. ar! of t$e Moo'" Sc$ool Inc.) et al. . OQce of t$e %e(i"tr! of Dee'" of a-ati Cit!) et al.) 4.%. No". 192/0) 16116) :an&ar! 20) 200/;. &hat hypothetical admission of facts comprehend.
M$ile t$e fact" alle(e' in t$e complaint are $!pot$eticall! a'mitte' for p&rpo"e" of t$e motion) it m&"t) neert$ele"") #e remem#ere' t$at t$e $!pot$etical a'mi""ion exten'" onl! to t$e releant an' material fact" !ell 3leaded in t$e complaint a" +ell a" to inference" fairl! 'e'&cti#le t$erefrom. Veril!) t$e ?lin( of t$e motion to 'i"mi"" a""ailin( t$e "&Qcienc! of t$e complaint 'oe" not $!pot$eticall! a'mit $= %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
alle(ation" of +$ic$ t$e co&rt +ill ta-e ,&'icial notice of to #e not tr&e) nor 'oe" t$e r&le of $!pot$etical a'mi""ion appl! to le(all! impo""i#le fact") or to fact" ina'mi""i#le in ei'ence) or to 4acts that a33ear t 8e un4unded 8/ recrd r dcument included in the 3leadings# 5eir" of Sotto . *alicte) 4.%. No. 1/6/1)
T$e (ro&n' for motion to 'i"mi"" t$at t$e complaint m&"t alle(e' a con'ition prece'ent i" +aie' if it i" not alle(e'. In t$i" ca"e) t$e complaint 'i' not alle(e a prior reco&r"e to compromi"e. Section 1) %&le / proi'e" for onl! fo&r in"tance" +$en t$e co&rt ma! mot& proprio 'i"mi"" t$e claim) namel! 5a; lac- of ,&ri"'iction oer t$e "&#,ect matter 5#; liti" pen'entia 5c; re" ,&'icata an' 5'; pre"cription of action. 5*.L. F! %ealt! Corporation . ALS ana(ement an' Deelopment Corp.) 4.%. No. 166962) 29 Octo#er 2012) 6=9 SC%A 98) 96996;. Speci?call! in Guma"on v. /arin) 922 *$il. 222) 280 2001;. a con'ition forno ?lin( claim $a" not #een complie' +it$) a (ro&n' for a motion to 'i"mi""T$at emanatin( from prece'ent t$e la+ t$at "&itt$e #et+een mem#er" from t$e "ame famil! "$all pro"per &nle"" it "$o&l' appear from t$e eri?e' complaint t$at earne"t e@ort" to+ar' a compromi"e $ae #een ma'e #&t $a' faile') i") a" t$e %&le "o +or'") a (ro&n' for a motion to 'i"mi"". Si(ni?cantl!) t$e %&le re>&ire" t$at "&c$ a motion "$o&l' #e ?le' G+it$in t$e time for #&t #efore ?lin( t$e an"+er to t$e complaint or plea'in( a""ertin( a claim.G T$e time frame in'icate" t$at t$ereafter) t$e motion to 'i"mi"" #a"e' on t$e a#"ence of t$e con'ition prece'ent i" #arre'. It i" "o infera#le from t$e openin( "entence of Section 1 of %&le / "tatin( t$at 'efen"e an' o#,ection" not plea'e' eit$er in a motion to 'i"mi"" or in t$e an"+er are 'eeme' +aie'. T$ere are) a" ,&"t note') onl! fo&r exception" to t$i" %&le) namel!) lac- of ,&ri"'iction oer t$e "&#,ect matter l itis pendentia res udicata an' pre"cription of action.
reliefan to action ?x t$efor perio' of t$e a(ain"t lea"e) #&t le""or moe' for 'etainer it" 'i"mi""al $e $a' "&#"e>&entl! ?le' e,ectment t$e t$e le""ee. T$e &nla+f&l "&it #eca&"e +a" t$e more appropriate action to re"ole t$e real i""&e #et+een t$e partie" +$et$er or not t$e le""ee "$o&l' #e allo+e' to contin&e occ&p!in( t$e lan' &n'er t$e term" of t$e lea"e contract t$i" +a" t$e "&#,ect matter of t$e "econ' "&it for &nla+f&l 'etainer) an' +a" al"o t$e main or principal p&rpo"e of t$e ?r"t "&it for 'eclarator! relief. Anticipatory test. In t$e antici3atr/ test: t$e "ona :des or (oo' fait$ of t$e partie" i" t$e critical element. I4 the 1rst suit is 1led merel/ t 3reem3t the later actin r t antici3ate its 1ling and la/ the 8asis 4r its dismissal: then the 1rst suit shuld 8e dismissed#In 9eodoro) t$at t$e ?r"t action) 'eclarator!
relief) +a" ?le' #! t$e le""ee to anticipate t$e ?lin( of t$e "econ' action) &nla+f&l 'etainer) con"i'erin( t$e le""or3" letter informin( t$e le""ee t$at t$e lea"e contract $a' expire'. Application of more appropriate test 6 anticipatory test. In
Ganticipator! te"tG +ere #ot$ applie'. In t$i" ca"e) t$e ne+ o+ner of an apartment "ent a 'eman' letter to t$e le""ee to acate t$e lea"e' apartment &nit. M$en t$e le""ee ?le' an action for 'ama(e" an' in,&nction a(ain"t t$e ne+ o+ner) t$e ne+ o+ner moe' for t$e 'i"mi""al of t$e action for 'ama(e" on acco&nt of t$e action for e,ectment it $a' al"o ?le'. T$e e,ectment "&it i" t$e more appropriate action to re"ole t$e i""&e of +$et$er t$e le""ee $a' t$e ri($t to occ&p! t$e apartment &nit) +$ere t$e >&e"tion of po""e""ion i" li-e+i"e t$et$at primar! i""&e for re"ol&tion. T$e$er le""ee) after $er &n,&"ti?e' ref&"al to acate premi"e") +a" a+are an e,ectment ca"e a(ain"t +a" fort$comin( t$e le""ee3" ?lin( of t$e t$e complaint for 'ama(e" an' in,&nction +a" #&t a cann! an' preemptie mane&er inten'e' to #loc- t$e ne+ o+ner3" action for e,ectment. RULE $9 ) DISMISSAL O2 COM*LAINT '(ect if plainti( serves notice of dismissal.
A complaint ma! #e 'i"mi""e' #! t$e plainti@ #! ?lin( a notice of 'i"mi""al at an! time #efore "erice of t$e an"+er or of a motion for "&mmar! ,&'(ment. Fpon "&c$ notice #ein( ?le') t$e co&rt "$all i""&e an or'er con?rmin( t$e 'i"mi""al. Fnle"" ot$er+i"e "tate' in t$e notice) t$e 'i"mi""al i" +it$o&t pre,&'ice) except t$at a notice operate" a" an a',&'ication &pon t$e merit" +$en ?le' #! a plainti@ +$o $a" once 'i"mi""e' in a competent co&rt an action #a"e' on or incl&'in( t$e "ame claim. 5Sec. 1) %&le 1) %&le" of Co&rt;. Fn'er t$e a#oecite' r&le) t$i" con?rmation i" t$e onl! >&ali?cation impo"e' on t$e ri($t of a part! to 'i"mi"" t$e action #efore t$e a'er"e part! ?le" an an"+er. 5O.B. :oenir Con"tr&ction an' Deelopment Corporation . acamir %ealt! an' Deelopment Corporation) 20 *$il. 81= 2006;. In t$i" ca"e) t$e 'i"mi""al of t$e action t$erefore #ecame e@ectie &pon t$at con?rmation #! t$e %TC 'e"pite t$e "&#"e>&ent ?lin( of t$e motion" for partial recon"i'eration. 5ontiero"Bara>&el) et al. . Toll %e(&lator! Boar') et al.) 4.%. No. 1=12/8)
$$ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
Dismissal !ith 3re"udice#
Di"mi""al +it$ pre,&'ice &n'er %&le 1) Sec. 8 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt cannot 'efeat t$e ri($t of a co o+ner to a"- for partition at an! time) proi'e' t$at t$ere i" no act&al a',&'ication of o+ner"$ip of "$are" !et. *ertinent $ereto i" Article 9/9 of t$e Ciil Co'e. Bet+een 'i"mi""al +it$ pre,&'ice &n'er %&le 1) Sec. 8 an' t$e ri($t (rante' to coo+ner" &n'er Art. 9/9 of t$e Ciil Co'e) t$e latter m&"t preail. To con"tr&e ot$er+i"e +o&l' 'imini"$ t$e "&#"tantie ri($t of a coo+ner t$ro&($ t$e prom&l(ation of proce'&ral r&le". S&#"tantie la+ cannot #e amen'e' #! a proce'&ral r&le. T$i" f&rt$er ?n'" "&pport in Art. 9/6 of t$e Ne+ Ciil Co'e. T$&") for t$e %&le" to #e con"i"tent +it$ "tat&tor! proi"ion") t$e Co&rt $el' t$at Art. 9/9 i" an exception to %&le 1) Sec. 8 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt to t$e e@ect t$at een if t$e or'er of 'i"mi""al for fail&re to pro"ec&te i" "ilent on +$et$er or not it i" +it$ pre,&'ice) it "$all #e 'eeme' to #e +it$o&t pre,&'ice. In t$e ca"e at #ar) "ince t$e coo+ner"$ip i" "till "&#"i"tin( 800 in faor of re"pon'ent "po&"e" Can'elario) t$ere i" no le(al #ar preentin( $erein re"pon'ent" from pra!in( for t$e partition of t$e propert! t$ro&($ co&nterclaim. 5VILA FINTOS) et al. . *ELA4IA I. NICOLAS) et al.) 4.%. No. 21022) :&ne 2) 2019) Vela"co) :;. '(ect if the plainti( fails to prosecute the case for an unreasonable length of time.
T$e ca"e can #e 'i"mi""e' for fail&re to pro"ec&te. Fn'er t$e %&le") if) for no ,&"ti?a#le ca&"e) t$e plainti@" fail" to appear on t$e 'ate of t$e pre"entation of $i" ei'ence in c$ief on t$e complaint) or to pro"ec&te $i" action for an &nrea"ona#le len(t$ of time) or to compl! +it$ t$e"e %&le" or an! or'er of t$e co&rt) t$e complaint ma! #e 'i"mi""e' &pon motion of t$e 'efen'ant or &pon t$e co&rt3" o+n motion) +it$o&t pre,&'ice to t$e ri($t of t$e 'efen'ant to pro"ec&te $i" co&nterclaim in t$e "ame or in a "eparate action. T$i" 'i"mi""al "$all $ae t$e e@ect of a',&'ication &pon t$e merit") &nle"" ot$er+i"e 'eclare' #! t$e co&rt. 5%&le 1) Sec. 8) %&le" of Co&rt *$il. C$arter In"&rance Corp. . Explore aritime Co.) Lt'.) et al.) 4.%. No. 190/) Septem#er ) 2011) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro) :;. 7n%uali"ed dismissal is dismissal with prejudice; cannot be re"lled; adjudication on the merits re%uirements.
If a ca"e +a" 'i"mi""e' for fail&re to pro"ec&te #&t t$e or'er 'i' not "tate t$e rea"on" for t$e 'i"mi""al) t$e 'i"mi""al i" patent on it" face. If it "impl! "tate" it" concl&" ion t$at t$e ca"e "$o&l' #e 'i"mi""e' for non prose=uitur) a le(al concl&"ion) #&t 'oe" not "tate t$e fact" on +$ic$ t$i" concl&"ion i" #a"e' it i" not ali'. Di"mi""al" of action" for fail&re of t$e plainti@ to pro"ec&te i" a&t$ori7e' &n'er Section 8) %&le 1 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt. Iti" an &n>&ali?e' or'er an') a" "&c$) i" 'eeme' to #e a 'i"mi""al +it$ pre,&'ice. JDi"mi""al" of action" 5&n'er Section 8; +$ic$ 'o not expre""l! "tate +$et$er t$e! are +it$ or +it$o&t are $el' to #e +it$ "o pre,&'ice. pre,&'icial 'i"mi""al) i" al"o. res udicata 'eeme' to pre,&'ice #e a ,&'(ment on t$e merit" t$at can A" no alon(er #e re?le' on t$e'i"mi""al principle of or'er *roce'&rall!) +$en a complaint i" 'i"mi""e' for fail&re to pro"ec&te an' t$e 'i"mi""al i" &n>&ali?e') t$e 'i"mi""al $a" t$e e@ect of an a',&'ication on t$e merit". A" an a',&'ication on t$e merit") it i" imperatie t$at t$e 'i"mi""al or'er conform +it$ Section 1) %&le 86 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt on t$e +ritin( of ali' ,&'(ment" an' ?nal or'er". T$e 'i"mi""al or'er clearl! iolate' t$i" r&le for it" fail&re to 'i"clo"e $o+ an' +$! t$e petitioner faile' to pro"ec&te it" complaint. T$&") neit$er t$e petitioner nor t$e reie+in( co&rt i" a#le to -no+ t$e partic&lar fact" t$at $a' prompte' t$e pre,&'icial 'i"mi""al. a' t$e petitioner per$ap" faile' to appear at a "c$e'&le' trial 'ateU a' it faile' to ta-e appropriate action" for t$e actie pro"ec&tion of it" complaint for an &nrea"ona#le len(t$ of timeU a' it faile' to compl! +it$ t$e r&le" or an! or'er of t$e trial co&rtU T$e Decem#er 16) 2008 'i"mi""al or'er 'oe" not "a!. 5S$imi7& *$il". Contractor") Inc. . a("alin) et al. 54.%. No. 10026) :&ne 20) 2012;. #ismissal of main action; counterclaim can be decided independently.
A" t$e r&le no+ "tan'") t$e nat&re of t$e co&nterclaim not+it$"tan'in() t$e 'i"mi""al of t$e complaint 'oe" not ipso ure re"< in t$e 'i"mi""al of t$e co&nterclaim) an' t$e latter ma! remain for in'epen'ent a',&'ication of t$e co&rt) proi'e' t$at "&c$ co&nterclaim) "tate" a "&Qcient ca&"e of action an' 'oe" not la#or &n'er an! in?rmit! t$at ma! +arrant it" o&tri($t 'i"mi""al. State' 'i@erentl!) t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e co&rt oer t$e co&nterclaim t$at appear" to #e ali' on it" face) incl&'in( t$e (rant of an! relief t$ere&n'er) notco&nterclaim a#ate' #! t$e 'i"mi""al ofoft$e co&rt3" a&t$orit! to procee' +it$ t$e 'i"po"ition of i"t$e in'epen'ent t$emain mainaction. action T$e i" premi"e' on t$e fact t$at t$e co&nterclaim) on it" o+n) rai"e" a noel >&e"tion +$ic$ ma! #e aptl! a',&'icate' #! t$e co&rt #a"e' on it" o+n merit" an' ei'entiar! "&pport. 5Dio) et al. . S&#ic Ba! arine Explora tori&m) Inc.) 4.%. No. 1=/82) :&ne 11) 2019) *ere7) :;. RULE &- > &0 ) Interrgatries t *arties > Reuest 4r Admissin &ritten interrogatories must be served upon a party so he may be called as adverse party to the witness stand.
A" a r&le) in ciil ca"e") t$e proce'&re of callin( t$e a'er"e part! to t$e +itne"" "tan' i" not allo+e') &nle"" +ritten interro(atorie" are ?r"t "ere' &pon t$e latter. T$i" i" em#o'ie' in Section 6) %&le 2 of t$e %&le") +$ic$ proi'e" t$at &nle"" t$ereafter allo+e' #! t$e co&rt for (oo' ca&"e "$o+n an' to preent a fail&re of ,&"tice) a part! not "ere' +it$ +ritten interro(atorie" ma! not #e compelle' #! t$e a'er"e part! to (ie te"timon! in open co&rt) or to (ie a 'epo"ition pen'in( appeal. One of t$e p&rpo"e" of t$e a#oe r&le i" to preent ?"$in( expe'ition" an' nee'le"" 'ela!" it i" t$ere to maintain or'er an' facilitate t$e con'&ct of trial. It +ill #e pre"&me' t$at a part! +$o 'oe" not "ere +ritten interro(atorie" on t$e a'er"e part! #efore$an' +ill mo"t li-el! #e &na#le to elicit fact" &"ef&l to it" ca"e if it later opt" to call t$e a'er"e part! to t$e +itne"" "tan' a" it" +itne"". In"tea') t$e proce"" co&l' #e treate' a" a ?"$in( expe'ition or an attempt at 'ela!in( t$e procee'in(" it pro'&ce" no
$& %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
"i(ni?cant re"< t$at a prior +ritten interro(atorie" mi($t #rin(. 5Sp". Af&l&(encia . etro#an-) et al.) 4.%. No. 1=19)
If a part! ref&"e" to o#e! t$e or'er of pro'&ction an' in"pection of 'oc&ment") $e can een #e cite' in contempt. A per"on (&ilt! of 'i"o#e'ience of or re"i"tance to a la+f&l or'er of a co&rt or commit" an! improper con'&ct ten'in() 'irectl! or in'irectl!) to impe'e) o#"tr&ct) or 'e(ra'e t$e a'mini"tration of ,&"tice ma! #e p&ni"$e' for in'irect contempt. In Repu"lic v. 'andigan"a!an) 4.%. No. /09=) Noem#er 21) 1//1) 209 SC%A 212) it +a" "ai' t$at to en"&re t$at aailment of t$e mo'e" of 'i"coer! i" ot$er+i"e &ntrammele' an' eQcacio&") t$e la+ impo"e" "erio&" "anction" on t$e part! +$o ref&"e" to ma-e 'i"coer!) "&c$ a" 'i"mi""in( t$e action or procee'in( or part t$ereof) or ren'erin( ,&'(ment #! 'efa< a(ain"t t$e 'i"o#e'ient part! contempt of co&rt) or arre"t of t$e part! or a(ent of t$e part! pa!ment of t$e amo&nt of rea"ona#le expen"e" inc&rre' in o#tainin( a co&rt or'er to compel 'i"coer! ta-in( t$e matter" into a" e"ta#li"$e' +it$ t$eclaim" claim of part! "ee-in( ref&"al allo+ t$ein>&ire' 'i"o#e'ient part! "&pport in or accor'ance oppo"e 'e"i(nate' or t$e 'efen"e" "tri-in('i"coer! o&t plea'in(" or to part" t$ereof "ta!in( f&rt$er procee'in(". 5Capitol ill" 4olf P Co&ntr! Cl&#) Inc.) et al. . Sanc$e7) 4.%. No. 1=28=)
Con"i'erin( t$at re"pon'ent" $ae alrea'! "tate' in t$eir TD an' an"+er t$at petitioner" faile' to ?le an! +ritten claim for tax ref&n' or cre'it. T$eir fail&re to ?le a repl! to t$e "ame i" not an a'mi""ion of t$e eracit! an' tr&t$ of t$e re>&e"te' fact. Fn'er %&le 26) Sec". 1 P 2) of t$e %&le" of Co&rt) once a part! "ere" a re>&e"t for a'mi""ion re(ar'in( t$e tr&t$ of an! material an' releant matter of fact) t$e part! to +$om "&c$ re>&e"t i" "ere' i" (ien a perio' of ?fteen 51; 'a!" +it$in +$ic$ to ?le a "+orn "tatement an"+erin( t$e "ame. S$o&l' t$e latter fail to ?le an' "ere "&c$ an"+er) eac$ of t$e matter" of +$ic$ a'mi""ion i" re>&e"te' "$all #e 'eeme' a'mitte'. 5See arcelo . San'i(an#a!an) 4.%. No. 1660) A&(&"t 2=) 200) 81 SC%A 8=) 8// an7ano . De"pa#ila'era") 4.%. No. 19==6) Decem#er 16) 2009) 99 SC%A 128) 189 otor Serice Co.) Inc. . ello+ Taxica# Co.) Inc.) /6 *$il. 6==) 6/16/2 1/;. T$e exception to t$i" r&le i" +$en t$e part! to +$om "&c$ re>&e"t for a'mi""ion i" "ere' $a' alrea'! controerte' t$e matter" "&#,ect of "&c$ re>&e"t in an earlier plea'in(. Ot$er+i"e "tate') if t$e matter" in a re>&e"t for a'mi""ion $ae alrea'! #een a'mitte' or 'enie' in preio&" plea'in(" #! t$e re>&e"te' part!) t$e latter cannot #e compelle' to a'mit or 'en! t$em ane+. In t&rn) t$e re>&e"tin( part! cannot rea"ona#l! expecta'mi""ion a re"pon"e t$e re>&e"t an' a""&me4.%. or No. een 'eman' t$e application of t$e implie' r&le to in Section 2) %&le 26.t$ereafter) 5Limo" . O'one") 1=6//) A&(&"t 11) 2010) 62= SC%A 2==;. T$e rationale #e$in' t$i" exception $a' #een 'i"c&""e' in t$e ca"e of CIR v. Manila Mining Corporation) 4.%. No. 18209) A&(&"t 81) 200) 96= SC%A 1) citin( Concrete Aggregates Corporation v. CA) 889 *$il. 1// etro anila S$oppin( ecca Corp.) et al. . ". Li#ert! Tole'o) et al.) 4.%. No. 1/0=1=) :&ne ) 2018;. RULE (( ) DEMURRER TO E,IDENCE #emurrer to evidence "led with leave of court and granted; accused has the right to present evidence.
If 'em&rrer i" (rante' an' t$e acc&"e' i" ac>&itte' #! t$e co&rt) t$e acc&"e' $a" t$e ri($t to a''&ce ei'ence on t$e ciil a"pect of t$e ca"e &nle"" t$e co&rt al"o 'eclare" t$at t$e act or omi""ion from +$ic$ t$e ciil lia#il it! ma! ari"e 'i' not exi"t. 5Sala7ar . *eople) 9= *$il. 09 52008; . T$i" i" #eca&"e +$en t$e acc&"e' ?le" a 'em&rrer to ei'ence) $e $a" not !et a''&ce' ei'ence #ot$ on t$e criminal an' ciil a"pect" of t$e ca"e. T$e onl! ei'ence on recor' i" t$e ei'ence for t$e pro"ec&tion. M$at t$e trial co&rt "$o&l' 'o i" i""&e an or'er or partial ,&'(ment (rantin( t$e 'em&rrer to ei'ence an' ac>&ittin( t$e acc&"e') an' "et t$e ca"e for contin&ation of trial for t$e acc&"e' to a''&ce ei'ence on t$e ciil a"pect of t$e ca"e an' for t$e priate complainant to a''&ce ei'ence #! +a! of re#&ttal. T$ereafter) t$e co&rt "$all ren'er ,&'(ment on t$e ciil a"pect of t$e ca"e. 2'alaar v. 1eople> Da!ap vs. 'endiong7.
RULE (+ ) JUD?MENT ON TFE *LEADIN?S Judgment on the pleadings; when proper.
:&'(ment on t$e plea'in(" i" proper +$en an an"+er fail" to ten'er an i""&e) or ot$er+i"e a'mit" t$e material alle(ation" of t$e a'er"e part!3" plea'in(. An an"+er fail" to ten'er an i""&e if it 'oe" not compl! +it$ t$e re>&irement" of a "peci?c 'enial a" "et o&t in Section" = an' 10) %&le = of t$e 1// %&le" of Ciil *roce'&re) re"<in( in t$e a'mi""ion of t$e material alle(ation" of t$e a'er"e part!3" plea'in(". In Mongao v. 1r!ce 1roperties Corporation, 09 *$il. 92 5200;) it +a" li-e+i"e $el' t$at +$ere an an"+er fail" to ten'er an i""&e) or ot$er+i"e a'mit" t$e material alle(ation" of t$e a'er"e part!3" plea'in() t$e co&rt ma!) on motion of t$at part!) 'irect ,&'(ment on "&c$ plea'in(. T$e an"+er +o&l' fail to ten'er an i""&e) of co&r"e) if it 'oe" not compl! +it$ t$e re>&irement" for a "peci?c 'enial "et o&t in Section 10 5or Section =; of %&le = an' it +o&l' a'mit t$e material alle(ation" of t$e a'er"e part!3" plea'in(" not onl! +$ere it expre""l! confe""e" t$e tr&t$f&lne"" t$ereof #&t al"o if it omit" to 'eal +it$ t$em at all.G 5See al"o A"ian Con"tr&ction P De. Corp. . Sannae'le Co.) Lt'.) 4.%. No. 1=166) :&ne 11) 2019) *eralta) :;. RULE (- ) SUMMARG JUD?MENT 0ature of summary judgment.
$( %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
S&mmar! ,&'(ment i" a proce'&ral 'eice re"orte' to in or'er to aoi' lon( 'ra+n o&t liti(ation" an' &"ele"" 'ela!". M$en t$e plea'in(" on ?le "$o+ t$at t$ere are no (en&ine i""&e" of fact to #e trie') t$e %&le" allo+ a part! to o#tain imme'iate relief #! +a! of "&mmar! ,&'(ment) t$at i") +$en t$e fact" are not in 'i"p&te) t$e co&rt i" allo+e' to 'eci'e t$e ca"e "&mmaril! #! appl!in( t$e la+ to t$e material fact". Coner"el!) +$ere t$e plea'in(" ten'er a (en&ine i""&e) "&mmar! ,&'(me nt i" not proper. A J(en&ine i""&e i" "&c$ i""&e of fact +$ic$ re>&ire" t$e pre"entation of ei'ence a" 'i"tin(&i"$e' from a "$am) ?ctitio&") contrie' or fal"e claim. Section 8 of t$e "ai' r&le proi'e" t+o 52; re>&i"ite" for "&mmar! ,&'(ment to #e proper 51; t$ere m&"t #e no (en&ine i""&e a" to an! material fact) except for t$e amo&nt of 'ama(e" an' 52; t$e part! pre"entin( t$e motion for "&mmar! ,&'(ment m&"t #e entitle' to a ,&'(ment a" a matter of la+. A "&mmar! ,&'(ment i" permitte' onl! if t$ere i" no (en&ine i""&e a" to an! material fact an' a moin( part! i" entitle' to a ,&'(ment a" a matter of la+. A "&mmar! ,&'(ment i" proper if) +$ile t$e plea'in(" on t$eir face appear to rai"e i""&e") t$e aQ'ait") 'epo"ition") an' a'mi""ion" pre"ente' #! t$e moin( part! "$o+ t$at "&c$ i""&e" are not (en&ine. 5
+a" once a(ain (ien retroactie e@ect. :&"tif!in( t$e "ame) t$e SC r&le' t$at +$en a proce'&ral r&le i" amen'e' for t$e #ene?t of liti(ant" for t$e f&rt$erance of t$e a'mini"tration of ,&"tice) it "$all #e retroactiel! applie' to li-e+i"e faor action" t$en pen'in() a" e>&it! 'eli($t" in e>&alit!. In Ne!pe" it +a" $el' t$at a liti(ant i" (ien anot$er fre"$ perio' of 1 'a!" to perfect an appeal after receipt of t$e or'er of 'enial of $i"$er motion for recon"i'erationne+ trial #efore t$e %TC. It +a" "ai' To "tan'ar'i7e t$e appeal perio'" proi'e' in t$e %&le" an' to a@or' liti(ant" fair opport&nit! to appeal t$eir ca"e") t$e Co&rt 'eem" it practical to allo+ a fre"$ perio' of 1 'a!" +it$in +$ic$ to ?le t$e notice of appeal in t$e %e(ional Trial Co&rt) co&nte' from receipt of t$e or'er 'i"mi""in( a motion for a ne+ trial or motion for recon"i'eration. encefort$) t$i" Jfre"$ perio' r&le "$all al"o appl! to %&le 90 (oernin( appeal" from t$e &nicipal Trial Co&rt" to t$e %e(ional Trial Co&rt" %&le 92 on petition" for reie+ from t$e %e(ional Trial Co&rt" to t$e Co&rt of Appeal" %&le 98 on appeal" from >&a"i ,&'icial a(encie" to t$e Co&rt of Appeal" an' %&le 9 (oernin( appeal" #! certiorari to t$e S&preme Co&rt. T$e ne+ r&le aim" to re(iment or ma-e t$e appeal perio' &niform) to #e co&nte' from receipt t$e or'er 'en!in( t$e or'er motion for ne+ trial) motion for recon"i'eration 5+$et$eroff&ll or partial; or an! ?nal or re"ol&tion. T$e Ne!pe" principle" applie" to criminal ca"e". 5& . :&'(e Tata')
A petition for relief from ,&'(ment +a" ?le' o&t of time if ?le' #e!on' t$e perio'" proi'e' for #! %&le 8=. o+eer) t$e trial co&rt erre' in co&ntin( t$e 60'a! perio' to ?le a petition for relief from t$e 'ate of ?nalit! of t$e trial co&rt3" 'eci"ion. %&le 8=) Section 8 of t$e 1// %&le" of Ciil *roce'&re i" clear t$at t$e 60'a! perio' m&"t #e co&nte' after petitioner learn" of t$e ,&'(ment or ?nal or'er. T$e perio' co&nte' from t$e ?nalit! of ,&'(ment or ?nal or'er i" t$e "ixmont$ perio'. Section 8) %&le 8= of t$e 1// %&le" of Ciil *roce'&re "tate" a petition proi'e' for in eit$er of t$e prece'in( "ection" of t$i" %&le m&"t #e eri?e') ?le' +it$in "ixt! 560; 'a!" after petitioner learn" of t$e ,&'(ment) ?nal or'er) or ot$er procee'in( to #e "et a"i'e) an' not more t$an "ix 56; mont$" after "&c$ ,&'(ment or ?nal or'er +a" entere') or "&c$ procee'in( +a" ta-en an' m&"t #e accompanie' +it$ aQ'ait") "$o+in( t$e fra&') acci'ent) mi"ta-e or exc&"a#le ne(li(ence relie' &pon an' t$e fact" con"tit&tin( t$e petitioner3" (oo' an' "&#"tantial ca&"e of action or 'efen"e) a" t$e ca"e ma! #e. T$e 'o&#le perio' re>&ire' &n'er Section 8) %&le 8= i" ,&ri"'ictional an' "$o&l' #e "trictl! complie' 5Spo&"e" %e!e" . Co&rt of Appeal") *$il. 291) perio' 29= 5200; *er :. 4arcia)
A" a (eneral r&le) a +rit of exec&tion "$o&l' conform to t$e 'i"po"itie portion of t$e 'eci"ion to #e exec&te' an exec&tion i" oi' if it i" in exce"" of an' #e!on' t$e ori(inal ,&'(ment or a+ar'. T$e "ettle' (eneral principle i" t$at a +rit of exec&tion m&"t conform "trictl! to eer! e""ential partic&lar of t$e ,&'(ment prom&l(ate' an' ma! not ar! t$e term" of t$e ,&'(ment it "ee-" to enforce) nor it ma! (o #e!on' t$e term" of t$e ,&'(ment "o&($t to #e exec&te'. o+eer) it i" e>&all! "ettle' t$at po""e""ion i" an e""ential attri#&te of o+ner"$ip. M$ere t$e o+ner"$ip of a parcel of lan' +a" 'ecree' in t$e ,&'(ment) t$e 'elier! of t$e po""e""ion of t$e lan' "$o&l' #e con"i'ere' incl&'e' in t$e 'eci"ion) it appearin( t$at t$e 'efeate' part!3" claim to t$e po""e""ion t$ereof i" #a"e' on $i" claim of o+ner"$ip. 5Bal&!ot . 4&iao) 88 *$il. 1018 51///;. <&rt$ermore) a',&'ication of o+ner"$ip +o&l' incl&'e t$e 'elier! of po""e""ion if t$e 'efeate' part! $a" not "$o+n an! ri($t to po""e"" t$e lan' in'epen'entl! of $i" claim of o+ner"$ip +$ic$ +a" re,ecte'. In t$e pre"ent ca"e) t$e co&rt $a' alrea'! 'eclare' t$e 'i"p&te' propert! a" o+ne' #! t$e State an' t$at De Leon 'oe" not $ae an! ri($t to po""e"" t$e lan' in'epen'entl! of $i" claim of o+ner"$ip. 5De Leon .
