PLUMBING PRACTICAL PowerHouse Review Center Master Plumber Review
What is a plumbing system? Plumbing includes all the piping and fixtures that provide water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and laundry; as well as a means of disposing of wastewater. (Yuck!)
Putting in a plumbing system takes a lot of thought………………….
When a house is being built, plumbers and carpenters must work together so the frame of the house is prepared for plumbing to be put in.
Plumbing can be dangerous, so there are codes that must be followed in order to keep everyone safe.
A code is a set of rules that can be enforced by law!!!
Some Common Colds Codes 1. UPC (Uniform Plumbing Code) 2. BOCA (Basic Builders Code) 3. IBOC (International Conference of Building Officials) 4. NPC (National Plumbing Code) 5. SPCCI (Standard Plumbing Code) **Local codes usually adopt all or parts of the UPC or other plumbing codes. Once adopted, codes can be enforced by law!!
In the plumbing business, errors cost money, so you better know your stuff!!!
There are 2 Types of Plumbing Systems 1) Water Supply System 2) Drainage, Waste, and Venting (DWV)
Water Supply System • Distributes water under pressure throughout the structure for drinking, bathing, cooking, and laundry. • This is a 2 pipe system. • One pipe carries cold water, and the other hot water.
DWV • Carries away wastewater and solid waste from bathrooms, kitchens, and laundries. • This subsystem is not under pressure, and must be properly vented to prevent wastewater form entering the drinking water supply.
What is the difference between a valve, a fixture, and a faucet?
Valves Devices that control the flow of water in the water supply system. They are installed at certain places on the lines so that water can be shut off easily.
Faucets Valves that permit controlled amounts of water as needed for use in a building. They deliver water to sinks, showers, and bathtubs, but can also deliver water to a hose or bucket.
Fixtures Water-using devices such as sinks, bathtubs, urinals, stools, or showers.
They are attached to the plumbing system and receive water from the supply system.
PLUMBING FIXTURES & APPLIANCES
Plumbing Fixtures Definition: Receptacles which are used to provide, receive and discharge water, liquid and water-carried wastes into a drainage system with which they are connected to
Classifications: Soil Water Closets Urinals Slop Sinks
Scullery Kitchen Sinks Laundry Tubs Bar Sinks
Bathing Lavatories
Bathtubs Shower Baths
Bidets Foot/Sitz Tub Shower Receptors Shower Compartments
Soil Fixtures Setting:
WATER CLOSET
Water closet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m Water closet center to WC center: minimum of 0.75 m
Types: According to Type of Flushing Flush Tank water closets Direct Flush Valve ( DFV water closets) -Flushing action can be obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl
Soil Fixtures According to Flush Tank Types Integral Flush Tank Close Coupled Flush Tank Low Flush Tank High Flush Tank
Soil Fixtures According to Mounting Floor Mounted
Wall Hung
Soil Fixtures According to Flushing Action Wash Down -
Flushes through a simple wash down action -
Discharges waste into a trapway located at the front of the bowl
-
Has a bulge on the front
-
Has a small amount of standing water Cost less but is least efficient and noisiest
-
Soil Fixtures Reverse Trap -
Flushes through a siphon action created in the trapway
Siphon Jet -
Has a larger trapway making it less likely to clog
-
Quieter flushing action Retains a large amount of standing water
Soil Fixtures Siphon Vortex -
Less noisy and very efficient - Flushing action is started by a whirlpool motion followed by a complete flush down - Retains a large amount of standing water
Direct Flush Valve
-
flushing action is obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl
Soil Fixtures Other Types of Water Closets Squat Type
Washout
Soil Fixtures
Soil Fixtures
Soil Fixtures Minimum Requirements for Water Closets OCCUPANCY
MIN. WC
KIND & NO. OF USERS
Dwelling or Apartment
1
family
Elementary Schools
1 2 1
for 1-20 persons For 21-50 persons per additional 50 persons
Assembly Places (Theaters and Auditoriums- for public use)
1 2 3 3 4 8 1 2
per 1-100 males per 101-200 males per 201-400 males per 1-50 females per 51-100 females per 101-200 females per additional 500 males over 400 per additional 300 females over 400
Dormitories
1 1 1
per 10 males per 8 females per additional 25 males, 20 females
Industrial
1 2 3 4 5 1
per 1 - 10 persons for 11 - 25 persons for 26 - 50 persons for 51 - 75 persons for 76 - 100 persons per additional 30 persons in excess of 100
Soil Fixtures Types: Wall Hung Pedestal Through Stall
URINALS
Soil Fixtures Setting: Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 m Urinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m
Flushing: Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks. (NPC 408.1) Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging a predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals. (NPC 408.2)
Soil Fixtures Minimum Requirements for Urinals OCCUPANCY Schools: Elementary Secondary
MIN. #
KIND & NO. OF USERS
1 1
per 75 males per 35 males
Office or Public Building
1 2 3 4 1
per 1-100 males per 101-200 males per 201-400 males per 401-600 males For each additional 300 males
Assembly Places ( Theaters and auditoriums)for public use)
1 2 3 4 1
per 1-100 males per 101-200 males per 201-400 males per 401-600 males For each additional 500 males
Dormitories
1 1
Per 25 males per 50 males in excess of 150
Industrial and Commercial
0
0
Scullery Fixtures Materials: KITCHEN SINK Stainless Steel
Cast Iron Enamel
Formed Steel Coated with Porcelain Enamel
Single, Double or Triple Well, Shallow and Deep well, etc.
Scullery Fixtures LAUNDRY TUBS
Materials: Cement or Cement with Tiles
Porcelain
SLOP SINKS Where janitors clean & leave their mops
BAR SINKS
Scullery Fixtures LAVATORIES
Types:
Pedestal
Wall Hung
Pullman or Counter
Through
Bathing Fixtures BATHTUBS WHIRLPOOL BATHS with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access pump circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the trap pump and circulation piping shall be self draining Brand Name of luxury type bathtubs
JACUZZIS
Bathing Fixtures BIDETS Used for cleaning private parts Sometimes referred to as female urinals
Setting: Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75 m
Bathing Fixtures FLOOR DRAINS With approved-type hinged strainer plate having the sum of the areas of the small holes of the waterway equal to the crosssectional area of the tailpiece Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor
SHOWER RECEPTORS Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4% slope. Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door. For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.
Bathing Fixtures SHOWER BATHS/ COMPARTMENTS Metal enclosure containing shower head, valves and faucets
Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6 sqm and shall be capable of encompassing a 762 mm diameter circle. This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain to a height of 1.78 m with no protrusions other than the fixture valve, shower head and safety grab rails. Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.9 m apart.
PLUMBING MATERIALS & FITTINGS
PLUMBING PIPES APPROVED MATERIALS – marked for identification • Embossed/Stamped – brass/copper fittings • Molded – plastic fittings • Indelible Marking – colored stripe/indelible letters – RED STRIPE – type M Copper (Rigid) – BLUE STRIPE – type L Copper (Flexible/Rigid) – GREEN STRIPE – type K Copper – YELLOW STRIPE – Drain, Waste & Vent (DWV)Copper NOTE:
Pipe and fittings for Potable Water – lead content of not more than 8% Solder (join pipe/fittings) – may not contain 0.2% lead
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS • ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) – for pressure-rated potable water use – inexpensive – resists chemical attack
• Asbestos Cement Pipe – water mains
• Brass Pipe – metallic, threaded pipe (used for both Water Service and Water Distribution)
• Cast Iron Pipe – not used for individual water supplies – “ductile pipe” for water mains
Cast Iron Most popular and generally specified material for drainage installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s. Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
Commercial length: 600 cm Diameters: 50-150mm
SPIGOT
HUB Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust
2 Types: SV type -
generally used; for building installations
XV type -
extra duty; for underground installations
Cast Iron 4 Varieties: Standard Pipe
Single Hub Pipe
Double Hub Pipe
Hubless Pipe
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS • Copper Pipe – copper tubing – copper pipe with or without threads – gray color code for water service use
• Copper Tubing – soft copper or rolls (water-service) – rigid (water distribution)
• Standard has a specific ID and OD • Extra Heavy and Double extra heavy have heavier walls, although the OD remains the same the ID changes.
