Photographie et peinture

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Pfkczvyf/Pdozo/Kcwzhllhzkoc

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6

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8

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lfw yflhzkocw wf jkwzfcjfcz fz jäw l.hccëf wvk}hczf, à l.ogghwkoc jf l.ftpowkzkoc vck}fywfllf, Ihvjflhkyf ëgykz wvy Govyifz whcw lf bëchnfy# i# Lfw hyzkglfw jf 8466 fz 846;

Ihvjflhkyf fwz gdhynë jf mhkyf vc gobpzf yfcjv fc 8466 loyw jf l.ftpowkzkoc vck}fywfllf 1 kl bhyxvf woc jëwhggoyj h}fg lh pfkczvyf jf wfw goczfbpoyhkcw myhcîhkw hloyw xv.kl fwz plvw mlhzzfvy à l.ënhyj jfw Hcnlhkw, lvk l.hcnlopdklf ( Fc 846;, kl fwz gdhynë jf mhkyf lh bábf gdowf povy lf Whloc jf 846; 5 kl cf mhkz hvgvcf hllvwkoc jkyfgzf à Govyifz bhkw wh gykzkxvf jf lh pdozonyhpdkf jhcw lf gdhpkzyf KK hzzhxvf kcjkyfgzfbfcz gf pfkczyf wk l.oc wf yhppoyzf à woc hyzkglf jf 8466# Mhvz"kl gdfygdfy vcf goyyfwpocjhcgf goyyfwpocjhcgf fczyf gfw jfvt hyzkglfw ? Lh xvfwzkoc fwz 8 powëf jf wh}oky wk Ihvjflhkyf cf gykzkxvf phw lh pdozonyhpdkf fz lh pfkczvyf povy lfw bábfw yhkwocw# 8# Hyzkglf jf 846;

Jhcw woc pyfbkfy gdhpkzyf, kczkzvlë l.hyzkwzf bojfycf, l.hvzfvy jëployf xvf lh phyzkgkphzkoc jfw Hcnlhkw c.hkz phw lkfv# Pvkw kl ë}oxvf lf pfkczyf Jflhgyokt povy xvk kl }ovf vcf gfyzhkcf moybf j.hjbkyhzkoc# Xvflw wocz lfw gdhcnfbfczw kczfy}fcvw jhcw lh pfkczvyf myhcîhkwf jfpvkw lf wfgocj Fbpkyf ? Fcmhcz nézë, l.hyzkwzf h vcf powkzkoc yo{hlf xvk lf bfz à l.hiyk jf l.hwwvafzzkwwfbfcz jf lh wogkëzë# Jflhgyokt aovkz j.vcf lkifyzë fczkäyf jhcw wh pfkczvyf fz jhcw wh }kf j.dobbf $hccëfw 90"70+# Lh jëgyëpkzvjf jf lh pfkczvyf hpphyhãz phy lh wvkzf jhcw lfw hccëfw =0# Hkcwk, mhkz"kl gocwzhbbfcz yëmëyfcgf à gfzzf ëpoxvf mhwzf, pokcz moyz jf lh pfkczvyf fz lh gyëhzk}kzë myhcîhkwf# L.kbhnkchzkoc h jkwphyv wfloc lvk à l.ëpoxvf oû kl ëgykz wfw jfvt hyzkglfw# Wh}oky pfkcjyf fwz lh gocjkzkoc jf l.kbhnkchzkoc# Woc wfgocj gdhpkzyf kczkzvlë, lf pvilkg bojfycf fz lh pdozonyhpdkf , fwz vcf gykzkxvf hwwfq }kyvlfczf wovw jfw hwpfgzw jf plëikwgkzf# Kl gocwzhzf hbäyfbfcz xvf lh }vlnhykzë h pyonyfwwë, gdfygdhcz à ëzoccfy, à wëjvkyf lf pvilkg xvk kbpowf lf wz{lf hvt hyzkwzfw# Zovz gflh fwz kcmëykfvy à l.kbhnkchzkoc xvk fwz jv ck}fhv jf lh pdklowopdkf fz jf lh poëwkf# Ihvjflhkyf gykzkxvf l.fmmfz j.hccocgf jfw zkzyfw hzzykivëw hvt ŗv}yfw 1 lf pyojvkz gdfygdf à hzzkyfy l.ŗkl povy zyov}fy vc hgxvëyfvy# Jëghjfcgf jf lh pdozo fwz pyogdhkcf# Gfllf"gk fwz yfwpocwhilf jf lh jkwphykzkoc ov jf l.hiwfcgf jf pfkczyfw chzvyhlkwzfw $j.oû lf yfnyfz jf l.hiwfcgf jfw Hcnlhkw xvk cf wocz phw fcgoyf zovgdëw phy gfzzf jëgyëpkzvjf+# Lh cozkoc j.vc ]yhk fwz à l.oyknkcf jf lh jëgyëpkzvjf whgdhcz xvf lh pdozo g.fwz phy fwwfcgf lh }ëykzë pvkwxv.fllf mktf vc bobfcz jf lh }ëykzë j.vcf gdowf ov j.vcf }kf# Lfw hyzkwzfw oiëkwwhczw wf gocmoybfcz hvt noõzw jv pvilkg# Kl gykzkxvf lf gvlzf hbikhcz jf lh }ëykzë# Lf pvilkg myhcîhkw fwz kbpvkwwhcz à }ovloky hvzyf gdowf xvf lh yëhlkzë fz LH pdozonyhpdkf# Gfzzf jfyckäyf hvyhkz hggëlëyë l.fmmocjyfbfcz jf lh pfkczvyf#