$+ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
*&#lic E"tate" A&t$orit!) et al., 4.%. No. 1=1/0 *EA) et al. . on. Alara") et al. , 4.%. No. 1=26=) A&(&"t 8) 2010) *eralta) :;. Discretinar/ eecutin< sta/ 4 same#
T$e co&rt ma! "ta! imme'iate exec&tion of a ,&'(ment +$ere "&perenin( eent" #rin( a#o&t a material c$an(e in t$e "it&ation of t$e partie" +$ic$ ma-e" t$e exec&tion ine>&ita#le) or +$ere t$ere i" no compellin( &r(enc! for t$e exec&tion #eca&"e it i" not ,&"ti?e' #! t$e preailin( circ&m"tance". o+eer) t$e rea"on p&t for+ar' #! re"pon'ent" i" in"&Qcient to merit a "ta! exec&tion. No+$ere in t$e compromi"e a(reement i" it "tate' t$at t$e o#li(ation to pa! i" con'itione' &pon a part!" receipt of t$e pa!ment '&e from it" pro,ect" +it$ ot$er companie". A part! cannot rene(e on $i" o#li(ation &n'er t$e a(reement #! claimin( an ina#ilit! to pa!. It +o&l' #e an anat$ema to t$e or'erl! a'mini"tration of ,&"tice if "&c$ an ea"! exc&"e i" entertaine' to a#ro(ate a ?nal 'eci"ion #a"e' on a compromi"e a(reement. Neit$er i" t$ere an! "&perenin( eent +$ic$ materiall! an' "&#"tantiall! altere' t$e "it&ation of t$e partie" "&c$ t$at exec&tion +o&l' #e &n,&"t an' ine>&ita#le. T$e compromi"e a(reement $a" t$e force of la+ #et+een&ncon"ciona#le. t$e partie" &nle"" it i" oi') t$ere i"v.a S*OFSES ice of con"ent) t$ere i"AND for(er!) or NA4FIT) if t$e term" "o palpa#l! 5E%NAN C. DALIDA ELISEOorNA4FIT ALICIA 4.%.are No. 100=8) :&ne 2/) 200) Vela"co) :r.) :;. #iscretionary '/ecution
**A" monie") facilitie" an' a""et" are (oernment propertie". **A i" a (oernment in"tr&mentalit! c$ar(e' +it$ carr!in( o&t (oernmental f&nction" t$ro&($ t$e mana(ement) "&peri"ion) control an' re(&lation of ma,or port" of t$e co&ntr!. It i" an attac$e' a(enc! of t$e Department of Tran"portation an' Comm&nication p&r"&ant to *D 0. Er(o) t$e! are exempt from exec&tion +$et$er #! irt&e of a ?nal ,&'(ment or pen'in( appeal. <&n'" of **A parta-e of (oernment f&n'") an' "&c$ ma! not #e (arni"$e' a#"ent an allocation #! it" Boar' or #! "tat&tor! (rant. If t$e **A f&n'" cannot #e (arni"$e' an' it" propertie") #ein( (oernment propertie") cannot #e leie' ia a +rit of exec&tion p&r"&ant to a ?nal ,&'(ment) t$en t$e trial co&rt li-e+i"e cannot (rant 'i"cretionar! exec&tion pen'in( appeal) a" it +o&l' r&n afo&l of t$e e"ta#li"$e' ,&ri"pr&'ence t$at (oernment propertie" are exempt from exec&tion. M$at cannot #e 'one 'irectl! cannot #e 'one in'irectl!. 5S*OFSES CF%ATAv. *ILI**INE *O%TS AFTO%IT 4.%. No". 1921112) :&ne 22) 200/) VELASCO) :%.)-.;. '/ecution pending appeal; "nancial situation! a good reason.
T$e exec&tion of a ,&'(ment pen'in( appeal i" an exception to t$e (eneral r&le t$at onl! a ?nal ,&'(ment ma! #e exec&te' $ence) &n'er Section 2) %&le 8/ of t$e %&le" of Co&rt 5%&le";) t$e exi"tence of J(oo' rea"on" for t$e imme'iate exec&tion of aa +rit ,&'(ment i" an in'i"pen"a#le re>&irement a" t$i" i" +$at confer" 'i"cretionar! po+er on a co&rt to i""&e of exec&tion pen'in( appeal. 4oo' rea"on" con"i"t of compellin( circ&m"tance" ,&"tif!in( imme'iate exec&tion) le"t ,&'(ment #ecome" ill&"or!) t$at i") t$e preailin( part!3" c$ance" for recoer! on exec&tion from t$e ,&'(ment 'e#tor are alto(et$er n&lli?e'. T$e J(oo' rea"on !ar'"tic- import" a "&perior circ&m"tance 'eman'in( &r(enc! t$at +ill o&t+ei($ in,&r! or 'ama(e to t$e a'e r"e part! and ne such gd reasn that has 8een held t "usti4/ discretinar/ eecutin is the imminent danger 4 inslvenc/ 4 the de4eated 3art/ . Defen'ant +a" &n'er a "tate of re$a#ilitation an' $a' cea"e' #&"ine"" operation". *re"i'ent an' 4eneral ana(er $a' permanentl! left t$e co&ntr! +it$ $i" famil!. T$e"e con"tit&te "&c$ "&perior circ&m"tance" t$at 'eman' &r(enc! in t$e exec&tion #eca&"e re"pon'ent" no+ r&n t$e ri"- of it" non "ati"faction #! t$e time t$e appeal i" 'eci'e' +it$ ?nalit!. T$e re$a#ilitation receier $a' manife"te' #efore t$e re$a#ilitation co&rt t$e f&tilit! of re$a#ilitatin( NSSC #eca&"e of t$e latter3" in"incerit! in t$e implementation of t$e re$a#ilitation proce"".Clearl/: res3ndentsB diminishing chances 4 recver/ 4rm the 4avra8le Decisin is a gd reasn t "usti4/ immediate eecutin< hence: it !uld 8e im3r3er t set aside the rder granting eecutin 3ending a33eal# 5Centennial 4&arantee
A""&rance Corp. . Fnier"al otor") et al.) 4.%. 1=/8=) Octo#er =) 2019) *erla"Berna#e) :;. Rule 8:! +ec. < sets the procedure for e/ecution of judgment for speci"c acts.
A" a (eneral r&le) t$e +rit of exec&tion to m&"t conform to t$e 'i"po"itie portion of t$e 'eci"ion to #e exec&te' an exec&tion i" oi' if it i" in exce"" of an' #e!on' t$e ori(inal ,&'(ment or a+ar'. T$e "ettle' (eneral principle i" t$at a +ritnot of ar! exec&tion m&"tofconform "trictl!it to eer! partic&lar of t$e ,&'(ment prom&l(ate') an' ma! t$e term" t$e ,&'(ment "ee-" to e""ential enforce) nor ma! it (o #e!on' t$e term" of t$e ,&'(ment "o&($t to #e exec&te'. Nonet$ele"") a ,&'(ment i" not con?ne' to +$at appear" on t$e face of t$e 'eci"ion) #&t exten'" a" +ell to t$o"e nece""aril! incl&'e' t$erein or nece""ar! t$ereto. 5DL *$ilippine" Corp. Fnite' %an- an'
M$en a ,&'(ment re>&ire" t$e performance of an! act ot$er t$an t$e pa!ment of mone! or a "pecial ,&'(ment) or t$e "ale or 'elier! of real or per"onal propert!) a certi?e' tr&e cop! of t$e ,&'(ment "$all #e attac$e' to t$e +rit of exec&tion an' "$all #e "ere' #! t$e oQcer &pon t$e part! a(ain"t +$om t$e "ame i" ren'ere') or &pon an! ot$er per"on re>&ire' t$ere#!) or #! la+) to o#e! t$e "ame) an' "&c$ part! or per"on ma! #e p&ni"$e' for contempt if $e 'i"o#e!" "&c$ ,&'(ment. 5Sec. 11;. =$year period to e/ecute; <$year to revive a judgment
$- %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
An action &pon a ,&'(ment m&"t #e #ro&($t +it$in 10 !ear" from t$e time t$e ri($t of action accr&e". 5Aart. 1199) NCC;. <&rt$ermore) t$e la+ proi'e" t$at once a ,&'(ment #ecome" ?nal an' exec&tor) t$e preailin( part! fail" to $ae t$e 'eci"ion enforce' #! a motion after t$e lap"e of ?e !ear") t$e "ai' ,&'(ment i" re'&ce' to a ri($t of action +$ic$ m&"t #e enforce' #! t$e in"tit&tion of a complaint in a re(&lar co&rt +it$in ten !ear" from t$e time t$e ,&'(ment #ecome" ?nal. M$en t$e complaint for reial of ,&'(ment +a" ?le') it $a' alrea'! #een eleen 511; !ear" from t$e ?nalit! of t$e ,&'(ment $e "o&($t to reie. Clearl!) t$e "tat&te of limitation" $a' "et in. 5Ville7a . 4erman ana(ement P Serice") Inc.) et al.) 4.%. No. 1=2/8) A&(&"t =) 2010;. It +a" t$e fa< of t$e plainti@) t$at $e a"-e' for "&"pen"ion of t$e exec&tion of t$e ,&'(ment. Bein( t$e preailin( part!) $e "$o&l' #e more intere"te' in t$e exec&tion of t$e ,&'(ment. T$at i" +$! t$e %&le" proi'e for a perio' to exec&te to preent t$e preailin( part! from "leepin( on $i" ri($t to exec&te t$e "ame. Res Judicata; Reuisites< dnatin declared vid actin t uiet title !ill nt 3rs3er an/mre#
After t$e ?nal an' exec&tor! ,&'(ment 'eclarin( t$e 'onation oi') t$e 'onee cannot ?le' an
action for >&ietin( of title a(ain"t 'onor) fact #eca&"e of t$e#in'in( principle of concl&"ie re" ,&'icata. t$e principle concl&"iene"" of ,&'(ment) "&c$t$e material #ecome" an' onFn'er t$e partie". M$en of a ri($t or fact $a" #een ,&ri'icall! trie' an' 'etermine' #! a co&rt of competent ,&ri"'iction) or +$en an opport&nit! for "&c$ trial $a" #een (ien) ,&'(ment of t$e co&rt a" lon( a" it remain" &nreer"e') "$o&l' #e concl&"ie &pon t$e partie" an' t$o"e in priit! +it$ $im. T$&") petitioner" can no lon(er >&e"tion 'onor3" o+ner"$ip oer t$e lan' in t$e "&it for >&ietin( of title. Simpl! p&t) concl&"iene"" of ,&'(ment #ar" t$e reliti(ation of partic&lar fact" or i""&e" in anot$er liti(ation #et+een t$e "ame partie" on a 'i@erent claim or ca&"e of action. 5Tan . CA) 91 *$il. 6 52001; Sp". Noce'a . Directo) 4.%. No. 1=9/) :&l! 26) 2010;. Terceria is the remedy if a third party>s property is levied upon to satisfy liability of another.
T$e reme'! of a per"on +$o"e propert! i" leie' &pon to "ati"f! a mone! ,&'(ment a(ain"t anot$er i" terceria. T$e rea"on #e$in' "&c$ ri($t i" t$at it i" a #a"ic principle of la+ t$at mone! ,&'(ment" are enforcea#le onl! a(ain"t t$e propert! incontroerti#l! #elon(in( to t$e ,&'(ment 'e#tor) an' if t$e propert! #elon(in( to an! t$ir' per"on i" mi"ta-enl! leie' &pon to an"+er for anot$er man3" in'e#te'ne"") "&c$ per"on $a" all t$e ri($t to c$allen(e t$e le! t$ro&($ an! of t$e reme'ie" proi'e' for &n'er t$e %&le" of Co&rt. Section 16) %&le 8/ "peci?call! proi'e" t$at a t$ir' per"on ma! aail $im"elf of t$e reme'ie" of eit$er terceria) to 'etermine +$et$er t$e "$eri@ $a" ri($tl! or +ron(l! ta-en $ol' of t$e propert! not #elon(in( to t$e ,&'(ment 'e#tor or o#li(or) or an in'epen'ent G"eparate actionG to in'icate $i" claim of o+ner"$ip an'oro+ner"$ip po""e""ionoroer foreclo"e' propert!.i"o+eer) t$e per"on ot$er t$an ,&'(ment 'e#tor +$o claim" ri($tt$e oer leie' propertie" not precl&'e' from ta-in( ot$ert$e le(al reme'ie" to pro"ec&te $i" claim. 54a(oomal . Villacorta) 4.%. No. 1/2=18) 1= :an&ar! 2012) 668 SC%A 999) 999 Villa"i . 4arcia) et al.) 4.%. No. 1/0106) :an&ar! 1) 2019;. Res judicata; distinctions between bar by prior judgment from conclusiveness of judgment. Res udicata $a" t+o concept" 51; #ar #! prior ,&'(ment a" en&nciate' in %&le 8/) Section 9 5#;
of t$e %&le" of Ciil *roce'&re an' 52; concl&"iene"" of ,&'(ment in %&le 8/) Section 9 5c;. T$ere i" #ar #! prior ,&'(ment +$en) a" #et+een t$e ?r"t ca"e +$ere t$e ,&'(ment +a" ren'ere') an' t$e "econ' ca"e t$at i" "o&($t to #e #arre') t$ere i" i'entit! of partie") "&#,ect matter) an' ca&"e" of action. M$ere t$ere i" i'entit! of partie" an' "&#,ect matter in t$e ?r"t an' "econ' ca"e") #&t no identit! of causes of action) t$ere i" concl&"iene"" of ,&'(ment. T$e ?r"t ,&'(ment i" concl&"ie onl! a" to t$o"e matter" actuall! an' directl! controverted an' determined) not a" to matter" merel! involved t$erein. 5%CBC . %o!al Car(o Corp.) 4.%. No. 1/6) Octo#er 2) 200/;. Revival of judgment; nature.
An action for reial of ,&'(ment i" a totall! "eparate an' 'i"tinct ca"e from t$e ori(inal ca"e. In 'aligum"a v. 1alanog) /8 *$il. 920 200=) it +a" "ai'
An action for reial of ,&'(ment i" no more t$an a proce'&ral mean" of "ec&rin( t$e exec&tion of a preio&" ,&'(ment +$ic$ $a" #ecome 'ormant after t$e pa""a(e of ?e !ear" +it$o&t it a@ectin( #ein( exec&te' &pon of t$e preailin( part!. i" not inten'e' to reopen an! i""&e t$e merit" of motion t$e ,&'(ment 'e#tor" ca"e norItt$e propriet! or correctne"" of t$e ?r"t ,&'(me nt. An actin 4r revival 4 "udgment is a ne! and inde3endent actin: di7erent and distinct 4rm eit$er t$e recoer! of propert! ca"e or t$e recon"tit&tion ca"e in t$i" ca"e) the riginal actin 4r 3artitin) +$erein the cause 4 actin is the decisin itsel4 and nt the meri ts 4 the actin u3n !hic h the "udgment sught t 8e en4rced is rendered. 5Cli'oro) et al. . :alman7ar) et al.) 4.%.
No. 16/=) :&l! /) 2019) *eralta) :;. '(ect if parties are di(erent.
T$ere ma! #e in"tance" +$ere t$e partie" in t$e ori(inal ca"e an' in t$e "&#"e>&ent action for reial of ,&'(ment +o&l' not #e exactl! t$e "ame. T$e mere fact t$at t$e name" appearin( a" partie" in t$e complaint for reial of ,&'(ment are 'i@erent from t$e name" of t$e partie" in t$e ori(inal ca"e +o&l' not nece""aril! mean t$at t$e! are not t$e real partie"inintere"t. M$at i" important i" t$at) a" proi'e' in Section 1) %&le 8 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt) t$e! are Jt$e part! +$o "tan'" to #e #ene?te' or in,&re' #! t$e ,&'(ment in t$e "&it) or t$e part! entitle' to t$e aail" of t$e "&it. De?nitel!) a" t$e preailin( partie" in t$e preio&" ca"e for partition) t$e plainti@" in t$e ca"e for reial of ,&'(ment +o&l' #e #ene?te' #! t$e enforcement of t$e 'eci"ion in t$e partition ca"e. 5Cli'oro) et al. . :alman7ar) et al.) 4.%. No. 16/=) :&l! /) 2019) *eralta) :;. 0ature of identity under the principle of res judicata.
$0 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
Onl! "&#"tantial i'entit! i" nece""ar! to +arrant t$e application of res udicata. T$e a''ition or elimination of "ome partie" 'oe" not alter t$e "it&ation. T$ere i" "&#"tantial i'entit! of partie" +$en t$ere al"eit t$e latter i" a comm&nit! of intere"t #et+een a part! in t$e ?r"t ca"e an' a part! in t$e "econ' ca"e +a" not implea'e' in t$e ?r"t ca"e. 5eir" of
A**EAL 3etition for review on certiorari v. special civil action for certiorari. A petition for reie+ on certiorari &n'er %&le 9 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt an' a petition for certiorari
&n'er %&le 6 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt are t+o an' "eparate reme'ie". A petition &n'er %&le 9 #rin(" &p for reie+ error" of ,&'(ment) +$ile a petition forcertiorari &n'er %&le 6 coer" error" of ,&ri"'iction or (rae a#&"e of 'i"cretion amo&ntin( to exce"" or lac- of ,&ri"'iction. 4rae a#&"e of 'i"cretion i" not an allo+a#le (ro&n' &n'er %&le 9. A petition for reie+ &n'er %&le 9 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt i" a mo'e of appeal. o+eer) t$e proi"ion m&"t #e rea' in relation to Section 1) %&le 122 of t$e %ei"e' %&le" of Co&rt) +$ic$ proi'e" t$at an! part! ma! appeal from a ,&'(ment or ?nal or'er J&nle"" t$e acc&"e' +ill t$ere#! #e place' in 'o&#le ,eopar'!. T$e ,&'(ment t$at ma! #e appeale' #! t$e a((riee' part! eni"a(e' in t$e %&le i" a ,&'(ment conictin( t$e acc&"e') an' not a ,&'(ment of ac>&ittal. T$e State i" #arre' from appealin( "&c$ ,&'(ment of ac>&ittal #! a petition for reie+. A ,&'(ment of ac>&ittal ma! #e a""aile' #! t$e *eople in a petition for certiorari &n'er %&le 6 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt +it$o&t placin( t$e acc&"e' in 'o&#le ,eopar'!. 5Villareal . Ali(a) 4.%. No. 166//) :an&ar! 18) 2019;. T$e perio' &n'er %&le 9 i" 1 'a!" &n'er %&le 6) 60 'a!". T$e i""&e in %&le 9 i" p&re >&e"tion of la+ t$e i""&e in %&le 6 i" ,&ri"'iction. The writ of e/ecution may be appealed in certain cases.
T$e follo+in( are t$e in"tance" +$ere a +rit of exec&tion ma! #e appeale' 1; t$e +rit of exec&tion arie" t$e ,&'(ment 2; t$ere $a" #een a c$an(e in t$e "it&ation of t$e partie" ma-in( exec&tion ine>&ita#le or &n,&"t 8; exec&tion i" "o&($t to #e enforce' a(ain"t propert! exempt from exec&tion 9; it appear" t$at t$e controer"! $a" neer #een "&#,ect to t$e ,&'(ment of t$e co&rt ; t$e term" of t$e ,&'(ment are not clear eno&($ an' t$ere remain" room for interpretation t$ereof or 6; it appear" t$at t$e +rit of exec&tion $a" #een improi'entl! i""&e') or t$at it i" 'efectie in "&#"tance) or i" i""&e' a(ain"t t$e +ron( part!) or t$at t$e ,&'(ment 'e#t $a" #een pai' or ot$er+i"e "ati"?e') or t$e +rit +a" i""&e' +it$o&t a&t$orit!. In t$e"e exceptional circ&m"tance") con"i'eration" of ,&"tice an' e>&it! 'ictate t$at t$ere #e "ome mo'e aaila#le to t$e part! a((riee' of eleatin( t$e >&e"tion to a $i($er co&rt. T$at mo'e of eleation ma! #e eit$er #! appeal 5+rit of error or certiorari;) or #! a "pecial ciil action of certiorari) pro$i#ition) or man'am&". T$e in"tant ca"e fall" &n'er one of t$e exception" cite' a#oe. T$e fact t$at Danilo $a" left t$e propert! &n'er 'i"p&te i" a c$an(e in t$e "it& ation of t$e parti e" t$at +o&l' ma-e exec&tion ine>&ita#le or &n,&"t. Me ?n' t$at Danilo3" "it&ation merit" a relaxation of t$e r&le" "ince "pecial circ&m"tance" are inole' t$at i" to 'etermine if $i" alle(ation +ere tr&e +o&l' allo+ a ?nal re"ol&tion of t$e ca"e. T$e +rit of exec&tion "o&($t to #e implemente' 'oe" not ta-e into con"i'eration t$e circ&m"tance" t$at merit a mo'i?cation of ,&'(ment. 4ien t$at t$ere i" a pen'in( i""&e re(ar'in( t$e exec&tion of ,&'(ment) t$e %TC "$o&l' $ae a@or'e' t$e partie" t$e opport&nit! to a''&ce ei'ence to 'etermine t$e perio' +it$in +$ic$ Danilo "$o&l' pa! mont$l! rental" #efore i""&in( t$e +rit of exec&tion in t$e in"tant ca"e. 5DANILO L. *A%EL . EI%S O< SIEON *%FDENCIO) 4.%. No. 1/221) arc$ 2) 2011) Vela"co) :; &ell$settled is that the sheri(>s duty in the e/ecution of a writ is purely ministerial; he is to e/ecute the order of the court strictly to the letter. 4e has no discretion whether to e/ecute the judgment or not.
Fn'er "ai' Sec. 1/) %&le 0) a ,&'(ment on a forci#le entr! an' 'etainer actio n i" ma'e imme'iatel! exec&tor! to aoi' f&rt$er in,&"tice to a la+f&l po""e""or. T$e 'efen'ant in "&c$ a ca"e ma! $ae "&c$ ,&'(ment "ta!e' onl! #! 5a; perfectin( an appeal 5#; ?lin( a "&per"e'ea" #on' an' 5c; ma-in( a perio'ic 'epo"it of t$e rental or rea"ona#le compen"ation for t$e &"e an' occ&panc! of t$e propert! '&rin( t$e pen'enc! of t$e appeal. T$e fail&re of t$e 'efen'ant to compl! +it$ an! of t$e"e con'ition" i" a (ro&n' for t$e o&tri($t exec&tion of t$e ,&'(ment) t$e '&t! of t$e co&rt in t$i" re"pect #ein( mini"terial an' imperatie. ence) if t$e 'efen'antappellant $a" perfecte' t$e appeal #&t faile' to ?le a "&per"e'ea" #on') t$e imme'iate exec&tion of t$e ,&'(ment +o&l' a&tomaticall! follo+. 5ATT. VI%4ILIO *. -.7 ALCONE%A . AL<%EDO T. *ALLANAN A.. No. *12806/) :an&ar! 20) 2019) Vela"co) :r.) 0eypes principle does not apply to administrative cases. It i" "ettle' t$at t$e Jfre"$ perio' r&le in 0e!pes applie" onl! to ,&'icial appeal" an' not to
a'mini"tratie appeal". In 1anolino v. 9aala, 4.%. No. 1=8616) :&ne 2/) 2010) t$e Co&rt +a" confronte' +it$ a "imilar i""&e of +$et$er t$e Jfre"$ perio' r&le applie" to an appeal ?le' from t$e 'eci"ion or or'er of t$e DEN% re(ional oQce to t$e DEN% Secretar!) an appeal +$ic$ i" a'mini"tratie in nat&re. It +a" $el' t$at t$e Jfre"$ perio' r&le onl! coer" ,&'icial procee'in(" &n'er t$e 1// %&le" of Ciil *roce'&re. A" reecte' in t$e a#oe>&ote' portion of t$e 'eci"ion in 0e!pes, t$e Jfre"$ perio' r&le "$all appl! to %&le 90 5appeal" from t$e &nicipal Trial Co&rt" to t$e %e(ional Trial Co&rt"; %&le 91 5appeal" from t$e %e(ional Trial Co&rt" to t$e Co&rt of Appeal" or S&preme Co&rt; %&le 92 5appeal" from t$e %e(ional Trial Co&rt" to t$e Co&rt of Appeal"; %&le 98 5appeal" from >&a"i,&'icial a(encie" to t$e Co&rt of Appeal"; an' %&le 9 5appeal" #! certiorari to t$e S&preme Co&rt;. O#io&"l!) t$e"e %&le" coer udicial
$9 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
procee'in(" &n'er t$e 1// %&le" of Ciil *roce'&re. 5San Loren7o %&i7 B&il'er" P De. Corp.) Inc.) et al. . aria Cri"tina Ban!a) 4.%. No. 1/902) April 20) 201; Modes of appeal from RTC to CA! etc.
In a ca"e 'eci'e' #! t$e %TC in t$e exerci"e of it" riginal "urisdictin) appeal to t$e Co&rt of Appeal" i" ta-en #! ?lin( a notice of appeal. On t$e ot$er $an') in ca"e" 'eci'e' #! t$e %TC in t$e exerci"e of it" a33ellate "urisdictin) appeal to t$e Co&rt of Appeal" i" #! a petition for reie+ &n'er %&le 92. A petition for certiorari &n'er %&le 6 'oe" not interr&pt t$e co&r"e of t$e principal ca"e &nle"" a temporar! re"trainin( or'er or +rit of preliminar! in,&nction from f&rt$er procee'in( $a" #een i""&e' a(ain"t t$e p&#lic re"pon'ent. A petition for certiorari &n'er %&le 6 i") +it$o&t a 'o&#t) an ori(inal action. Since t$e 'eci"ion of t$e %TC in t$e petition for certiorari &n'er %&le 6 +a" ren'ere' in t$e exerci"e of it" ori(inal ,&ri"'iction) appeal from t$e "ai' %TC 'eci"ion to t$e Co&rt of Appeal" "$o&l' $ae #een ma'e #! ?lin( a notice of appeal) not a petition for reie+ &n'er %&le 92. o+eer) in n&mero&" ca"e") t$e Co&rt $a" allo+e' of li#eral con"tr&ction of on t$etec$nical r&le" +$en to 'o "o +o&l' "ere t$e 'eman'" of "&#"tantial ,&"tice. Di"mi""al t$e appeal" p&rel! (ro&n'" i" fro+ne' &pon. It i" #etter to exc&"e a tec$nical lap"e rat$er t$an 'i"po"e of a ca"e on tec$nicalit!) (iin( a fal"e impre""ion of "pee'! 'i"po"al of ca"e" +$ile act&all! re"<in( in more 'ela!) if not mi"carria(e of ,&"tice. In t$e pre"ent ca"e) a 'i"mi""al on tec$nicalit! +o&l' onl! mean a ne+ ro&n' of liti(ation #et+een t$e "ame partie" for t$e "ame ca&"e of action) oer t$e "ame "&#,ect matter. T$&") not+it$"tan'in( petitioner3" +ron( mo'e of appeal) t$e Co&rt of Appeal" "$o&l' not $ae "o ea"il! 'i"mi""e' t$e petition. 5B< Citilan' Corp. . Ota-e) 4.%. No. 1881) :&l! 2/) 2010;. Revie! 4 1nal "udgments r 1nal rders 4 the Om8udsman n administrative disciplinary cases! an appeal from the *M?>s decision should be ta1en to the CA under Rule @8! unless the decision is not appealable owing to the penalty imposed.
T$e nat&re of t$e ca"e #efore t$e OQce of t$e Om#&'"man 5OB; 'etermine" t$e proper reme'! aaila#le to t$e a((riee' part! an' +it$ +$ic$ co&rt it "$o&l' #e ?le'. In a'mini"tratie 'i"ciplinar! ca"e") an appeal from t$e OB3" 'eci"ion "$o&l' #e ta-en to t$e CA &n'er %&le 98) &nle"" t$e 'eci"ion i" not appeala#le o+in( to t$e penalt! impo"e'. In t$e ca"e at #ar) t$e Om#&'"man) in t$e exerci"e of $i" a'mini"tratie 'i"ciplinar! ,&ri"'iction $a') after '&e ine"ti(ation) a',&'(e' petitioner" (&ilt! of (rae mi"con'&ct an' 'i"$one"t! an' mete' t$e corre"pon'in( penalt!. %eco&r"e to t$e CA ia a %&le 98 petition i" t$e proper mo'e of appeal. %&le 98 (oern" appeal" t$e CA 'eci"ion" or ?nal or'er" a(encie". 5&a"i,&'icial 1/80)
Once t$e +rit of attac$ment $a" #een i""&e') t$e onl! reme'! of t$e petitioner" in liftin( t$e "ame i" t$ro&($ a ca"$ 'epo"it or t$e ?lin( of t$e co&nter#on'. *etitioner3" ar(&ment t$at it $a" t$e option to 'epo"it real propert! in"tea' of 'epo"itin( ca"$ or ?lin( a co&nter#on' to 'i"c$ar(e t$e attac$ment or "ta! t$e implementation t$ereof i" &nmeritorio&". In fact) in 'ecurit! 1aci:c Assurance Corporation v. 9ria@Infante) it +a" $el' t$at one of t$e +a!" to "ec&re t$e 'i"c$ar(e of an attac$ment i" for t$e part! +$o"e propert! $a" #een attac$e' or a per"on appearin( on $i" #e$alf) to po"t a co&nter#on' or ma-e t$e re>&i"ite ca"$ 'epo"it in an amo&nt e>&al to t$at ?xe' #! t$e co&rt in t$e or'er of attac$ment. M$ile it i" tr&e t$at t$e +or' 'epo"it cannot onl! #e con?ne' or con"tr&e' to refer to ca"$) a #roa'er interpretation t$ereof i" not ,&"ti?e' in t$e pre"ent ca"e for t$e rea"on t$at a part! "ee-in( a "ta! of t$e attac$ment &n'er Section i" re>&ire' to ma-e a 'epo"it in an amo&nt e>&al to t$e #on' ?xe' #! t$e co&rt in t$e or'er of attac$ment or to t$e al&e of t$e propert! to #e attac$e'. T$e proximate relation of t$e +or' G'epo"itG an' Gamo&ntG i" &nmi"ta-a#le in Section of %&le . *lainl!) in con"tr&in( "ai' +or'") it can #e "afel! concl&'e' t$at Section re>&ire" t$e 'epo"it of mone! a" t$e +or' Gamo&ntG commonl! 4.%. refer" or i" re(&larl! a""ociate' +it$ a:; "&m of mone!. 5L&7on De. Ban-) et al. . Erlin'a ri"$man) No.to20880) April 18) 201) *eralta) )acts to prove in Rule =.
&ali?e'l! a'mitte' in ei'ence #! t$e San'i(an#a!an. It i" incon(r&o&") t$erefore) for t$e San'i(an#a!an to 'en! t$e +rit of preliminar! attac$ment +$en t$e piece" of ei'ence on recor' +$ic$ it &"e' an' #a"e' it" ?n'in(" an' concl&"ion" in 'en!in( t$e 'em&rrer to ei'ence +ere t$e "ame one" +$ic$ 'emon"trate t$e propriet! of t$e +rit of preliminar! attac$ment. T$e 'enial of t$e pra!e' +rit) t$&") ei'entl! con"tit&te" (rae a#&"e of 'i"cretion on t$e part of San'i(an#a!an. 5%E*FBLIC O< TE *ILI**INES v. ESTATE O< AL
$5 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
A co&rt 'oe" not or'inaril! i""&e in,&nction to preent foreclo"&re of a mort(a(e. T$e in,&nctie +rit i" con'itione' on t$e exi"tence of a clear an' po"itie ri($t of t$e applicant +$ic$ "$o&l' #e protecte') t$e +rit #ein( t$e "tron( arm of e>&it!) an extraor'inar! peremptor! reme'! +$ic$ can #e aaile' of onl! &pon t$e exi"tence of +ell'e?ne' circ&m"tance". In t$i" ca"e) contrar! to +$at t$e %TC r&le') t$ere +a" no &r(ent nece""it! to i""&e t$e +rit to protect t$e ri($t" an' intere"t of petitioner" a" o+ner". 8irst) t$e! co&l' participate in t$e foreclo"&re "ale an' (et t$eir propert! #ac- &nenc&m#ere' #! t$e pa!ment of t$e o#li(ation" t$at t$e! ac-no+le'(e' in t$e ?r"t place. 'econd) a foreclo"&re "ale 'oe" not ipso facto pa"" title to t$e +innin( #i''er oer t$e mort(a(e' propert!. *etitioner" contin&e to o+n t$e mort(a(e' propert! "ol' in an a&ction "ale &ntil t$e expiration of t$e re'emption perio'. 9*ird) petitioner" $ae one !ear from t$e a&ction "ale to re'eem t$e mort(a(e' propert!. T$e one!ear re'emption perio' i" anot$er (race perio' accor'e' petitioner" to pa! t$e o&t"tan'in( 'e#t) +$ic$ +o&l' #e conerte' to t$e procee'" of t$e force' "ale p&r"&ant to t$e re>&i"ite" &n'er Sec. 6 of %ep&#lic Act No. 818) a" amen'e') for t$e re'emption of a propert! "ol' in an extra,&'icial "ale) al"o in accor'ance +it$ Sec. = of t$e 4eneral Ban-in( Act) a" amen'e' #! *re"i'ential Decree No. 1=2=. i" onl! &pon t$e expiration of t$e re'emption +it$o&t t$econ"oli'ate' ,&'(ment 'e#tor" $ain( ma'e &"e ofIt t$eir ri($t of re'emption) 'oe" o+ner"$ip of t$eperio') lan' "ol' #ecome in t$e p&rc$a"er or +innin( #i''er. 5ST. :AES COLLE4E O< *A%AWAFE) et al. . EFITABLE *CI BAN) 4.%. No. 1/991 A&(&"t /) 2010 VELASCO) :%.)-7 3etition for injunction to prevent the foreclosure does not lie.