Disadvantages of Copper Tubing • High initial cost • High degree of expansion • Bad taste and green stains if the water is slightly acidic
Classification of Copper Tubing 1. Type K
thickest/heaviest
2. Type L
middle
3. Type M
thinnest/lightest
Joining of Copper Tubing Copper pipe may be joined in three ways: 1. Soldering 2. Flaring 3. Compression
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS • cPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride) – white or cream colored plastic pipe for water distribution – buff colored thermoplastic – light, easy to handle, resists cracks – good for freezing conditions – suitable for piping hot water – Rating of 180 degrees Fahrenheit and 100 psi
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS • Galvanized Steel Pipe – with threaded fittings for water distribution – problem: rust
• PB (Polybutylene) – rolled coils or straight lengths – flexible, allowing for easy installation – connections made with compression fittings – Blue color – water service use – Gray color – water service or water distribution
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS • PE (Polyethylene) – black or bluish for water services
• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – – – –
drain or vent pipe white CWL (Cold Water Line) only has lower thermal expansion that makes long runs easier to control – Joined with a two-step primer/solvent and suitable fittings
WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE • Minimum working pressure of 100 psi/temp. 180 °F • Pressure-reducing valve at the water service to reduce the pressure to no more than 80 psi • • • •
BRASS PIPE – once popular COPPER PIPE/TUBING (more common choice) GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – subject to rust problems POLYBUTYLENE (PB) – ease of installation – resistance due to splitting caused by freezing conditions – low cost
DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE • Range from 1 ½” – 4” diameter • ABS – black or gray color – Schedule 40 (used above or below ground or joined by solvent-weld cement) – extremely durable or can take hard abuse without breaking or cracking
• ALUMINUM TUBING – above-ground use only – joined by mechanical joints – coated to prevent corrosive action
DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE • BOROSILICATE GLASS – used above or below ground or underground – heavy-schedule of pipe
• BRASS PIPE – rarely used
• CAST IRON PIPE (CIP) – – – – –
hub and spigot style (joined by oakum/molten lead) hubless (jointed with mechanical joints – rubber coupling) referred to as SOIL PIPE service weight pipe extra heavy pipe
DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE • COPPER PIPE – thin-walled with yellow marking – time-consuming to install – used above or below ground
• GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – not to be installed closer than 6” to the earth
• LEAD PIPE – limited to above-grade installations
• POLYVINYL CHLORIDE – white with rating of Schedule 40 – become brittle in cold weather
DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE Used for Building Sewer: • • • • • •
ABS Cast Iron Vitrified Clay PVC Concrete Asbestos Cement
STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS • Interior or Underground (for storm sewer) • INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE – – – – – – –
ABS DWV Copper Type L Copper Asbestos Cement Cast Iron Vitrified Clay Brass
STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS • INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE (continue) – – – – – – – – –
Galvanized PVC Type M Copper Type K Copper Bituminized Fiber Concrete Aluminum Lead Black Steel
STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS • SUBSOIL DRAINS – Asbestos Cement – Vitrified Clay – Cast Iron – Bituminized Fiber – PVC – PE
SUMMARY • • • •
Copper Cast Iron Black Steel Galvanized Steel
• • • •
• ABS • PVC
• •
• cPVC • Polyethylene Pipe
• •
Hot and Cold water lines Large sewage Liquid not used very often Zinc covered, used for water outdoor lines Underground application Sewage in house, Cold water outside Hot water application Black Plastic, Cold water only, Pump installation, Surface and Underground, Replaces copper and PVC
METHOD OF JOINTING PIPES • • • • •
Caulking Threading Flanging Soldering Welding
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS • PIPE NIPPLE – piece of pipe lesser than 12” length – threaded on both ends – more than 12” – Cut Pipe a. Close – when fittings or valves are to be joined very close to each other b. Short – small amount of pipe exists (shoulder) c. Long – larger amount of bare pipe exists
• PIPE COUPLING – materials: Wrought iron, Cast metal, Brass – Extension Piece – male threaded at one end
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS • RETURN BENDS – Back – Side
• TEES – branch of 90 degrees or right angles
• PLUG – – – – – –
closing end of a pipe or fitting having female thread square head four-sided counter-sunk head – (small size) hexagon-head – (larger sizes) 1/8” – 12” Ground-joint union
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS • BUSHINGS – connect the male end of a pipe to a fitting of a larger size – reducing or enlarging fitting
• ELBOWS – – – –
to change the direction of a pipe 45°/90° – gas, water, steam 22 ½°/60° – special angles CI drainage fitting elbows: 5 5/8” 22 ½° 60° 11 ¼° 45°
90°
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS • CAPS – closing the end of a pipe or fitting male threaded – plain and flat band – beaded caps
• FLANGE – for closing flanged fittings/flange pipe lines
• WYE
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS 90 degree Slip Elbow
45 degree Slip Elbow
PVC Slip Tee
PVC Male Adaptor
PVC Threaded Tee
Brass Connector
COMMON JOINT MATERIALS Teflon Tape – used to wrap around threads to prevent leaking Pipe Cement Solvent – used to assemble PVC, cPVC and ABS pipes
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS End Feed Fittings (E/F) End feed fittings, are fittings where the solder is manually fed in from the end of the fitting during soldering. All pipes used must be cleaned and have flux applied to each joint before heating with a blow torch and the application of solder 15mm End Feed Coupler
15mm End Feed Tee
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Integral Solder Ring (Yorkshire)
Yorkshire fittings (Yorkshire is a trade name) already contain a ring solder inside them All pipes used must be cleaned and have flux applied to each joint before heating evenly with a blow torch until the solder is seen to melt 15mm Integral Solder Ring Coupler
15mm x 15mm x 15mm Integral Solder Ring Tee
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Compression Fittings (COMP)
Compression fittings use a nut and olive (copper, brass or rubber compression ring) to make a water tight seal between the fitting and the pipe. All pipes used must be clean and free from burrs before assembly. A suitable sealing paste should also be applied before the joints are tightened using a wrench or spanner. Do not over tighten as this can lead to problems should the fitting need to be removed 15 millimetre Compression Tee
15 millimetre Compression Service Valve
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Speed Fit, HEP2O, Copper/Brass Push Fit
There are many different types of push fit joints are now being marketed, they're available in plastic, brass & copper. There's not much difference between them, they all incorporate some form of grip ring which creates a seal between the pipe and the fitting and prevents the pipe from pulling out. All pipes used must be clean and free from burrs before assembly. Insert the cleaned pipe into the fitting and push into place by hand. Hep20 Straight Coupler
Speed Fit Straight Coupler
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Male Brass (MI) Fittings
Male Brass (MI) fittings have an external thread and are made as the name suggests from brass. These fittings are tightened using a wrench or spanner. Always use a suitable sealing compound when assembling joints using these fittings. Do not over tighten. 1/2" MI bsp x15mm Elbow
3/4" MI bsp x 22mm coupler
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Female Brass (FI) Fittings
Female Brass (FI) fittings have an internal thread and are made as the name suggests from brass. These fittings are tightened using a wrench or spanner. Always use a suitable sealing compound when assembling joints using these fittings. Do not over tighten. 1/2" FI BSP x 15mm Integral Solder Ring Coupler
1/2" FI BSP x 15mm Compression Elbow
1/2" FI BSP x 15mm Wall Plate Elbow
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Fitting Sizes
Fittings are supplied in a variety of sizes ranging from 6mm through to what ever size you require, although larger size fittings may have to be specially ordered. Generally the average plumber working in domestic properties will come into contact with fittings ranging from 6mm to 28mm. As a plumber you will continue to come into contact with fittings still measured in old imperial (inches). Some merchants catalogues will have fittings still measured in inches especially internally or externally threaded fittings as these are to BSP (British Standard Pipe). 1/2“ = 12.7 mm
3/4“ = 19.05mm
1“ = 25.4 mm
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Ordering Fittings 1
Ordering couplers is straight forward as they are the same size at both ends (eg 15mm coupler) Ordering tees is slightly more complicated. State the largest size first then the opposite side and then the centre size (eg 22mm x 15mm x 22mm or 22mm x 22mm x15mm see examples below) 22mm x 15mm x 22mm Compression Tee
22mm x 22mm x15mm Hep2O Tee
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Ordering Fittings 2
What if all the sides of a Tee fitting are the same? The Tee would simply be called an Equal Tee.
15mm Equal Tee (York)
15mm Equal Tee (Hep2o)
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Other Fittings - Tap connectors:
These fittings are also known as swivel fittings and they come in either straights or elbows.
15mm Straight Tap Connector in Brass
15 mm Straight Tap Connector (Speed Fit)
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Other Fittings - Tap connectors continued:
Further examples of tap connectors
15 mm Compression Elbow Tap Connector
15 mm Hep2o Elbow Tap Connector
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Other Fittings - Reducers
These are used when you need to reduce the pipe size e.g. 22mm cold feed to a bath tap would then be reduced to 15mm to supply a basin tap, not only is this more pleasing to the eye it is also more economical. Integral Solder Ring Copper Reducer
Push Fit Plastic Reducer
15 mm x 22mm End Feed Reducer
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Other Fittings - Stop Ends
These fittings are used for capping off water supplies either temporally or when permanently decommissioning.