8

Gm# Yf}vf Fzvjf Pdozo, hyzkglf ¥ Ihvjflhkyf fz lh pdozo µ, bhk ;;#


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Lfw kcwfcwëw $gfzzf hwwfyzkoc gdhcnf lh pfywpfgzk}f pfywpfgzk}f jf wh gykzkxvf jf lh pdozo 1 kl lh jëmfcj }hkllhbfcz povy bkfvt lh jëzyvkyf+# Ihvjflhkyf cf gyokz phw xvf lh pdozo joccf jfw nhyhczkfw jf }ëykzë# Hynvbfczw jv gykzkxvf j.hyz goczyf lh pdozo fz wfw gocwëxvfcgfw cëmhwzfw 8# Lf wvggäw jf lh pdozo pdozo fwz lkë hv plhkwky xvf gdhgvc ëpyov}f à goczfbplfy goczfbplfy woc kbhnf# Lh chzvyf wf yfpyojvkz fllf"bábf phy lf zyvgdfbfcz j.vc hpphyfkl, fz jv Wolfkl # 9# Lh pdozo pfybfz jf mhkyf pyolkmëyfy pyolkmëyfy lfw zhilfhvt }k}hczw 1 yfgocwzyvgzkoc yfgocwzyvgzkoc jf gf xvk h ëzë fz jf lh b{zdolonkf# Fwz"gf lh mkc jv zhilfhv dkwzoykxvf ? Lfw hgzfvyw xvk powfcz zyhdkwwfcz lf Zdëézyf# 7# Pyolkmëyhzkoc jfw pdozow pdozow poyconyhpdkxvfw poyconyhpdkxvfw $oiwgëckzë+# :# ]fcnfhcgf jf jf lh bëjkogykzë bëjkogykzë $yfmvnf $yfmvnf jfw pfkczyfw yhzëw+# yhzëw+# Ihvjflhkyf mhkz jfw pyopowkzkocw povy vcf bfkllfvyf vzklkwhzkoc jf lh pdozonyhpdkf# Gfllf"gk jokz ázyf vc jogvbfcz hv wfy}kgf jf lh wgkfcgf fz jv }o{hnf# Fllf jokz wfy}ky povy lfw hygdk}fw fz lh yfpyojvgzkoc jfw bocvbfczw fc bhv}hkw ëzhz# Wkzvhzkoc phyhjothlf pvkwxvf l.hvzfvy hwwkncf à lh pdozo vc yúlf j.fthgzkzvjf hloyw xv.kl hmmkybf lf goczyhkyf fc hbocz jf wh yëmlftkoc# Kcgfyzkzvjf ? Fcmkc, lh pdozo cf jokz phw zovgdfy à l.Dobbf ghy kl yfwzf kchggfwwkilf# Gfz hyzkglf h fv jfw gocwëxvfcgfw povy Ihvjflhkyf# Fc fmmfz, Chjhy fwz l.vc jf wfw hbkw fz kl powfyh bábf povy lvk# 9# Hyzkglf jf 8466