T$e ri($t of *NB to extra,&'iciall! foreclo"e on t$e real e"tate mort(a(e in t$e eent of *TEI3" 'efa< i" proi'e' &n'er ario&" contract" of t$e partie". &ence of nonpa!ment of mort(a(e in'e#te'ne"". In ie+ of *TEI3" fail&re to "ettle it" o&t"tan'in( o#li(ation" &pon 'eman') it +a" proper for *NB to exerci"e it" ri($t to foreclo"&re on t$e mort(a(e' propertie". It t$en #ecame inc&m#ent on *TEI an' BA4CCI) +$en t$e! ?le' t$e complaint an' "o&($t t$e i""&ance of a +rit of preliminar! in,&nction) to e"ta#li"$ t$at t$e! $ae a clear an' &nmi"ta-a#le ri($t +$ic$ re>&ire" imme'iate protection '&rin( t$e pen'enc! of t$e action) ot$er+i"e in,&nction +o&l' not lie. M$ere t$e partie" "tip&late' in t$eir cre'it a(reement") mort(a(e contract" an' promi""or! note" t$at t$e mort(a(ee i" a&t$ori7e' to foreclo"e t$e mort(a(e' propertie" in ca"e of 'efa< #! t$e mort(a(or") t$e mort(a(ee $a" a clear ri($t to foreclo"&re in ca"e of 'efa<) ma-in( t$e i""&ance of a Mrit of *reliminar! In,&nction improper. 5*alm Tree E"tate") Inc.) et al. . *NB) 4.%. No. 1/80) Octo#er 8) 2012) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro;. njunction is not available if contract has already e/pired.
A petitioner for an in,&nctie relief $a" no more le(al ri($t" &n'er t$e "erice contract +$ic$ alrea'!toexpire'. T$erefore) it co&rt". $a" not 5anila met t$eInternational ?r"t ital re>&i"ite it m&"t.$ae material an' "&#"tantial ri($t" #e protecte' #! t$e Airportt$at A&t$orit! Olon(apo aintenance Serice") Inc.) 4.%. No". 1961=9=) 16111 an' 16=2) :an&ar! 81) 200=) 98 SC%A 26/) 2==2=/;. An in,&nction i" not a reme'! to protect or enforce contin(ent) a#"tract) or f&t&re ri($t" it +ill not i""&e to protect a ri($t not in esse an' +$ic$ ma! neer ari"e) or to re"train an act +$ic$ 'oe" not (ie ri"e to a ca&"e of action. T$ere m&"t exi"t an act&al ri($t. 54o . Villan&ea) :r.) 4.%. No. 19628) arc$ 18) 200/) =1 SC%A 126) 188189) citin( %ep&#lic . Villarama) :r.) 4.%. No. 1188) Septem#er ) 1//) 2= SC%A 86) 9/;. Veril!) petitioner cannot la! claim to an act&al) clear an' po"itie ri($t #a"e' on an expire' "erice contract. oreoer) +ellentrenc$e' in t$i" ,&ri"'iction t$at no co&rt can compel a part! to a(ree to a contract t$ro&($ t$e in"tr&mentalit! of a +rit of preliminar! in,&nction. 5See anila International Airport A&t$orit! . Olon(apo aintenance Serice") Inc.) "&pra note 88 at 2=/ Li($t %ail Tran"it A&t$orit! . Co&rt of Appeal") 4.%. No". 18/26 an' 190/9/) Noem#er 2) 2009) 999 SC%A 12) 18/ an' National
51;
T$e 'efen'ant can moe to 'i "c$ar(e #! ma -in( a ca" $ 'epo"it or (i in( a co& nter #o n' to
52;
"ec&re t$e pa!ment t$e ,&'(ment 5Sec.attac$ment 12; T$e 'efen'ant ma! of moe to >&a "$ t$e #eca&"e it ma ! $ae #een improperl! or irre(&larl! i""&e' or t$at it $a" no #a"i". 5Sec. 18;. If attac$ment i" #a"e' on fra&') t$e reme'! i" to ?le a co&nter#on'. 5etro) Inc.) et al. . Lara3" 4ift" P Decor" Inc.) et al.) 4.%. No. 1191) Noem#er 11) 200/;
58;
RULE 0( ) DECLARATORG RELIE2 3etition for declaratory relief is within the RTC>s jurisdiction. +C has no jurisdiction; e/ception.
Mell"ettle' i" t$e r&le t$at a petition for 'eclarator! relief m&"t #e ?le' +it$ t$e %e(ional Trial Co&rt a" a r&le a" t$ere are i""&e" of fact" to #e re"ole'. T$e Con"tit&tion a" t$e "&#,ect matter an' t$e ali'it! an' con"tr&ction of Section =51;) Article VIII a" t$e i""&e rai"e') t$e petit ion "$o&l' properl! #e con"i'ere' a" t$at +$ic$ +o&l' re"< in t$e a',&'ication of ri($t" sans t$e exec&tion proce"" #eca&"e t$e onl! relief to #e (rante' i" t$e er! 'eclaration of t$e ri($t" &n'er t$e 'oc&ment "o&($t to #e con"tr&e'. It #ein( "o) t$e ori(inal ,&ri"'iction oer t$e petition lie" +it$ t$e appropriate %e(ional Trial Co&rt 5%TC;. Not+it$"tan'in( t$e fact t$at onl! >&e"tion" of la+ are rai"e' in t$e petition) an action for 'eclarator! relief i" not amon( t$o"e +it$in t$e ori(inal ,&ri"'iction of t$e S&preme Co&rt a" proi'e' in Section ) Article VIII of t$e Con"tit&tion. At an! rate) '&e to it" "erio&" implication") not onl! to (oernment proce""e" inole') #&t al"o to t$e "anctit! of t$e Con"tit&tion) t$e Co&rt 'eem" it more pr&'ent to ta-e co(ni7ance of it. T$e SC co&l' $ae 'i"mi""e' t$e petition #&t '&e to t$e tran"cen'ental importance of t$e i""&e inole') it too-
$6 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
co(ni7ance of t$e ca"e a" an exception. 5 MANDAMUS Revie! 4 "udgments and 1nal rders r reslutin 4 the Cmelec and COA A33licatin 4 Rule 0- under Rule 0+
T$e Co&rt $a" con"i"tentl! $el' t$at t$e p$ra"e G'eci"ion) or'er) or r&lin(G of con"tit&tional commi""ion") t$e COELEC incl&'e') t$at ma! #e #ro&($t 'irectl! to t$e S&preme Co&rt on certiorari i" not allencompa""in() an' t$at it onl! relate" to t$o"e ren'ere' in t$e commi""ion" exerci"e of a',&'icator! or >&a"i,&'icial po+er". In t$e ca"e of t$e COELEC) t$i" +o&l' limit t$e proi"ion" coera(e to t$e 'eci"ion") or'er") or r&lin(" i""&e' p&r"&ant to it" a&t$orit! to #e t$e "ole ,&'(e of (enerall! all controer"ie" an' conte"t" relatin( to t$e election") ret&rn") an' >&ali?cation" of electie oQce". Con"e>&entl!) %&le#e69) +$ic$ t$e proce'&ral &n'er 'eci"ion") Article IHA) Section ) "$o&l' li-e+i"e rea' in t$ecomplemente' "ame "en"eKt$at of excl&'in(re>&irement from it" coera(e r&lin(") an' or'er" ren'ere' #! t$e COELEC in t$e exerci"e of it" a'mini"tratie f&nction". In "&c$ in"tance") a %&le 6 petition for certiorari i" t$e proper reme'!. T$e in"tant petition reole" aro&n' t$e i""&e on +$et$er or not Smartmatic :V i" eli(i#le to participate in t$e #i''in( proce"" for t$e COELEC" proc&rement of 28)000 &nit" of optical mar- rea'er". T$e ca"e 'oe" not "tem from an election controer"! inolin( t$e election) >&ali?cation) or t$e ret&rn" of an electie oQce. ence) %&le 69 i" not t$e proper reme'!. 5LEO . FE%FBIN) et al. ". COISSION ON ELECTIONS EN BANC) et al.) 4.%. No. 21==) Decem#er 0=) 201) Vela"co) :.; 3etition for mandamus may not be issued to compel the 3MA to restore Cadet Cudia>s rights and entitlements as a full$pledged graduating cadet.
S&Qce it to "a! t$at t$e"e matter" are +it$in t$e am#it of or encompa""e' #! t$e ri($t of aca'emic free'om t$erefore) #e!on' t$e proince of t$e Co&rt to 'eci'e. 5Fnier"it! of t$e *$ilippine" Boar' of %e(ent" . Li(otTelan) 4.%. No. 1102=0) Octo#er 21) 1//8) 22 SC%A 892) 86;. T$e po+er" to confer 'e(ree" at t$e *A) (rant a+ar'") an' commi""ion oQcer" in t$e militar! "erice are 'i"cretionar! act" on t$e part of t$e *re"i'ent a" t$e A<* Comman'erinC$ief. Borro+in( t$e +or'" of 4arcia) t$e SC "ai' t$at t$ere are "tan'ar'" t$at m&"t #e met. T$ere are policie" to #e p&r"&e'. Di"cretion appear" to #e of t$e e""ence. In term" of o$fel'3" terminolo(!) +$at a "t&'ent in t$e po"ition of petitioner po""e""e" i" a priile(e rat$er t$an a ri($t. e cannot t$erefore "ati"f! t$e prime an' in'i"pen"a#le re>&i"ite of a man'am&" procee'in(. 54arcia . T$e &ire" t$e exerci"e of 'i"cretion or ,&'(ment. 5Fnier"it! of t$e *$ilippine" Boar' of %e(ent" . Li(otTelan) "&pra note 69) at 861862;.
E,ectment procee'in(" are "&mmar! procee'in(" onl! inten'e' to proi'e an expe'itio&" mean" of protectin( act&al po""e""ion or ri($t to po""e""ion of propert!. T$e "ole i""&e to #e re"ole' i" +$o i" entitle' to t$e p$!"ical or material po""e""ion of t$e premi"e" or po""e""ion de facto. T$e i""&e of t$e ali'it! of t$e title of re"pon'ent" can onl! #e a""aile' in an action expre""l! in"tit&te' for t$at p&rpo"e. 5Soriente . E"tate of t$e Late Ar"enio Concepcion) 4.%. No. 16028/) Noem#er 2/) 200/) 60 SC%A 81;. Section 9= of *re"i'ential Decree No. 12/) "peci?call! "tate" t$at a certi?cate of title "$all not #e "&#,ect to collateral attac-) an' t$at it cannot #e altere') mo'i?e' or cancelle') except in a 'irect procee'in( in accor'ance +it$ la+. 'jectment; B 1inds.
An e,ectment ca"e can #e eit$er for forci#le entr! or &nla+f&l 'etainer. It i" a "&mmar! procee'in( 'e"i(ne' to proi'e expe'itio&" mean" to protect t$e act&al po""e""ion or t$e ri($t to po""e""ion of t$e propert! inole'. 5Barriento" . %apal) 4.%. No. 16//9) :&l! 20) 2011) 69 SC%A 16) 10;. T$e "ole >&e"tion for re"ol&tion in t$e ca"e i" t$e p$!"ical or material po""e""ion 5 possession de facto; of t$e propert! in >&e"tion) an' neit$er a claim of ,&ri'ical po""e""ion 5 possession de ure; nor an aerment of o+ner"$ip #! t$e 'efen'ant can o&tri($tl! 'eprie t$e trial co&rt from ta-in( '&e co(ni7ance of t$e ca"e. ence) een if t$e >&e"tion of o+ner"$ip i" rai"e' in t$e plea'in(") li-e $ere) t$e co&rt ma! pa"" &pon t$e i""&e #&t onl! to 'etermine t$e >&e"tion of po""e""ion e"peciall! if t$e >&e"tion of o+ner"$ip i" in"epara#l! lin-e' +it$ t$e >&e"tion of po""e""ion. 5*en("on . Ocampo) :r.) 4.%. No. 18 1/6=) :&ne 2/) 2001) 860 SC%A 920) 92;.T$e a',&'ication of o+ner"$ip in t$at in"tance i" merel! proi"ional) an' +ill not #ar or pre,&'ice an action #et+een t$e "ame partie" inolin( t$e title to t$e propert!. 5
It i" tr&e t$at Section 21) %&le 0 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt proi'e" t$at Jt$e ,&'(ment of t$e %e(ional Trial Co&rt a(ain"t t$e 'efen'ant "$all #e imme'iatel! exec&tor!) +it$o&t pre,&'ice to a f&rt$er appeal t$at ma! #e ta-en t$erefrom. o+eer) it +a" r&le' in Benedicto v. Court of Appeals) 4.%. No. 1609)
&= %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
Octo#er 1/) 200) 98 SC%A 868) t$at on appeal t$e appellate co&rt ma! "ta! t$e "ai' +rit "$o&l' circ&m"tance" re>&ire. x x x een if t$e %TC ,&'(ment" in &nla+f&l 'etainer ca"e" are imme'iatel! exec&tor!) preliminar! in,&nction ma! "till #e (rante'. 5Ama(an . ara!a() 8=8 *$il 9=6 2000 an' V'a. De Le(a"pi . Aen'ano) 16/ SC%A 18= 1/;. In Cit! of 0aga v. Asuncion) SC%A 2= 5200=;) t$at +$en exi(encie" in t$e ca"e +arrant it) t$e appellate co&rt ma! "ta! t$e +rit of exec&tion i""&e' #! t$e %TC in an action for e,ectment if t$ere are circ&m"tance" nece""itatin( "&c$ action. An example of "&c$ exceptional circ&m"tance can #e "een in /aurel v. A"alos) 190 *$il 82 51/6/;. T$erein) a 'efen'ant +a" or'ere' #! t$e trial co&rt to acate t$e premi"e" of t$e 'i"p&te' propert! an' ret&rn po""e""ion t$ereof to t$e plainti@") #&t +$ile t$e e,ectment ca"e +a" on appeal) a ,&'(ment +a" prom&l(ate' in a "eparate ca"e +$ere t$e "ale of t$e propert! to "ai' plainti@" +a" 'eclare' n&ll an' oi') ma-in( t$e plainti@"3 ri($t to po""e"" t$e 'i"p&te' propert! inconcl&"ie. T$e Co&rt r&le' in "ai' ca"e t$at M$ere t$e "&perenin( eent" 5occ&rrin( "&#"e>&ent to t$e ,&'(ment; #rin( a#o&t a material c$an(e in t$e "it&ation of t$e partie" +$ic$ ma-e" t$e exec&tion ine>&ita#le) or +$ere t$ere i" no compellin( for"ta! t$e exec&tion it i"ofnot #! t$e preailin( circ&m"tance") t$e &r(enc! co&rt ma! imme'iate#eca&"e exec&tion t$e,&"ti?e' ,&'(ment. 5La Campana De. Corp. . Le'e"ma) et. al.) 4.%. No. 1912) A&(&"t 2) 2010) *eralta) :;. Title not issue in an action for forcible entry.
Title i" neer an i""&e in a forci#le entr! ca"e) t$e co&rt "$o&l' #a"e it" 'eci"ion on +$o $a' prior p$!"ical po""e""ion. T$e main t$in( to #e proen in an action for forci#le entr! i" prior po""e""ion an' t$at "ame +a" lo"t t$ro&($ force) intimi'ation) t$reat) "trate(!) an' "tealt$) "o t$at it #e$oe" t$e co&rt to re"tore po""e""ion re(ar'le"" of title or o+ner"$ip. In 1au!o v. Court of Appeals) it +a" "tre""e' t$at o+ner"$ip or t$e ri($t to po""e"" ari"in( from o+ner"$ip i" not at i""&e in an action for recoer! of po""e""ion. T$e partie" cannot pre"ent ei'ence to proe o+ner"$ip or ri($t to le(al po""e""ion except to proe t$e nat&re of t$e po""e""ion +$en nece""ar! to re"ole t$e i""&e of p$!"ical po""e""ion. T$e "ame i" tr&e +$en t$e 'efen'ant a""ert" t$e a#"ence of title oer t$e propert!. T$e a#"ence of title oer t$e conte"te' lot i" not a (ro&n' for t$e co&rt" to +it$$ol' relief from t$e partie" in an e,ectment ca"e. T$e onl! >&e"tion t$at t$e co&rt m&"t re"ole in e,ectment procee'in(" i" +$o i" entitle' to t$e p$!"ical po""e""ion of t$e premi"e") t$at i") to t$e po""e""ionde facto an' not to t$e po""e""ion de ure. It 'oe" not een matter if a part!3" title to t$e propert! i" >&e"tiona#le) or +$en #ot$ partie" intr&'e' into p&#lic lan' an' t$eir application" to o+n t$e lan' $ae !et to #e approe' #! t$e proper (oernment a(enc!. %e(ar'le"" of t$e act&al con'ition of t$e title to t$e propert!) t$e part! in peacea#le >&iet po""e""ion not #e t$ro+n #! a&p$ol' "tron( re"pect $an') iolence) terror. Neit$er i" t$e &nla+f&l +it$$ol'in( of propert! "$all allo+e'. Co&rt" +ill o&t al+a!" for prior or po""e""ion. T$&") a part! +$o can proe prior po""e""ion can recoer "&c$ po""e""ion een a(ain"t t$e o+ner $im"elf. M$ateer ma! #e t$e c$aracter of $i" po""e""ion) if $e $a" in $i" fao&r prior po""e""ion in time) $e $a" t$e "ec&rit! t$at entitle" $im to remain on t$e propert! &ntil a per"on +it$ a #etter ri($t la+f&ll! e,ect" $im. To repeat) t$e onl! i""&e t$at t$e co&rt $a" to "ettle in an e,ectment "&it i" t$e ri($t to p$!"ical po""e""ion. 5&no7 . a#&t) et al.) 4.%. No. 19266 &no7 . Sp". C$an) et al.) 4.%. No. 1961=) :&ne 16) 2011) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro) :;. 3ossession by tolerance; rental to be rec1oned from withdrawal of tolerance.
A" a r&le) if t$ere i" po""e""ion of a propert! #! tolerance) no rental" are pai'. In fact) no contract exi"t" #et+een t$e partie". B&t if t$e tolerance i" +it$'ra+n) i" t$e po""e""or lia#le to pa! rental" from t$e time po""e""ion "tarte') or are t$e rental" to #e pai' onl! after tolerance i" +it$'ra+n. In 1ro@Guard 'ecurit! 'ervices Corp. v. 9ormil Realt! Dev. Corp., 4.%. No. 16891) :&l! ) 2019) Del Ca"tillo) :) it +a" r&le' t$at "&c$ compen"ation "$o&l' not #e rec-one' from t$e time t$e le""ee #e(an to occ&p! t$e "ame) #&t from t$e time of t$e 'eman' to acate. 3ossession de facto cannot be a(ected by pendency of action involving ownership. *o""e""ion de facto cannot #e a@ecte' #! t$e pen'enc! of t$e ann&l ment ca"e +$ere t$e
o+ner"$ip of t$e propert! i" #ein( conte"te'. 5Soco . CA) 181 *$il. 8 51//6;;. It i" a +ell"ettle' ,&ri"pr&'enceoft$at "&it" 'eci"ion inolin(in o+ner"$ip ma! notIf t$e #e r&le "&cce""f&ll! plea'e'e,ectment in a#atement t$e enforcement t$e ?nal an e,ectment "&it. +ere ot$er+i"e) ca"e"ofco&l' ea"il! #e fr&"trate' t$ro&($ t$e "imple expe'ient of ?lin( an action conte"tin( t$e o+ner"$ip oer t$e propert! "&#,ect of t$e controer"!. T$i" +o&l' ren'er n&(ator! t$e &n'erl!in( p$ilo"op$! of t$e "&mmar! reme'! of e,ectment +$ic$ i" to preent criminal 'i"or'er an' #reac$e" of t$e peace an' to 'i"co&ra(e t$o"e +$o) #eliein( t$em"ele" entitle' to t$e po""e""ion of t$e propert!) re"ort to force rat$er t$an to "ome appropriate action in co&rt to a""ert t$eir claim". 5Samonte . Cent&r! Sain(" Ban-) 4.%. No. 16918) Noem#er 2) 200/) 60 SC%A 9=;. Unla!4ul detainer is !ithin the MTCBs eclusive "urisdictin< 8undar/ dis3ute is !ithin the "urisdictin 4 the RTC#
An e,ectment ca"e +it$in t$e ori(ina l an' excl&"ie ,&ri"'iction of t$e TC) 'eci"ie are t$e alle(ation" of t$e complaint. B&t if t$e alle(ation" 'o not ma-e o&t a ca"e for &nla+f&l 'etainer) #&t an action reinvindicatoria) t$e ca"e "$o&l' #e 'i"mi""e' +it$o&t pre,&'ice to t$e ?lin( of a non"&mmar! action li-e accion reivindicatoria. A #o&n'ar! 'i"p&te m&"t #e re"ole' in t$e context of accion reivindicatoria) not an e,ectment ca"e. T$e #o&n'ar! 'i"p&te i" not a#o&t po""e""ion) #&t encroac$ment) t$at i") +$et$er t$e propert! claime' #! t$e 'efen'ant forme' part of t$e plainti@3" propert!. A #o&n'ar! 'i"p&te cannot #e "ettle' "&mmaril! &n'er %&le 0 of t$eRules of Court) t$e procee'in(" &n'er +$ic$ are limite' to &nla+f&l 'etainer an' forci#le entr!. In &nla+f&l 'etainer) t$e 'efen'ant &nla+f&ll! +it$$ol'" t$e po""e""ion of t$e premi"e" &pon t$e expiration or termination of $i" ri($t to $ol' "&c$ po""e""ion &n'er an! contract) expre"" or implie'. T$e 'efen'ant3" po""e""ion +a" la+f&l at t$e #e(innin() #ecomin( &$ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
&nla+f&l onl! #eca&"e of t$e expiration or termination of $i" ri($t of po""e""ion. In forci#le entr!) t$e po""e""ion of t$e 'efen'ant i" ille(al from t$e er! #e(innin() an' t$e i""&e center" on +$ic$ #et+een t$e plainti@ an' t$e 'efen'ant $a' t$e prior po""e""ion de facto . 5analan( . Bacani) 4.%. No. 16//) :an&ar! 12) 201; Cntem3t
Mit$ re(ar' to Erlin'a3" a&t$or"$ip of t$e On t$e E'(e of eaen) "$e i" fo&n' (&ilt! of in'irect contempt. In'irect contempt i" a 'eli#erate act to #rin( t$e co&rt or ,&'(e into 'i"rep&te. er "tatement" po"e a 'i@erent t$reat to t$e Co&rt" rep&te. Statement" "&c$ a" JMa" ,&"tice "ol'U an' Jo+ can t$e $i($e"t co&rt of o&r lan' #e a part! to t$e #rea- &p of m! famil! an') 'i"re(ar'in( t$e &e"tion" in"tea' of cate(orical a""ertion") t$e e@ect i" "till t$e "ame t$e! con"tit&te a "tin(in( a@ront to t$e $onor an' 'i(nit! of t$e Co&rt an' ten' to &n'ermine t$e con?'ence of t$e p&#lic in t$e#einte(rit! of t$e $i($e"t t$e&n#ri'le' lan'. Liti(ant") no in matter $o+ a((riee' or 'i""ati"?e' t$e! ma! of co&rt3" 'eci"ion) 'otri#&nal not $aeoft$e free'om expre""in( t$eir fr&"tration or (rieance in an! manner t$e! +ant. 5E%LINDA I. BILDNE%) et al.v. E%LINDA . ILFSO%IO) et al.) 4.%. No. 18=9) :&ne ) 200/) VELASCO) :%.)-; S*ECIAL *ROCEEDIN?S The modes of settlement of the estate of a deceased person.
T$e! are 1. Extra,&'icial "ettlement 5%&le 9) Sec. 1; +$ere t$e $eir " ma!) +it$o&t interention of t$e co&rt) "ettle t$e e"tate "&#,ect to t$e con'ition" t$at a. e left no +ill #. e left no 'e#t" c. T$e $eir" are all of a(e or een if t$ere are minor") t$ere ma! #e appointment of a (&ar'ian. T$e 'oc&ment $a" to #e re(i"tere' +it$ t$e %OD to #in' t$ir' per"on". 2. S&mmar! "ettlement of e"tate" of "mall al&e. T$ere i" a ,&'icial interention t$e e"tate 'oe" not excee' *10)000.00 8. :&'icial "ettlement t$ro&($ letter" of a'mini"tration or letter" te"tamentar!. 5%&le" 8 /0) %&le" of Co&rt;. In t$e "econ') a petition for "ettlement of t$e e"tate i" ?le'. In t$e t$ir') a petition for t$e pro#ate of t$e&ntil +ill of t$e 'ece'ent i" ?le' "inceto t$e pro#ate i" man'ator! an' t$at a +ill "$all not pa"" an! ri($t it "$all $ae #een a'mitte' pro#ate. 9. Selfa',&'ication of t$e e"tate #! a "ole $eir. e merel! exec&te" an aQ'ait an' re(i"ter" +it$ t$e %OD. 5See %e#&">&illo . 4&ale7; &here estate of a deceased person settled.
T$e e"tate "$all #e "ettle' in t$e co&rt +$ere t$e 'ecea"e' +a" re"i'in( at t$e time of $i" 'eat$ if $e +a" a re"i'ent of t$e *$ilippine". If $e +a" a re"i'ent of anot$er co&ntr!) it "$o&l' #e "ettle' in t$e co&rt of an! place +$ere $e $a' an e"tate. T$e co&rt ?r"t ta-in( co(ni7ance of t$e "ettlement "$all exerci"e it to t$e excl&"ion of all ot$er co&rt". o+eer) t$e place of "ettlement i" not a >&e"tion of ,&ri"'iction #&t a >&e"tion of en&e. 5:ao . CA San L&i" . San L&i" Nitc$er . Nitc$er;. Remedies of an aggrieved party after e/trajudicial settlement of estate.
An a((riee' part! ma! aail of t$e follo+in( reme'ie" e ma! ?le an action for recone!ance +it$in a perio' of 10 !ear" from t$e i""&ance of t$e title a" it i" #a"e' on con"tr&ctie tr&"t 5Art. 1199) NCC ar>&e7 . CA) 800 SC%A 68 1//=;. o+eer) if t$e plainti@ i" in po""e""ion of t$e propert!) "ai' action) if #a"e' on fra&') i" impre"cripti#le a" lon( a" t$e propert!lan' $a" not #een tran"ferre' to a #&!er in (oo' fait$ an' for al&e. 5eir" of Sal&'are" . CA) 920 SC%A 9;. &ill of a foreigner e/ecuted abroad can be probated in the 3hils.; no need for prior probate abroad.
O&r la+" 'o not pro$i#it t$e pro#ate of +ill" exec&te' #! forei(ner" a#roa' alt$o&($ t$e "ame $ae not a" !et #een pro#ate' an' allo+e' in t$e co&ntrie" of t$eir exec&tion. A forei(n +ill can #e (ien le(al e@ect" in o&r ,&ri"'iction. Article =16 of t$e Ciil Co'e "tate" t$at t$e +ill of an alien +$o i" a#roa' pro'&ce" e@ect in t$e *$ilippine" if ma'e in accor'ance +it$ t$e formalitie" pre"cri#e' #! t$e la+ of t$e place +$ere $e re"i'e") or accor'in( to t$e formalitie" o#"ere' in $i" co&ntr!. Section 1) %&le 8 of t$e 1// %&le" of Ciil *roce'&re proi'e" t$at if t$e 'ece'ent i" an in$a#itant of a forei(n co&ntr!) t$e %TC of t$e proince +$ere $e $a" an e"tate ma! ta-e co(ni7ance of t$e "ettlement of "&c$ e"tate. Section" 1 an' 2 of %&le 6 f&rt$er "tate t$at t$e exec&tor) 'ei"ee) or le(atee name' in t$e +ill) or an! ot$er per"on intere"te' in t$e e"tate) ma!) at an! time after t$e 'eat$ of t$e te"tator) petition t$e co&rt $ain( ,&ri"'iction to $ae t$e +ill allo+e') +$et$er t$e "ame #e in $i" po""e""ion or not) or i" lo"t or 'e"tro!e'. 5In %e *ala(ana" . *ala(ana") 4.%. No. 16/199) :an&ar! 26) 2011;. '/tent of the power of the probate court.
T$e a&t$orit! of t$e pro#ate co&rt i" limite' to t$e a"certainment of t$e extrin"ic ali'it! of t$e +ill) t$e "o&n'ne"" of min' of t$e te"tator) +$et$er t$e +ill +a" exec&te' freel!. It cannot 'etermine t$e intrin"ic ali'it! of t$e +ill except if preterition i" apparent #eca&"e it +o&l' #e &"ele"" to 'eclare t$e +ill extrin"icall! ali' an' !et) intrin"icall! oi' a" t$ere +o&l' #e +a"te of time of t$e partie" an' t$e co&rt. It
&& %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
cannot li-e+i"e 'etermine t$e ali'it! an' nat&re of contract" a" t$e "ame "$all #e 'eci'e' in an appropriate procee'in( #efore a co&rt of (eneral ,&ri"'iction. T$e rea"on for t$e a#oe i" #eca&"e a pro#ate co&rt $a" limite' ,&ri"'iction. 5N&(&i' . N&(&i') 1 SC%A 99/;. o+eer) if t$e partie" a(ree) t$e co&rt ma! 'etermine t$e o+ner"$ip of propertie". 5See Vi7con'e . CA; Een if a +ill $a" #een a'mitte' to pro#ate a#roa') t$ere i" nee' to "&#mit it to pro#ate in t$e *$il".) #eca&"e t$e ,&'(ment i" not a la+ in t$e *$ilippine". It $a" to #e proen a" a fact accor'in( to t$e r&le" of ei'ence. T$e ancillar! a'mini"trator of t$e e"tate $a" t$e '&t! to intro'&ce in ei'ence t$e la+ of t$e State of t$e 'ece'ent. 5Anc$eta . 4&er"e!Dala!(on) 4.%. No. 18/=66) :&ne =) 2006;. M$en t$e +ill i" allo+e' it "$all $ae t$e "ame e@ect a" if ori(inall! proe' an' allo+e' in t$e *$ilippine". 5%&le ) Sec. 8;. #eclaration of heirship must be in the intestate or testate proceedings; e/ception.
A" a r&le t$e 'eclaration of $eir"$ip m&"t #e ma'e in a "pecial procee'in() not in an in'epen'ent ciil action. o+eer) reco&r"e to a'mini"tration procee'in(" to 'etermine +$o t$e $eir" are i" "anctione' onl! if t$ere i" a 1/=/) (oo' an' rea"on forE"tate "&c$ reco&r"e. 5*ereira . Co&rt Appeal") 4.%. No.ence) =119) :&ne 20) 19 compellin( SC%A 19 Inte"tate of erca'o . a(ti#a!) /6of*$il. 8=8 51/8;;. t$e Co&rt $a' allo+e' exception" to t$e r&le re>&irin( a'mini"tration procee'in(" a" +$en t$e partie" in t$e ciil ca"e alrea'! pre"ente' t$eir ei'ence re(ar'in( t$e i""&e of $eir"$ip) an' t$e %TC $a' con"e>&entl! ren'ere' ,&'(ment &pon t$e i""&e" it 'e?ne' '&rin( t$e pretrial. 5eir" of a('aleno pon . 4a&'io"o *ontera" %icaforte) 4.%. No. 1/=6=0) :&l! =) 2018) 00 SC%A = %ep&#lic . an(otara) 4. %. No. 108) :&l! ) 2010) 629 SC%A 860 eir" of Teo?lo 4a#atan . Co&rt of Appeal") 4.%. No. 10206) arc$ 18) 200/) =1 SC%A 0) =0=1 &illo . Sp". 4&ale7) et al.) 4.%. No. 20902/) :&ne 9) 2019;. *rder of preference in the appointment of administrator of an estate.