22mm Integral Solder Ring Stop End
22mm Compression Stop End
15mm Speed Fit Stop End
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Other Fittings - Drain Off
The drain off is a valve located at the lowest point of any system and has a serrated hose connection out-let.
Drain Off (Male Iron)
Drain Off (end feed)
Drain Off (Hep20 or Speed Fit)
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS Other Fittings - Couplers Couplers are used to connect pipes together to form longer pipe runs. 15 mm Straight Coupler Compression
15mm End Feed Coupler
15mm Integral Solder Ring Coupler
15mm Speed Fit Coupler
VALVES • GATE VALVE – full open valves or stop valve – Wedged Shaped or Tapered Disc – Double Disc Valve
• GLOBE VALVE – Plug Type Disc Valve – Conventional Disc Valve – Composition Disc Valve
VALVES • CHECK VALVES – Swing Check Valve – Horizontal or Vertical – Lift Check Valve
• • • • •
ANGLE VALVES FOOT VALVE SAFETY VALVE BALL VALVE CUT-OFF VALVES
VALVES • VALVES (PRESSURE) – Pressure Reducing Valves – Temperature and Pressure Relief Valves
• VALVES (DRAINAGE SYSTEM) – Balance Valve – Unbalanced Valve
Drains
Sink Faucet
Tub Faucet
Globe Valve
PLUMBING TOOLS
Plumbing Tools • Plumbing tools fall under one of two categories: – Hand tools
– Power tools
87
Hand Tools • Manually operated. • Not as expensive as power tools. • Equally important in completing a task or project. • Most employers expect a plumber to have basic hand tools when being considered for employment.
88
New Residential Plumbers Tool List Quantity Tool
89
Quantity
Tool
1
Retractable tape measure
1
12” claw hammer
1
Medium Phillips screwdriver
1
Cat’s paw nail remover
1
Medium slotted screwdriver
1
Allen wrench kit
1
Multi-type screwdriver
1
Wood chisel kit
2
10” angled jaw pliers
2
12” concrete chisel
1
6” combination pliers
1
5/16” nut driver
1
7” locking pliers
1
1/8” to 1-1/8” copper tubing cutters
1
8” or 10” adjustable wrench
1
Copper midget tubing cutters
1
18” pipe wrench
1
Copper tubing cutter up to 2” pipe size
1
24” pipe wrench
1
Copper flaring tool
1
Smooth jaw pipe wrench
1
Copper tubing bending tool
1
Basin wrench
1
Plastic pipe saw
1
Hacksaw
New Residential Plumbers Tool List (Varies Based on Employer)
Quantity
90
Description
Quantity
Description
1
Mini-hacksaw
1
Torpedo type level
1
Flexible tubing cutter
1
24” level
1
Inside PVC pipe cutter
1
Torch regulator assembly
1
Utility blade knife
1
Torch striker
2
Straight cut type aviation snips or set of three
1
1/2” Flexible pipe crimping tool
1
3/4” Flexible pipe crimping tool
1
Plumb bob
1
Chalk box
1
Adjustable angle jaw pliers
1
Smooth jaw adjustable wrench
1
Pipe wrenches (18” or 24”)
1
Pencil
1
Magic marker
1
Carpenter’s speed square
1
Basket strainer tool or internal wrench
The Plumbers Tool Belt Includes wrenches and other tools used to: • • • • •
Measure Align Mark Cut Ream and Thread
Marking Tools Pencils, chalk lines, compasses, and dividers.
Pencil
Compass
Levels • A level is one of the most important tools in a plumber’s toolbox. • A level has tubes partially filled with colored liquid leaving a trapped air bubble. • Some levels have a dimensional feature that can be used for measuring distances.
93
Tape Measures • There are numerous maker and models of tape measures. • They vary in blade width and length. • The retractable type with a pocket clip is the most common.
94
Squares • The framing square is a tool for laying out angles. • It has two edges that form a 90 angle.
95
Screwdrivers • Screwdrivers are available in many lengths and shank diameters. • Phillips and slotted head types are two used by plumbers.
96
Pliers • Pliers are available in various styles. • The most common type has angled and grooved jaws. • Most pliers used in the plumbing trade have cushion grip handles.
97
Adjustable Wrenches • Adjustable wrenches are available in various sizes. • Some have a cushioned grip. • Their jaw opening is adjustable and smooth.
98
Pipe Wrenches • Pipe wrenches have grooved jaws designed to provide grip for working with metal piping systems. • The two most common sizes are 18” and 24”. • All pipe wrenches have an adjustment range for various pipe or fitting sizes.
99
Hammers • Numerous hammer types are available with different heads, claws, and weights. • For a plumber, the type of claw is the most important factor regarding the selection of a hammer.
100
Plastic Pipe Saw • Can be used to cut both ABS and PVC pipe. • Available in short and long blade styles. • Their cutting teeth are closer together than a wood-cutting saw and farther apart than a metal-cutting saw.
101
Plastic Pipe Cutter • Various designs available. • Range in pricing and size.
102
Metal-Cutting Saw • This versatile tool is designed to cut through metal. • Numerous blade types are available with various numbers of teeth per inch.
103
Hacksaw • Used to cut PVC, cPVC and ABS Pipe
104
Wallboard Saws • Two types commonly used are the compass saw and the wallboard saw. – A compass saw is designed to cut circular holes, but is capable of making square cuts – The wallboard saw is shorter and more rigid than the compass saw
105
Aviation Snips • The most common are offered in three different styles that cut in three different directions – straight, left, and right. • Their cushioned grip handles are colorcoded, indicating their direction of cut.
106
Knives • Commonly used for cutting wallboard, boxes, or tape
107
Chisels • Wood chisels are typically used for notching and splitting pieces of wood boards. • Chisels used for chipping concrete have a blunter cutting edge than wood chisels and are called cold chisels.
108
Basin Wrench • Has a spring-loaded swivel head. • Used to install and remove securing nuts of a faucet and water supply connections in confined spaces.
109
Basket Strainer Tools • Strainer forks are used for strainers and tub drains. • An internal wrench is a multi-purpose tool that allows an installer to tighten or remove parts to a plumbing fixture. – The internal wrench has a range from 1” to 2” internal use.
110
Copper Pipe Cutters (Tubing Cutters) • Copper cutters use metal rollers and a cutting wheel to rotate around the pipe as a manual handle is turned clockwise to advance the cutting wheel through the pipe.
111
Copper Flaring Tool • A flaring tool flares the end of soft copper tubing, creating a 45-degree angle to mate with a compatible brass flared fitting.
112
Copper Tubing Bender • A copper tubing bender is used to create bends in copper tube. • It is useful for tight spaces and for achieving a professional appearance. 113
Torch Regulator Assembly • A typical torch assembly consists of: – A regulator that controls the amount of flammable gas to be ignited – A torch-tip with an orifice specifically designed for the type of gas and the specific torch assembly
114
Flexible Pipe Crimping Tool • Offered in several sizes. • Most commonly used are for 1/2” and 3/4” pipe. • A dual-size tool and a compact version for 1/2” and 3/4” pipe sizes available. • Requires calibration to ensure an adequate crimp is achieved. • A crimp gauge is sold with each tool. 115
Plumb Bob • Provides an accurate method of establishing a vertical point of reference to a lower work area from an upper work area.
116
Chalk Box • Houses string (called a chalk line) and chalk powder. • Used to mark a straight line for layout or to cut plywood boards.
117
Torque Wrench • Used to tighten clamps used in installing cast iron pipe and for rubber transition connectors for dissimilar piping. • Has a 5/16” socket end.
118
Other Plumbing Tools • Sand paper – helps in smoothing the end of the pipe after cutting it • Clean Cloth – wipe off excess solvent cement
• Tri-Square – helps in cutting the pipe square
Personal Safety Equipment • Recommended personal protection equipment: – – – – – – – –
120
Eye protection Face protection Hand protection Knee protection Foot protection Inhalation protection First aid kit Head protection
Summary • Hand tools are required to install various aspects of a plumbing system. • A plumber may be responsible for purchasing hand tools. • Specialty hand tools are required more for repair than for new installation work. • Everyone on a job site is responsible for safety.
121
Summary • Personal protection equipment (PPE) is usually provided by an employer. • Material safety data sheet (MSDS) lists all safety hazards and medical attention requirements for a specific product. • MSDS must be available for all products and kept on file on the jobsite.