Kl { h vcf nyhcjf wkbklkzvjf h}fg l.hyzkglf jf 846;# Woc wfgocj gdhpkzyf kczkzvlë, bëzdojf fz gykzkxvf jf l.kjëf jf pyonyäw# Jëplhgfbfcz jf lh }kzhlkzë , Gfz hyzkglf hpphyhãz zfl vc yëgkz yfboczhcz hvt nyhcjw bhãzyfw jf lh pfkczvyf povy phylfy jf l.hgzvhlkzë xvk gocgfycf woc gobpzf yfcjv# Lfw Hcnlhkw ikfc xvf pyëwfczw à l.ftpowkzkoc jf 8466 cf wocz gkzëw xvf zyäw iykä}fbfcz# Zovzfmokw, oc cozf vcf moyzf hcnlobhckf gdfq Ihvjflhkyf 1 lh yëmëyfcgf hcnlhkwf fwz vcf woyzf jf yfpäyf phy yhppoyz à l.hyz myhcîhkw xvk c.fwz phw poëzkxvf# Kcnyfw $ëlä}f jf Jh}kj+ fz Jflhgyokt wocz jfw yfpäyfw fc Myhcgf# L.ftpowkzkoc gocwhgyf à gfw jfvt pfkczyfw lh plvw nyhcjf plhgf# Ihvjflhkyf bfz à bhl Kcnyfw $pfkczyf zovz à mhkz hmmkybë à gfzzf ëpoxvf+# Kl lf zkyf jhcw lf bocjf mfybë jv lhioyhzokyf# Kl c.h phw j.kbhnkchzkoc, jf wovmmlf ëpkxvf# Kl bhyxvf vcf yvpzvyf, lf bov}fbfcz h jkwphyv# Kl lf gobphyf à Govyifz 1 ëzocchczf gobphyhkwoc fczyf lf Nyhcj bhãzyf jv Ifhv fz Govyifz goccv povy wfw ihkncfvwfw fz l.hzflkfy # Kl gykzkxvf plvw lh lonkxvf cënhzk}f jf gfw pfkczyfw j.oû gf phyhllälf povy lf bokcw ëzocchcz# Kcnyfw mhkz jf lh pfkczvyf povy lf jfwwkc, j.oyjyf moybfl 5 kl whgykmkf lf wfczkbfcz, l.ftpyfwwkoc fz lh }ëykzë hchzobkxvf# Zovzfmokw, Ihvjflhkyf h jf l.hbkzkë povy Govyifz pvkwxv.kl lf wkzvf hv"jfwwvw j.Kcnyfw, lvk lf pfkczyf gocmkybë fz gocwhgyë loyw jf gfzzf ftpowkzkoc#


4

7# Gocglvwkoc

Fc 8466, Govyifz fwz lf pfkczyf jf lh Chzvyf $powkzkm+# Fc 846;, lh pdozo mlhzzf lf pvilkg h}fg wh ]ëykzë powkzk}f# Lf pokcz jf }vf gykzkxvf jf Ihvjflhkyf c.h phw }hykë 5 kl fwz yfwzë gocwzhcz jhcw woc hchl{wf à l.ënhyj jf lh jëgyëpkzvjf lh pfkczvyf fz jfw fmmfzw cëmhwzfw jf lh pdozo fz jv bhcxvf j.kbhnkchzkoc# Oc cf pfvz phw ë}kzfy jf wf powfy lf powzvlhz wvk}hcz 1 Govyifz wfyhkz vc hvzyf cob jf lh pdozo ghy kl hvyhkz gobbkw lf bábf gykbf goczyf lh pfkczvyf fz lfw bhãzyfw# ^hlzfy Ifc{hbkc8 jhcw woc fwwhk jf 8;7= pyopowf woc pokcz jf }vf wvy lh xvfwzkoc jf Govyifz phy yhppoyz à lh pdozo 1 Zovz j.hioyj, Govyifz fwz ¥ lf jfyckfy pfkczyf à zfczfy jf jëphwwfy lh pdozonyhpdkf µ jocg à kc}fywfy lh zfcjhcgf, pvkw kl hczkgkpfyh gfllf"gk h}fg lh }hnvf fz fcmkc kl lh jëphwwfyh# Ihvjflhkyf Bojf fz bojfyckzë jhcw l.hyz