In t$e appointment of a'mini"trator t$e or'er of preference i" a# T$e "&riin( "po&"e or next of -in 8# *er"on re>&e"te' #! "&riin( "po&"e or next of -in c# *rincipal cre'itor" d# Ot$er per"on "electe' #! t$e co&rt. T$e #e"t intere"t of t$e e"tate "$all al+a!" #e con"i'ere' in t$e appointment of a'mini"trator. In ca"e of conict #et+een t$e "&riin( "po&"e an' t$e next of -in) t$e co&rt "$all appl! t$e (reater intere"t r&le "&c$ t$at t$in(" #ein( e>&al) li-e +$en t$e t+o are competent) +illin( an' can po"t a #on') t$e one +it$ (reater intere"t "$all #e appointe'. 5Santo" . An(ele";. A33intment 4 s3ecial administratr< matter 4 discretin#
T$e appointment of a "pecial a'mini"trator lie" +it$in t$e 'i"cretion of t$e co&rt. T$e "tat&tor! proi"ion" a" to t$e prior or preferre' ri($t of certain per"on" to t$e appointment of a'mini"trator &n'er Section 1) %&le =1) an' t$e "tat&tor! proi"ion" a" to ca&"e" for remoal of an exec&tor or a'mini"trator &n'er Section 2) %&le =8) 'o not appl! to t$e "election or remoal of "pecial a'mini"trator. A" t$e la+ 'oe" not "a! +$o "$all #e appointe' a" "pecial a'mini"trator an' t$e >&ali?cation" t$e appointee m&"t $ae) t$e ,&'(e or co&rt $a" 'i"cretion in t$e "election of t$e per"on to #e appointe'. M$ile t$e trial co&rt $a" t$e 'i"cretion to appoint an!one a" a "pecial a'mini"trator of t$e e"tate) "&c$ 'i"cretion m&"t #e exerci"e' +it$ rea"on) (&i'e' #! t$e 'irectie" of e>&it!) ,&"tice an' le(al principle". It ma!) t$erefore) not #e remi"" to reiterate t$at t$e role of a "pecial a'mini"trator i" to pre"ere t$e e"tate &ntil a re(&lar a'mini"trator i" appointe'. 4ien t$i" '&t! on t$e part of t$e "pecial a'mini"trator) it +o&l') t$erefore) #e pr&'ent an' rea"ona#le to appoint "omeone intere"te' in pre"erin( t$e e"tate for it" eent&al 'i"tri#&tion to t$e $eir". 5DIOSDADO S. ANFN4AS . A%4A%ITA AVILA LO%ETO) et al.) 4.%. No. 1/8161) A&(&"t 22) 2011) Vela"co) :r.) :; #uring the pendency of an intestate proceeding! the will of the decedent was produced.
T$e +ill m&"t #e "&#mitte' to pro#ate #&t t$e inte"tate procee'in( "$all not #e 'i"mi""e'. T$e t+o ca"e" "$all #e con"oli'ate'. T$e r&le i" #a"e' on t$e principle t$at t$e pro#ate of a +ill i" man'ator! an' t$at it +ill not pa"" an! ri($t &ntil t$e +ill "$all $ae #een a'mitte' to pro#ate. <&rt$ermore) t$ere i" preference of te"tac! oer inte"tac! e"peciall! "o t$at t$e +ill of t$e 'ece'ent i" $i" oice een after $i" 'eat$. +tatute of 0on$Claims; The claims against the estate.
T$e claim" a(ain"t t$e e"tate are all mone! claim" con"i"tin( of a. Claim" for mone! ari"in( from contract) expre"" or implie' #. <&neral expen"e" c. Expen"e" for t$e la"t "ic-ne"" of t$e 'ece'ent '. :&'(ment #a"e' on mone!. 5Ean(eli"ta . *roe'a) 8= SC%A 8=;. Onl! mone! claim" ma! #e ?le'. Claim" for 'ama(e an' recoer! of propertie" m&"t #e ?le' a(ain"t t$e exec&tor or a'mini"trator. 5%&le =) Sec. 1 ila'o . CA) 4.%. No. 16910=) a! =) 200/;. T$i" i" "o #eca&"e t$e! are claim" t$at "&rie t$e 'eat$ of t$e 'ecea"e'. Remedies of an heir entitled to a share but not given.
e can 'eman' $i" "$are t$ro&($ a proper motion in t$e "ame te"tate or inte"tate procee'in(". Or) $e ma! ?le a motion to reopen if it $a' #een clo"e'. e "$o&l' not ?le an in'epen'ent action +$ic$ co&l' #e trie' #! anot$er co&rt +$ic$ mi($t reer"e a 'eci"ion of t$e pro#ate co&rt t$at $a" alrea'! #ecome ?nal an' exec&tor!. 54&ila" . :&'(e of C
&( %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
A" a r&le) t$e pro#ate co&rt 'oe" not i""&e a +rit of exec&tion #eca&"e all claim" "$all #e pai' a" or'ere' #! t$e co&rt in t$e proce"" of li>&i'ation of t$e e"tate +$ere t$e exec&tor or a'mini"trator 'oe" in t$e performance of $i" '&tie". T$e r&le i" not $o+eer a#"ol&te. T$e pro#ate co&rt ma! onl! i""&e exec&tion 5a; to "ati"f! 'e#t" of t$e e"tate o&t of t$e contri#&tie "$are" of 'ei"ee") le(atee" an' $eir" in po""e""ion of t$e 'ece'ent3" a""et" 5Sec. 6) %&le ==;) 5#; to enforce pa!ment of t$e expen"e" of partition 5Sec. 8) %&le /0;) an' 5c; to "ati"f! t$e co"t" +$en a per"on i" cite' for examination in pro#ate procee'in(" 5Sec. 8) %&le 192; an' 5'; +$ere t$e exec&tor or a'mini"trator $a" po""e""ion of "$are to #e 'eliere' an' ref&"e" to tran"fer t$e po""e""ion to per"on" entitle'. 5Sec. 1) %&le /0) eir" of t$e Late
T$e #an- ma! exerci"e an! of t$e follo+in( option" a. It ma! ?le a claim a(ain"t t$e e"tate #. It ma! foreclo"e t$e mort(a(e ,&'iciall! c. It ma! extra,&'iciall! foreclo"e t$e mort (a(e) #&t it $a" no ri($t to a"- for 'e?c ienc! from t$e e"tate. T$e reme'ie" are not c&m&latie. T$e! are not alternatie. T$e exerci"e of one excl&'e" t$e ot$er reme'ie". 5eir" of t$e Late a(la"an( . anila Ban-in( Corp.) 4.%. No. 11206) Septem#er 28) 2018;. RULE 90 ) ALLOWANCE OR DISALLOWANCE O2 WILL The probate court has jurisdiction to determine the issue of ownership.
If an action +a" in"tit&te' #! $eir" a(ain"t t$eir #rot$er) +$o i" al"o an $eir) an' t$eir mot$er) +$o Coca v. i" t$e a'mini"trator of t$e e"tate t$e pro#ate co&rt can 'etermine t$e i""&e of o+ner"$ip. In Borromeo 2+(+ 1*il. 3& 4+()67, t$e Co&rt allo+e' t$e pro#ate co&rt to proi"ionall! pa"" &pon t$e i""&e of title) preci"el! #eca&"e t$e onl! intere"te' partie" are all $eir" to t$e e"tate) "&#,ect of t$e procee'in(. M$ile it i" tr&e t$at a pro#ate co&rt3" 'etermination of o+ner"$ip oer propertie" +$ic$ ma! form part of t$e e"tate i" not ?nal or <imate in nat&re) t$i" r&le i" applica#le onl! a" #et+een t$e repre"entatie" of t$e e"tate an' "tran(er" t$ereto. In Bernardo v. Court of Appeals 2+(+ 1*il. $)5 4+$67, t$e S&preme Co&rt 'eclare' t$at t$e 'etermination of +$et$er a propert! i" con,&(al or parap$ernal for p&rpo"e" of incl&"ion in t$e inentor! of t$e e"tate re"t" +it$ t$e pro#ate co&rt. 5%omero) et al. . CA) et al.) 54.%. No. 1==/21) April 1=) 2012;. RULE 50 ) CLAIMS A?AINST TFE ESTATE uasi$contracts are included in claims that should be "led under Rule 9D! +ec. =.
A claim for nece""ar! expen"e" #! a po""e""or of a parcel of lan' i" a -in' of >&a"icontract) $ence) it "$o&l' #e ?le' in t$e e"tate procee'in(". A claim for nece""ar! expen"e" "pent a" preio&" po""e""or of t$e lan' i" a -in' of >&a"icontract. Citin( /eung Ben v. Brien) it +a" explaine' t$at t$e term Jimplie' contract") a" &"e' in o&r reme'ial la+) ori(inate' from t$e common la+ +$ere o#li(ation" 'erie' from >&a"icontract" an' from la+ are #ot$ con"i'ere' a" implie' contract". T$&") t$e term >&a"icontract i" incl&'e' in t$e concept Jimplie' contract" a" &"e' in t$e %&le" of Co&rt. Accor'in(l!) lia#ilitie" of t$e 'ecea"e' ari"in( from >&a"i contract" "$o&l' #e ?le' a" claim" in t$e "ettlement of $i" e"tate) a" proi'e' in Section ) %&le =6 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt. 5etropolitan Ban- P Tr&"t Co. . A#"ol&te ana(ement Corp.) 4.%. No. 109/=) :an&ar! /) 2018) Brion) :;. RULE $=& ) FA.EAS COR*US &rit of habeas corpus< !hen availa8le#
Fn'er Section 1) %&le 102 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt) t$e +rit of *a"eas corpus i" aaila#le) not onl! in ca"e" of ille(al con?nement or 'etention #! +$ic$ an! per"on i" 'eprie' of $i" li#ert!) #&t al"o in ca"e" inolin( t$e ri($tf&l c&"to'! oer a minor. 5Ba(ta" . Santo") 4.%. No. 1666=2) Noem#er 2) 200/) 606 SC%A 101) 111;. T$e (eneral r&le i" t$at parent" "$o&l' $ae c&"to'! oer t$e minor c$il'ren. B&t t$e Statea#&"iel!) $a" t$e ri($t to interene +$ere an' t$e parent") rat$er caret$em for "&c$ c$il'ren) treat t$em an' impairin( t$eir (ro+t$ +ell#ein( an' t$an leain( emotional "car" t$at t$e!cr&ell! carr! t$ro&($o&t t$eir lie" &nle"" t$e! are li#erate' from "&c$ parent" an' properl! co&n"ele'. 5In t$e atter of t$e *etition for a#ea" Corp&" of inor S$an( o Vin("on &) S$erl! Vin("on . :o! Ca#ca#an) FD 19=1) :an&ar! 18) 2019;.
0ature of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. 3etition for habeas corpus; appeal period.
T$e 9=$o&r perio' of appeal i" t$e more appropriate reme'!. T$e 9=$o&r appeal perio' 'emon"trate" t$e a'e>&ac! of "&c$ reme'! in t$at no nece""ar! time +ill #e +a"te' #efore t$e 'eci"ion +ill #e reeal&ate'. A petition for t$e i""&ance of a +rit of $a#ea" corp&" i" a "pecial procee'in( (oerne' #! %&le 102 of t$e %ei"e' %&le" of Co&rt. T$e o#,ectie of t$e +rit i" to 'etermine +$et$er t$e con?nement or 'etention i" ali' or la+f&l. If it i") t$e +rit cannot #e i""&e'. M$at i" to #e in>&ire' into i" t$e le(alit! of a per"on3" 'etention a" of) at t$e earlie"t) t$e ?lin( of t$e application for t$e +rit of $a#ea" corp&") for een if t$e 'etention i" at it" inception ille(al) it ma!) #! rea"on of "ome "&perenin( eent") "&c$ a" t$e in"tance" mentione' in Section 9 of %&le 102) #e no lon(er ille(al at t$e time of t$e ?lin( of t$e
&+ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
application. 5OS4 . De Ca"tro) 2/ SC%A 1 200 4o) Sr. . %amo") 4.%. No. 66/ 4o . %amo") 4.%. No. 160 on.
T$e National Capital :&'icial %e(ion con"i"t" of t$e citie" of anila) &e7on) *a"a!) Caloocan an' an'al&!on() an' t$e m&nicipalitie" of Naota") ala#on) San :&an) a-ati) *a"i() *atero") Ta(&i() ari-ina) *araXa>&e) La" *iXa") &ntinl&pa) an' Valen7&ela. In ie+ t$ereof) it i" in'&#ita#le t$at t$e ?lin( of a petition for t$e i""&ance of a +rit of $a#ea" corp&" #efore a famil! co&rt in an! of t$e citie" en&merate' i" proper a" lon( a" t$e +rit i" "o&($t to #e enforce' +it$in t$e National Capital :&'icial %e(ion) a" $ere. In t$e ca"e at #ar) re"pon'ent ?le' t$e petition #efore t$e famil! co&rt of Caloocan Cit!. Since Caloocan Cit! an' &e7on Cit! #ot$ #elon( to t$e "ame ,&'icial re(ion) t$e +rit i""&e' #! t$e %TC Caloocan can "till #e implemente' in &e7on Cit!. M$et$er petitioner re"i'e" in t$e former or t$e latter i" immaterial in ie+ of t$e a#oe r&le. 5%&le" on C&"to'! of inor" an' Mrit of a#ea" Corp&" in relation to C&"to'! inor" No. 080909SC; A. AYELINA TF:ANILITANTE IN BEAL< v. %AFEL C%ISELDAof. CADA5A.. . CADADEA*E%A) 4.%. No. A. 210686) :&l! 2=) 2019) Vela"co)O< K : TE INO% Tender age presumption; not conclusive.
T$e Conention on t$e %i($t" of t$e C$il' proi'e" t$at in all action" concernin( c$il'ren) +$et$er &n'erta-en #! p&#lic or priate "ocial +elfare in"tit&tion") co&rt" of la+) a'mini"tratie a&t$oritie" or le(i"latie #o'ie") t$e #e"t intere"t" of t$e c$il' "$all #e a primar! con"i'eration. T$e C$il' an' o&t$ Melfare Co'e) in t$e "ame +a!) &ne>&iocall! proi'e" t$at in all >&e"tion" re(ar'in( t$e care an' c&"to'!) amon( ot$er") of t$e c$il') $i"$er +elfare "$all #e t$e paramo&nt con"i'eration. T$e "ocalle' ten'era(e pre"&mption &n'er Article 218 of t$e
T$e r&le allo+in( a 'efen'ant in an expropriation ca"e to ?le a motion to 'i"mi"" in lie& of an an"+er +a" amen'e' #! t$e 1// %&le" of Ciil *roce'&re) +$ic$ too- e@ect on :&l! 1) 1//. Section 8) %&le 6 no+ expre""l! man'ate" t$at an! o#,ection or 'efen"e to t$e ta-in( of t$e propert! of a 'efen'ant m&"t #e "et fort$ in an an"+er. 5a"i-ip . Cit! of *a"i() 4.%. No. 18689/) :an&ar! 28) 2006;. &hen e/propriating authority may be granted the writ of possession in e/propriation.
T$e 'epo"it of t$e amo&nt e>&ialent to t$e a""e""e' al&e of t$e propert! i" not "&Qcient to (rant +rit of po""e""ion. %ep. Act No. =/9 re>&ire" t$at t$e (oernment ma-e a 'irect pa!ment to t$e propert! o+ner #efore t$e +rit ma! i""&e. S&c$ pa!ment i" #a"e' on t$e 7onal al&ation of t$e BI%) or if no "&c$ al&ation i" aaila#le an' in ca"e" of &tmo"t &r(enc!) t$e pro@ere' al&e of t$e propert! to #e "ei7e'. It i" t$e plain intent of %ep. Act No. =/9 to "&per"e'e t$e "!"tem of 'epo"it &n'er %&le 6 +it$ t$e "c$eme of Jimme'iate pa!ment in ca"e" inolin( national (oernment infra"tr&ct&re pro,ect". 5%ep&#lic . 4in(o!on) 4.%. No. 16629/) Decem#er 1/) 200;. RULE $=5 ) CANCELLATION OR CORRECTION O2 ENTRIES 3etition for change of name; adversarial proceedings; who should be impleaded.
M$ere a petition for cancellation or correction of an le(itimac!) entr! in t$epaternit! ciil re(i"ter inole" an' controer"ial alteration" incl&'in( t$o"e on citi7en"$ip) or ?liation) or"&#"tantial le(itimac! of marria(e) "trict compliance +it$ t$e re>&irement" of %&le 10= of t$e %&le" of Co&rt i" man'ate'. Section 8 of %&le 10= re>&ire" t$at t$e ciil re(i"trar an' all partie" +$o +o&l' nat&rall! an' le(all! #e a@ecte' #! t$e (rant of a petition for correction or cancellation of entrie" m&"t #e implea'e'. Non implea'in( of a part! +$o ma! $ae #een ina'ertentl! left o&t ma! #e noti?e' t$ro&($ p&#lication. 5%ep. V. :&lian E'+ar' Emer"on Co"eten(a(pa!o) 4.%. No. 1=/96)
T$e ?r"t name of petitioner an' $i" mot$er a" appearin( in $i" #irt$ certi?cate can #e correcte' #! t$e cit! ciil re(i"trar &n'er %.A. No. /09=. Fn'er Section 1 of %.A. No. /09=) clerical or t!po(rap$ical error" on entrie" in a ciil re(i"ter can #e correcte' an' c$an(e" of ?r"t name can #e 'one #! t$e concerne' cit! ciil re(i"trar +it$o&t nee' of a,&'icial or'er. Afore"ai' Section 1) a" amen'e' #!%.A. No. 1012 proi'e" t$at no entr! in a ciil re(i"ter "$all #e c$an(e' or correcte' +it$o&t a ,&'icial or'er) except for clerical or t!po(rap$ical error" an' c$an(e of ?r"t name or nic-name) t$e 'a! an' mont$ in t$e 'ate of #irt$ or "ex of a per"on +$ere it i" patentl! clear t$at t$ere +a" a clerical or t!po(rap$ical error or mi"ta-e in t$e entr!) +$ic$ can #e correcte' or c$an(e' #! t$e concerne' cit!or m&nicipal ciil re(i"trar or con"&l (eneral in accor'ance +it$ t$e proi"ion" of t$i" Act an' it" implementin( r&le" an' re(&lation". f correction is clerical! it is summary in nature; if it a(ects civil status! citiFenship! it is substantial.
&- %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
%&le 10= of t$e %&le" of Co&rt proi'e" t$e proce'&re for cancellation or correction of entrie" in t$e ciil re(i"tr!. T$e procee'in(" ma! eit$er #e "&mmar! or a'er"ar!. If t$e correction i" clerical) t$en t$e proce'&re to #e a'opte' i" "&mmar!. If t$e recti?cation a@ect" t$e ciil "tat&") citi7en"$ip or nationalit! of a part!) it i" 'eeme' "&#"tantial) an' t$e proce'&re to #e a'opte' i" a'er"ar!. Since t$e prom&l(ation of Repu"lic v. Valencia, 22 *$il. 90= 1/=6) t$e Co&rt $a" repeate'l! r&le' t$at Geen "&#"tantial error" in a ciil re(i"tr! ma! #e correcte' t$ro&($ a petition ?le' &n'er %&le 10=) +it$ t$e tr&e fact" e"ta#li"$e' an' t$e partie" a((riee' #! t$e error aailin( t$em"ele" of t$e appropriate a'er"arial procee'in(.G 5Barco . Co&rt of Appeal") 96 *$il. 8/) = 2009;. An appropriate a'er"ar! "&it or procee'in( i" one +$ere t$e trial co&rt $a" con'&cte' procee'in(" +$ere all releant fact" $ae #een f&ll! an' properl! 'eelope') +$ere oppo"in( co&n"el $ae #een (ien opport&nit! to 'emoli"$ t$e oppo"ite part!3" ca"e) an' +$ere t$e ei'ence $a" #een t$oro&($l! +ei($e' an' con"i'ere'. 5%ep. . Ola!#ar) 4.%. No. 1=/8=)
T$e element" of ,&ri"'iction in criminal ca"e are t$e follo+in( $# *enalt! attac$e' T$e ,&ri"'iction of a co&rt in criminal ca"e" i" 'etermine' #! t$e penalt! impo"a#le) an' not #! t$e penalt! <imatel! impo"e'. 5*eople . La(on) 4.%. No. 9=1) a! 1=) 1//0;. If t$e penalt! 'oe" not excee' 6 !ear") it i" +it$in t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e TC. If more t$an 6 !ear") it i" +it$in t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e %TC. T$e a''itional penalt! for $a#it&al 'elin>&enc! i" not con"i'ere' in 'eterminin( +$ic$ co&rt "$all $ae ,&ri"'iction oer a criminal ca"e #eca&"e "&c$ 'elin>&enc! i" not a crime. 5El *&#lo 'e &e"tion of ,&ri"'iction. o+eer) SC ma! or'er t$e tran"fer of t$e en&e of trial of criminal ca"e" in or'er to attain t$e aim" of ,&"tice. T$e a#"ence of an! of t$e"e element" ma! #e c$allen(e' #! an acc&"e' at an! "ta(e of t$e procee'in(" in t$e co&rt #elo+ or on appeal.
Fn'er t$e la+) en&e i" a >&e"tion of ,&ri"'iction in criminal ca"e") $ence) a" a r&le) t$e complaint "$o&l' #e ?le' in anila. S&c$ r&le i" fo&n'e' on p&#lic polic! "o a" not to &n'&l! pre,&'ice t$e partie". B&t &n'er %A =092) t$e la+ proi'e" t$at a ictim of ille(al recr&itment $a" t$e option to ?le t$e ca"e in $i" place of re"i'ence or in t$e place +$ere t$e crime +a" committe'. T$i" i" an exception to t$e r&le t$at en&e i" a >&e"tion of ,&ri"'iction in criminal ca"e". T$e la+ i" inten'e' to protect t$e intere"t of ictim" of ille(al recr&itment. 5on. *atricia Sto. Toma" . Salac) 4.%. No. 12692) Noem#er 12) 2012;. &hen a private individual within the jurisdiction of the +?.
T$e SB $a" excl&"ie ,&ri"'iction oer criminal action" inolin( a per"on not+it$"tan'in( t$at $e i" priate in'ii'&al con"i'erin( t$at $i" criminal pro"ec&tion i" intimatel! relate' to t$e ill(otten +ealt$ of t$e arco"e") t$eir imme'iate famil!) "&#or'inate" an' clo"e a""ociate". 5Di"ini . SB) 4.%. No". 19696) Septem#er 11) 2018;. Jurisdiction in libel cases.
Neit$er t$e TC nor SB $ae ,&ri"'iction oer t$e li#el "&it #eca&"e &n'er t$e la+) li#el ca"e" are +it$in t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e %TC 5Art. 860) %*C;. T$e nat&re of t$e o@en"e) t$e penalt! proi'e' for #! la+ an' t$e (ra'e to +$ic$ A #elon(" 'o not 'etermine t$e co&rt t$at $a" ,&ri"'iction. T$i" i" e"peciall! "o t$at itT$e i" t$e la+ t$at a "&#,ect matter. Since5*eople t$e la+.confer" ,&ri"'iction &pon t$e %TC. TC an' SBconfer" $ae no,&ri"'iction ,&ri"'ictionoer oer t$e "&#,ect matter. Cit! Co&rt of C *eople . Benipa!o) 4.%. No. 1999 *$oto-ina ar-etin( Corp. . Benipa!o) 4.%. No. 1998) April 29) 200/;. 4ow jurisdiction over the person of the accused ac%uired.
:&ri"'iction oer t$e per"on of t$e acc&"e' in ac>&ire' eit$er #! $i"$er arre"t or ol&ntar! appearance in co&rt. T$e ol&ntar! appearance of t$e acc&"e' i" accompli"$e' eit$er #! $i" 1; plea'in( to t$e merit" 5"&c$ a" #! ?lin( a motion to >&a"$ or ot$er plea'in(" re>&irin( t$e exerci"e of t$e co&rt3" ,&ri"'iction) 2; appearin( for arrai(nment) enterin( trial;) or 8; #! ?lin( #ail. On t$e matter of #ail) "ince t$e "ame i" inten'e' to o#tain t$e proi"ional li#ert! of t$e acc&"e) a" a r&le) t$e "ame cannot #e po"te' #efore c&"to'! of t$e acc&"e' $a" #een ac>&ire' #! t$e ,&'icial a&t$oritie") eit$er #! $i" arre"t or ol&ntar! "&rren'er. T$i" i" "o #eca&"e t$e acc&"e' cannot rep&'iate t$e po+er of t$e co&rt an' at t$e "ame time ino-e it. Meaning of the phrase ,in relation to their *2ce- involving crimes comm itted by public o2cials and employees.
It mean" t$at t$e o@en"e nee' not #e connecte' +it$ oQcial '&tie". It i" eno&($ t$at it i" in relation to oQce. A p&#lic oQcial an' emplo!ee commit" a crime Jin relation to t$eir oQce if t$e o@en"e +a" intimatel! connecte' +it$ t$e oQce of t$e o@en'er an' perpet&ate' +$ile $e i" in t$e performance of $i" oQcial f&nction. ere alle(ation in t$e Information t$at t$e o@en"e +a" committe' #! t$e acc&"e' p&#lic oQcer in relation to $i" oQce i" not "&Qcient. M$at i" controllin( i" t$e "peci?c fact&al alle(ation"
&0 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
in t$e information t$at +o&l' in'icate t$e clo"e intimac! #et+een t$e 'i"c$ar(e of t$e acc&"e'3" oQcial '&tie" an' t$e commi""ion of t$e o@en"e c$ar(e') in or'er to >&alif! t$e crime a" $ain( #een committe' in relation to p&#lic oQce. RULE $$= ' *ROSECUTION O2 O22ENSES Allegation of age! relationship between the o(ender and the o(ended in rape cases.
T$e acc&"e' cannot #e conicte' of >&ali?e' rape if t$e information 'oe" not alle(e t$e a(e) an' t$e relation"$ip of t$e ictim an' t$e alle(e' rapi"t. %ape i" >&ali?e' an' p&ni"$e' +it$ 'eat$ +$en committe' #! t$e ictim3" parent) a"cen'an t) "tepparent) (&ar'ian) or relatie #! con"an(&init! or aQnit! +it$in t$e t$ir' ciil 'e(ree) or #! t$e commonla+ "po&"e of t$e ictim3" parent. o+eer) an acc&"e' cannot #e fo&n' (&ilt! of >&ali?e' rape &nle"" t$e information alle(e" t$e circ&m"tance" of t$e ictim3" oer 12 !ear" #&t &n'er 1= !ear" of a(e an' $er relation"$ip +it$ $im. T$e rea"on i" t$at "&c$ circ&m"tance" alter t$e nat&re of t$e crime of rape an' increa"e t$e penalt! $ence) t$e! are "pecial >&alif!in( circ&m"tance". A" information "&c$) #ot$ t$e of t$e ictimrea"ona#le an' $er relation"$ip +it$t$e t$etrial o@en'er m&"t #e "peci?call! alle(e' in t$e an'a(e proen #e!on' 'o&#t '&rin( ot$er+i"e) t$e 'eat$ penalt! cannot #e impo"e' 5*eople . Ba!!a) 8=9 *il. 1/ 52000; *eople . a(lente) 866 *$il. 221 51///; *eople . Ilao) 8 *$il. 66 1//= *eople . Arcilla") 4.%. No. 1=19/1) :&l! 80) 2012;. T$e o@en'er #ein( a commonla+ $&"#an' of t$e ictim3" mot$er at t$e time of t$e commi""ion of t$e rape) een if e"ta#li"$e' '&rin( t$e trial) co&l' not #e appreciate' #eca&"e t$e information 'i' not "peci?call! alle(e it a" a >&alif!in( circ&m"tance. Ot$er+i"e) $e +o&l' #e 'eprie' of $i" ri($t to #e informe' of t$e c$ar(e lo'(e' a(ain"t $im 5*eople . Ne(o"a) 4.%. No". 192=6) A&(&"t 2) 2008) 90/ SC%A 8/;. Reason for need to allege %ualifying circumstances.
T$e nee' to alle(e >&alif!in( circ&m"tance" to ,&"tif! ?n'in( of >&ali?e' rape an' t$e impo"ition of 'eat$ penalt! +a" "tre""e' in "eeral ca"e". T$e a''itional atten'ant circ&m"tance" intro'&ce' #! %ep. Act No. =88 "$o&l' #e con"i'ere' a" "pecial >&alif!in( circ&m"tance" 'i"tinctl! applica#le to t$e crime of rape an' if not plea'e' a" "&c$) co&l' onl! #e appreciate' a" (eneric a((raatin( circ&m"tance". Mit$o&t alle(ation of relation"$ip in ca"e" of "tat&tor! rape) proof alone of relation"$ip) &nle"" "peci?call! alle(e' in t$e information) +o&l' not +arrant impo"ition of t$e 'eat$ penalt!. T$&") t$e conc&rrence of t$e minorit! of t$e ictim an' $er relation"$ip +it$ t$e o@en'er i" a "pecial >&alif!in( circ&m"tance +$ic$ "$o&l' #ot$ #e alle(e' an' proe' +it$ certaint! in or'er to +arrant t$e impo"ition of t$e 'eat$ penalt!. In t$i" ca"e) complainant neer "ai' "$e +a" #elo+ ei($teen 51=; !ear" of a(e +$en "$e +a"Alt$o&($ alle(e'l!arape' #! $er fat$er ontoan! of t$e 'ate" t$e complaint. reclusion perpet&a; in ca"e $e $&"#an' i" "&#,ect p&ni"$ment #! "tate' 'eat$ in 5no+ commit" rape a(ain"t $i" +ife3" 'a&($ter) t$e penalt! cannot #e impo"e' #eca&"e t$e relation"$ip alle(e' in t$e information i" 'i@erent from t$at act&all! proen. Onl! t$e penalt! for "imple rape "$all #e impo"e'. 0o duplicity of information.
If an emplo!ee of a corporation receie' p&rc$a"e price of "eeral lot" from "eeral #&!er" #&t mi"appropriate' t$e amo&nt" an' t$e corporation an' t$e #&!er" "&e $im for estafa "eparatel! t$ere i" iolation of t$e r&le a(ain"t '&plicit! of information. T$ere i" no '&plicit! in a c$ar(e for e"tafa committe' #! t$e acc&"e' for mi"appropriation of t$e p&rc$a"e price of "eeral lot" o+ne' #! a corporation) +$ic$ +a" fra&'&lentl! receie' #! t$e acc&"e' from "eeral lot #&!er" on t$e pretext t$at "$e +a" a&t$ori7e' to 'o "o an' +$ic$ "$e mi"applie' to $er per"onal &"e) in"tea' of remittin( t$e mone! to t$e o+ner corporation. T$e crime of e"tafa committe' a(ain"t t$e corporation an' t$o"e committe' a(ain"t t$e lot #&!er" are 'e?nitel! "eparate felonie". T$e! +ere 'ictate' #! 'i@erent criminal intent") committe' &n'er 'i@erent mo'e" of commi""ion proi'e' #! t$e la+ on e"tafa) perpetrate' #! 'i@erent act") con"&mmate' on 'i@erent occa"ion") an' ca&"e' in,&r! to 'i@erent partie". +u2ciency of allegations in the information; mere allegation of haFing is not su2cient.
If t$e in'ictment in a $a7in( ca"e merel! "tate' t$at p"!c$olo(ical pain an' p$!"ical in,&rie" +ere inicte' ont$e t$ecrime ictim) a otionT$e to in'ictment &a"$ "$o&l' #e (rante' #eca&"e t$e <imate alle(e' in,&rie" 'i' not con"tit&te of $a7in(. merel! "tate' t$at p"!c$olo(ical pain fact" an' p$!"ical +ere inicte' on t$e ictim. T$ere i" no alle(ation t$at t$e p&rporte' act" +ere emplo!e' a" a prere>&i"ite for a'mi""ion or entr! into t$e or(ani7ation. &i"ite for contin&e' a'mi""ion to t$e aca'em! i.e., attainment of actie mi'"$ipman "tat&" 'oe" not c&re t$i" 'efect in t$e Information. T$&") t$e Information m&"t #e >&a"$e') a" t$e <imate fact" it pre"ent" 'o not con"tit&te t$e crime of accomplice to *aing. 5*eople . Ba!a#o") et al.) 4.%. No. 11222 *eople . Ari") et al.) 4.%. No. 19=6)
&9 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
A" a r&le) t$ere "$o&l' #e onl! one o@en"e alle(e' in one information a" '&plicit! of o@en"e" in one information i" not allo+e' #! t$e %&le". o+eer) t$e re>&irement i" a mere proce'&ral r&le not ,&ri"'ictional) "&c$ t$at if t$e acc&"e' a" in t$i" ca"e) 'i' not o#,ect to t$e '&plicit! of t$e information) $e can #e conicte' of a" man! o@en"e" a" ma! #e proen '&rin( t$e trial. 5*eoplee . Daca!) 4.%. No. =6/8/) A&(&"t 1) 1//8) 22 SC%A 1;. Rules in the amendment of a complaint or information.
A Complaint or Information ma! #e amen'e') in form or "&#"tance) +it$o&t leae of co&rt at an! time #efore t$e acc&"e' enter" $i"$er plea. After t$e plea an' '&rin( t$e trial) a formal amen'ment ma! onl! #e ma'e +it$ leae of co&rt an' +$en it can #e 'one +it$o&t ca&"in( pre,&'ice to t$e ri($t" of t$e acc&"e'. o+eer) an! amen'ment #efore plea) +$ic$ 'o+n(ra'e" t$e nat&re of t$e o@en"e c$ar(e' in or excl&'e" an! acc&"e' from t$e Compl aint or Information) can #e ma'e onl! &pon motion #! t$e pro"ec&tor) +it$ notice to t$e o@en'e' part! an' +it$ leae of co&rt. T$e co&rt "$all "tate it" rea"on" in re"olin( motionatan' it" or'er "$all #e f&rni"$e' all partie") o@en'e' If itt$e appear" an!copie" time of #efore ,&'(ment t$at a mi"ta-e $a" #eene"peciall! ma'e in t$e c$ar(in( t$e part!. proper o@en"e) t$e co&rt "$all 'i"mi"" t$e ori(inal Complaint or Information &pon t$e ?lin( of a ne+ one c$ar(in( t$e proper o@en"e) in accor'ance +it$ Section 1/) %&le 11/) proi'e' t$e acc&"e' "$o&l' not #e place' in 'o&#le ,eopar'!. T$e co&rt ma! re>&ire t$e +itne""e" to (ie #ail for t$eir appearance at t$e trial. 3rescription of o(ense.