122
PLUMBING SYMBOLS & COLOR CODING Symbols and Drawings Pipe Color Coding Fire Extinguisher Color Coding
Pipe & Fitting Symbols
Pipe & Fitting Symbols
Pipe & Fitting Symbols
Pipe & Fitting Symbols
PIPE COLOR CODING
ANSI/ASME A13.1 - 2007 Standard for the Identification of Pipes MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
Fluids which are a vapor or produce vapors that can ignite and continue to FLAMMABLE burn in air Fluids that may burn but are not COMBUSTIBLE flammable TOXIC & Fluids which are corrosive or toxic or will CORROSIVE produce corrosive or toxic substances Water and other substances used in FIRE QUENCHING sprinkler fire-fighting piping systems Any other water, except for water used in OTHER WATER sprinkler and fire-fighting piping systems Any vapor or gas under pressure that does COMPRESSED AIR not fit a category above
BACKGROUND & LETTERING COLORS YELLOW BACKGROUND, BLACK LETTERING
BROWN BACKGROUND, WHITE LETTERING ORANGE BACKGROUND, BLACK LETTERING RED BACKGROUND, WHITE LETTERING GREEN BACKGROUND, WHITE LETTERING BLUE BACKGROUND, WHITE LETTERING
Philippine Pipe Color Code COLOR RED
ORANGE
MATERIAL PIPED Carbon Dioxide Water (Fire Service) Acetylene Blast Furnace Gas Gasoline Grease Hydrogen Oxygen Oil Tar Producer Gas Liquid Petroleum Gas Oil and Water Vacuum-High
PIPE IDENTIFICATION Carbon Dioxide Fire Service Water Acetylene B.F. Gas Gasoline Grease Hydrogen Oxygen Oil Tar Producer Gas LPG Oil and Water High Vacuum
Philippine Pipe Color Code COLOR
YELLOW
GREEN
MATERIAL PIPED Acid Air-High Pressure Ammonia Steam-High Pressure Steam-Low Pressure Water-Boiler Feed Water-Hot Water-High Pressure Air-Low Pressure Argon-Low Pressure Helium-Low Pressure Nitrogen-Low Pressure Water-Cold Water-Distilled Water-Low Pressure Water-Treated Oil and Water
PIPE IDENTIFICATION Acid H.P. Air Ammonia H.P. Steam L.P. Steam Boiler Feed Water Hot Water H.P. Water L.P. Air L.P. Argon L.P. Helium L.P. Nitrogen Cold Water Distilled Water L.P. Water Treated Water Oil and Water
ANSI Color Codes COLOR
STD
MEANING
EXAMPLE
Red
APWA
Electric Power Lines, Cables, Conduit and Lighting Cables
Buried High Voltage Line
Yellow
APWA
Gas, Oil, Steam, Petroleum or Gaseous Materials
Natural Gas Distribution Line
Orange
APWA
Communication, Alarm or Signal Lines, Cables or Conduit
Buried Fiber Optic Cable
Blue
APWA
Water, Irrigation and Slurry Lines
Buried Water Line
Green
APWA
Sewers, Drain Line
Buried Storm Sewer Line
Red
Traffic
Prohibition
STOP, Yield
Orange
Traffic
Temporary Work Zone
Construction Zone Ahead
Yellow
Traffic
Caution
Merge Ahead, Slow
ANSI Color Codes COLOR
STD
MEANING
EXAMPLE
Blue
Traffic
Information Signs
Hospital
Brown
Traffic
Historical or Park
Picnic Area Ahead
Green
Traffic
Directional Signs
Exit 1 Mile, Go
Red
ANSI Sign
Danger Signs, Highest Hazard
Hazardous Voltage Will Cause Death
Orange
ANSI Sign
Warning Signs, Medium Hazard
Hazardous Voltage May Cause Death
Yellow
ANSI Sign
Caution Signs, Lowest Hazard
Turn Machine Off When Not In Use
Blue
ANSI Sign
Notice Signs
Employees Only
Green
ANSI Sign
Safety First Signs
Wear Ear Plugs
ANSI Color Codes COLOR
STD
Red
ANSI Pipe
Fire Quenching Materials
Fire Protection Water
Yellow
ANSI Pipe
Materials Inherently Hazardous
Chlorine
Blue
ANSI Pipe
Materials of Inherently Low Hazard, Gas
Compressed Air
Green
ANSI Pipe
Materials of Inherently Low Hazard, Liquid
Storm Drain
NFPA 701
Blue is used for Health Hazards, Red for Flammability and Yellow for reactivity
Blue/ Red/ Yellow
MEANING
EXAMPLE
NFPA Standards for Medical Facilities SERVICE
COLOR
BACKGROUND COLOR
Carbon Dioxide
White
Gray
Helium
White
Brown
Medical Air
White
Blue
Medical Air
Black
Yellow
Medical Air 50-55 psi
Black
Yellow
Medical Vacuum
White
Blue
Medical Vacuum
Black
White
Nitrogen
White
Black
Nitrogen 180-200 psi
White
Black
Nitrous Oxide
White
Blue
Nitrous Oxide 50-55 psi
White
Blue
Oxygen
White
Green
Oxygen 50-55 psi
White
Green
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
FIRE CLASSIFICATION Fire Class
Geometric Symbol
A
Green Triangle
B
Pictogram
Intended Use
Mnemonic
Ordinary solid combustibles
A for "Ash"
Red Square
Flammable liquids and gases
B for “Barrel"
C
Blue Circle
Energized electrical equipment
C for "Current"
D
Yellow Decagon (Star)
Combustible metals
D for "Dynamite"
K
Black Hexagon
Oils and fats
K for "Kitchen"
PLUMBING INSTALLATION
Pipe Selection • Each kind of pipe has advantages and disadvantages. When making repairs it is generally easier to repair systems with the kind of pipe used in the original installation.
New Installations • When planning a new system, it is important to consider the relative merits of each kind of pipe.
Soldering Copper
Gluing Plastic
All drains can become clogged. It is important to know different ways to unclog a drain so that you may avoid overflows or future problems!!
For a slow drain……. Use chemical cleaners, such as Drano to solve the problem. Be careful, these kind of chemicals are dangerous and can make you very sick or even kill you if they are not used properly!
For more serious clogs….. You may use a plunger, a snake, or a closet auger.
Plungers apply pressure to the clog
Augers and snakes reach and dislodge the obstruction.
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES • Principle 1: Minimum requirement for a waste and vent pipe installation: – Installation consisting of a WC, LAV, SINK, a BT on first floor, and LT in basement with a drain, soil waste, and vent pipe arrangement
– House drain: 3” – 4” Ф – Cleanouts extended at least 1” above floor line – Basements/public washrooms: provide floor drain; should be vented (but not required if drain is not more than 5’ away) – Waste pipe not less than 1 ½” for Bathroom, BT 7 LAV – Waste stack serving the LT and Sink is with a 1 ½” Ф pipe – Branch of the drain is extended 4” above floor level – 4 x 2” tapped cross for laundry tub connection – Sink waste discharged to a 4 x 2” reducer in the top opening of the tee – Vent for Sink: 1 ½” Ф; connected to main soil pipe
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES • Principle 2: Maximum requirements: – Layout of a drain, soil waste, and vent pipe installation – All fixtures are trapped – Each trap is vented except the floor drain (supplied with water from the laundry tub – 4”-line installed from the floor drain intersection to the wall to accommodate 4” C.O. – Pipe size is reduced above 4” Y – 2” soil line extended up to the Sink – 1 ½” vent extends through the roof – Laundry vent intersects at a point 3 ½’ above sink floor line – WC, LAV and Bath served with 4” soil pipe; 2” soil laterals
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES • Principle 3: Individual Ventilation: – Layout consisting of a WC, LAV, & Sink on first floor; WC, LAV & BT on 2nd floor; LT located in basement – House drain/soil pipe same as Principles 1 & 2 – LAV (1st Flr): 1 ¼” waste pipe into the closet bend – WC individually vented with 2” pipe extended to a point in the soil pipe 3’ above the closet connection – LAV & Bt fixture traps are individually ventilated with 1 ¾” and 1 ½” Ф pipe – LT and Sink waste and vent (same as Principle 1)
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES • Principle 4: Plumbing installation for a duplex residence: – WC, LAV, (2) LT in basement, toiletrooms on 1st and 2nd Flr, in which a WC, LAV and BT are installed. Sink is provided in each kitchen – Soil Pipe is 4” Ф; has toiletroom branch connections on 3 levels installed in the partition directly in back of WC – Basement toilet with 2” wet vent into which the basin is wasted. – Main vent: extended from basement toiletroom vertically to a point 3’ above the 2nd Flr toiletroom branch – BT waste (1st Flr toiletroom) with 1 ½” pipe increased at LAV branch to 2” pipe then discharged to closet bend – Bathroom group is wet vented through LAV waste increased to 2” pipe, reconnected into the main vent – 2nd Flr bathroom identical with the 1st except that a 1 ½” LAV waste is ample – LTs connected to unit waste of 2” Ф, vented by the unit method with 1 ½” pipe connected to the waste vent of sink stack – Both sinks discharge into a common waste pipe increased to 2” at 1st Flr sink connection, each individually vented
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES • Principle 5: Typical installation of a soil and waste stack in a 3 storey apartment building: – wet ventilation of the bathroom groups is employed – Main vent of the soil-pipe installation increased to 2 ½” Ф, reconnected full size into the base of the soil pipe to relieve back-pressure – Sink waste stack increased to accommodate number of fixture units it serves – Each fixture is individually vented with 1 ½” pipe, reconnected to a main vent , extended through the roof – Roof terminal has been increased to 4” Ф
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES • Principle 6: Fixtures discharging into sanitary crosses wasted and vented: – Installation consists of a soil pipe serving 4 complete bathrooms and a sink waste on which 4 sinks are installed for two-storey apartment buildings – Soil pipe is 4” Ф pipe provided with (2) sanitary crosses for WC connections – 1st Flr bath waste increased to 2” Ф (ventilation of WC essential) – 1st Flr toilet rooms with wet vent method through LAV waste, also increased to 2” – Main vent increased to 2 ½” Ф as per number of fixture units served, reconnected into base of the soil pipe. – Sinks discharged into a unit waste pipe and ventilated
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES • Principle 7: Unit waste and vent applied to bathroom fixture groups on opposite sides of a partition typical of hotel and apartment house layouts: – – – – –
Soil-pipe stack accommodates 4 complete bathrooms (WC, LAV, BT) WCs connected to 4” sanitary cross, top opening serving as vent connection WCs traps ventilated with 2” unit vent LAV and BT wastes discharged to 2” Ф common waste pipe Both groups are connected into the waste by 90 º drainage cross, top opening serving as unit vent. – LAV and BT traps ventilated with 1 ½” Ф pipe. – Vents from 1st Flr extended with 2” pipe to a point 3’ above topmost branch of soil pipe, where main vent is increased to 2 ½” Ф accommodating 2 nd Flr bathroom – Sinks are with independent 2” Ф vertical waste pipe, fixtures are unit vented
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES • Principle 8: Installation common to multistorey apartment and hotel buildings – Bathroom waste and vent pipe connections typical to small residence – Main vent with 3” pipe based on number of fixture units served – Provided with a 3’ yoke or by-pass vent between 4th and 5th Flr
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES OF 2008 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514
RULE 2. COVERAGE A. B.