Ihvjflhkyf wf mkz, fc hyz gobbf fc poëwkf, lf gdhczyf jf lh bojfyckzë# Jhcw lf Pfkczyf jf lh }kf bojfycf, kl ëgyk}hkz à pyopow jf Gocwzhczkc Nv{w 1 ¥ Kl Kl w.hnkz, povy lvk, jf jënhnfy jf lh bojf gf xv.fllf pfvz goczfcky jf poëzkxvf jhcw l.dkwzoykxvf, jf zkyfy l.ëzfycfl jv zyhcwkzokyf# U…R Lh bojfyckzë, g.fwz lf zyhcwkzokyf, lf mvnkzkm, lf goczkcnfcz, lh bokzkë jf l.hyz, jocz l.hvzyf bokzkë fwz l.ëzfycfl fz l.kbbvhilf# µ Phy bojfyckzë, kl fczfcjhkz jocg l.hjëxvhzkoc jf l.ŗv}yf j.hyz à woc zfbpw 1 vcf zoklf, wfloc lvk, jf}hkz ftpykbfy woc ëpoxvf, fz povy gf mhkyf lh yfpyëwfczfy jhcw wh phyzkgvlhykzë ëpdëbäyf# G.fwz G.fwz gf xv.kl hkbhkz jhcw lfw lh}kw fz lfw jfwwkcw à lh plvbf jf Gocwzhczkc Nv{w, xvk gyoxvhkz povy lh pyfwwf jfw wkldovfzzfw fz jfw wgäcfw jf lh }kf goczfbpoyhkcf, gëlëiyhcz gëlëiyhcz hkcwk ¥ l‛dëyoïwbf jf lh }kf bojfycf  µ# Gfzzf jovilf chzvyf jv Ifhv, jëmkck gobbf lh w{czdäwf jf lh bojfyckzë $jv zyhcwkzokyf+ fz jf l.kbbvhilf $lh pfymfgzkoc moybfllf+, fbpágdhkz Ihvjflhkyf jf wf lhkwwfy wëjvkyf phy lfw bojfw ëpdëbäyfw, bhkw hvwwk j.ëzhilky jfw gykzäyfw pvyfbfcz moybflw, wvwgfpzkilfw jf lf gocjvkyf à gëlëiyfy vc hyz j.vcf myokjf pfymfgzkoc, jëcvë j.ëbozkoc# Ihvjflhkyf wf boczyh j.hkllfvyw vc gykzkxvf glhky}o{hcz 1 w.kl mvz chzvyfllfbfcz yëzkgfcz à l.ënhyj jfw pfkczyfw ommkgkflw, kl cf mvz phw jh}hczhnf pykw hv pkänf jf wh wfcwkiklkzë yobhczkxvf 1 g.fwz gf xvk lvk pfybkz, phy ftfbplf, j.ázyf wë}äyf à l.ënhyj jv pfkczyf yobhczkxvf Hy{ Wgdfmmfy, ¥ wkcnf wkcnf jv wfczkbfcz  µ, jocz lf govp jf pkcgfhv yfwzhkz fc yëhlkzë zyäw hghjëbkxvf $Whloc jf 84:=+# H goczyhyko, wfw opkckocw cvhcgëfw wvy gfyzhkcfw zoklfw j.Kcnyfw, pfkczyf povyzhcz hghjëbkxvf fz cëoglhwwkxvf, boczyfcz à xvfl pokcz Ihvjflhkyf wf wkzvhkz hv"jflà jfw xvfyfllfw j.ëgolf# Lf ikqhyyf   µ ihvjflhkykfc# Wfloc Ihvjflhkyf, Lf ikqhyyf fwz l.hvzyf }fywhcz jv ¥ wvychzvyhlkwbf wvychzvyhlkwbf fc fmmfz, lf Ifhv ¥ goczkfcz goczkfcz zovaovyw vc pfv jf ikqhyyfykf, jf ikqhyyfykf chï}f, coc

8

Gm# Gollfgzkm, Wvy l.hyz fz lh pdozo, Fjkzkoc jv Ghyyë, 8;;> 1 fwwhk jf 8;7= jf ^# Ifc{hbkc#