T$e applica#le la+ on pre"cription in ca"e of B* Bl(. 22 i" Act No. 8826 entitle' JAn Act to E"ta#li"$ *re"cription for Violation" of Special Act" an' &nicipal Or'inance" an' to *roi'e M$en *re"cription S$all Be(in) a" amen'e'. Appo"itel!) t$e la+ rea'" SECTION 1. Violation" penali7e' #! "pecial act" "$all) &nle"" ot$er+i"e proi'e' in "&c$ act") pre"cri#e in accor'ance +it$ t$e follo+in( r&le" 5a; xxx 5#; after fo&r !ear" for t$o"e p&ni"$e' #! impri"onment for more t$an one mont$) #&t le"" t$an t+o !ear" 5c; xxx. SECTION 2. *re"cription "$all #e(in to r&n from t$e 'a! of t$e commi""ion of t$e iolation of t$e la+) an' if t$e "ame #e not -no+n at t$e time) from t$e 'i"coer! t$ereof an' t$e in"tit&tion of ,&'icial procee'in(" for it" ine"ti(ation an' p&ni"$ment. T$e pre"cription "$all #e interr&pte' +$en procee'in(" are in"tit&te' a(ain"t t$e (&ilt! per"on) an' "$all #e(in to r&n a(ain if t$e procee'in(" are 'i"mi""e' for rea"on" not con"tit&tin( ,eopar'!. Since Bl(. t$an 22 i"one a "pecial la+ impo"e" penalt! of impri"onment of notinle"" t$irt! 580; 'a!" #&t notB* more !ear or #!t$at a ?ne for it" aiolation) it t$erefor pre"cri#e" fo&rt$an 59; !ear". T$e r&nnin( of t$e pre"criptie perio') $o+eer) "$o&l' #e tolle' &pon t$e in"tit&tion of procee'in(" a(ain"t t$e (&ilt! per"on. In t$e ol' #&t oftcite' ca"e of 1eople v. larte) 4.%. No. L2296)
&e"tion" on t$e extent of t$e lia#ilit! of "c$ool an' "c$ool a&t$oritie" &n'er %A =09/ or t$e Antia7in( La+. T$e crime of $a7in( i" t$&" committe' +$en t$e follo+in( e""ential element" are e"ta#li"$e' 51; a per"on i" place' in "ome em#arra""in( or $&miliatin( "it&ation or "&#,ecte' to p$!"ical or p"!c$olo(ical "&@erin( or in,&r! an' 52; t$e"e act" +ere emplo!e' a" a prere>&i"ite for t$e per"on3" a'mi""ion or entr! into an or(ani7ation. t$e crime of t$e $a7in() t$e cr&cial in(re'ient 'i"tin(&i"$in( it from of t$e crime" or a(ain"t per"on" 'e?ne' &n'erInTitle Ei($t of %ei"e' *enal Co'e i" t$e iniction #! a per"on p$!"ical p"!c$olo(ical "&@erin( on anot$er in f&rt$erance of t$e latter3" a'mi""ion or entr! into an or(ani7ation. In t$e ca"e of "c$ool a&t$oritie" an' fac<! mem#er" +$o $ae $a' no 'irect participation in t$e act) t$e! ma! nonet$ele"" #e c$ar(e' a" accomplice" if it i" "$o+n t$at 51; $a7in() a" e"ta#li"$e' #! t$e a#oe element") occ&rre' 52; t$e acc&"e' are "c$ool a&t$oritie" or fac<! mem#er" an' 58; t$e! con"ente' to or faile' to ta-e preentie action a(ain"t $a7in( in "pite of act&al -no+le'(e t$ereof. T$e contention t$at *A "$o&l' not #e con"i'ere' an organiation i" not correct. Fn'er t$e Anti a7in( La+) t$e #rea 't$ of t$e term organiation) incl&'e" #&t i" not limite' to (ro&p") team") fraternitie") "ororitie") citi7en arm! trainin( corp") e'&cational in"tit&tion") cl&#") "ocietie") cooperatie") companie") partner"$ip") corporation") t$e *N*) an' t$e A<*. Attac$e' to t$e Department of Tran"portation an' Comm&nication") t$e *A i" a (oernmento+ne' e'&cational in"tit&tion e"ta#li"$e' for t$e primar! p&rpo"e of pro'&cin( eQcient an' +elltraine' merc$ant marine oQcer". Clearl!) it i" incl&'e' in t$e term organiation +it$in t$e meanin( of t$e la+. RULE $$$ ) *ROSECUTION O2 CI,IL ACTION Civil liability despite ac%uittal.
T$e acc&"e'3" ac>&ittal for fail&re of t$e pro"ec&tion to proe all element" of t$e o@en"e #e!on' rea"ona#le 'o&#t 'oe" not incl&'e t$e extin(&i"$ment of $i" ciil lia#ilit! for t$e 'i"$onore' c$ec-". De"pite ac>&ittal) t$e acc&"e' ma! "till #e a',&'(e' ciill! lia#le. T$e extinction of t$e penal action 'oe" &5 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
not carr! +it$ it t$e extinction of t$e ciil action +$ere 5a; t$e ac>&ittal i" #a"e' on rea"ona#le 'o&#t a" onl! prepon'erance of ei'ence i" re>&ire' 5#; t$e co&rt 'eclare" t$at t$e lia#ilit! of t$e acc&"e' i" onl! ciil an' 5c; t$e ciil lia#ilit! of t$e acc&"e' 'oe" not ari"e from or i" not #a"e' &pon t$e crime of +$ic$ t$e acc&"e' +a" ac>&itte'. 5&n !&n( *ar- . E&n( Mon C$oi) 1 SC%A 02 5200;;. In a n&m#er of "imilar ca"e") it +a" $el' t$at an ac>&ittal #a"e' on rea"ona#le 'o&#t 'oe" not precl&'e t$e a+ar' of ciil 'ama(e". 5Bax . *eople) 4.%. No. 19/==) Septem#er ) 200) 82 SC%A 2=9 Doman("an( . CA) 4.%. No. 18/2/2) Decem#er ) 2000) 89 SC%A Alfare7 . *eople) et al.) 4.%. No. 1=2801) :an&ar! 81) 2011;. '/tinction of penal action; e(ect on civil liability.
T$e extinction of t$e penal action 'oe" not carr! +it$ it extinction of t$e ciil action. o+eer) t$e ciil action #a"e' on 'elict "$all #e 'eeme' extin(&i"$e' if t$ere i" a ?n'in( in a ?nal ,&'(ment in t$e criminal action t$at t$e act or omi""ion from +$ic$ t$e ciil lia#ilit! ma! ari"e 'i' not exi"t. 5Sec. 2) %&le 111) %&le" of Co&rt;. In ca"e t$e ,&'(ment i" of ac>&ittal) it "$all "tate +$et$er t$e ei'ence of t$e pro"ec&tion a#"ol&tel! faile' to proe t$e (&ilt of t$e acc&"e' or merel! faile' to proe $i" (&ilt #e!on' rea"ona#le 'o&#t. eit$er ,&'(ment "$all %&le" 'etermine if t$eDomin(o act or omi""ion from +$ic$ t$e ciil lia#ilit! mi($t ari"eIn'i' not ca"e) exi"t. t$e 5Sec. 2) %&le 120) of Co&rt . Colina) 4.%. No. 18880) :&ne 1) 2018) *eralta) :;. '(ect of his death on his civil liability.
T$e 'eat$ of t$e acc&"e' extin(&i"$e' $i" ciil lia#ilit! ari"in( from t$e crime c$ar(e' a" a felon!) a" +ell a" $i" criminal lia#ilit!. Since t$e criminal action i" extin(&i"$e' ina"m&c$ a" t$ere i" no lon(er a 'efen'ant to "tan' a" acc&"e') t$e ciil action in"tit&te' t$erein for recoer! of ciil lia#ilit! e; delicto i" ipso facto extin(&i"$e') (ro&n'e' a" it i" on t$e criminal ca"e. 5*eople . Ami"to"o) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro) :;. 0o independent civil action under ?3 BB.
T$ere i" no in'epen'ent ciil action to recoer t$e al&e of a #o&ncin( c$ec- i""&e' in contraention of B* 22. T$i" i" clear from %&le 111 of t$e Rules of Court. Een if not !et in e@ect +$en t$e ciil ca"e +a" ?le') are nonet$ele"" applica#le. It i" axiomatic t$at t$e retroactie application of proce'&ral la+" 'oe" not iola te an! ri($t of a per"on +$o ma! feel a'er"el! a@ecte') nor i" it con"tit&tionall! o#,ectiona#le. T$e rea"on i" "impl! t$at) a" a (eneral r&le) no e"te' ri($t ma! attac$ to) or ari"e from) proce'&ral la+". 5C$en( . S!) 4.%. No. 1928=) :&l! ) 200/)/2 SC%A 1;. An! ne+ r&le" ma! ali'l! #e ma'e to appl! to ca"e" pen'in( at t$e time of t$eir prom&l(ation) con"i'erin( t$at no part! to an action $a" a e"te' ri($t in t$e r&le" of proce'&re) 5Al'e(&er . o"-!&) 2 *$il. 02 A!ala 'e %oxa" . Ca"e) = *$il. 1/;) except t$at in criminal ca"e") t$e c$an(e" 'o not retroactiel! appl! if t$e! permit or re>&ire le""er >&ant&m of "&c$ ei'ence to conict+o&l' t$an #e +$at i" re>&ire' at t$e time ofe;t$e post commi""ion of t$ea o@en"e") #eca&"e retroactiit! &ncon"tit&tional for #ein( facto &n'er t$e Con"tit&tion. 5eir" of Simon . C$an) et al.) 4.%. No. 19)
T+o element" t$at m&"t conc&r in or'er for a ciil ca"e to #e con"i'ere' a pre,&'icial >&e"tion are expre""l! "tate' in Section ) %&le 111 of t$e 2000 Rules of Criminal 1rocedure) to +it 5a; t$e preio&"l! in"tit&te' ciil action inole" an i""&e "imilar or intimatel! relate' to t$e i""&e rai"e' in t$e "&#"e>&ent criminal action) an' 5#; t$e re"ol&tion of "&c$ i""&e 'etermine" +$et$er or not t$e criminal action ma! procee'. If #ot$ ciil an' criminal ca"e" $ae "imilar i""&e" or t$e i""&e in one i" intimatel! relate' to t$e i""&e" rai"e' in t$e ot$er) t$en a pre,&'icial >&e"tion +o&l' li-el! exi"t) proi'e' t$e ot$er element or c$aracteri"tic i" "ati"?e'. It m&"t appear not onl! t$at t$e ciil ca"e inole" t$e "ame fact" &pon +$ic$ t$e criminal pro"ec&tion +o&l' #e #a"e') #&t al"o t$at t$e re"ol&tion of t$e i""&e" rai"e' in t$e ciil action +o&l' #e nece""aril! 'eterminatie of t$e (&ilt or innocence of t$e acc&"e'. If t$e re"ol&tion of t$e i""&e in t$e ciil action +ill not 'etermine t$e criminal re"pon"i#ilit! of t$e acc&"e' in t$e criminal action #a"e' on t$e "ame fact") or t$ere i" no nece""it! Jt$at t$e ciil ca"e #e 'etermine' ?r"t #efore ta-in( &p t$e criminal ca"e) t$erefore) t$e ciil ca"e 'oe" not inole a pre,&'icial >&e"tion. Neit$er i" t$ere a pre,&'icial >&e"tion if t$e ciil an' t$e criminal action can) accor'in( to la+) procee' in'epen'entl! of eac$ ot$er. 5Sa#an'al . Ton(co) 4.%. No. 1299/=) Octo#er ) 2001) 866 SC%A 6) 12;. Action for nullity of marriage is not prejudicial to a case of frustrated parricide.
An action for ann&lment of marria(e i" not a pre,&'icial >&e"tion t$at +arrant" t$e "&"pen"ion of t$e criminal ca"e for fr&"trate' parrici'e. T$e i""&e in t$e ciil ca"e for ann&lment of marria(e &n'er Article 86 of t$e &ence #&t +$ic$) neert$ele"") 'i' not pro'&ce it #! rea"on of ca&"e" in'epen'ent of petitioner3" +ill. At t$e time of t$e commi""ion of t$e alle(e' crime) petitioner an' re"pon'ent +ere marrie'. T$e "&#"e>&ent 'i""ol&tion of t$eir marria(e) in ca"e t$e petition in Ciil Ca"e No. 098/2 i" (rante') +ill $ae no e@ect on t$e alle(e' crime t$at +a" committe' at t$e time of t$e "&#"i"tence of t$e marria(e. In "$ort) een if t$e marria(e #et+een petitioner an' re"pon'ent i"ann&lle') petitioner co&l' "till #e $el' criminall! lia#le "ince at t$e time of t$e commi""ion of t$e alle(e' crime) $e +a" "till marrie' to re"pon'ent. 5:o"elito *imentel . aria C$r!"tine *imentel) et al.) 4.%. No. 12060) Septem#er 18) 2010;. RULE $$& ) *reliminar/ Investigatin '(ect if accused was granted immunity from prosecution but charged in the information.
&6 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
T$e ?lin( of t$e criminal action a(ain"t an acc&"e' in co&rt 'oe" not preent t$e Om#&'"man from exerci"in( t$e po+er t$at t$e Con(re"" $a" (rante' $im. Section 1 of %.A. 60 proi'e" t$at t$e Om#&'"man ma! (rant imm&nit! from criminal pro"ec&tion to an! per"on +$o"e te"timon! or +$o"e po""e""ion an' pro'&ction of 'oc&ment" or ot$er ei'ence ma! #e nece""ar! to 'etermine t$e tr&t$ in an! $earin() in>&ir! or procee'in( #ein( con'&cte' #! t$e Om#&'"man or &n'er it" a&t$orit!) in t$e performance or in t$e f&rt$erance of it" con"tit&tional f&nction" an' "tat&tor! o#,ectie". T$e imm&nit! (rante' "$all not exempt t$e +itne"" from criminal pro"ec&tion for per,&r! or fal"e te"timon! nor "$all $e #e exempt from 'emotion or remoal from oQce. T$e a&t$orit! ena#le" t$e Om#&'"man to carr! o&t $i" con"tit&tional man'ate to en"&re acco&nta#ilit! in t$e p&#lic "erice. 5&arto . arcelo) 4.%. No. 16/092) Octo#er ) 2011) 6= SC%A =0;. It (ie" t$e Om#&'"man +i'e latit&'e in &"in( an acc&"e' 'i"c$ar(e' from t$e information to increa"e t$e c$ance" of coniction of t$e ot$er acc&"e' an' attain a $i($er pro"ec&torial (oal. 5apa) :r. . San'i(an#a!an) 4.%. No. 1002/) April 26) 1//9) 281 SC%A =8;. Imm&nit! "tat&te" "ee- to proi'e a #alance #et+een t$e "tate3" intere"t" an' t$e in'ii'&al3" ri($t a(ain"t "elfincrimination. To "ec&re $i" te"timon! +it$o&t expo"in( $im toInt$e ri"of pro"ec&tion) t$ean' la+ri($t" reco(ni7e" t$at t$e5 *eople +itne"".can (ien imm&nit! from pro"ec&tion. "&c$ ca"e) #ot$ intere"t" are "ati"?e'. T$e#e on. SB) et al.) 4.%. No. 1=2/82) :&ne 26) 2018;. 5alidity of the creation of the Joint 3anel of the C*M'E'C and #*J in conducting preliminary investigation on the electoral sabotage "led against them.
T$e Con"tit&tion 'oe" not e"t on t$e COELEC excl&"ie po+er to ine"ti(ate an' pro"ec&te ca"e" of iolation" of election la+". Fn'er t$e pre"ent la+) t$e COELEC an' ot$er pro"ec&tin( arm" of t$e (oernment) "&c$ a" t$e DO:) no+ exerci"e conc&rrent ,&ri"'iction in t$e ine"ti(ation an' pro"ec&tion of election o@en"e". 5%A /86/) Sec. 98;. T$e creation of a :oint Committee i" not rep&(nant to t$e concept of Jconc&rrent ,&ri"'iction a&t$ori7e' #! t$e amen'ator! la+. 5Arro!o . DO:) et al.) 4.%. No. 1//0=2) an' A#alo" . De Lima) et al.) 4.%. No. 1//0= Arro!o . COELEC) et al.) 4.%. No. 1//11=) :&l! 28) 2018) *eralta) :;. 3robable cause can be determined based on hearsay evidence.
*ro#a#le ca&"e can #e e"ta#li"$e' +it$ $ear"a! ei'ence) a" lon( a" t$ere i" "&#"tantial #a"i" for cre'itin( t$e $ear"a!. ear"a! ei'ence i" a'mi""i#le in 'eterminin( pro#a#le ca&"e in a preliminar! ine"ti(ation #eca&"e "&c$ ine"ti(ation i" merel! preliminar!) an' 'oe" not ?nall! a',&'icate ri($t" an' o#li(ation" of partie". o+eer) in a'mini"tratie ca"e") +$ere ri($t" an' o#li(ation" are ?nall! a',&'icate') +$at i" re>&ire' i" J"&#"tantial ei'ence +$ic$ cannot re"t entirel! or een partiall! on $ear"a! ei'ence. S&#"tantial #a"i" i" not t$e#a"i" "amecan a" "&#"tantial ei'ence #eca&"e excl&'e" $ear"a! ei'ence +$ile "&#"tantial incl&'e $ear"a! ei'ence. To "&#"tantial re>&ire t$eei'ence application of Ang 9i"a!) a" ampli?e' in G'I') in preliminar! ine"ti(ation" +ill c$an(e t$e >&ant&m of ei'ence re>&ire' in 'eterminin( pro#a#le ca&"e from ei'ence of li-eli$oo' or pro#a#ilit! of (&ilt to "&#"tantial ei'ence of (&ilt. 5Sen. :in((o! E,ercito E"tra'a . OQce of t$e Om#&'"man) et al.) 4.%. No. 2119091) :an&ar! 21) 201) Carpio) :;. RULE $$( ) ARREST Arrest &ithout &arrant! &hen Eawful
Settle' i" t$e r&le t$at t$e a#"ence of a prior "&reillance or te"t #&! 'oe" not a@ect t$e le(alit! of t$e #&!#&"t operation. T$ere i" no text#oo- met$o' of con'&ctin( #&!#&"t operation". T$e Co&rt $a" left to t$e 'i"cretion of police a&t$oritie" t$e "election of e@ectie mean" to appre$en' 'r&( 'ealer". A prior "&reillance) m&c$ le"" a len(t$! one) i" not nece""ar!) e"peciall! +$ere t$e police operatie" are accompanie' #! t$eir informant '&rin( t$e entrapment.
M$ile t$e 'etermination of pro#a#le ca&"e to c$ar(e a per"on of a crime i" t$e "ole f&nction of t$e pro"ec&tor) t$e trial co&rt ma!) in t$e protection of one3" f&n'amental ri($t to li#ert!) 'i"mi"" t$e ca"e if) &pon a per"onal a""e""ment of t$e ei'ence) it ?n'" t$at t$e ei'ence 'oe" not e"ta#li"$ pro#a#le ca&"e. M$ile t$e information ?le' #! t$e pro"ec&tor ma! #e ali') a ,&'(e "till $a" t$e 'i"cretion to ma-e $er o+n ?n'in( of +$et$er pro#a#le ca&"e exi"te' to or'er t$e arre"t of t$e acc&"e' an' procee' +it$ trial. :&ri"'iction oer an acc&"e' i" ac>&ire' +$en t$e +arrant of arre"t i" "ere'. A#"ent t$i") t$e co&rt cannot $ol' t$e acc&"e' for arrai(nment an' trial. T$e Con"tit&tion pro$i#it" t$e i""&ance of "earc$ +arrant" or +arrant" of arre"t +$ere t$e ,&'(e $a" not per"onall! 'etermine' t$e exi"tence of pro#a#le ca&"e. T$e p$ra"e J&pon pro#a#le ca&"e to #e 'etermine' per"onall! #! t$e ,&'(e after examination &n'er oat$ or aQrmation of t$e complainant an' t$e +itne""e" $e ma! pro'&ce allo+" a 'etermination of pro#a#le ca&"e #! t$e ,&'(e e; parte.
(= %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
In 1eople v. Hon. Eadao,4.%. No". 16219919) Noem#er 18) 2012) 6= SC%A 269) it +a" "ai' JSection 6) %&le 112 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt (ie" t$e trial co&rt t$ree option" &pon t$e ?lin( of t$e criminal information 51; 'i"mi"" t$e ca"e if t$e ei'ence on recor' clearl! faile' to e"ta#li"$ pro#a#le ca&"e 52; i""&e a +arrant of arre"t if it ?n'" pro#a#le ca&"e an' 58; or'er t$e pro"ec&tor to pre"ent a''itional ei'ence +it$in ?e 'a!" from notice in ca"e of 'o&#t a" to t$e exi"tence of pro#a#le ca&"e. B&t t$e option to or'er t$e pro"ec&tor to pre"ent a''itional ei'ence i" not man'ator!. T$e co&rt3" ?r"t option &n'er t$e a#oe i" for it to Jimme'iatel! 'i"mi"" t$e ca"e if t$e ei'ence on recor' clearl! fail" to e"ta#li"$ pro#a#le ca&"e. T$at i" t$e "it&ation $ere t$e ei'ence on recor' clearl! fail" to e"ta#li"$ pro#a#le ca&"e a(ain"t t$e re"pon'ent". It i" al"o "ettle' t$at Jonce a complaint or information i" ?le' in co&rt) an! 'i"po"ition of t$e ca"e) +$et$er a" to it" 'i"mi""al or t$e coniction or t$e ac>&ittal of t$e acc&"e') re"t" in t$e "o&n' 'i"cretion of t$e co&rt. 5Lei"te . Alame'a) 4.%. No. 1=26) A&(&"t 8) 2010) 626 SC%A ) /=) citin( 4ale7 . Co&rt of Appeal") 119096) 1/2/8) April 21) 4.%. 2019)No. Leonen) :;. Octo#er 29) 1//9) 28 SC%A 6= en'o7a ". *eople) et al.) 4.%. No. Judge to proceed with caution.
Alt$o&($ ,&ri"pr&'ence an' proce'&ral r&le" allo+ it) a ,&'(e m&"t al+a!" procee' +it$ ca&tion in 'i"mi""in( ca"e" '&e to lac- of pro#a#le ca&"e) con"i'erin( t$e preliminar! nat&re of t$e ei'ence #efore it. It i" onl! +$en $e or "$e ?n'" t$at t$e ei'ence on $an' a#"ol&tel! fail" to "&pport a ?n'in( of pro#a#le ca&"e t$at $e or "$e can 'i"mi"" t$e ca"e. On t$e ot$er $an') if a ,&'(e ?n'" pro#a#le ca&"e) $e or "$e m&"t not $e"itate to procee' +it$ arrai(nment an' trial in or'er t$at ,&"tice ma! #e "ere'. Meaning of personal 1nowledge of commission of crime; does not include person>s reputation or past criminal citations.
*reio&" criminal recor'" of an acc&"e' are "&Qcient to ca&"e $i" arre"t +it$in t$e meanin( of per"onal -no+le'(e of fact" an' circ&m"tance" t$at acc&"e' committe' an o@en"e. S&c$ concept m&"t #e "trictl! con"tr&e'. 5*eople . T&'t&') 9= *$il. 2 2008;. A preio&" arre"t or exi"tin( criminal recor') een for t$e "ame o@en"e) +ill not "&Qce to "ati"f! t$e exactin( re>&irement" proi'e' &n'er Section ) %&le 118 in or'er to ,&"tif! a lawful +arrantle"" arre"t. J*er"onal -no+le'(e of t$e arre"tin( oQcer t*at a crime *ad in fact ust "een commi tted i" re>&ire'. To interpret Jper"onal -no+le'(e a" referrin( to a per"on3" rep&tation or pa"t criminal citation" +o&l' create a 'an(ero&" prece'ent an' &nnece""aril! "tretc$ t$e a&t$orit! an' po+er of police oQcer" to n&(ator! e@ect +arrantle"" arre"t" #a"e' lai' "olel! -no+le'(e ren'erin( t$e ri(oro&" re>&i"ite" o&ton &n'er Sectionof.a per"on3" preio&" criminal infraction") An acc&"e'3" act" of +al-in( alon( t$e "treet an' $ol'in( "omet$in( in $i" $an'") een if t$e! appeare' to #e '&#io&") co&ple' +it$ $i" preio&" criminal c$ar(e for t$e "ame o@en"e) are not #! t$em"ele" "&Qcient to incite "&"picion of criminal actiit! or to create pro#a#le ca&"e eno&($ to ,&"tif! a +arrantle"" arre"t &n'er Section . J*ro#a#le ca&"e $a" #een &n'er"too' to mean a rea"ona#le (ro&n' of "&"picion "&pporte' #! circ&m"tance" "&Qcientl! "tron( in t$em"ele" to +arrant a ca&tio&" man" #elief t$at t$e per"on acc&"e' i" (&ilt! of t$e o@en"e +it$ +$ic$ $e i" c$ar(e'. 5*eople . C$&a o San [T"a! o San) 86 *$il. 08) 1 1///;. Speci?call! +it$ re"pect to arre"t") it i" "&c$ fact" an' circ&m"tance" +$ic$ +o&l' lea' a rea"ona#l! 'i"creet an' pr&'ent man to #eliee t$at an o@en"e $a" #een committe' #! t$e per"on "o&($t to #e arre"te') +$ic$ clearl! 'o not o#tain in appellant3" ca"e. 5*eople . Villareal) 4.%. No. 201868) arc$ 1=) 2018;. RULE $$+ ) .AIL Application for bail where the accused is charged with a crime punishableby reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment; indispensable re%uirements.
M$ere t$e acc&"e' i" c$ar(e' +it$ a capital o@en"e +$ic$) &n'er t$e la+ at t$e time of t$e application for #ail i" p&ni"$a#le #! 'eat$ or reclusion perpetua) an' t$e acc&"e' ?le" an application for #ail) (ie rea"ona#le notice of t$e $earin( to t$e pro"ec&tor or re>&ire $im to "&#mit $i"$er recommen'ation. T$e petition for #ail m&"t Tamino;. #e ?le' #efore co&rt t$e Ei'ence ca"e i" pen'in( i" a matter of 'i"cretion. 5Bornia(a . on. T$ere t$e m&"t #e a+$ere $earin(. of (&ilt"ince m&"t#ail #e "tron(. *ro"ec&tion m&"t #e (ien f&ll opport&nit! to pre"ent ei'ence. T$e Co&rt ma! not (rant #ail "impl! for t$e ref&"al of t$e pro"ec&tor to a''&ce ei'ence in oppo"ition to t$e application for #ail) #&t ma! a"- t$e pro"ec&tion "&c$ >&e"tion" a" +o&l' a"certain t$e "tren(t$ of t$e State3" ei'ence or ,&'(e t$e a'e>&ac! of t$e amo&nt of t$e #ail. Minor is charged with murder; bail a matter of right.
If a minor i" c$ar(e' +it$ t$e crime of m&r'er) #ail i" a matter of ri($t #eca&"e $e i" entitle' to a re'&ction of t$e penalt! #! one 'e(ree. If $e i" c$ar(e' &n'er a "pecial la+) #ail i" not a matter of ri($t #eca&"e $e i" not entitle' to t$e #ene?t" of Art. 6=) %*C +$ere t$e penalt! i" re'&ce' to one 'e(ree. e $a" to ?le a petition for #ail an' proe t$at t$e ei'ence of (&ilt i" not "tron(. 5*eople . an(&"an) April 19) 1//1 Brao . Bor,a) 189 SC%A 966;. ?ail granted due to humanitarian reasons.
Bail for t$e proi"ional li#ert! of t$e acc&"e') re(ar'le"" of t$e crime c$ar(e') "$o&l' #e allo+e' in'epen'entl! of t$e merit" of t$e c$ar(e) proi'e' $i" contin&e' incarceration i" clearl! "$o+n to #e in,&rio&" to $i" $ealt$ or to en'an(er $i" life. In'ee') 'en!in( $im #ail 'e"pite imperilin( $i" $ealt$ an' life +o&l' not "ere t$e tr&e o#,ectie of preentie incarceration '&rin( t$e trial. 4rantin( #ail to Enrile on t$e fore(oin( rea"on" i" not &nprece'ente'. T$e Co&rt $a" alrea'! $el' in Dela Rama v. 9*e 1eoples Court) *$il. 961 Octo#er 2) 1/96.
($ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
4rantin( proi"ional li#ert! to Enrile +ill t$en ena#le $im to $ae $i" me'ical con'ition #e properl! a''re""e' an' #etter atten'e' to #! competent p$!"ician" in t$e $o"pital" of $i" c$oice. T$i" +ill not onl! ai' in $i" a'e>&ate preparation of $i" 'efen"e #&t) more importantl!) +ill (&arantee $i" appearance in co&rt for t$e trial. 5:&an *once Enrile . San'i(an#a!an an' *eople) 4.%. No. 218=9) A&(&"t 1=) 201) Ber"amin) :;. 0o need to wait for termination of trial.
To mar- time in or'er to +ait for t$e trial to ?ni"$ #efore a meanin(f&l con"i'eration of t$e application for #ail can #e $a' i" to 'efeat t$e o#,ectie of #ail) +$ic$ i" entitle t$e acc&"e to proi"ional li#ert! pen'in( t$e trial. T$ere ma! #e circ&m"tance" 'eci"ie of t$e i""&e of #ail +$o"e exi"tence i" eit$er a'mitte' #! t$e *ro"ec&tion) or i" properl! t$e "&#,ect of ,&'icial notice t$at t$e co&rt" can alrea'! con"i'er in re"olin( t$e application for #ail +it$o&t a+aitin( t$e trial to ?ni"$. In Bravo, -r. v. Bora, No. L622=) &ire a con"i'eration not onl! of t$e ei'ence of t$e commi""ion of t$efor crime #&t al"otrial) ei'ence t$e t$e a((raatin( an' #e miti(atin( circ&m"tance". T$ere +o&l' t$en #eca"e. a nee' a complete after of +$ic$ ,&'(e +o&l' ,&"t a#o&t rea'! to ren'er a 'eci"ion in t$e S&c$ proce'&re +o&l' 'efeat t$e p&rpo"e of #ail) +$ic$ i" to entitle t$e acc&"e' to proi"ional li#ert! pen'in( trial. T$e Co&rt t$&" #alance" t$e "cale" of ,&"tice #! protectin( t$e intere"t of t$e *eople t$ro&($ en"&rin( $i" per"onal appearance at t$e trial) an' at t$e "ame time reali7in( for $im t$e (&arantee" of '&e proce"" a" +ell a" to #e pre"&me' innocent &ntil proen (&ilt!. 5An(ara .
Sec. 1) %&le 119 of t$e %ei"e' %&le" on Criminal *roce'&re allo+" t$at an! per"on in c&"to'! +$o i" not !et c$ar(e' in co&rt ma! appl! for #ail +it$ an! co&rt in t$e proince) cit! or m&nicipalit! +$ere $e i" $el'. In t$e ca"e at #ar) T$e acc&"e' 'i' not ?le an! application or petition for t$e (rant of #ail +it$ t$e %TC. De"pite t$e a#"ence of an! +ritten application) re"pon'ent ,&'(e er#all! (rante' #ail to T$e acc&"e'. T$i" i" a clear 'eiation from t$e proce'&re lai' 'o+n in Sec. 1 of %&le 119. A" re(ar'" t$e in"i"tence of t$e :&'(e t$at "&c$ ma! #e con"i'ere' a" con"tr&ctie #ail) t$ere i" no "&c$ "pecie" of #ail &n'er t$e %&le". De"pite t$e no#le"t of rea"on") t$e %&le" of Co&rt ma! not #e i(nore' v. :FD4E VICTO% at +ill an' at ran'om to t$e pre,&'ice of t$e ri($t" of anot$er. 54AFDENCIO B. *ANTILO III A. CANO) A.. No. %T:112262)
It iolate' t$e ri($t of t$e acc&"e' to #e pre"&me' innocent an' t$e ri($t to '&e proce"". In fact) it iolate' t$e or'er of pre"entation of ei'ence. T$e acc&"e' $a" t$e ri($t to ta-e t$e +itne"" "tan' an' t$at ri($t carrie" +it$ it t$e ri($t not to ta-e t$e +itne"" "tan'. 5Ale,an'ro ". *epito) /2 SC%A;. Fn'er t$e %&le" of Co&rt) $o+eer) +$ere t$e acc&"e' a'mitte' $i" (&ilt #&t interpo"e' t$e 'efen"e of ,&"tif!in( an' exemptin( circ&m"tance") t$e or'er of trial +o&l' #e reer"e'. 5%&le 11/) %&le" of Co&rt;.