All persons; All private or public buildings, facilities or structures and their premises erected or constructed before and after the effectivity hereof; C. Design and installation of mechanical, electronics and electrical systems relative to fire protection; D. Manufacturing, storage, handling and/or use, and transportation of explosives and/or combustible, flammable liquids and gases, toxic and other hazardous materials and operations, and their wastes; E. Fire safety planning, design, construction, repair, maintenance, rehabilitation and demolition; F. Fire protective and warning equipment or systems;
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Abatement. Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard. • Building Administrator. Any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for the latter. • Anesthetics Gas. A medical gas used as anesthetic agents for surgical procedures that could either be flammable or non-flammable. Examples of flammable anesthetics are cyclopropane and ethylene. Examples of non-flammable anesthetic gases are nitrous oxides and halothane.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Automatic Fire Suppression System. An integrated system of underground or overhead piping or both connected to a source of extinguishing agent or medium and designed in accordance with fire protection engineering standards which, when actuated by its automatic detecting device, suppresses fires within the area protected. • Automotive Service Station. That portion of property where liquids used as motor fuels are stored and dispensed from fixed equipment into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles and shall include any facilities available for the sale and service of tires, batteries and accessories, and for minor automotive maintenance work. • Baffle. A non liquid-tight transverse partition in a cargo tank.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Blasting Agent. Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives. • Blowout. A sudden release of oil and gas from a well. • Boiling point. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in question, or for mixture which do not have a constant boiling point, for purposes of this classification the ten percent (10%) point of distillation performed in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products ASTM D-86-62, may be used as the boiling point of the liquid
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Class A Fires. Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, rubber and plastics. • Class B Fires. Fires involving flammable liquids and gases. • Class C Fires. Fires involving energized electrical equipment. • Class D Fire. Fires involving combustible materials, such as sodium, magnesium, potassium, and other similar materials. • Class K Fires. Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and fats).
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Closed Container. Any container so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures. • Combination Standpipe. A pipeline system filled with water and connected to a constant water supply for the use of the BFP and the occupants of the buildings solely for fire suppression purposes.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Combustible Liquid. Any liquid having a flash point at or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C), and classified as follows: • Class II Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) and below sixty degrees Celsius (60°C). • Class IIIA Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or above sixty degrees Celsius (60°C), but below ninety three degrees Celsius (93°C). • Class IIIB Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or above ninety three degrees Celsius (93°C).
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Combustible Waste. Also known as loose waste material, are those generated by an establishment or process and, being salvageable, are retained for scrap or reprocessing on the premises where generated. These include, but not limited to, all combustible fibers, hay, straw, hair, feathers, down, wood shavings, turnings, styropor, all types of plastics, all types of paper products, soiled cloth trimmings and cuttings, rubber trimmings and buffings, metal fines, used oil and any mixture of the above items, or any other salvageable combustible waste material.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Compressed Gas. One that exists solely in the gaseous state under pressure in the range of two hundred seventy three kilopascal (273 KPa) to twenty four thousand nine hundred twenty three kilopascal (24,923 KPa) at all normal atmospheric temperature ranging from twenty degrees Celsius (20°C) to thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) inside its container. • Compressed Gas Mixture. A mixture of two or more compressed gases contained in a single packaging, the hazard properties of which are represented by the properties of the mixture as a whole. • Compressed Gas System. An assembly of components, such as containers, reactors, pumps, compressors and connecting piping and tubing, designed to contain, distribute or transport compressed gases.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Corrosive Liquid. Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain chemicals. • Crude Oil. Any naturally-occurring, unrefined petroleum liquid. • Cryogenic. Is descriptive of any material which, by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements, produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Curtain Board. A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof trusses to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent. • Damper. A normally open device installed inside air duct systems which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire. • Distillation. The process of first raising the temperature to separate the more volatile from the less volatile parts and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly purified substance.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Dry Standpipe. A type of standpipe system in which the pipes are normally not filled with water. Water is introduced into the system thru fire service connections when needed. • Duct System. A continuous passageway for the transmission of air. • Dust. Any finely divided solid, four millimeters (4 mm) or less in diameter (that is, material capable of passing through a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve) which, if mixed with air in the proper proportion, becomes explosive and may be ignited by a flame or spark or other source of Ignition. • Ember. A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Explosive. Includes any chemical compound or mechanical mixture that is commonly used or intended for the purpose of producing an explosion. • Fire Alarm. Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants of the building or fire fighting elements of the presence or danger of fire. • Fire Alerting System. A fire alarm system activated by the presence of fire, where the signal is transmitted to designated locations instead of sounding a general alarm.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Fire Door. A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions. • Fire Exit Drill. A practice drill for the orderly and safe evacuation of occupants in the buildings. • Fire Hazard. Any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations and the safeguarding of life and property. • Fire Lane. The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient conduct of fire fighting operations.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Fire Protective Assembly. An assembly incorporated in the structure designed to prevent the spread of fire, such as dampers, curtain boards, fire stoppers and the like. • Fire Resistance Rating. The time duration that a material or construction can withstand the effect of a standard fire test. • Fire Trap. A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Fire Wall. A wall designed to prevent the spread of fire, having a fire resistance rating of not less than four (4) hours with sufficient structural stability to remain standing even if construction on either side collapses under fire conditions. • Fire. The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and light of combustion. • Flame Retardant. Any compound or mixture which when applied properly improves the resistivity or fire resistance quality of fabrics and other materials. • Flame Spread Rating. The time in which flame will spread over the surface of a burning material. • Flammability. The characteristic of a material on how easily it will burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS •
Flammable Liquids. Are liquids having flash points below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) except any mixture having components with flash points of seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius(37.8°C) or higher, the total of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids are classified as follows:
•
Class I-A Liquids include those liquids having flash points below twenty two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8°C), and having a boiling point below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C). Class I-B Liquids include those liquids having flash points below twenty two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8°C), and having a boiling point at or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C). Class I-C Liquids include those liquids having flash points at or above twenty two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8°C), and below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C).