Allegations in the information controlling; caption! no.
No le"" t$at t$e Con"tit&tion (&arantee" t$e ri($t of eer! per"on acc&"e' in a criminal pro"ec&tion to #e informe' of t$e nat&re an' ca&"e of acc&"ation a(ain"t $im. It i" f&n'amental t$at eer! element of +$ic$ t$e o@en"e i" compo"e' m&"t #e alle(e' in t$e complaint or information. T$e main p&rpo"e of re>&irin( t$e ario&" element" of a crime to #e "et o&t in t$e information i" to ena#le t$e acc&"e' to "&ita#l! prepare $i" 'efen"e. e i" pre"&me' to $ae no in'epen'ent -no+le'(e of t$e fact" t$at con"tit&te t$e o@en"e. JAn acc&"e' cannot of a trie'. $i($erIto@en"e +$ic$ $e c$ar(e' t$e in t$e complaint or information an' #e on conicte' +$ic$ $e +a" matter"t$an not t$at $o+ +it$ concl&"ie an'+a" conincin( ei'ence of (&ilt ma! #e) an acc&"e' cannot #e conicte' in t$e co&rt" of an! o@en"e) &nle"" it i" c$ar(e' in t$e complaint or information on +$ic$ $e i" trie') or nece""aril! incl&'e' t$erein. e $a" a ri($t to #e informe' a" to t$e nat&re of t$e o@en"e +it$ +$ic$ $e i" c$ar(e' #efore $e i" p&t on trial) an' to conict $im of an o@en"e $i($er t$an t$at c$ar(e' in t$e complaint or information on +$ic$ $e i" trie' +o&l' #e an &na&t$ori7e' 'enial of t$at ri($t. 5Canaran . *eople) 4.%. No. 206992) :&l! 1) 201) en'o7a) :;. Test to determine when o(enses necessarily included.
In'ee') an acc&"e' cannot #e conicte' of a crime) een if '&l! proen) &nle"" it i" alle(e' or nece""aril! incl&'e' in t$e information ?le' a(ain"t $im. An o@en"e c$ar(e' nece""aril! incl&'e" t$e o@en"e proe' +$en "ome of t$e e""ential element" or in(re'ient" of t$e former) a" alle(e' in t$e complaint or information) con"tit&te t$e latter. T$e crime of t$eft in it" con"&mmate' "ta(e &n'o&#te'l! incl&'e" t$e crime in it" attempte' "ta(e. In t$i" ca"e) alt$o&($ t$e ei'ence pre"ente' '&rin( t$e trial proe' t$e crime of con"&mmate' T$eft) $e co&l' #e conicte' of Attempte' T$eft onl!. %e(ar'le"" of t$e oer+$elmin( ei'ence to conict $im for con"&mmate' T$eft) #eca&"e t$e Information 'i' not c$ar(e $im +it$ con"&mmate' T$eft) t$e Co&rt cannot 'o "o a" t$e "ame +o&l' iolate $i" ri($t to #e informe' of t$e nat&re an' ca&"e of t$e alle(ation" a(ain"t $im) a" $e "o prote"t". 5Canaran . *eople) 4.%. No. 206992) :&l! 1) 201) en'o7a) :;. Right against self$incrimination not applicable to juridical persons.
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T$e ri($t a(ain"t "elfincrimination i" not applica#le to ,&ri'ical per"on". In Baseco vs. 1CGG) 4.%. No. ==) a! 2) 1/=) it +a" "ai' t$at an in'ii'&al ma! ref&"e to an"+er >&e"tion" incriminatin( $im &nle"" t$ere i" an imm&nit! "tat&te (rante' to $im. T$i" 'oe" not appl! to a corporation e"te' +it$ priile(e") or franc$i"e") for it ma! not ref&"e to "$o+ it" $an'" +$en c$ar(e' +it$ a#&"e of it" priile(e". In fact) an oQcer of t$e compan! cannot ref&"e to pro'&ce it" recor'" in it" po""e""ion) &pon plea of "elf incrimination) eit$er of $im"elf or t$e compan!. #ouble jeopardy will attach if accused is prosecuted for same o(ense.
A" a r&le) once t$e co&rt (rant" t$e 'em&rrer) t$e (rant amo&nt" to an ac>&ittal an! f&rt$er pro"ec&tion of t$e acc&"e' +o&l' iolate t$e con"tit&tional pro"cription on 'o&#le ,eopar'!. Nota#l!) t$e pro"cription a(ain"t 'o&#le ,eopar'! onl! eni"a(e" appeal" #a"e' on error" of ,&'(ment) #&t not error" of ,&ri"'iction. :&ri"pr&'ence reco(ni7e" t+o (ro&n'" +$ere 'o&#le ,eopar'! +ill not attac$) t$e"e are 5i; on t$e (ro&n' of (rae a#&"e of 'i"cretion amo&ntin( to lac- or exce"" of ,&ri"'iction an'or 5ii; +$ere t$ere i" a 'enial of a part!3" '&e proce"" ri($t". T$e petitioner partic&larl! (rae of 'i"cretion on t$e ei'ence San'i(an#a!an for it" t$e (rant of t$e 'em&rrer to ei'ence) +it$o&timp&te" re>&irin( t$e a#&"e pre"entation of a''itional an' 'e"pite lacof #a"i" for t$e (rant tracea#le to t$e "pecial pro"ec&tor3" con'&ct . T$e "pecial pro"ec&tor3" con'&ct alle(e'l! al"o iolate' t$e State3" '&e proce"" ri($t". In t$i" ca"e) t$e State +a" not 'enie' '&e proce"" in t$e procee'in(" #efore t$e San'i(an#a!an. T$ere +a" no in'ication t$at t$e "pecial pro"ec&tor 'eli#eratel! an' +illf&ll! faile' to pre"ent aaila#le ei'ence or t$at ot$er ei'ence co&l' #e "ec&re'. 5*eople . San'i(an#a!an) 4.%. No". 188090 566 SC%A =/;)
51; 52; 58;
to con'&ct a "earc$in( in>&ir! into t$e ol&ntarine"" an' f&ll compre$en"ion of t$e con"e>&ence" of t$e plea of (&ilt) to re>&ire t$e pro"ec&tion to "till proe t$e (&ilt of t$e acc&"e' an' t$e preci"e 'e(ree of $i" c&lpa#ilit!) an' to in>&ire +$et$er or not t$e acc&"e' +i"$e" to pre"ent ei'ence in$i" #e$alf an' allo+ $im to 'o "o if $e 'e"ire".
T$e rationale #e$in' t$e r&le i" t$at t$e co&rt" m&"t procee' +it$ more care +$ere t$e po""i#le p&ni"$ment i" in it" "eere"t form) namel! 'eat$ 5no+ reclusion perpetua;) for t$e rea"on t$at t$e exec&tion a "entence i" irreer"i#le. T$e to aoi' improi'ent of (&iltt$e on t$e partofof"&c$ an acc&"e' +$ere (rae crime" areprimor'ial inole' p&rpo"e "ince $e i" mi($t #e a'mittin( $i" plea" (&ilt #efore co&rt an' t$&" forfeitin( $i" life an' li#ert! +it$o&t $ain( f&ll! &n'er"too' t$e meanin() "i(ni?cance an' con"e>&ence of $i" plea. 5*eople . Erna") 9 *$il. =2/ 2008;. oreoer) t$e re>&irement of ta-in( f&rt$er ei'ence +o&l' ai' t$e Co&rt on appellate reie+ in 'eterminin( t$e propriet! or impropriet! of t$e plea. 5*eople . *a"tor) 92= *$il. /6 2002 *eople . 4am#ao) et al.) 4.%. No. 120) Octo#er 1) 2018;. 3lea of guilty to capital o(ense; reception of evidence
M$en t$e acc&"e' plea'" (&ilt! to a capital o@en"e t$e co&rt "$o&l' con'&ct a "earc$in( in>&ir! into t$e ol&ntarine"" an' f&ll compre$en"ion of t$e con"e>&ence" of $i"$er plea an' 5#; re>&ire t$e pro"ec&tion to proe $i"$er (&ilt an' t$e preci"e 'e(ree of c&lpa#ilit!. It "$o&l' allo+ t$e acc&"e' to pre"ent ei'ence on $i"$er #e$alf. In 1eople v. Alicando, 4.%. No. 111=) Decem#er 12) 1//) 21 SC%A 2/8) t$e S&preme Co&rt $el' t$at a coniction in capital o@en"e cannot re"t alone on a plea of (&ilt. T$e trial co&rt m&"t re>&ire t$e pro"ec&tion to proe t$e (&ilt of t$e appellant an' t$e preci"e 'e(ree of $i"$er c&lpa#ilit! #e!on' rea"ona#le 'o&#t. Note T$i" i" e"peciall! "o if t$ere are a((raatin( circ&m"tance" +$ic$ are not a'mitte' +$en acc&"e' plea'" (&ilt!. 5*eople . Commen'a'or; +earching %uestions in case of re$arraignment.
T$e re>&irement to con'&ct a "earc$in( in>&ir! applie" more "o in ca"e" of rearrai(nment. v. Galve In 1eople ) t$e Co&rt note' t$atin"ince acc&"e'appellant" ori(inal$i" plea +a" (&ilt!) t$e trial co&rt "$o&l' $ae exerte' caref&l e@ort in>&irin( into +$! $e c$an(e' plea to Jnot J(&ilt!. 54.%. No. L 1808) arc$ 6) 2002) 8= SC%A 8=/ *eople . C$&a) 866 SC%A 2=8 52001;;. T$e "trin(ent proce'&re (oernin( t$e reception of a plea of (&ilt) e"peciall! in a ca"e inolin( t$e 'eat$ penalt!) i" impo"e' &pon t$e trial ,&'(e in or'er to leae no room for 'o&#t on t$e po""i#ilit! t$at t$e acc&"e' mi($t $ae mi"&n'er"too' t$e nat&re of t$e c$ar(e an' t$e con"e>&ence" of t$e plea. 5*eople . 4ale7 *eople . a(at) 882 SC%A 1 52000; *eople . $a''af! :an,alani) et al.) 4.%. No. 1==819) :an&ar! 10) 2011;.
Re%uirement of conduct of searching %uestions not satis"ed if it was counsel who e/plained the conse%uences of plea.
T$e re>&irement to con'&ct a "earc$in( in>&ir! "$o&l' not #e 'eeme' "ati"?e' in ca"e" in +$ic$ it +a" t$e 'efen"e co&n"el +$o explaine' t$e con"e>&ence" of a J(&ilt! plea to t$e acc&"e'. In 1eople v. Al"orida) t$e Co&rt fo&n' t$at t$ere +a" "till an improi'ent plea of (&ilt!) een if t$e acc&"e' $a' alrea'! "i(ni?e' in open co&rt t$at $i" co&n"el $a' explaine' t$e con"e>&ence" of t$e (&ilt! plea t$at $e &n'er"too' t$e explanation of $i" co&n"el t$at t$e acc&"e' &n'er"too' t$at t$e penalt! of 'eat$ +o&l' "till #e mete' o&t to $im an' t$at $e $a' not #een intimi'ate') #ri#e') or t$reatene'. 54.%. No. 1868=2) :&ne 2) 2001) 8/ SC%A 9/;. T$e con'&ct of a "earc$in( in>&ir! remain" t$e '&t! of ,&'(e") a" t$e! are man'ate' #! t$e r&le" to "ati"f! t$em"ele" t$at t$e acc&"e' $a' not #een &n'er coercion or'&re"" mi"ta-en impre""ion" or a mi"&n'er"tan'in( of t$e "i(ni?cance) e@ect") an' con"e>&ence" of t$eir (&ilt! plea. 5*eople . Da!ot) 1=
(( %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
SC%A 68 51//0;;. T$i" re>&irement i" "trin(ent an' man'ator!. 5*eople . 4ale7) 8= SC%A 8=/ 52002; *eople . $a''af! :an,alani) et al.) 4.%. No. 1==819) :an&ar! 10) 2011;. *RE'TRIAL > TRIAL Admission by counsel at pre$trial.
T$e a'mi""ion of co&n"el in a criminal ca"e in open co&rt t$at acc&"e' $a' remor"e of con"cience an' +o&l' a'mit t$e crime c$ar(e' plea'in( for merc! an' compa""ion #! t$e trial co&rt i" not #in'in( &pon t$e acc&"e'. It cannot #e &"e' a(ain"t $im a" it $a" not #een "i(ne' #! $im. A'mi""ion #! an attorne! i" limite' to matter" of ,&'icial proce'&re. An a'mi""ion t$at operate" a" a +aier) "&rren'er an' o#"tr&ction of t$e client" ca&"e i" #e!on' t$e "cope of t$e attorne!3" implie' a&t$orit!. 5*eople . ermane") 4.%. No. 18/916) arc$ 12) 2002) 8/ SC%A 11 *eople . ace'a) 8 SC%A 6/;. Onl! a'mi""ion relatie to proce'&ral matter" are #in'in( &pon t$e acc&"e'. Remedy where accused not brought trialt$e within limit. If t$e acc&"e' i" notis#ro&($t to trial to +it$in time the limittime re>&ire' #! Section 15(;) %&le 116 an'
Section 1) a" exten'e' #! Section 6 of t$i" %&le) t$e Information ma! #e 'i"mi""e' on motion of t$e acc&"e' on t$e (ro&n' of 'enial of $i" ri($t to "pee'! trial. T$e acc&"e' "$all $ae t$e #&r'en of proin( t$e motion) #&t t$e pro"ec&tion "$all $ae t$e #&r'en of (oin( for+ar' +it$ t$e ei'ence to e"ta#li"$ t$e excl&"ion of time &n'er Section 8 of t$i" %&le. T$e 'i"mi""al "$all #e "&#,ect to t$e r&le" on 'o&#le ,eopar'!.
T$e SC r&le' t$at Enrile i" entitle' to a #ill of partic&lar". *l&n'er i" t$e crime committe' #! p&#lic oQcer" +$en t$e! ama"" +ealt$ inolin( at lea"t *0 million #! mean" of a com#ination or "erie" of oert act". Fn'er t$e"e term") it i" not "&Qcient to "impl! alle(e t$at t$e amo&nt of ill(otten +ealt$ ama""e' amo&nte' to at lea"t *0 million t$e manner of ama""in( t$e ill(otten +ealt$ +$et$er through a combination or series of overts acts under +ection GdH of R.A. 0o. <9< i" an important element t$at m&"t #e alle(e'. t$e *l&n'er "pea-"1)ofpara(rap$ J cm8inatin: it refer" to at for lea"t t+o 52;) act" e;ample 'i@erentM$en cate(orie" li"te' La+ in Section 5'; of %.A. No. 0=0 rai'"fallin( on t$e&n'er p&#lic trea"&r! &n'er Section 1) para(rap$ 5';) "&#para(rap$ 51;) an' fra&'&lent cone!ance of a""et" #elon(in( to t$e National 4oernment &n'er Section 1) para(rap$ 5';) "&#para(rap$ 58;. On t$e ot$er $an') to con"tit&te a J series t$ere m&"t #e t+o 52; or more oert or criminal act" fallin( &n'er t$e "ame cate(or! of en&meration fo&n' in Section 1) para(rap$ 5'; for e;ample) mi"appropriation) maler"ation an' rai'" on t$e p&#lic trea"&r!) all of +$ic$ fall &n'er Section 1) para(rap$ 5';) "&#para(rap$ 51;. 5E"tra'a . San'i(an#a!an) 921 *$il. 2/0) 81 2001;. T$e pro"ec&tion emplo!e' a (enerali7e' or shtgun a33rach in alle(in( t$e criminal oert act" alle(e'l! committe' #! Enrile. T$i" approac$ ren'ere' t$e alle(ation" of t$e para(rap$ &ncertain to t$e point of am#i(&it! for purposes of enabling 'nrile to respond and prepare for his defense. T$e $eart of t$e *l&n'er La+ lie" in t$e p$ra"e Jcom#ination or "erie" of oert or criminal act". ence) even if the accumulated ill$gotten wealth amounts to at least 3=< million! a person cannot be prosecuted for the crime of plunder if this resulted from a single criminal act. T$i" interpretation of t$e *l&n'er La+ i" er! clear from t$e con(re""ional 'eli#eration". Con"i'erin( t$at +it$o&t a n&m#er of oert or criminal act") t$ere can #e no crime of pl&n'er) t$e ario&" oert act" t$at con"tit&te t$e Jcom#ination an' J"erie" t$e Information alle(e') are material fact" t$at "$o&l' not onl! #e alle(e') #&t m&"t #e "tate' +it$ "&Qcient 'e?nitene"" "o t$at t$e acc&"e' +o&l' -no+ +$at $e i" "peci?call! c$ar(e' +it$ an' +$! $e "tan'" c$ar(e') "o t$at $e co&l' properl! 'efen' $im"elf a(ain"t t$e c$ar(e". 5:&an *once Enrile . San'i(an#a!an an' *eople) 4.%. No. 218=9) A&(&"t 1=) 201) Ber"amin) :; ?asic purpose of ?ill of 3articulars.
T$e p&rpo"e of a #ill of partic&lar i" to clarif! alle(ation" in t$e Information t$at are in'e?nite) a(&e) or are concl&"ion" of la+ to enable the accused to properly plead and prepare for trial ) nt sim3l/ to inform him of the crime of which he stands accused . Veril!) an acc&"e' cannot intelli(entl! re"pon' to t$e c$ar(e lai' if t$e alle(ation" are incomplete or are &nclear to $im.
Matter of defense cannot be grounds for motion to %uash; present them at the trial.
An information cannot #e >&a"$e' if t$e (ro&n' relie' &pon i" a matter of 'efen"e. T$e i""&e on t$e 'eclaration of n&llit! of t$e marria(e #et+een petitioner an' re"pon'ent onl! after t$e latter contracte' t$e "&#"e>&ent marria(e i") t$erefore) immaterial for t$e p&rpo"e of e"ta#li"$in( t$at t*e facts alleged in t*e information for Bi(am! does not constitute an oFense. &a"$ #! +a! of exception to t$e e"ta#li"$e' r&le t$at fact" contrar! to t$e alle(ation" in t$e information are matter" of 'efen"e +$ic$ ma! #e rai"e' onl! '&rin( t$e pre"entation of ei'ence. 5Antone . Beronilla) 4.%. No. 1=8=29) Decem#er =) 2010;. Re%uisites of the year; B year bar rule.
(+ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
In open co&rt) t$e acc&"e' moe' to 'i"mi"" proi"ionall! a criminal ca"e con"i'erin( t$at complainant $a' not "$o+n an! intere"t to pro"ec&te t$e complaint t$e contention t$at t$e 'i"mi""al #ecame permanent one !ear after t$e i""&ance of t$e or'er of 'i"mi""al i" not correct. e i" #&r'ene' to e"ta#li"$ t$e e""ential re>&i"ite" of t$e ?r"t para(rap$ of Section =) %&le 11 of t$e %&le") +$ic$ are con'ition" "ine >&a non to t$e application of t$e time#ar in t$e "econ' para(rap$ t$ereof) to +it 51; t$e pro"ec&tion +it$ t$e expre"" conformit! of t$e acc&"e' or t$e acc&"e' moe" for a proi"ional 5"in per,&icio; 'i"mi""al of t$e ca"e or #ot$ t$e pro"ec&tion an' t$e acc&"e' moe for a proi"ional 'i"mi""al of t$e ca"e 52; t$e o@en'e' part! i" noti?e' of t$e motion for a proi"ional 'i"mi""al of t$e ca"e 58; t$e co&rt i""&e" an or'er (rantin( t$e motion an' 'i"mi""in( t$e ca"e proi"ionall! an' 59; t$e p&#lic pro"ec&tor i" "ere' +it$ a cop! of t$e or'er of proi"ional 'i"mi""al of t$e ca"e. 5*eople . Lac"on) 99= *$il. 81) 8081 52008;) a" cite' in Lo" BaXo" . *e'ro) 609 *$il. 21) 22/ 5200/;;. In t$i" ca"e) it i" apparent t$at t$ere +a" no notice of an! motion for t$e proi"ional 'i"mi""al or of t$e $earin( t$ereon +$ic$ +a" "ere' on t$e priate complainant at lea"t t$ree 'a!" #efore "ai' $earin( a" man'ate' #! Section 9) %&le 1 of t$e %&le". T$e importance of a prior notice to t$e o@en'e' part! of a motion for proi"ional 'i"mi""al i" aptl! in1eople v. /acson, 99= *$il.#ecome 81 52008;;. M$en t$e %&le" "tate"explaine' t$at t$e proi"ional 'i"mi""al "$all permanent one !ear after t$e i""&ance of t$e or'er temporaril! 'i"mi""in( t$e ca"e) it "$o&l' not #e literall! interprete' a" "&c$. Of co&r"e) t$ere i" a ital nee' to "ati"f! t$e #a"ic re>&irement" of '&e proce"". 5Co . Ne+ *ro"perit! *la"tic *ro'&ct") 4.%. No. 1=8//9) :&ne 80) 2019) *eralta) :;. RULE $$6 ' TRIAL *nce court granted demurrer to evidence! appeal from the order would put the accused in double jeopardy.
Mell"ettle' i" t$e r&le t$at if acc&"e' i" ac>&itte' on a 'em&rrer to ei'ence) t$e State cannot appeal) ot$er+i"e t$e acc&"e' +o&l' #e p&t to 'o&#le ,eopar'!. A" a r&le) once t$e co&rt (rant" t$e 'em&rrer) t$e (rant amo&nt" to an ac>&ittal an! f&rt$er pro"ec&tion of t$e acc&"e' +o&l' iolate t$e con"tit&tional pro"cription on 'o&#le ,eopar'! 5*eople . SB) 4.%. No. 1691=) :&l! 28) 200=) / SC%A 99/;. Nota#l!) t$e pro"cription a(ain"t 'o&#le ,eopar'! onl! eni"a(e" appeal" #a"e' on error" of ,&'(ment) #&t not error" of ,&ri"'iction. :&ri"pr&'ence reco(ni7e" t+o (ro&n'" +$ere 'o&#le ,eopar'! +ill not attac $) t$e"e are 5i; on t$e (ro&n' of (rae a#&"e of 'i"cretion amo&ntin( to lac- or exce"" of ,&ri"'iction 5*eople . SB) 9/1 SC%A 1= 2006;) an'or 5ii; +$ere t$ere i" a 'enial of a part!3" '&e proce"" ri($t" 5*eople . Vela"co) 4.%. No. 12999) Septem#er 18) 2000) 890 SC%A 20;. If eit$er or #ot$ (ro&n'" are e"ta#li"$e') t$e ,&'(ment of ac>&ittal i" con"i'ere' oi' a" a oi' ,&'(ment) it i" le(all! inexi"tent an' 'oe" not $ae t$e e@ect an1921= ac>&ittal. T$&") t$e 'efen"e 'o&#le ,eopar'! +ill not lie in "&c$ a ca"e 5*eople . ernan'e7) 4.%. of No. P 1982) A&(&"t 2=)of2006) 9// SC%A 6==;. A reie+ of a 'i"mi""al or'er of t$e San'i(an#a!an (rantin( an acc&"e'3" 'em&rrer to ei'ence ma! #e 'one ia t$e "pecial ciil action of certiorari &n'er %&le 6) #a"e' on t$e narro+ (ro&n' of (rae a#&"e of 'i"cretion amo&ntin( to lac- or exce"" of ,&ri"'iction 5*eople . La(&io) :r.) 4.%. No. 12===) arc$ 16) 200) 1= SC%A 8/8;. ere alle(ation" of (rae a#&"e of 'i"cretion) $o+eer) are not eno&($ to e"ta#li"$ t$i" (ro&n' "o al"o) mere a#&"e of 'i"cretion i" not "&Qcient 5arcelo B. 4anan'en) O"car B. ina) :o"e . Ba&ti"ta an' Erne"to . Narci"co) :r. . onora#le OQce of t$e Om#&'"man an' %o#ert . &mi+at) 4.%. No". 16/8/61) :&ne 1) 2011 *eople . SB) et al. 54.%. No". 188090)
M$en acc&"e' ?le' a 'em&rrer to ei'ence +it$o&t leae of co&rt) t$e +$ole ca"e +a" "&#mitte' for ,&'(ment on t$e #a"i" of t$e ei'ence pre"ente' #! t$e pro"ec&tion a" t$e acc&"e' i" 'eeme' to $ae +aie' t$e ri($t to pre"ent ei'ence. At t$at ,&nct&re) t$e co&rt i" calle' &pon to 'eci'e t$e ca"e incl&'in( it" ciil a"pect. 5&n !&n( *ar- . E&n( Mon C$oi) 4.%. No. 169/6)
t$e trial. If t$e co&rt 'enie" t$e motion to 'i"c$ar(e of t$e acc&"e' a" "tate +itne"") $i"$er "+orn "tatement "$all #e ina'mi""i#le in ei'ence. 2. Di"c$ar(e of acc&"e' operate" a" an ac>&ittal an' a #ar to f&rt$er pro"ec&tion for t$e "ame o@en"e) &nle"" t$e acc&"e' fail" or ref&"e" to te"tif! a(ain"t $i"$er coacc&"e' in accor'ance +it$ $i"$er "+orn "tatement con"tit&tin( t$e #a"i" of $i"$er 'i"c$ar(e. 2.1. &alit! of t$e te"timon! of t$e 'i"c$ar(e' 'efen'ant. If $e ref&"e" to te"tif! or recant" $e can #e c$ar(e'. T$e aQ'aita'mi""ion" are a'mi""i#le a(ain"t $im. If motion to 'i"c$ar(e' 'enie' aQ'ait not a'mi""i#le in ei'ence. RULE $&= ' JUD?MENT '(ect if accused fails to appear at promulgation; warrant of arrest; mere notice of appeal is not considered as surrender.
(- %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
T$e acc&"e' +$o faile' to appear at t$e prom&l(ation of t$e ,&'(ment of coniction "$all lo"e t$e reme'ie" aaila#le &n'er t$e %&le" of Co&rt a(ain"t t$e ,&'(mentK5a; t$e ?lin( of a motion for ne+ trial or recon"i'eration 5%&le 121;) an' 5#; an appeal from t$e,&'(ment of coniction 5%&le 122;. o+eer) t$e %&le" allo+ t$e acc&"e ' to re(ain $i" "tan'in( in co&rt in or'er to aail of t$e"e reme'ie" #! 5a; $i" "&rren'er) an' 5#; $i" ?lin( of a motion for leae of co&rt to aail of t$e"e reme'ie") "tatin( t$erein t$e rea"on" for $i" a#"ence) +it$in 1 'a!" from t$e 'ate of prom&l(ation of ,&'(ment. If t$e trial co&rt ?n'" t$at $i" a#"ence +a" for a ,&"ti?a#le ca&"e) t$e acc&"e' "$all #e allo+e' to aail of t$e "ai' reme'ie" +it$in 1 'a!" from notice or or'er ?n'in( $i" a#"ence ,&"ti?e' an' allo+in( $im t$e aaila#le reme'ie" a(ain"t t$e ,&'(ment of coniction. Acc&"e'"3 mere ?lin( of notice of appeal t$ro&($ t$eir ne+ co&n"el) t$erein onl! explainin( t$eir a#"ence '&rin( t$e prom&l(ation of ,&'(ment) cannot #e con"i'ere' an act of "&rren'er. T$e term J"&rren'er &n'er Section 6) %&le 120 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt contemplate" an act +$ere#! a conicte' acc&"e' p$!"icall! an' ol&ntaril! "&#mit" $im"elf to t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e co&rt to "&@er t$e con"e>&ence" of t$e er'ict a(ain"t $im. T$e ?lin( of notice of appeal cannot "&Qce a" a p$!"ical an' ol&ntar! "&#mi""ion of petitioner" to t$e It i" &pon petitioner"3 ali' +it$ "&rren'er) an' onl! after proper motion) t$at t$e! can%TC3" aail ,&ri"'iction. of t$e reme'! of onl! appeal. A#"ent compliance t$e"e re>&irement") t$eir notice" of appeal) t$e initiator! "tep to appeal from t$eir coniction) +ere properl! 'enie' '&e co&r"e. 5Villena) et al. . *eople) et al.) 4.%. No. 1=90/1) :an&ar! 81) 2011 Sala'or . C$&a) 4.%. No. 212=6) :&l! 1) 201;. 5ariance between o(ense proved and charged.
An acc&"e' ma! #e conicte' for ille(al po""e""ion of 'an(ero&" 'r&(" &n'er Article II) Section 11 of %ep&#lic Act No. /16 +$en $e +a" c$ar(e' +it$ ille(al 'i"pen"ation) 'elier!) tran"portation) 'i"tri#&tion or actin( a" #ro-er of 'an(ero&" 'r&(" &n'er Article II) Section of t$e "ame "tat&te. %&le %&le 120) Section 9 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt (oern" "it&ation" +$ere t$ere i" a ariance #et+een t$e crime c$ar(e' an' t$e crime proe'. M$en t$ere i" ariance #et+een t$e o@en"e c$ar(e' in t$e complaint or information an' t$at proe') an' t$e o@en"e a" c$ar(e' i" incl&'e' in or nece""aril! incl&'e" t$e o@en"e proe') t$e acc&"e' "$all #e conicte' of t$e o@en"e proe' +$ic$ i" incl&'e' in t$e o@en"e c$ar(e') or of t$e o@en"e c$ar(e' +$ic$ i" incl&'e' in t$e o@en"e proe'. Mell"ettle' in ,&ri"pr&'ence t$at t$e'r&(". crime T$e of ille(al of ma! 'an(ero&" nece""aril! incl&'e" t$e crime of ille(al po""e""ion of 'an(ero&" "ame"ale r&lin( al"o #e'r&(" applie' to t$e ot$er act" penali7e' &n'er Article II) Section of %ep&#lic Act No. /16 #eca&"e for t$e acc&"e' to #e a#le to tra'e) a'mini"ter) 'i"pen"e) 'elier) (ie a+a! to anot$er) 'i"tri#&te) 'i"patc$ in tran"it) or tran"port an! 'an(ero&" 'r&() $e m&"t nece""aril! #e in po""e""ion of "ai' 'r&(". 5*eople . aon(co) et al.) 4.%. No. 1/6/66) Octo#er 28) 2018) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro) :;. +tate cannot appeal from an order granting demurrer to evidence; double jeopardy.
T$e pro"ec&tion cannot appeal from a r&lin( (rantin( t$e 'em&rrer to ei'ence of t$e acc&"e' a" it i" e>&ialent to an ac>&ittal) &nle"" t$e pro"ec&tion can "&Qcientl! proe t$at t$e co&rt3" action i" atten'e' +it$ (rae a#&"e of 'i"cretion. Ot$er+i"e) t$e con"tit&tional ri($t of t$e acc&"e' a(ain"t 'o&#le ,eopar'! +ill #e iolate'. T$e r&le #arrin( an appeal from a ,&'(ment of ac>&ittal i") $o+eer) not a#"ol&te. T$e follo+in( are t$e reco(ni7e' exception" t$ereto 5i; +$en t$e pro"ec&tion i" 'enie' '&e proce"" of la+ 54alman . SB) 199 SC%A 98 51/=6;; an' 5ii; +$en t$e trial co&rt commit" (rae a#&"e of 'i"cretion amo&ntin( to lacor exce"" of ,&ri"'iction in 'i"mi""in( a criminal ca"e #! (rantin( t$e acc&"e'3 'em&rrer to ei'ence. 5*eople . F!) 4.%. No. 1=1) Septem#er 80) 200) 91 SC%A 66= *eople . SB) et al.) 4.%. No. 169) :&l! ) 2010;. Accused can avail of probation even if he appealed; when.
A" a r&le) if an acc&"e' appeale' from t$e ,&'(ment of coniction) $e i" 'i">&ali?e' from aailin( of t$e #ene?t of pro#ation. T$e r&le i" not a#"ol&te a" +$en t$e ,&'(ment of coniction impo"e' a "eere penalt! t$at 'i">&ali?e' $im from aailin( of t$e #ene?t" of pro#ation) #&t "&c$ ,&'(ment +o&l' #e ann&lle' #eca&"e of an erroneo&" ,&'(ment. T$e acc&"e' 'i' not appeal from a ,&'(ment t$at +o&l' $ae allo+e' $im to appl! for pro#ation. e 'i' not $ae a c$oice #et+een appeal an' pro#ation. T$e contention t$at t$e appeal +o&l' 'il&te 8rancisco v. CA, +$ere if an acc&"e' appeal") $e i" 'i">&ali?e' from appl!in( for pro#ation i" not correct. T$i" i" "o #eca&"e t$e r&lin( t$at +o&l' allo+ $im to aail of pro#ation i" t$e co&rt3" (reatl! 'imini"$e' penalt! impo"e' &pon $im on appeal. T$e r&le in 8rancisco remain" t$at t$o"e +$o +ill appeal from ,&'(ment" of coniction) +$en t$e! $ae t$e option to tr! for pro#ation) forfeit t$eir ri($t to appl! for t$at priile(e. 5Villareal . *eople) 4.%. No. 112= *eople . CA) et al.) 4.%. No. 19/9) P companion ca"e") Decem#er 1) 2019;. Rationale for probation.
T$e *ro#ation La+ neer inten'e' to 'en! an acc&"e' $i" ri($t to pro#ation t$ro&($ no fa< of $i". T$e &n'erl!in( p$ilo"op$! of pro#ation i" one of li#eralit! to+ar'" t$e acc&"e'. S&c$ p$ilo"op$! i" not "ere' #! a $ar"$ an' "trin(ent interpretation of t$e "tat&tor! proi"ion". T$e *ro#ation La+ m&"t not #e re(ar'e' a" a mere priile(e to #e (ien to t$e acc&"e' onl! +$ere it clearl! appear" $e come" +it$in it" letter to 'o "o +o&l' #e to 'i"re(ar' t$e teac$in( in man! ca"e" t$at t$e *ro#ation La+ "$o&l' #e applie' in faor of t$e acc&"e' not #eca&"e it i" a criminal la+ #&t to ac$iee it" #ene?cent p&rpo"e.
(0 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
T$e >&e"tion in t$i" ca"e i" <imatel! one of fairne"". I" it fair to 'en! an acc&"e' t$e ri($t to appl! for pro#ation +$en t$e ne+ penalt! t$at t$e Co&rt impo"e" on $im i") &nli-e t$e one erroneo&"l! impo"e' #! t$e trial co&rt) "&#,ect to pro#ationU 5Villareal . *eople) 4.%. No. 112= *eople . CA) et al.) 4.%. No. 19/9) P companion ca"e") Decem#er 1) 2019;. NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION round for new trial must really e/ist.
In (rantin( a motion for ne+ trial on t$e (ro&n' of ne+l! 'i"coere' ei'ence) t$e ei'ence pre"ente' m&"t #e in act&al exi"tence an' &n-no+n to t$e part! een if a ,&'(ment $a' #een ren'ere' #efore. T$i" "$o&l' #e t$e ca"e #eca&"e ot$er+i"e) $o+ co&l' it #e 'i"coere' ei'ence +$en it 'i' not in fact exi"t preio&"l! '&rin( trialU In t$i" ca"e) petitioner pre"ente' a" a (ro&n' for it" motion t$e te"timon! of an emplo!ee) +$o "tate' in an aQ'ait t$at $i" lia#ilit! to t$e cre'itor $a' #een c&t 'o+n to a mere *$* 21)/=1.1. o+eer) i" o#io&"+ere t$atma'e t$e "ame cannot #e exec&te') m&c$ le"" '&rin( t$e#e trial "ince t$e it pa!ment" afteraQ'ait ,&'(ment or after t$e fact. ence) t$e pro'&ce') "ame co&l' $ar'l! cla""i?e' a" ne+l! 'i"coere' ei'ence. 5<%ANCISCO L. BALOSIS) S%. ". *EO*LE O< TE *ILI**INES) 4.%. No. 1211/) A&(&"t 19) 200) VELASCO) :%.) :; E,IDENCE Judicial Ntice and Judicial Admissins
T$e e""ence of t$e crime penali7e' &n'er *D 1=66) a" amen'e') i" primaril! t$e acc&"e'3" lac- of licen"e or permit to carr! or po""e"" t$e ?rearm) a" po""e""ion it"elf i" not pro$i#ite' #! la+. In t$e in"tant ca"e) t$e pro"ec&tion +a" a#le to proe t$at petitioner $a' no licen"e or permit to po""e"" t$e "ei7e' contra#an' a" "$o+n #! a certi?cation t$at $e $a' no licen"e. T$e content") a&t$enticit!) an' import of t$e a#oe certi?cation +ere a'mitte' '&rin( t$e $earin( #! petitioner) t$ere#! 'i"pen"in( +it$ t$e te"timon! of t$e i""&in( oQcer) S*O1 %e(i". Fn'er Section 9 of %&le 12/ of t$e %ei"e' %&le" on Ei'ence) GAn a'mi""ion) er#al or +ritten) ma'e #! a part! in t$e co&r"e of t$e procee'in(" in t$e "ame ca"e) 'oe" not re>&ire proof. T$e a'mi""ion ma! #e contra'icte' onl! #! "$o+in( t$at it +a" ma'e t$ro&($ palpa#le mi"ta-e or t$at no "&c$ a'mi""ion +a" ma'e.G Clearl!) petitioner cannot ta-e a contrar! or 'i@erent po"ition con"i'erin( t$at $e $a" ma'e an expre"" a'mi""ion of t$e Certi?cation) +$ic$ 'oe" not re>&ire proof an' cannot #e contra'icte' #eca&"e t$ere i" no preio&" ei'ence t$at t$e a'mi""ion +a" ma'e t$ro&($ palpa#le mi"ta-e. After a'mittin( it) $e cannot no+ a""ail t$at "ai' $a" not properl! i'enti?e'. Be"i'e") $e late $a" $a' "eeral to pre"ent proof t$atcerti?cation $e +a" licen"e' to#een po""e"" ?rearm". et) een in t$i" "ta(e $e $a"occa"ion" not. 5CAETANO CA*AN4*AN4AN v. *EO*LE O< TE *ILI**INES) 4.%. No. 1021) Noem#er 28) 200) Vela"co. :r.) :; #ead man>s statute; the reason for its inadmissibility.
Fn'er t$e Dea' an3" Stat&te %&le) Jif one part! to t$e alle(e' tran"action i" precl&'e' from te"tif!in( #! 'eat$) in"anit!) or ot$er mental 'i"a#ilitie") t$e ot$er part! i" not entitle' to t$e &n'&e a'anta(e of (iin( $i" o+n &ncontra'icte' an' &nexplaine' acco&nt of t$e tran"action. 5Tan . Co&rt of Appeal") 4.%. No. 12=61) Septem#er /) 1//=) 2/ SC%A 29) 2=;. T$&") t$e alle(e' a'mi""ion of t$e 'ecea"e' *e'ro t$at $e entere' into a "$arin( of lea"e$ol' ri($t" +it$ t$e petitioner" cannot #e &"e' a" ei'ence a(ain"t t$e re"pon'ent a" t$e latter +o&l' #e &na#le to contra'ict or 'i"proe t$e "ame. Section 28. Dis=uali:cation "! reason of deat* or insanit! of adverse part!. *artie" or a""i(nor" of partie" to a ca"e) or per"on" in +$o"e #e$alf a ca"e i" pro"ec&te') a(ain"t an exec&tor or a'mini"trator or ot$er repre"entatie of a 'ecea"e' per"on) or a(ain"t a per"on of &n"o&n' min') cannot te"tif! a" to an! matter of fact occ&rrin( #efore t$e 'eat$ of "&c$ 'ecea"e' per"on or #efore "&c$ per"on #ecame of &n"o&n' min'. 54arcia . V'a. De Capara") 4.%. No. 1=0=98) April 1) 2018) Del Ca"tillo) :;. Mental retardate can testify.
M$ile it i" tr&e t$at t$e cre'i#ilit! of one +$o i" a mental retar'ate ma! #e 'iQc< to 'etermine) "till) it can #e a"certaine' #! 'e'&cin( from t$e manner "$e te"ti?e" in co&rt a" to t$e "&rro&n'in( fact" of t$e crime committe'. &alit! of $er perception" an' t$e manner "$e can ma-e t$em -no+n to t$e co&rt. 5*eople . Tamano) 4.%. No. 1===) Decem#er =) 2010;. Witness is a child< cannt 8e sle reasn 4r disuali1catin#
A" t$e r&le" "$o+) an!one +$o i" "en"i#le an' a+are of a releant eent or inci'ent) an' can comm&nicate "&c$ a+arene"") experience) or o#"eration to ot$er" can #e +itne"". A(e) reli(ion) et$nicit!) (en'er) e'&cational attainment) or "ocial "tat&" are not nece""ar! to >&alif! a per"on to #e a +itne"") "o lon( a" $e 'oe" not po""e"" an! of t$e 'i">&ali?cation" a" li"te' t$e r&le". T$e (enero"it! +it$ +$ic$ t$e %&le" of Co&rt allo+" people to te"tif! i" apparent) for reli(io&" #elief") intere"t in t$e o&tcome of a ca"e) an' coniction of a crime &nle"" ot$er+i"e proi'e' #! la+ are not (ro&n'" for 'i">&ali?cation". T$at t$e +itne"" i" a c$il' cannot #e t$e "ole rea"on for 'i">&ali?cation. T$e 'i"mi""iene"" +it$ +$ic$ t$e te"timonie" of c$il' +itne""e" +ere treate' in t$e pa"t $a" lon( #een era"e'. Fn'er t$e %&le on Examination of C$il' Mitne"" 5A.. No. 0090SC 1 Decem#er 2000;) eer! c$il' i" no+ pre"&me' >&ali?e' to #e a +itne"". To re#&t t$i" pre"&mption) t$e #&r'en of "&#"tantial 'o&#t exi"t" re(ar'in( t$e a#ilit! of t$e c$il' to perceie) remem#er) comm&nicate) 'i"tin(&i"$ tr&t$ from fal"e$oo') or appreciate
(9 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
t$e '&t! to tell t$e tr&t $ in co&rt +ill t$e co&rt ) motu proprio or on motion of a part!) con'&ct a competenc! examination of a c$il'. 5*eople . E"&(on) 4.%. No. 1/299) :&ne 22) 201) Ber"amin) :; '/trajudicial confession before a ,?antay ?ayan- is not admissible in evidence; reason.
T$e pro"ec&tion3" contention t$at t$e confe""ion #efore t$e #anta! #a!an i" a'mi""i#le "ince t$e! are not police oQcer" i" not >&ite correct) #eca&"e t$ere +a" a iolation of $i" con"tit&tional ri($t" &n'er c&"to'ial ine"ti(ation or t$e iran'a +arnin(". In 1eople v. Malngan) 4.%. No. 1090) Septem#er 26) 2006) 08 SC%A 2/9) t$e confe""ion #efore t$e #aran(a! c$airman to(et$er +it$ o#,ect "ei7e' +ere ina'mi""i#le in ei'ence. In 1eople of t*e 1*ilippines v. Buendia ) 982 *$il. 91 52002;) it +a" $el' t$at J#anta! #a!an i" Ja (ro&p of male re"i'ent" liin( in t$e area or(ani7e' for t$e p&rpo"e of -eepin( peace in t$eir comm&nit!) +$ic$ i" an accre'ite' a&xiliar! of t$e x x x *N*. Baran(a!#a"e' ol&nteer or(ani7ation" in t$e nat&re of +atc$ (ro&p" J#anta! #a!an) are reco(ni7e' #! t$e local (oernment &nit to perform f&nction" relatin( to t$e pre"eration of peace an' or'er at t$e #aran(a! leel. T$&") t$e "peci?c "cope of '&tie" an' re"pon"i#ilitie" 'ele(ate' to a J#anta! #a!an) partic&larl! on t$e a&t$orit! to con'&ct a c&"to'ial ine"ti(ation) an! in>&ir! i" ma'e #! t$em $a" t$e color of a "taterelate' f&nction an' o#,ectie in"ofar a" t$e entitlement of at$at "&"pect to $i" con"tit&tional ri($t" proi'e' for &n'er Art. III) Sec. 12 of t$e Con"tit&tion) ot$er+i"e -no+n a" t$e iran'a %i($t". 5*eople . La&(a) 4.%. No. 1=622=) arc$ 1) 2010;. Admissibility of dying declaration; reason.
D!in( 'eclaration i" a'mi""i#le a" an exception to t$e $ear"a! r&le. . M$ile t$e ictim +a" not a#le to te"tif! in co&rt) $i" "tatement i" con"i'ere' a'mi""i#le &n'er Section 8) %&le 180 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt) +$ic$ proi'e" t$at t$e 'eclaration of a '!in( per"on) ma'e &n'er t$e con"cio&"ne"" of an impen'in( 'eat$) ma! #e receie' in an! ca"e +$erein $i" 'eat$ i" t$e "&#,ect of in>&ir!) a" ei'ence of t$e ca&"e an' "&rro&n'in( circ&m"tance" of "&c$ 'eat$. In appl!in( t$i" exception to t$e $ear"a! r&le) it m&"t #e "$o+n t$at a '!in( 'eclaration +a" ma'e &n'er a reali7ation #! t$e 'ece'ent t$at $i" 'emi"e or at lea"t) it" imminence not "o m&c$ t$e rapi' eent&ation of 'eat$ i" at $an'. T$i" ma! #e proen #! t$e "tatement of t$e 'ecea"e' $im"elf or it ma! #e inferre' from t$e nat&re an' extent of t$e 'ece'ent3" +o&n'") or ot$er releant circ&m"tance". 5*eople . Santo") 88 *$il. 889 51//;;. A '!in( 'eclaration i" entitle' to t$e $i($e"t cre'ence) for no per"on +$o -no+" of $i" impen'in( 'eat$ +o&l' ma-e a carele"" or fal"e acc&"ation. M$en a per"on i" at t$e point of 'eat$) eer! motie of fal"e$oo' i" "ilence' an' t$e min' i" in'&ce' #! t$e mo"t po+erf&l con"i'eration to "pea- t$e tr&t$. 5*eople . Lama"an) 91 *$il. 80= 52008;;. It i" $ar' to fat$om t$at t$e ictim) er! +ea- a" $e +a" an' +it$ to $i" lie #o'! alrea'! an impen'in( +o&l' "&mmon remainin( "tren(t$ $e $a' ,&"t a#o&t $i" manife"tin( tr&e a""ailant") +$om $e'emi"e) o#io&"l! +o&l' +anteer! to #rin( to ,&"tice. 5 *eople . Ta#arnero) et al.) 4.%. No. 16=16/)
If after t$e rape an' -illin( of a !o&n( (irl) t$e acc&"e' a'mitte' to t$e #aran(a! oQcial" an' tano'" t$at $e +a" t$e one +$o committe' t$e crime "&c$ a'mi""ion i" a'mi""i#le a" an exception to t$e $ear"a! r&le. Acc&"e'3" "tatement" infront of t$e #aran(a! oQcial" are a'mi""i#le for #ein( part of t$e res gestae. Fn'er t$e %ei"e' %&le" on Ei'ence 5%&le 180) Sec. 9;) a 'eclaration i" 'eeme' part of t$e res gestae an' a'mi""i#le in ei'ence a" an exception to t$e $ear"a! r&le +$en t$e follo+in( re>&i"ite" conc&r 51; t$e principa l act) t$e res gestae ) i" a "tartlin( occ&rrence 52; t$e "tatement" +ere ma'e #efore t$e 'eclarant $a' time to contrie or 'ei"e an' 58; t$e "tatement" m&"t concern t$e occ&rrence in >&e"tion an' it" imme'iatel! atten'in( circ&m"tance". All t$e"e re>&i"ite" are pre"ent in t$i" ca"e. e $a' ,&"t #een t$ro&( $ a "tartlin( an' (r&e"o me occ&rrence) ictim3" 'eat$. i" a'mi""ion +a" ma'e +$ile $e +a" "till &n'er t$e in&ence of "ai' "tartlin( occ&rrence an' #efore $e $a' an opport&nit! to concoct or contrie a "tor!. In a''ition) $e +a" "till &n'er t$e in&ence of alco$ol at t$at time) $ain( en(a(e' in a 'rin-in( "pree. i" confe""ion concerne' t$erape an' -illin( of t$e ictim. i" "pontaneo&" "tatement" ma'e to priate per"on") not a(ent" of t$e State or la+ enforcer") are not coere' #! t$e con"tit&tional "afe(&ar'" on c&"to'ial ine"ti(ation an') a" res gestae, a'mi""i#le in ei'ence a(ain"t $im. 5*eople . Tir"o Sace) 4.%. NO. 1=068) April ) 2010;. ndependently relevant evidence; e/ception to the hearsay rule.
Fn'er t$e 'octrine of in'epen'entl! releant "tatement") t$e $ear"a! r&le 'oe" not appl! +$ere onl! t$e fact t$at "&c$ "tatement" +ere ma'e i" releant) an' t$e tr&t$ or fal"it! t$ereof i" immaterial. 5*eople . ali#iran) 4.%. No. 1=801) A&(&"t 29) 200/) =6 SC%A 6/8;. In t$e ca"e at #ar) t$e te"timon! of t$e police oQcer a" re(ar'" t$e coner"ation" #et+een t$e informant an' acc&"e'appellant i" a'mi""i#le in"ofar a" it e"ta#li"$e' t$at "ai' information le' t$e police oQcer" to prepare for an' procee' +it$ t$e #&!#&"t operation. T$e coner"ation #et+een t$e informant an' t$e acc&"e'appellant +a" not nece""ar! to proe t$e attempte' "ale of "$a#&) a" "ai' attempt to "ell +a" alrea'! clear from acc&"e' appellant3" act&ation" +$ic$ +ere all +it$in t$e per"onal -no+le'(e of police oQcer an' te"ti?e' to #! $im. 5*eople . Corona'o) 4.%. No. 1=6191) April 11) 2012;. Te/t messages admissible in evidence.
T$e text me""a(e" are a'mi""i#le appl!in( t$e %&le" on Electronic Ei'ence to criminal action". 5A.. No. 0101SC) %e Expan"ion of t$e Coera(e of t$e %&le" on Electronic Ei'ence) Septem#er 29) 2002;. Text me""a(e" are to #e proe' #! t$e te"timon! of a per"on +$o +a" a part! to t$e "ame or $a" per"onal -no+le'(e of t$em. ere) *O8 Cam#i) po"in( a" t$e acc&"e' Eno,a") exc$an(e' text me""a(e" +it$ t$e ot$er acc&"e' in or'er to i'entif! an' entrap t$em. A" t$e recipient of t$o"e me""a(e" "ent from an' to t$e mo#ile p$one in $i" po""e""ion) *O8 Cam#i $a' per"onal -no+le'(e of "&c$ me""a(e" an' +a" competent to te"tif! on t$em. 5*eople . Eno,a") et al.) 4.%. No. 209=/9) arc$ 10) 2019;.
(5 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
O7er 4 Evidence *(er of evidence; purposes.
T$e %&le" of Co&rt proi'e" t$at t$e co&rt "$all con"i'er no ei'ence +$ic$ $a" not #een formall! o@ere'. A formal o@er i" nece""ar! #eca&"e ,&'(e" are man'ate' to re"t t$eir ?n'in(" of fact" an' t$eir ,&'(ment onl! an' "trictl! &pon t$e ei'ence o@ere' #! t$e partie" at t$e trial. It" f&nction i" to ena#le t$e trial ,&'(e to -no+ t$e p&rpo"e or p&rpo"e" for +$ic$ t$e proponent i" pre"entin( t$e ei'ence. On t$e ot$er $an') t$i" allo+" oppo"in( partie" to examine t$e ei'ence an' o#,ect to it" a'mi""i#ilit!. oreoer) it facilitate" reie+ a" t$e appellate co&rt +ill not #e re>&ire' to reie+ 'oc&ment" not preio&"l! "cr&tini7e' #! t$e trial co&rt. Strict a'$erence to t$e "ai' r&le i" not a triial matter. T$e formal o@er of one3" ei'ence i" 'eeme' +aie' after failin( to "&#mit it +it$in a con"i'era#le perio' of time. 5EI%S O< *ED%O *ASA4 et al. . S*OFSES LO%ENYO an'
O#,ection to t$e 'oc&mentar! ei'ence m&"t #e ma'e at t$e time it i" formall! o@ere') not earlier. T$e i'enti?cation of t$e 'oc&ment #efore it i" mar-e' a" an ex$i#it 'oe" not con"tit&te t$e formal o@er of t$e 'oc&ment a" ei'ence for t$e part! pre"entin( it. O#,ection to t$e i'enti?cation an' mar-in( of t$e 'oc&ment i" not e>&ialent to o#,ection to t$e 'oc&ment +$en it i" formall! o@ere' in ei'ence. M$at reall! matter" i" t$e o#,ection to t$e 'oc&ment at t$e time it i" formall! o@ere' a" an ex$i#it. If no timel! o#,ection +a" eer ma'e) t$e ei'ence not o#,ecte' to #ecame propert! of t$e ca"e) an' all t$e partie" to t$e ca"e are con"i'ere' amena#le to an! fao&ra#le or &nfao&ra#le e@ect" re"<in( from t$e ei'ence. 5Interpaci?c Tran"it) Inc. . Aile") 1=6 SC%A 8=) :&ne 6) 1//0 Sp". Decalen( . Bi"$op of t$e i""ionar! Di"trict of t$e *$il. I"lan'" of *rote"tant Epi"copal C$&rc$ in t$e FSA) et al.) 4.%. No. 1120/) :&ne 2) 2012) Leonar'o'e Ca"tro) :;. 3roof of private document.
Doc&ment" ac-no+le'(e' #efore a notar! p&#lic) except la"t +ill" an' te"tament") are p&#lic 'oc&ment". 5Sec. ) %&le 182;. Since t$e "&#,ect %E +a" not properl! notari7e') it" p&#lic c$aracter 'oe" not $ol'. It i" "&#,ect to t$e re>&irement of proof for priate 'oc&ment" &n'er Section 20) %&le 182) +$ic$ proi'e" #efore an! priate 'oc&ment o@ere' a" a&t$entic i" receie' in ei'ence) it" '&e exec&tion an' a&t$enticit! m&"t #e proe' eit$er 5a; B! an!one +$o "a+ t$e 'oc&ment exec&te' or +ritten or 5#; An! B! ei'ence of t$e'oc&ment (en&inene"" t$e "i(nat&re or $an'+ritin( of it t$e ot$er priate nee'ofonl! #e i'enti?e' a" t$at +$ic$ i"ma-er. claime' to #e. JM$en t$e ori(inal 'oc&ment $a" #een lo"t or 'e"tro!e') or cannot #e pro'&ce' in co&rt) t$e o@eror) &pon proof of it" exec&tion or exi"tence an' t$e ca&"e of t$e &naaila#ilit! +it$o&t #a' fait$ on $i" part) ma! proe it" content" #! a cop!) or #! a recital of it" content" in "ome a&t$entic 'oc&ment) or #! t$e te"timon! of +itne""e" in t$eor'er "tate'. 5D!coco . 4ra?lo) et al.) 4.%. No. 1=9=98) :&l! 80) 2010;. #octrine of e%uipoise.
M$ere t$e ei'ence on an i""&e of fact i" in >&e"tion or t$ere i" 'o&#t on +$ic$ "i'e t$e ei'ence +ei($") t$e 'o&#t "$o&l' #e re"ole' in faor of t$e acc&"e'. If inc&lpator! fact" an' circ&m"tance" are capa#le of t+o or more explanation") one con"i"tent +it$ t$e innocence of t$e acc&"e' an' t$e ot$er con"i"tent +it$ $i" (&ilt) t$en t$e ei'ence 'oe" not f&l?ll t$e te"t of moral certaint! an' +ill not ,&"tif! a coniction. 5*eople . La(ma!) 86 *$il. 606) 688 1/// Aman>&iton . *eople) 4.%. No. 1=60=0) A&(&"t 19) 200/;. 4andwriting e/perts.
an'+ritin( expert") +$ile &"ef&l) are not in'i"pen"a#le in examinin( or comparin( $an'+ritin(" or "i(nat&re". 5Section 22 of %&le 182 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt;. Section 0 of %&le 180 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt allo+" t$e reception of t$e opinion of a +itne"") li-e :&'(e LaiXa) for +$ic$ proper #a"i" (ien) a" ei'ence re(ar'in( a 1/02) $an'+ritin( +it$ +$ic$ $e $a" "&Qcient familiarit!. 5*ro(re""ie Tra'ei" Serice" Ent. V. Antonio) 4.%. No. Septem#er 1=) 200/;. Re%uisites of judicial notice.
4enerall! "pea-in() matter" of ,&'icial notice $ae t$ree material re>&i"ite" 51; t$e matter m&"t #e one of common an' (eneral -no+le'(e 52; it m&"t #e +ell an' a&t$oritatiel! "ettle' an' not 'o&#tf&l or &ncertain an' 58; it m&"t #e -no+n to #e +it$in t$e limit" of t$e ,&ri"'iction of t$e co&rt. T$e principal (&i'e in 'eterminin( +$at fact" ma! #e a""&me' to #e ,&'iciall! -no+n i" t$at of notoriet!. ence) it can #e "ai' t$at ,&'icial notice i" limite' to fact" ei'ence' #! p&#lic recor'" an' fact" of (eneral notoriet!. ?est 'vidence Rule
Before a part! i" allo+e' to a''&ce "econ'ar! ei'ence to proe t$e content" of t$e ori(inal) t$e o@eror m&"t proe t$e follo+in( 51; t$e exi"tence or '&e exec&tion of t$e ori(inal 52; t$e lo"" an' 'e"tr&ction of t$e ori(inal or t$e rea"on for it" nonpro'&ction in co&rt an' 58; on t$e part of t$e o@eror) t$e a#"ence of #a' fait$ to +$ic$ t$e &naaila#ilit! of t$e ori(inal can #e attri#&te'. T$e correct or'er of proof i" a" follo+" exi"tence) exec&tion) lo"") an' content". In t$i" ca"e) t$e a#oe re>&i"ite" are pre"ent. Bot$ t$e CA an' t$e %TC (ae cre'ence to t$e te"timon! of *ere(rino t$at t$e ori(inal contract in t$e po""e""ion of onar- $a" #een lo"t an' t$at 'ili(ent e@ort" +ere exerte' to ?n' t$e "ame #&t to no aail. S&c$ te"timon! $a" remaine' &ncontroerte'. <&rt$ermore) C*3" fail&re to pre"ent t$e cop! of t$e contract an' een explain it" fail&re) not onl! ,&"ti?e" t$e pre"entation #! onar- of "econ'ar! ei'ence in accor'ance +it$ Section 6
(6 %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
of %&le 180 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt) #&t it al"o (ie" ri"e to t$e 'i"p&ta#le pre"&mption a'er"e to C* &n'er Section 8 5e; of %&le 181 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt t$at Gei'ence +illf&ll! "&ppre""e' +o&l' #e a'er"e if pro'&ce'. 5 C* CONST%FCTION CO%*O%ATION v. ONA% EFI*ENT CO%*O%ATION) 4.%. No. 201001) Noem#er 10) 2019) Vela"co) :r.) :; &hen secondary evidence may be presented.
A part! ma! pre"ent "econ'ar! ei'ence of t$e content" of a +ritin( not onl! +$en t$e ori(inal i" lo"t or 'e"tro!e') #&t al"o +$en it i" in t$e c&"to'! or &n'er t$e control of t$e a'er"e part!. In eit$er in"tance) $o+eer) certain explanation" m&"t #e (ien #efore a part! can re"ort to "econ'ar! ei'ence. &e"t +a" ma'e on ES%I to pro'&ce t$e 'oc&ment" 58; ES%I +a" a@or'e' "&Qcient time to pro'&ce t$em an' 59; ES%I +a" not incline' to pro'&ce t$em. Clearl!) t$e circ&m"tance" o#tainin( in t$i" ca"e fall &n'er t$e exception &n'er Sec. 85#; of %&le 180. In ot$er +or'") t$e con'i tion" "ine >&a non for t$e pre"entation an' reception of t$e p$otocopie" t$e ori(inal 'oc&ment a" "econ'ar! ei'ence $ae 5EDSA OTEL AND %ESOT v.ofB< CO%*O%ATION) 4.%. No. 19=92) 19=8 :&ne 2) #een 200= met. Vela"co) :r.) SAN4%ILA :; 3arol evidence forbids the addition or contradiction of the terms of the instrument.
*arol ei'ence r&le for#i'" an! a''ition to or contra'iction of t$e term" of a +ritten in"tr&ment #! te"timon! or ot$er ei'ence p&rportin( to "$o+ t$at) J at or "efore t$e exec&tion of t$e partie"3 +ritten a(reement) ot$er or 'i@erent term" +ere a(ree' &pon #! t$e partie") ar!in( t$e p&rport of t$e +ritten contract. Nota#l!) t$e claime' er#al a(reement +a" a(ree' &pon not prior to #&t J su"se=uent to t$e +ritten a(reement. T$e ali'it! of t$e +ritten a(reement i" not t$e matter +$ic$ i" #ein( p&t in i""&e $ere. M$at i" >&e"tione' i" t$e ali'it! of t$e claim t$at a "&#"e>&ent er#al a(reement +a" a(ree' &pon #! t$e partie" after t$e exec&tion of t$e +ritten a(reement +$ic$ "&#"tantiall! mo'i?e' t$eir earlier +ritten a(reement. 5%a!m&n'o) et al. . L&naria) et al.) 4.%. No. 11086) Octo#er 1) 200=;. '/ception to the general rule.
T$i" $o+eer) i" merel! a (eneral r&le. *roi'e' t$at a part! p&t" in i""&e in it" plea'in( an! of t$e fo&r 59; item" en&merate' in t$e "econ' para(rap$ of %&le 180) Section /) Ja part! ma! pre"ent ei'ence to mo'if!) explain or a'' to t$e term" of t$e a(reement. %ai"in( an! of t$e"e item" a" an i""&e in a plea'in( "&c$ t$at it fall" &n'er t$e exception i" not limite' to t$e part! initiatin( an action. In 1*ilippine 0ational Railwa!s v. Court of 8irst Instance of Al"a!, t$e Co&rt note' t$at Jif t$e 'efen'ant "et &p t$e aQrmatie 'efen"e t$at t$e contract mentione' in t$e complaint 'oe" not expre"" t$e tr&e a(reement of t$e partie") t$en o#,ection" parol ei'ence i" a'mi""ion a'mi""i#leoftoei'ence) proe t$eatr&e a(reement of timel! t$e partie". +it$ all po""i#le to t$e part!3" fail&re to o#,ect oreoer) i" 'eeme'a" a +aier) an' parol ei'ence ma! t$en #e entertaine'.
3arol evidence must be relevant.
Apart from plea'in( t$e"e exception") it i" e>&all! imperatie t$at t$e parol ei'ence "o&($t to #e intro'&ce' point" to t$e concl&"ion propo"e' #! t$e part! pre"entin( it. T$at i") it m&"t #e releant) ten'in( to Jin'&ce #elief in t$e exi"tence of t$e a+) tr&e intent) or "&#"e>&ent extraneo&" term" aerre' #! t$e part! "ee-in( to intro'&ce' parol ei'ence. In "&m) t+o 52; t$in(" m&"t #e e"ta#li"$e' for parol ei'ence to #e a'mitte' ?r"t) t$at t$e exi"tence of an! of t$e fo&r 59; exception" $a" #een p&t in i""&e in a part!3" plea'in( or $a" not #een o#,ecte' to #! t$e a'er"e part! an' "econ') t$at t$e parol ei'ence "o&($t to #e pre"ente' "ere" to form t$e #a"i" of t$e concl&"ion propo"e' #! t$e pre"entin( part!. 3hotocopy of document admitted. In Caraan v. Court of Appeals, +$erein t$e SC accepte' in ei'ence a mere p$otocop! of t$e
'oc&ment "ince it +a" not o#,ecte' to 'e"p&te nonpre"entation of t$e ori(inal. No o#,ection +a" rai"e' #! co&n"el for petitioner" in t$eir +ritten oppo"itioncomment to priate re"pon'ent" of ei'ence re(ar'in( )t$e t$at +$at +a" mar-e' an' "&#mitte' to t$e co&rt +a" t$e p$otocop!.o@er In Blas vs. Angeles@Hutalla t$efact Co&rt $el' t$&" T$e e"ta#li"$e' 'octrine i" t$at +$en a part! faile' to interpo"e a timel! o#,ection to ei'ence at t$e time t$e! +ere o@ere' in ei'ence) "&c$ o#,ection "$all #e con"i'ere' a" +aie'. ?ystanders> account of a rumble incident admissible as part of the res gestae.
A" a (eneral r&le) Ga +itne"" can te"tif! onl! to t$e fact" $e -no+" of $i" per"onal -no+le'(e t$at i") +$ic$ are 'erie' from $i" o+n perception) x x x.G 5%FLES O< CIVIL *%OCEDF%E) %&le 180) Sec. 86;. All ot$er -in'" of te"timon! are $ear"a! an' are ina'mi""i#le a" ei'ence. T$e %&le" of Co&rt) $o+eer) proi'e "eeral exception" to t$e (eneral r&le) an' one of +$ic$ i" +$en t$e ei'ence i" part of re" (e"tae. T$ere i" no 'o&#t t$at a "&''en attac- on a (ro&p peacef&ll! eatin( l&nc$ on a "c$ool camp&" i" a "tartlin( occ&rrence. Con"i'erin( t$at t$e "tatement" of t$e #!"tan'er" +ere ma'e imme'iatel! after t$e "tartlin( occ&rrence) t$e! are) in fact) a'mi""i#le a" ei'ence (ien in res gestae. 5*eople .