•
•
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS •
Flash Point of a Liquid. The lowest temperature a liquid at which sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture with air, near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used, as determined by appropriate laboratory test, as follows: – The flash point of liquids having a flash point at or below seventy nine degrees Celsius (79°C), except for fuel oils and certain viscous materials shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester, ASTM D 56-61. – The flash point of liquids having a flash point above seventy nine degrees Celsius (79°C), except for fuel oils, shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Cleveland open Cup Tester, ASTM D 92-57. – The flash point of fuel oil, and certain viscous materials having a flash point at or below seventy nine degrees Celsius (79°C), shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, ASTM 93-62.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Fumigation. The utilization within an enclosed space of a fumigant in concentrations that is hazardous or acutely toxic to humans. • High Rise Buildings. Buildings, structures or facilities fifteen (15) meters or more in height. • Hose Box. A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored and arranged for fire fighting. • Hose Reel. A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is wound and connected. • Hypergolic Fuel. A rocket or liquid propellant which consists of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously on contact with each other.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Any flammable gas liquefied through pressure. The liquid vaporizes under normal atmospheric pressure. • Magnesium. A highly flammable metal which burns to over two thousand nine hundred eighty degree Celsius (2,980 °C). It is used as a principal element of aluminum alloy for the manufacture of mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components, beverage cans, flashlight photography, flares, pyrotechnics, fireworks sparklers, automotive and truck components. • Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Is a form that contains data and information regarding the properties of a particular substance.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Means of Egress. Is a continuous and unobstructed route of exit from one point in a building, structure or facility to a public way. • Medical Air. A type of air product produced through the blending of compressed nitrogen and oxygen and used in variety of patients’ application. It is also used during anesthesia as a substitute for nitrous oxide to reduce the high concentration of oxygen exposure. • Medical Gas. A type of gas used in medical and similar facilities, including oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, medical air and mixtures of these gases.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Occupancy. The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used. • Occupant Load. The maximum number of persons that may be allowed to occupy a particular building, structure, or facility, or portions hereof. • Occupant. Any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by virtue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter. • Owner. The person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Oxidizing Material. A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion. • Ozone Depleting Refrigerant/Substance. Any group of halogenated hydrocarbon chemicals which photo-chemically reacts in the stratosphere in a way which destroys the ozone layer.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • • • •
Plastics: Group A Plastics. Group B Plastics. Group C Plastics
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Group A Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of combustion much higher than that of ordinary combustibles and burning rate higher than that of Group B plastics. Examples of Group A plastics include, but are not limited to, the following: – – – – – – – –
ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer) Acetal (polyformaldehyde) Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate) Butyl rubber EPDM (ethylene propylene rubber) FRP (fiberglass-reinforced polyester) Natural rubber (expanded) Nitrile rubber (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber)
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Group A Plastics. – – – – – – – – –
PET or PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) Polybutadiene Polycarbonate Polyester elastomer Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene (expanded and unexpanded) Polyurethane (expanded and unexpanded) PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than fifteen (15%) percent plasticized, e.g., coated fabric unsupported film) – SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) – SBRr (styrene butadiene rubber)
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Group B Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of combustion and burning rate higher than that of ordinary combustibles, but not as high as those of Group A plastics. Examples of Group B plastics include, but are not limited to, the following: – Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl Cellulose) – Chloroprene rubber – Fluoroplastics (ECTFE, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer; ETFE, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer; FEP, fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer) – Natural rubber (nonexpanded) – Nylon (nylon 6, nylon 6/6) – PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than 5-percent, but not exceeding fifteen (15)percent plasticized) – Silicone rubber
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Group C Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of combustion and burning rate similar to those of ordinary combustibles. Examples of Group C plastics include, but are not limited to, the following: – Fluoroplastics (PCTFE, Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene) – Melamine (melamine formaldehyde) – Phenol – PVC (polyvinyl chloride, rigid or plasticized less than five percent (5%), e.g., pipe, pipe fittings) – PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride) – PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) – PVF (polyvinyl fluoride) – Urea (urea formaldehyde)
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Propeller. An inclusive term for all parts, appurtenances, and accessories of a propeller. • Public Way. Any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently appropriated for public use. • Safety Factor. Is the ratio of the design burst pressure to the maximum working pressure and shall not be less than four (4). • Smelting. Refers to the process of melting or fusing metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities from pure metals.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Solvents or Liquid Classifications. A method of classifying solvents or liquids according to the following: • Class I Solvents. Liquids having a flash point below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C). • Class II Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) and below sixty degrees Celsius (60°C). • Class IIIA Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above sixty degrees Celsius (60°C) and below ninety three and three-tenths degrees Celsius (93.3°C). • Class IIIB Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above ninety three and three-tenths degrees Celsius (93.3°C). • Class IV Solvents. Liquids classified as non-flammable.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Sprinkler System. An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping system installed in a building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire. • Standpipe System. A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to water outlets as needed. • Sump Pit. The lowest part of a mine, vault, tank or a hole in the ground used to collect water, waste water and sludge for purposes of draining through a submersible pump.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Toxicity. The degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism. • Used Water. Liquid waste generated by treatment plants, housekeeping, operation and maintenance, and laboratory activities, including but not limited to washing, flushing, and cleaning activities. It also includes the cleaning, flushing and draining water that bear dirt and sludge from sedimentation basin, settling tank, and other treatment processes and unit operation facilities, and backwash water generated in the backwashing, cleaning and flushing of filter media or beds. • Ventilation. The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Vertical Shaft. An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor, as well as from the base to the top of a building. • Vestibule. A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a house or building. • Waste Water. Liquid waste generated by human activities that use water and/or those water that come from residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, industrial, agricultural and other facilities, similar occupancies and related activities.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Supplying Water for Fire Protection Systems: The Elevated Water Tank
The Underground Water Reservoir
Types of Fire Protection Systems: Automatic / Sprinkler System Dry Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM • A system used to control or to extinguish a fire in a building • Fire suppression systems are especially important because their purpose is to protect both life and property. • The most common types of fire suppression systems are fire sprinkler system and standpipe system.
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM • A fire sprinkler system is an integrated system of underground and overhead piping, with one or more automatic water supplies, to which fire sprinklers are attached in a systematic pattern
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Automatic / Sprinkler System There are two general types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems: the Automatic Wet and Automatic Dry
TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS • Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems • Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems • Deluge Sprinkler Systems
• Pre-Action Sprinkler Systems
Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems • are installed more often than all other types of fire sprinkler systems • Operation: When an automatic sprinkler is exposed to sufficient heat, the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases, allowing water to flow from that sprinkler. Sprinklers are manufactured to react to a specific range of temperatures. Only sprinklers subjected to a temperature at or above their specific temperature rating will operate.
Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems • are second most common sprinkler system type • Operation: When one or more of the automatic sprinklers is exposed to sufficient heat, it opens, allowing the maintenance air to vent from the sprinkler. Each sprinkler operates individually. As their air pressure in the piping drops, the pressure differential across the dry pipe valve changes, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flow from sprinklers needed to control the fire is delayed until the air is vented from the sprinklers.
Deluge Sprinkler Systems • are system that have open sprinklers, i.e. the heat sensing operating element is removed during installation, so that all sprinklers connected to the water piping system are open. These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous application of water over the entire hazard
Deluge Sprinkler Systems • Operation: Activation of a fire alarm initiating device, or a manual pull station, signals the fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flows from all sprinklers simultaneously.
Pre-Action Sprinkler Systems • similar to deluge sprinkler system except that automatic sprinklers are used, rather than open sprinklers
COMPONENTS OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM • Fire Sprinkler – is a nozzle which distributes water in a specific spray pattern.
• Automatic Sprinkler – is a fire sprinkler with a normally closed nozzle which can be individually opened by heat, by either melting a fusible element or rupturing a liquid-filled glass bulb.
• Main – is a principal artery of a system of continuous piping to which branch lines are connected.
• Branch line – a part of the piping to which fire sprinklers are connected.
• Riser – is a water main which extends vertically one full storey or more to convey water to individual floor mains and branch lines.
Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads Types of Sprinkler Heads Upright- used above piping when piping is exposed
Pendent- projects through a finished ceiling when piping is exposed
TEMPERATURE RATINGS • Ordinary-temperature sprinklers – are sprinklers rated between 135 to 170°F. They are intended for use in areas where the maximum ceiling temperature is not to exceed 100°F.
• Intermediate-temperature sprinklers – are sprinklers rated between 175 and 225°F. They are intended for use in areas where the maximum ceiling temperature does not exceed 150°F.
• High-temperature sprinklers – are sprinklers rated between 250 and 300°F. They are intended for use in areas where the maximum ceiling temperature does not exceed 225°F.
Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads Spacing of Sprinkler Heads:
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads KIND OF BUILDING Light Hazard Occupancy Extra hazard Occupancy
COVERAGE OF ONE SPRINKLER HEAD 20 square meters 10 square meters
Special Installation Requirements At least one fire department connection on each frontage A master alarm system valve control for all water supplies other than fire department connections Special fire walls between protected areas Sloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry away waste water
SPRINKLER SPACING DESIGN S – design spacing of sprinklers on range pipes D – distance between rows of sprinklers • S or D
– maximum 4.60 m., extra light hazard – maximum 4.0 m., ordinary hazard – maximum 3.7 m., extra high hazard
• SxD
– 21 sq. m. or less, extra light hazard – 12 sq. m. or less, ordinary hazard – 9 sq. m. or less, extra high hazard
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD • Light (Low) Hazard – locations where the total amount of Class A combustible materials, including furnishing, decorations and other contents is of minor quantity.
• Ordinary (Moderate) Hazard – locations where the total amount of Class A combustibles and Class B flammables are present in greater amounts than expected under light hazard occupancies.
• Extra (High) Hazard – locations where the total amount of Classes A and B materials are in storage, production or other use.
STANDPIPE SYSTEM • A standpipe system is a arrangement of piping, valves and hose connection installed in a such manner that water can be discharge through attached hose and nozzles for the purpose of extinguishing a fire
TYPES OF STANDPIPE SYSTEMS • Wet Standpipe Systems • Dry Standpipe Systems • Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
Wet Standpipe Systems • is a standpipe system in which the piping is filled with water and water pressure is maintained in the system at all times by the water supply. This is the most common type of standpipe system
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Wet Standpipe System How it works: a piping network (line is directly connected to the main water line) connects to all levels of a building (at least 1 standpipe on each level) Wet standpipes shall be constructed of wrought iron or galvanized steel The number of wet standpipes shall be determined so that all portions of the building are within 6.00 meters of a nozzle attached to a hose 23 meters long The minimum diameter for a wet standpipe is 51mm for those less than 15 meters form the fire service connection. For those more than 15 meters from the fire service connection, the minimum diameter is 63mm
Dry Standpipe Systems • is a standpipe system in which the piping is not normally filled with water.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Dry Standpipe System No longer being utilized in new buildings, provided other systems are employed (otherwise must be installed in buildings 4 levels or more)
CONNECT TO FIRE HOSE
The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of the water supply or waste disposal system but primarily for use as water conveyor in case of fire
How it works: a standpipe is connected to the building exterior (max ht.= 1.20M) for connection to fire department As much as possible, standpipes should be located in stairway landings
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection How it works: a piping network directly connected to the main water line, connects to all levels of a building; additionally, a Siamese Connection is located outside the building for additional water supply
HOT - WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS TYPES OF WATER HEATER • Direct-Fired Water Heaters • Indirect Water Heaters
Direct-Fired Water Heaters • the source of heat is located where the water is heated • Gas-Fired Heaters • Oil-Fired Heaters • Electric Water Heaters
Indirect Water Heaters • are one in which the water is heated by a heat source that is remotely located from the water heating equipment • Storage-Type Water Heaters • Instantaneous-Type Heaters • Semi-Instantaneous-Type Water Heaters
COMPONENTS OF HOT-WATER SYSTEMS • • • • • • • • •
Hot-Water Storage Tank Safety Devices Pressure Gages Thermometers Circulation Pump Isolating Valves and Drain Valves Deliming Tees Operating Controls Water Hammer Arresters
GAS PIPING SYSTEM Fuel Gas Piping System Medical Gas & Vacuum System
FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS ‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas’ saturated hydrocarbons found in petroleum (i.e. butane, propane, isobutane, etc.) a.k.a. ‘Bottled Gas’ for Home, Commercial and Industrial Use
Typical LP Gas service installation: CYLINDER - where gas is stored PIGTAIL - where high pressure vapor flows through when cylinder valve is opened REGULATOR -reduces the high pressure -of gas to the proper operating gas pressure of the appliance
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas Cylinders & Gas Appliances: Do not place cylinders below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft. distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading to cellars & other depressions (where gas might accumulate)
Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks. Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues. Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood, paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used. *
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas Cylinders & Gas Appliances: Location of Cylinders Install out of doors or in a building or section of a building having good floor and ceiling level ventilation directly to the open; (outdoors) in areas with no (combustible materials) vegetation (i.e. Grass, weeds) waste paper, garbage, etc. within 19 feet of a cylinder Locate in a place where it is accessible to LP Gas deliverymen Install on a firm, dry, level foundation (cement or cement blocks) to prevent damage to the bottom ring from soil corrosion Do not place below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft. distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading to cellars & other depressions (where gas might accumulate)
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS Locate in a place safe from accidental damage from vehicles & tampering by children or unauthorized persons; should be protected by cylinder hoods (if located in driveways or alleys) Use in the upright position, with the valves uppermost. Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat When cylinders are being connected/disconnected there should be no open flame or similar source of ignition in the vicinity Close the cylinder valves before disconnecting Replace cylinder cap when the cylinder is disconnected to protect the cylinder valve in transit and prevent the cylinder valve from being used as a handle
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas Cylinders & Gas Appliances: Pressure Regulators & Other Service Equipment Pressure regulators, copper tube pigtails, throw-over- valves and manifolds which are connected to the cylinders should be rigidly supported The vent in the regulator should be facing downward (to prevent entry of rain) All safety valve outlets in the service equipment should be vented to the open air & not choked with dust or other foreign matter
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS Gas Piping & Shut-Off Valves Piping should be adequately supported to the well, beyond the reach of people passing by.
When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks. Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues. Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood, paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used. Suitable gas line shut-off valve should be fitted for every appliance. Both ends of the connection to portable appliances should be securely attached by means of clips. Hose should be of a type resistant to LP gas.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS Location of Appliance The location of the gas appliance in the kitchen should be decided before the piping is laid out. Appliances should be set where conditions for ventilations and air circulation are met.
A permanent and adequate air supply should be provided for the appliance. This source of air for combustion and ventilation should not be subject to accidental interruption or curtailment. Appliance should be installed in a way to allow ease of repair and adjustment of appliance burners and parts A water heater should be installed in a place with adequate ventilation and with a sufficient clearance between ceiling and top of heater.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS Testing for Leaks Before any system of gas piping is finally put into service, it should be carefully tested to ensure that it is gastight. Where any part of the system is to be enclosed or concealed, this test should precede the work of closing in.
Matches, candles, or other sources of ignition should not be used to check for gas leakage. The position of a leak may be detected by using soap solution. Leaking or otherwise defective pipes or fittings should be replaced. No attempt should be made to affect temporary repair.
UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE CHAPTER 12: FUEL PIPING
DEFINITION OF TERMS • Appliance Fuel Connector – An assembly of listed semirigid or flexible tubing and fittings to carry fuel between a fuel piping outlet and a fuel burning appliance. • Fuel Gas – Natural, manufactured, liquefied petroleum, or a mixture of these. • Gas Piping – Any installation of pipe, valves, or fittings that is used to convey fuel gas, installed on any premises or in any building, but shall not include: (1) Any portion of the service piping. (2) Any approved piping connection six (6) feet (1829 mm) or less in length between an existing gas outlet and a gas appliance in the same room with the outlet.
DEFINITION OF TERMS • Gas Piping System – Any arrangement of gas piping supplied by one (1) meter and each arrangement of gas piping serving a building, structure, or premises, whether individually metered or not. • Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Facilities – Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) facilities means tanks, containers, container valves, regulating equipment, meters, and/or appurtenances for the storage and supply of liquified petroleum gas for any building, structure or premises. • Quick-Disconnect Device – A hand-operated device which provides a means for connecting and disconnecting an appliance or an appliance connector to a gas supply and which is equipped with an automatic means to shut off the gas supply when the device is disconnected
DEFINITION OF TERMS • Service Piping – The piping and equipment between the street gas main and the gas piping system inlet, which is installed by and is under the control and maintenance of the serving gas supplier. • Transition Gas Riser – Any listed or approved section or sections of pipe and fittings used to convey fuel gas and installed in a gas piping system for the purpose of providing a transition from below ground to above ground.
Rough Piping Inspection • This inspection shall be made after all gas piping authorized by the permit has been installed, and before any such piping has been covered or concealed, or any fixture or appliance has been attached thereto. This inspection shall include a determination that the gas piping size, material, and installation meet the requirements of this Code.
Final Piping Inspection • This inspection shall be made after all piping authorized by the permit has been installed and after all portions thereof which are to be covered or concealed are so concealed and before any fixtures, appliance, or shutoff valve has been attached thereto.
Final Piping Inspection • This inspection shall include an air, CO2 or nitrogen pressure test, at which time the gas piping shall stand a pressure of not less than ten (10) pounds per square inch (68.9 kPa) gauge pressure, or at the discretion of the Administrative Authority, the piping and valves may be tested at a pressure of at least six (6) inches (152 mm) of mercury, measured with a manometer or slope gauge. Test pressures shall be held for a length of time satisfactory to the Administrative Authority, but in no case for less than fifteen (15) minutes, with no perceptible drop in pressure.