A" a r&le) a recantation or an aQ'ait of 'e"i"tance i" ie+e' +it$ "&"picion an' re"eration. :&ri"pr&'ence $a" inaria#l! re(ar'e' "&c$ aQ'ait a" excee'in(l! &nrelia#le) #eca&"e it can ea"il! #e += %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
"ec&re' from a poor an' i(norant +itne"") &"&all! t$ro&($ intimi'ation or for monetar! con"i'eration. oreoer) t$ere i" al+a!" t$e pro#a#ilit! t$at it +o&l' later on #e rep&'iate') an' criminal pro"ec&tion +o&l' t$&" #e intermina#le. An aQ'ait of 'e"i"tance or par'on i" not a (ro&n' for t$e 'i"mi""al of an action) once it $a" #een in"tit&te' in co&rt. In t$e pre"ent ca"e) priate complainant lo"t t$e ri($t or a#"ol&te priile(e to 'eci'e +$et$er t$e rape c$ar(e "$o&l' procee') #eca&"e t$e ca"e $a' alrea'! reac$e' an' m&"t t$erefore contin&e to #e $ear' #! t$e co&rt a >&o. 5*eople of t$e *$ilippine" . Demetrio Sala7ar) 4.%. No. 1=1/00) Octo#er 20) 2010) Vela"co) :%) :;
'ssence of physician$patient privileged communication.
T$e p$!"icianpatient priile(e' comm&nication r&le e""entiall! mean" t$at a p$!"ician +$o (et" information +$ile profe""ionall! atten'in( a patient cannot in a ciil ca"e #e examine' +it$o&t t$e patient3" con"ent a" to an! fact" +$ic$ +o&l' #lac-en t$e latter3" rep&tation. T$i" r&le i" inten'e' to enco&ra(e t$e patient to open &p to t$e p$!"ician) relate to $im t$e $i"tor! of $i" ailment) an' (ie $im acce"" to $i" #o'!) ena#lin( t$e p$!"ician to ma-e a correct 'ia(no"i" of t$at ailment an' proi'e t$e appropriate c&re. An! fear t$at a p$!"ician co&l' #e compelle' in t$e f&t&re to come to co&rt an' narrate all t$at $a' tran"pire' #et+een $im an' t$e patient mi($t prompt t$e latter to clam &p) t$&" p&ttin( $i" o+n $ealt$ at (reat ri"-. 5:o"ielene Lara C$an . :o$nn! C$an) 4.%. No. 1/=6) :&l! 29) 2018;. 4ospital records covered by physician$patient privilege.
To allo+ t$e 'i"clo"&re '&rin( 'i"coer! proce'&re of t$e $o"pital recor'"Kt$e re"<" of te"t" t$at t$e p$!"ician or'ere') t$e 'ia(no"i" of t$e patient3" illne"") an' t$e a'ice or treatment $e (ae $imK +o&l' #e to allo+ acce"" to ei'enc e t$at i" ina'mi""i#le +it$o&t t$e patie nt3" con"ent. *$!"ician memoriali7e" all t$e"e information in t$e patient3" recor'". Di"clo"in( t$em +o&l' #e t$e e>&ialent of compellin( t$e p$!"ician to te"tif! on priile(e' matter" $e (aine' +$ile 'ealin( +it$ t$e patient) +it$o&t t$e latter3" prior con"ent.
&hen is an o(er of compromise admissible or not admissible against the o(eror.
In ciil ca"e") an o@er of compromi"e i" not an a'mi""ion of an! lia#ilit!) an' i" not a'mi""i#le in ei'ence a(ain"t t$e o@eror. In criminal ca"e") an except inolin( >&a"io@en"e" ne(li(ence; or t$o"e allo+e' #! la+ to #e compromi"e') o@er t$o"e of compromi"e #! t$e acc&"e'5criminal ma! #e receie' in ei'ence a" an implie' a'mi""ion of (&ilt. An o@er to pa! or t$e pa!ment of me'ical) $o"pital or ot$er expen"e" occa"ione' #! an in,&r! i" not a'mi""i#le in ei'ence a" proof of ciil or criminal lia#ilit! for t$e in,&r!. 5Sec. 2;. '(ect of a plea for forgiveness in a criminal case.
A plea for for(iene"" ma! #e con"i'ere' a" analo(o&" to an attempt to compromi"e. In criminal ca"e") except t$o"e inolin( >&a"io@en"e" 5criminal ne(li(ence; or t$o"e allo+e' #! la+ to #e compromi"e') an o@er of compromi"e #! t$e acc&" e' ma! #e receie' in ei'ence a" an implie' a'mi""ion of (&ilt. No one +o&l' a"- for for(iene"" &nle"" $e $a' committe' "omet$in( +ron() for to for(ie mean" to a#"ole) to par'on) to cea"e) to feel re"entment a(ain"t on acco&nt of +ron( committe'. 5*eople ". De 4&7man) SCAD 8/) 4.%. No. 1121) Decem#er 2) 1//6;.
0ature of an interview of the accused with the media about the commission of a crime and the guidelines on its admission in evidence
Interie+ #! me'ia men 'oe" not form part of c&"to'ial ine"ti(ation) $o+eer) #eca&"e of t$e in$erent 'an(er in t$e &"e of telei"ion a" a me'i&m for a'mittin( one3" (&ilt) an' t$e rec&rrence of t$i" p$enomenon in "eeral ca"e") it i" pr&'ent t$at trial co&rt" are remin'e' t$at extreme ca&tion m&"t #e ta-en in f&rt$er a'mittin( "imilar confe""ion".
M$en t$e "tatement i" pre"ente' for t$e p&rpo"e of proin( t$e tr&t$ of t$e fact" a""erte' t$erein) it i" $ear"a! an' ina'mi""i#le. B&t +$en t$e "tatement i" pre"ente' to proe "omet$in( el"e) +it$o&t reference to it" tr&t$) it i" not $ear"a! an' $ence) a'mi""i#le. S&c$ "tatement i" nona""ertie of t$e tr&t$ li-e a. to proe t$at t$e "tatement +a" ma'e #. to "$o+ t$e feelin(" or "tate of min' of t$e 'efen'ant) li-e $i" mental con'ition) motie) fear) appre$en"ion) (oo' or #a' fait$. 5*eople . %amo") 80 Cal. 8'. 8;. 0ature of the 5allejo standards in assessing the probative value of #0A evidence.
T$e Valle,o "tan'ar' refer" to ,&ri"pr&'ential norm" con"i'ere' #! t$e co&rt in a""e""in( t$e pro#atie al&e of DNA ei'ence.
+$ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
In 1eople v. Valleo, 4.%. No. 19966) a! /) 2002) 8=2 SC%A 1/2) it +a" $el' t$at in a""e""in( t$e pro#atie al&e of DNA ei'ence) co&rt" "$o&l' con"i'er) amon( ot$er t$in(") t$e follo+in( 'ata $o+ t$e "ample" +ere collecte') $o+ t$e! +ere $an'le') t$e po""i#ilit! of contamination of t$e "ample") t$e proce'&re follo+e' in anal!7in( t$e "ample") +$et$er t$e proper "tan'ar'" an' proce'&re" +ere follo+e' in con'&ctin( t$e te"t") an' t$e >&ali?cation of t$e anal!"t +$o con'&cte' t$e te"t". *ne$#ay '/amination of &itness Rule.
T$e OneDa! Examination of Mitne"" %&le a##reiate" co&rt procee'in(" #! $ain( a +itne"" f&ll! examine' in onl! one 'a! '&rin( trial. *ar. 5i; of S&preme Co&rt A.. No. 0810/SC re>&ire" t$at a +itne"" $a" to #e f&ll! examine' in one 51; 'a! onl!. T$i" r&le "$all #e "trictl! a'$ere' to "&#,ect to t$e co&rt3" 'i"cretion '&rin( trial on +$et$er or not to exten' t$e 'irect an'or cro""examination for ,&"ti?a#le rea"on". On t$e la"t $earin( 'a! allotte' for eac$ part!) $e i" re>&ire' to ma-e $i" formal o@er of ei'ence after t$e pre"entation of $i" la"t +itne"" an' t$e oppo"in( part! i" re>&ire' to imme'iatel! interpo"e $i" o#,ection t$ereto. T$ereafter) t$e ,&'(e to "$all ma-e on t$e o@er of ei'ence in open co&rt. o+eer) t$e182. ,&'(e $a" t$e 'i"cretion allo+ t$e t$e o@err&lin( of ei'ence in +ritin( in conformit! +it$ Section 8) %&le #octrine of adoptive admission.
Fn'er t$e 'octrine of a'optie a'mi""ion) a t$ir' part!3" "tatement #ecome" t$e a'mi""ion of t$e part! em#racin( or e"po&"in( it. An a'optie a'mi""ion i" a part!3" reaction to a "tatement or action #! anot$er per"on +$en it i" rea"ona#le to treat t$e part!3" reaction a" an a'mi""ion of "omet$in( "tate' or implie' #! t$e ot$er per"on. T$i" +a" applie' in ?strada v. Desierto) 4.%. No. 196101) April 8) 2001) 86 SC%A 10=) +$ere it +a" $el' JIn t$e An(ara Diar!) t$e option" of t$e petitioner "tarte' to '+in'le +$en t$e arme' force" +it$'re+ it" "&pport from $im a" *re"i'ent an' comman'erinc$ief. T$&") Exec&tie Secretar! An(ara $a' to a"- Senate *re"i'ent *imentel to a'i"e petitioner to con"i'er t$e option of J'i(ni?e' exit or re"i(nation. *etition 'i' not o#,ect to t$e "&((e"te' option #&t "impl! "ai' $e co&l' neer leae t$e co&ntr!. *etitioner3" "ilence on t$i" an' ot$er relate' "&((e"tion" can #e ta-en a" an a'mi""ion #! $im.
CFAIN O2 CUSTODG
Circumstantial evidence#
&i"ite circ&m"tantial ei'ence to proe t$e (&ilt of acc&"e' #e!on' rea"ona#le 'o&#t) t$e #&r'en of ei'ence "$ift" to t$e acc&"e' to controert t$e ei'ence of t$e pro"ec&tion. 5*EO*LE O< TE *ILI**INES ". CA%LITO *ABOL) 4.%. No. 1=0=9 Octo#er 12) 200/ :. Vela"co; In t$i" ca"e) t$e pro"ec&tion $a" "&cce""f&ll! e"ta#li"$e' t$e follo+in( circ&m"tance" an' fact" t$at) +$en ta-en to(et$er) er! +ell con"tit&te ei'ence of (&ilt #e!on' rea"ona#le 'o&#t) to +it 51; appellant $ain( met AAA on t$e latter3" +a! to "c$ool an' $ittin( $er on t$e face 52; t$e po"itie i'enti?cation of appellant a" t$e per"on "$e met +$ile "$e +a" on $er +a! to "c$ool 58; appellant t$en $&((in( AAA from #e$in') "ittin( $er on $i" lap an' "tri-in( $er #rea"t +it$ a piece of "tone 59; AAA "$o&tin( for $elp an' appellant coerin( $er mo&t$ 5; appellant $ittin( AAA &ntil "$e lo"t con"cio&"ne"" an' t$en 'ra((in( $er #o'! to t$e "i'e of t$e roa' 56; AAA +a-in( &p t+o $o&r" later to 'i"coer t$at $er ear" $a' #een "lice') $er #lo&"e opene') an' $er &n'er+ear "taine' +it$ $er o+n #loo' 5; AAA feelin( pain in $er priate parti"after t$e inci'ent an't$at 5=; AAA "&"tainin( $!menal laceration. fore(oin( circ&m"tance") t$ere no ot$er concl&"ion +e can ma-e +it$ moral certaint!4ien ot$er t$e t$an t$at appellant rape' t$e ictim. Chain of custody! in relation to +ection B of the Comprehensive #angerous #rugs Act of B<
T$e fail&re of t$e pro"ec&tion to "$o+ t$at t$e police oQcer" con'&cte' t$e re>&ire' p$!"ical inentor! an' p$oto(rap$ of t$e ei'ence con?"cate' p&r"&ant to "ai' (&i'eline") i" not fatal an' 'oe" not a&tomaticall! ren'er acc&"e'appellant3" arre"t ille(al or t$e item" "ei7e'con?"cate' from $im ina'mi""i#le. In'ee') t$e implementin( r&le" o@er "ome exi#ilit! +$en a proi"o a''e' t$at Jnon compliance +it$ t$e"e re>&irement" &n'er ,&"ti?a#le (ro&n'") a" lon( a" t$e inte(rit! an' t$e ei'entiar! al&e of t$e "ei7e' item" are properl! pre"ere' #! t$e appre$en'in( oQcerteam) "$all not ren'er oi' an' inali' "&c$ "ei7&re" of an' c&"to'! oer "ai' item". T$e "ame proi"ion clearl! "tate" a" +ell) t$at it m&"t "till #e "$o+n t$at t$ere exi"t" ,&"ti?a#le (ro&n'" an' proof t$at t$e inte(rit! an' ei'entiar! al&e of t$e ei'ence $ae #een pre"ere'. ere) acc&"e'appellant 'oe" not >&e"tion t$e &n#ro-en c$ain of ei'ence. i" onl! contention i" t$at t$e #&!#&"t team 'i' not inentor! an' p$oto(rap$ t$e "pecimen on "ite an' in t$e pre"ence of acc&"e'appellant or $i" co&n"el) a repre"entatie from t$e me'ia an' t$e Department of :&"tice) an' an! electe' p&#lic oQcial. o+eer) a" r&le' #! t$e Co&rt in %o"ial'a) a" lon( a" t$e c$ain of c&"to'! remain" &n#ro-en) een t$o&($ t$e proce'&ral re>&irement" proi'e' for in Sec. 21 of %A /16 +a" not fait$f&ll! o#"ere') t$e (&ilt of t$e acc&"e' +ill not #e a@ecte'. T$e c$ain of c&"to'! in t$e in"tant ca"e +a" not
+& %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
#ro-en a" e"ta#li"$e' #! t$e fact" proe' '&rin( trial. 5*EO*LE O< TE *ILI**INES v. <%ANCISCO ANLAN4IT ! T%ESBALLES ) 4.%. No. 1=/=06) :an&ar! 12) 2010) Vela"co) :r.) :; Sec. 215a; of t$e Implementin( %&le" an' %e(&lation" of %A /16 nee' not #e follo+e' a" an exact "cience. Noncompliance +it$ Sec. 21 'oe" not ren'er an acc&"e'3" arre"t ille(al or t$e item" "ei7e'con?"cate' from $im ina'mi""i#le. M$at i" e""ential i" t$e pre"eration of t$e inte(rit! an' t$e ei'entiar! al&e of t$e "ei7e' item") a" t$e "ame +o&l' #e &tili7e' in t$e 'etermination of t$e (&ilt or innocence of t$e acc&"e'. 5*EO*LE O< TE *ILI**INES v. %ODANTE DE LEON ! DELA %OSA) 4.%. No. 1=691 :an&ar! 2) 2010) Vela"co) :r.) :; &hen there is a need to present con"dential informant.
T$e #a"ic r&le i" t$at) t$ere i" no nee' to pre"ent t$e con?'ential informant in co&rt. T$e rationale #e$in' t$e r&le i" to protect $im. T$e r&le i" not a#"ol&te) t$e SC "ai' in1eople v. Anda!a, 4.%. No. 1=80) Octo#er 18) 2019) Ber"amin) :) #eca&"e in t$i" ca"e) t$e po"e&r #&!er" an' t$e con?'ential informant +ere one an' t$e "ame. Or'inaril!) t$e po"e&r #&!er i" a police oQcer or la+man) an' t$e informant i" 'i@erent. T$ere i" a nee' to pre"ent po"e&r #&!er. T$e nonpre"entation of t$e t$e con?'ential informant a" a +itne"" 'oe" not or'inaril! +ea-en t$e State" ca"e a(ain"t t$e acc&"e'. o+eer) if t$e arre"tin( la+men arre"te' t$e acc&"e' #a"e' on t$e prearran(e' "i(nal from t$e con?'ential informant +$o acte' a" t$e po"e&r #&!er) $i" nonpre"entation m&"t #e cre'i#l! explaine' an' t$e tran"action e"ta#li"$e' #! ot$er +a!" in or'er to "ati"f! t$e >&ant&m of proof #e!on' rea"ona#le 'o&#t #eca&"e t$e arre"tin( la+men 'i' not t$em"ele" participate in t$e #&!#&"t tran"action +it$ t$e acc&"e'. *roof of t$e tran"action m&"t #e cre'i#le an' complete. In eer! criminal pro"ec&tion) it i" t$e State) an' no ot$er) t$at #ear" t$e #&r'en of proin( t$e ille(al "ale of t$e 'an(ero&" 'r&( #e!on' rea"ona#le 'o&#t.18 T$i" re"pon"i#ilit! impo"e' on t$e State accor'" +it$ t$e pre"&mption of innocence in faor of t$e acc&"e') +$o $a" no '&t! to proe $i" innocence &ntil an' &nle"" t$e pre"&mption of innocence in $i" faor $a" #een oercome #! "&Qcient an' competent ei'ence. 5*eople . Sanc$e7) 4.%. No. 1=82) Octo#er 1) 200=) 6/ SC%A 1/9) 20;. WRIT O2 AM*ARO &rit of amparo may not issue if there is property$related.
4rantin( t$at t$e intr&"ion occ&rre' into a propert!) it +a" merel! a iolation of propert! ri($t". T$e +rit of amparo 'oe" not eni"a(e t$e protection of concern" t$at are p&rel! propert! or commercial in nat&re. T$ean' +ritenforce' of amparo +a" ori(inall! an' conceie' a re"pon"e extraor'inar! ri"e in reme'ie" t$e n&m#er of -illin(" 'i"appearance") to t$e a" perceie' lac-tooft$e aaila#le an' e@ectie to a''re"" t$e"e extraor'inar! concern". It i" inten'e' to a''re"" iolation" of or t$reat" to t$e ri($t" to life) li#ert! or "ec&rit!) a" an extraor'inar! an' in'epen'ent reme'! #e!on' t$o"e aaila#le &n'er t$e preailin( %&le") or a" a reme'! "&pplemental to t$e"e %&le". What it is nt: is a !rit t 3rtect cncerns that are 3urel/ 3r3ert/ r cmmercial# Neither is it a !rit that !e shall issue n amr3hus and uncertain grunds# x x x. 5Tap&7 . Del %o"ario) 4.%. No. 1=29=9) :&ne 1) 200=) 9
SC%A 6=;. T$e priile(e of t$e +rit of amparo i" an extraor'inar! reme'! a'opte' to a''re"" t$e "pecial concern" of etralegal illings and en4rced disa33earances. JAccor'in(l!) t$e reme'! o&($t to #e re"orte' to an' (rante' ,&'icio&"l!) le"t t$e i'eal "o&($t #! t$e Amparo %&le #e 'il&te' an' &n'ermine' #! t$e in'i"criminate ?lin( of amparo petition" for p&rpo"e" le"" t$an t$e 'e"ire to "ec&re amparo relief" an' protection an'or on t$e #a"i" of &n"&#"tantiate' alle(ation". 5%&#rico . acapa(alArro!o) 4.%. No. 1=8=1)
If t$e Complaint ?le' #efore t$e DO: $a' alrea'! pro(re""e' into a criminal ca"e) t$en t$e latter action can more a'e>&atel! 'i"po"e of t$e alle(ation" ma'e #! petitioner". After all) one of t$e <imate o#,ectie" of t$e +rit of amparo a" a c&ratie reme'! i" to facilitate t$e "&#"e>&ent p&ni"$ment of perpetrator". On t$e ot$er $an')pre,&'ice if t$ere i"tonot$e act&al ca"e lo'(e'a'mini"tratie) #efore t$e co&rt") t$e 'enial of t$e *etition i" +it$o&t ?lin(criminal of t$e appropriate ciil t$en or criminal ca"e) if applica#le) a(ain"t t$o"e in'ii'&al" +$om Lo7a'a 'eem" to $ae &n'&l! re"traine' $i" li#ert!. 5Lo7a'a) :r.) et al. . Arro!o) et al.) 4.%. No". 1=98/=0) April 29) 2012;. WRIT O2 FA.EAS DATA &rit of habeas data; concept. T$e +rit of *a"eas data i" a reme'! aaila#le to an! per"on +$o"e ri($t to priac! in life) li#ert! or
"ec&rit! i" iolate' or t$reatene' #! an &nla+f&l act or omi""ion of a p&#lic oQcial or emplo!ee) or of a priate in'ii'&al or entit! en(a(e' in t$e (at$erin() collectin( or "torin( of 'ata or information re(ar'in( t$e per"on) famil!) $ome an' corre"pon'ence of t$e a((riee' part!.11 It i" an in'epen'ent an' "&mmar! reme'! 'e"i(ne' to protect t$e ima(e) priac!) $onor) information) an' free'om of information of an in'ii'&al) an' to proi'e a for&m to enforce one3" ri($t to t$e tr&t$ an' to informational priac!. It "ee-" to protect a per"on3" ri($t to control information re(ar'in( one"elf) partic&larl! in in"tance" in +$ic$ "&c$ information i" #ein( collecte' t$ro&($ &nla+f&l mean" in or'er to ac$iee &nla+f&l en'". The writ of habeas data is not only con"ned to cases of e/tralegal 1illings and enforced disappearances Mrit of Ha"eas Data +a" not enacte' slel/ for t$e p&rpo"e of complementin( t$e Mrit ofAmparo
in ca"e" of extrale(al -illin(" an' enforce' 'i"appearance".
+( %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
Ha"eas data) to "tre"") +a" 'e"i(ne' Jto "afe(&ar' in'ii'&al free'om from a#&"e in t$e information a(e.A" "&c$) it i" erroneo&" to limit it" applica#ilit! to extrale(al -illin(" an' enforce' 'i"appearance" onl!.
The !rit 4 habeas data: h!ever: can 8e availed 4 as an inde3endent remed/ t en4rce neBs right t 3rivac/: mre s3eci1call/ the right t in4rmatinal 3rivac/# T$e reme'ie"
a(ain"t t$e iolation of "&c$ ri($t can incl&'e t$e &p'atin() recti?cation) "&ppre""ion or 'e"tr&ction of t$e 'ata#a"e or information or ?le" in po""e""ion or in control of re"pon'ent". Clearl! t$en) t$e priile(e of t$e Mrit of Ha"eas Data ma! al"o #e aaile' of in ca"e" o&t"i'e of extrale(al -illin(" an' enforce' 'i"appearance". 5%$on'a Ae S. Viare") etal. V. St. T$ere"a3" Colle(e") et al.) 4.%. No. 202666) Septem#er 2/) 2019) Vela"co) :;. WRIT O2 ALIASAN &rit of continuing mandamus. mandamus T$e +rit i" a "pecial ciil action t$at ma! sh #e aaile' ofinl Jto performance of ofancontin&in( act "peci?call! en,oine' #! la+. The 3e titin uld ma / compel invlvet$e an envirnmental and ther related la!: rule r regulatin r a right therein# T$e %TC3" mi"ta-en notion on t$e nee' for a ?nal ,&'(ment) 'ecree or or'er i" apparentl! #a"e' on t$e 'e?nition of t$e +rit of contin&in( mandamus &n'er Section 9) %&le 1 of t$e %&le") +$ic$ proi'e" t$at contin&in( man'am&" i" a +rit i""&e' #! a co&rt in an enironmental ca"e 'irectin( an! a(enc! or in"tr&mentalit! of t$e (oernment or oQcer t$ereof to perform an act or "erie" of act" decreed 8/ 1nal "udgment +$ic$ "$all remain e@ectie &ntil ,&'(ment i" f&ll! "ati"?e'. 5Boraca!
0ature of a &rit of Iali1asan.
A reme'! aaila#le to a nat&ral or ,&ri'ical per"on) entit! a&t$ori7e' #! la+) people3" or(ani7ation) non(oernmental or(ani7ation) or an! p&#lic intere"t (ro&p accre'ite' #! or re(i"tere' +it$ an! (oernment a(enc!) on #e$alf of per"on" +$o"e con"tit&tional ri($t to a #alance' $ealt$f&l ecolo(! i" iolate' or t$reatene' +it$ iolation #! an &nla+f&l act or omi""ion of a p&#lic oQcial or emplo!ee) priate in'ii'&al or entit!) inolin( enironmental 'ama(e" of "&c$ ma(nit&'e a" to pre,&'ice t$e life) $ealt$ an' propert! of in$a#itant" in t+o or more citie" or proince". 5%&le ) Sec. 1 Boraca!
T$e con'omini&m corporation i" t$e mana(ement #o'! of Me"t To+er an' 'eal" +it$ eer!t$in( t$at ma! a@ect "ome or all of t$e con'omini&m &nit o+ner" or &"er". A" to t$e re"i'ent" of Baran(a! Ban(-al) t$e! are "imilarl! "it&ate' +it$ t$e &nit o+ner" an' re"i'ent" of Me"t To+er an' are real partie" inintere"t to t$e in"tant ca"e. T$e ot$er or(ani7ation" in t$e ca"e at #ar are al"o con"i'ere' real partie" inintere"t. T$i" i" "o con"i'erin( t$at t$e ?lin( of a petition for t$e i""&ance of a +rit of -ali-a"an &n'er Sec. 1) %&le of t$e %&le" of *roce'&re for Enironmental Ca"e" 'oe" not re>&ire t$at a petitioner #e 'irectl! a@ecte' #! an enironmental 'i"a"ter. T$e r&le clearl! allo+" ,&ri'ical per"on" to ?le t$e petition on #e$alf of per"on" +$o"e con"tit&tional ri($t to a #alance' an' $ealt$f&l ecolo(! i" iolate') or t$reatene' +it$ iolation. 5MEST TOME% CONDOINIF CO%*O%ATION) ET. AL. V.
c$il' #e ta-en in a room o&t"i'e t$e co&rtroom an' #e telei"e' to t$e co&rtroom #! lielin- telei"ion. Before t$e (&ar'ian ad litem applie" for an or'er &n'er t$i" "ection) $e "$all con"< t$e pro"ec&tor or co&n"el to t$e of t$e pro"ec&tor or co&n"el t$e of or litem appl!in( foran' an "$all or'er.'efer In ca"e t$e ,&'(ment (&ar'ian ad i" conince' t$at t$ere(ar'in( 'eci"ion of t$enece""it! pro"ec&tor co&n"el not to appl! +ill ca&"e t$e c$il' "erio&" emotional tra&ma) $e $im"elf ma! appl! for t$e or'er. T$e per"on "ee-in( "&c$ an or'er "$all appl! at lea"t ?e 5; 'a!" #efore t$e trial 'ate) &nle"" t$e co&rt ?n'" on t$e recor' t$at t$e nee' for "&c$ an or'er +a" not rea"ona#l! fore"eea#le. 5Sec. 2; Concept of the rape$shield rule.
T$e follo+in( ei'ence i" not a'mi""i#le in an! criminal procee'in( inolin( alle(e' c$il' "ex&al a#&"e 51; 52;
Ei'ence o@ere' to proe t$at t$e alle(e' ictim en(a(e' in ot$er "ex&al #e$aior an' Ei'ence o@ere' to proe t$e "ex&al pre'i"po"ition of t$e alle(e' ictim. 5Sec. 80; ELECTRONIC E,IDENCE
3icture images as electronic documents; admissible.
T$e pict&re ima(e" of t$e #allot" are electronic 'oc&ment" t$at are re(ar'e' a" t$e e>&ialent" of t$e ori(inal oQcial #allot" t$em"ele". in Vin7on"C$ato . o&"e of %epre"entatie" Electoral Tri#&nal) t$e Co&rt $el' t$at Jt$e pict&re ima(e" of t$e #allot") a" "canne' an' recor'e' #! t$e *COS) are li-e+i"e \oQcial #allot"3 t$at fait$f&ll! capt&re in electronic form t$e ote" ca"t #! t$e oter) a" 'e?ne' #! Section 258; of %.A. No. /86/. A" "&c$) t$e printo&t" t$ereof a" t$e f&nctional e>&ialent of t$e paper #allot" ?lle'
++ %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
o&t #! t$e oter" an') t$&") ma! #e &"e' for p&rpo"e" of rei"ion of ote" in an electoral prote"t. 5ali-"i . COELEC) 4.%. No. 208802) April 11) 2018;. T$at t$e t+o 'oc&ment" t$e oQcial #allot an' it" pict&re ima(e are con"i'ere' Jori(inal 'oc&ment" "impl! mean" t$at #ot$ of t$em are (ien e>&al pro#atie +ei($t. In "$ort) +$en eit$er i" pre"ente' a" ei'ence) one i" not con"i'ere' a" +ei($tier t$an t$e ot$er. B&t t$i" ,&ri'ical realit! 'oe" not a&t$ori7e t$e co&rt") t$e COELEC) an' t$e Electoral Tri#&nal" to >&ic-l! an' &nilaterall! re"ort to t$e printo&t" of t$e pict&re ima(e" of t$e #allot" in t$e procee'in(" $a' #efore t$em +it$o&t notice to t$e partie". De"pite t$e e>&al pro#atie +ei($t accor'e' to t$e oQcial #allot" an' t$e printo&t" of t$eir pict&re ima(e") t$e r&le" for t$e rei"ion of #allot" a'opte' for t$eir re"pectie procee'in(" "till con"i'er t$e oQcial #allot" to #e t$e primar! or #e"t ei'ence of t$e oter"3 +ill. In t$at re(ar') t$e pict&re ima(e" of t$e #allot" are to #e &"e' onl! +$en it i" ?r"t "$o+n t$at t$e oQcial #allot" are lo"t or t$eir inte(rit! $a" #een compromi"e'. 5ali-"i . COELEC) 4.%. No. 208802) April 11) 2018;. DNA ?lood testing; re%uisite before ta1ing.
A" a preliminar! matter) #efore t$e co&rt ma! i""&e an or'er for comp&l"or! #loo' te"tin() t$e moin( part! m&"t "$o+ t$at t$ere i" a rea"ona#le po""i#ilit! of paternit!. A" explaine' $ereafter) in ca"e" in +$ic$ paternit! i" conte"te' an' a part! to t$e action ref&"e" to ol&ntaril! &n'er(o a #loo' te"t) a "$o+ ca&"e $earin( m&"t #e $el' in +$ic$ t$e co&rt can 'etermine +$et$er t$ere i" "&Qcient ei'ence to e"ta#li"$ a prima facie ca"e +$ic$ +arrant" i""&ance of a co&rt or'er for #loo' te"tin(. T$e "ame con'ition prece'ent "$o&l' #e applie' in o&r ,&ri"'iction to protect t$e p&tatie fat$er from mere $ara""ment "&it". T$&") '&rin( t$e $earin( on t$e motion for DNA te"tin() t$e petitioner m&"t pre"ent prima facie ei'ence or e"ta#li"$ a rea"ona#le po""i#ilit! of paternit!. 5:e""e F. L&ca" . :e"&" S. L&ca") 4.%. No. 1/010) :&ne 6) 2011;. .ILL O2 *ARTICULARS 0ature of buy$bust operation.
O+in( to t$e "pecial circ&m"tance" "&rro&n'in( t$e 'r&( tra'e) a #&!#&"t operation $a" lon( #een $el' a" a le(itimate met$o' of catc$in( o@en'er". It i" a form of entrapment emplo!e' a" an e@ectie +a! of appre$en'in( a criminal in t$e act of commi""ion of an o@en"e. A #&!#&"t operation can #e carrie' o&t after a lon( perio' of plannin(. T$e perio' of plannin( for "&c$ operation cannot #e 'ictate' to t$e police a&t$oritie" +$o are to &n'erta-e "&c$ operation. It o#,ectie i" &naailin( t$en to ar(&e+a" t$attot$e operatie" $a' to ?r"t "ec&re a +arrant of arre"t (ien t$at t$e of t$e operation appre$en' t$e acc&"e'appellant" in agrante delicto. In fact) one of t$e "it&ation" coere' #! a la+f&l +arrantle"" arre"t &n'er Section 5a;) %&le 118 of t$e %&le" of Co&rt i" +$en a per"on $a" committe') i" act&all! committin() or i" attemptin( to commit an o@en"e in t$e pre"ence of a peace oQcer or priate per"on. 5*EO*LE O< TE *ILI**INES v. S*O8 SAN4I A%A I%ASOL et al., 4.%. No. 1=011) Decem#er 28) 200/) Vela"co) :r.) :;
?d Luc t All &=$0 .ar Eaminees We Are *ra/ing 4r Gur Success ?d .less 2rm A.RC 2amil/
+- %AB%C2016.*ointer" in %eme'ial La+ 5com#ine' +it$ pointer" 201;"e(re(ateEVSAcr!"