Final Piping Inspection • For welded piping, and for piping carrying gas at pressures in excess of fourteen (14) inches (356 mm) water column pressure, the test pressure shall not be less than sixty (60) pounds per square inch (413.4 kPa) and shall be continued for a length of time satisfactory to the Administrative Authority, but in no case for less than thirty (30) minutes.
Certificate of Inspection • If, upon final piping inspection, the installation is found to comply with the provisions of this Code, a certificate of inspection may be issued by the Administrative Authority.
MATERIALS • All piping used for the installation, extension, alteration, or repair of any gas piping shall be standard weight wrought iron or steel (galvanized or black), yellow brass (containing not more than seventy-five (75) percent copper), or copper tube or Types K, L or ACR. • Approved PE pipe may be used in exterior buried piping systems. • Copper alloy tubing shall not be used if the gas contains more than an average of 0.3 grains of hydrogen sulfide per 100 standard cubic feet of gas (0.7 milligrams per 100 liters)
MATERIALS • All fittings used in connection with the above piping shall be of malleable iron, yellow brass (containing not more than seventy-five (75) percent copper), or approved plastic fittings. • All valves and appurtenances used in connection with the above piping shall be of a type designed and approved for use with fuel gas. • Valves up to and including two (2) inches (50 mm) shall be brass or other approved material.
UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE CHAPTER 13: HEALTH CARE FACILITIES AND MEDICAL GAS AND VACUUM SYSTEMS
DEFINITION OF TERMS • Building Supply – The pipe from the source of supply to a building or structure. • Critical Care Area – An area in a medical facility where special care is provided, including intensive care units, coronary care units, recovery rooms, and respiratory care units. • Manifold – A device for connecting outlets of one or more gas cylinders to the central piping system for that specific gas.
DEFINITION OF TERMS • Medical Air – Compressed air used in a medical facility. • Medical Gas – Gases used in a medical facility, including oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, medical air, and mixtures of these gases. Standards of purity apply. • Medical Gas System – A system consisting of a central supply system (manifold, bulk, or compressors), including control equipment and piping extending to station outlets in the facility where medical gases may be required.
DEFINITION OF TERMS • Medical Vacuum System – A system consisting of central vacuum-producing equipment with vacuum switches and operating controls, shutoff valves, alarm warning systems, gauges, and a network of piping extending to and terminating with station inlets at locations where patient suction may be required. Includes surgical vacuum systems, waste anesthesia gas disposal (gas scavenging systems), and bedside suction systems. • Purge, Flow – The removal of oxygen from a system by oil-free dry nitrogen during brazing.
DEFINITION OF TERMS • Purge, System – The removal of nitrogen from a system with the medical gas required for that system. • SCFM – Standard cubic feet per minute, the unit measure for a volume of gas at standard conditions (68°F [20°C] and 1 atmosphere of pressure). • Special Hazard Area – An area, such as a kitchen or electrical switchgear room. • Station Inlet – An inlet in a vacuum piping system at which the user makes connections and disconnections.
DEFINITION OF TERMS • Station Outlet – An outlet point in a medical gas piping system at which the user makes connections and disconnections. • Use Point – A room or area within a room, where medical gases are dispensed to a patient for medical purposes. • Valve, Isolation – A valve which isolates one piece of equipment from another. • Valve, Riser – A valve at the base of a vertical riser, which isolates that riser.
DEFINITION OF TERMS • Valve, Service – A valve serving horizontal piping extending from a riser to a station outlet or inlet. • Valve, Source – A single valve at the source which controls a number of units that make up the total source. • Valve, Zone – A valve which controls the gas or vacuum service to a particular area.
MATERIALS • Piping for medical gas systems shall be listed Type "K" or "L" medical gas tube. • Fittings for medical gas systems used for connecting copper tubing shall be listed wrought copper suitable for making brazed connections. • Valves, manifolds, terminal connections, and other such devices installed in medical gas systems shall be bronze, brass, or of other materials that meet the requirements of Section 301.0.
MATERIALS • Piping for medical gas systems shall be suitable for and compatible with oxygen service. • Piping for medical vacuum systems shall be listed seamless Type K or L copper tubing, or other approved or listed materials. • All ball valves used in medical gas and medical vacuum systems shall be full-way. • Piping for medical nitrogen systems in excess of 200 psig (1.36 MPa gauge) and not exceeding 300 psig (2.07 MPa gauge) shall be type “K” copper.
MARKINGS Gas Medical Air Nitrogen Nitrous Oxide Oxygen Vacuum Helium Carbon Dioxide
Marking Colors Yellow background with black letters Black background with white letters Blue background with white letters Green background with white letters White background with black letters Brown background with white letters Gray background with black or white letters
PHILIPPINE ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Agricultural waste" shall refer to waste generated from planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials from farms or fields. • "Bulky wastes" shall refer to waste materials which cannot be appropriately placed in separate containers because of either its bulky size, shape or other physical attributes. These include large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial items such as furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, and other similar items.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Buy-back center" shall refer to a recycling center that purchases or otherwise accepts recyclable materials from the public for the purpose of recycling such materials. • "Collection" shall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a communal storage point. • "Composting" shall refer to the controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Consumer electronics" shall refer to special wastes that include worn-out, broken, and other discarded items such as radios, stereos, and TV sets. • "Controlled dump" shall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of site operation. • "Disposal site" shall refer to a site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Ecological solid waste management" shall refer to the systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment. • "Generation" shall refer to the act or process of producing solid waste.
• "Generator" shall refer to a person, natural or juridical, who last uses a material and makes it available for disposal or recycling.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Hazardous waste" shall refer to solid waste or combination of solid waste which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may: cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed. • "Leachate" shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition. It is a contaminated liquid that contains dissolved and suspended materials.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Materials recovery facility" shall include solid waste transfer station or sorting station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility. • "Municipal wastes" shall refer to wastes produced from activities within local government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial, institutional and industrial wastes and street litters. • "Open burning" shall refer to the thermal destruction of wastes by means of direct exposure to fire. Furthermore, this definition shall apply to traditional small-scale methods of community sanitation "siga".
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Open dump" shall refer to a disposal area wherein the solid wastes are indiscriminately thrown or disposed of without due planning and consideration for environmental and health standards. • "Receptacles" shall refer to individual containers used for the source separation and the collection of recyclable materials. • "Recovered material" shall refer to material and byproducts that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being collected, processed and used as a raw material in the manufacture of a recycled product.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Recyclable material" shall refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free from contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use or for other purposes, including, but not limited to, newspaper, ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous scrap metal, used oil, corrugated cardboard, aluminum, glass, office paper, tin cans, plastics and other materials as may be determined by the Commission. • "Recycled material" shall refer to post-consumer material that has been recycled and returned to the economy.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Recycling" shall refer to the treating of used or waste materials through a process of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and includes any process by which solid waste materials are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity, and which may be used as raw materials for the production of other goods or services: Provided, that the collection, segregation and re-use of previously used packaging material shall be deemed recycling under the Act.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Re-use" shall refer to the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics. • "Sanitary landfill" shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. • "Segregation" shall refer to sorting and segregation of different materials found in solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Solid waste" shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional, ports / harbour and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. Unless specifically noted otherwise, the term "solid waste" as used in the Act shall not include: – waste identified or listed as hazardous waste of a solid, liquid, contained gaseous or semisolid form which may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or in serious or incapacitating reversible illness, or acute/chronic effect on the health of persons and other organisms;
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS – infectious waste from hospitals such as equipment, instruments, utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature from patients who are suspected to have or have been diagnosed as having communicable diseases and must therefore be isolated as required by public health agencies, laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens (i.e., all tissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and secretions obtained from patients or laboratory animals), and disposable fomites that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms, and surgical operating room pathologic specimens and disposable fomites attendant thereto, and similar disposable materials from outpatient areas and emergency rooms; and – waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated soil and debris.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "Special wastes" shall refer to household hazardous wastes such as paints, thinners, household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters and the like. These include wastes from residential and commercial sources that comprise of bulky wastes, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes that are collected separately, batteries, oil, and tires. These wastes are usually handled separately from other residential and commercial wastes. • "Waste diversion" shall refer to activities which reduce or eliminate the amount of solid wastes from waste disposal facilities.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS • "White goods" shall refer to large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwaters, and clothes washers and dryers collected separately. White goods are usually dismantled for the recovery of specific materials (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.). • "Yard waste" shall refer to wood, small or chipped branches, leaves, grass clippings, garden debris, vegetables residue that is recognizable as part of a plant or vegetable and other materials identified by the Commission.
PLUMBING PRACTICAL Thank You.