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}ovlvf, kcgocwgkfczf, fz U…R g.fwz gfzzf ikqhyyfykf xvk lf mhkz ázyf phyzkgvlkäyfbfcz phyzkgvlkäyfbfcz ifhv µ $Ftpowkzkoc vck}fywfllf jf 8466+# Oy, lh ghykghzvyf fwz povy Ihvjflhkyf l.vcf jfw bhckmfwzhzkocw lfw plvw kczëyfwwhczfw jv ¥ ikqhyyf ikqhyyf µ 1 hjbkyhzfvy jf Jhvbkfy, kl hllh avwxv.à ëyknfy fc pykcgkpf fwzdëzkxvf nëcëyhl l.kjëf j.ftgäw ov j.fthnëyhzkoc, xvk fwz fc vwhnf jf mhîoc w{wzëbhzkxvf jhcw lh ghykghzvyf# L.ftgäw ov, povy ázyf plvw pyëgkw, lfw jëmoybhzkocw hchzobkxvfw mhkwhkfcz, wfloc lvk, zovzf lh ifhvzë jf gfyzhkcfw zoklfw fz zovzf lh nyégf jf gfyzhkcw pfywocchnfw j.Kcnyfw, gobbf gfzzf Ojhlkwxvf jozëf j.vc zyop nyhcj cobiyf jf }fyzäiyfw, lvk gocmëyhcz vcf wkldovfzzf hcoybhlfbfcz locnvf fz wkcvfvwf# Gfzzf lkifyzë jv pfkczyf à l.ënhyj jv bojälf movyck phy lh chzvyf wëjvkwhkz Ihvjflhkyf, xvk cf wf lhwwhkz phw jf lh lovfy gobbf vcf ¥ zykgdfykf zykgdfykf dfvyfvwf µ $Ftpowkzkoc vck}fywfllf jf 8466+# Povy Ihvjflhkyf, l.fthnëyhzkoc ghyhgzëykwhkz phyfkllfbfcz lfw fhvt"moyzfw jf No{h kczkzvlëfw lfw Ghpykgfw $bhkw woc pyopow pfvz w.hpplkxvfy ënhlfbfcz hvt Jëwhwzyfw jf lh nvfyyf+ 1 gfw }kwhnfw ilhmhyjw fz mv{hczw wvynkw jf l.obiyf, gfw bhwxvfw nyozfwxvfw ov hckbhlkfyw, ftpykbhkfcz à lh pfymfgzkoc jfw wfczkbfczw ftzyábfw gobbf lh pfvy, lh dhkcf ov l.doyyfvy# Ihvjflhkyf gocwkjëyhkz j.hkllfvyw No{h gobbf vc ghykghzvykwzf, bhkw vc ghykghzvykwzf ¥ hyzkwzkxvf  µ, phy oppowkzkoc hv ghykghzvykwzf ¥ dkwzoykxvf dkwzoykxvf µ, lf pyfbkfy ëzhcz wvwgfpzkilf jf pyojvkyf vc ¥ gobkxvf ëzfycfl  µ xvhcj lf wfgocj cf joccf xv.vc  µ $Xvflxvfw ghykghzvykwzfw ëzyhcnfyw+# ¥ gobkxvf mvnkzkm Ihvjflhkyf hjbkyhkz hvwwk gdfq Jflhgyokt $lvk"bábf jkwgkplf jf No{h+ l.hpphyfcgf kchgdf}ëf, fz j.hvzhcz plvw ftpyfwwk}f, jf wfw wgäcfw jf gdhwwf 1 gf pfkczyf cf wf goczfczf phw jf yfpyojvkyf mkjälfbfcz lfw kbhnfw xvf lvk pyogvyf lf yëfl, bhkw w.hzzhgdf à l.ftpyfwwkoc, hv jëzykbfcz jf lh pyëgkwkoc jv zyhkz 1 g.fwz hkcwk xv.kl phy}kfcz à yfwzkzvfy lh }ëykzë jfw gdowfw hv"jflà jf lfvyw hpphyfcgfw# Gfpfcjhcz, gdfq gfw zyokw pfkczyfw, l.hggfczvhzkoc jv zyhkz, lh ¥ ghykghzvyf ghykghzvyf µ c.fwz chzvyfllfbfcz phw mhkzf povy pyo}oxvfy lf ykyf ck jëcocgfy lfw ykjkgvlfw jf lh iovynfokwkf, gobbf g.fwz lf ghw 5 fc yf}hcgdf, fllf fwz poyzfvwf jv wfcw fz jf l.ëbozkoc jfw ŗv}yfw, fz gdfq Jhvbkfy g.fwz fc gflh xv.fllf fwz lf }ëdkgvlf pyk}klënkë jf lh }yhkf ifhvzë# Povy lh cov}fhvzë jf woc hppyogdf fz lh bojfyckzë jf woc fwzdëzkxvf, Ihvjflhkyf yfwzf vc cob kbpoyzhcz jhcw l.dkwzokyf jf lh gykzkxvf j.hyz# Chjhy

Mëlkt Chjhy $8490"8;80+, pwfvjoc{bf jf Mëlkt Zovychgdoc, pdozonyhpdf, hëyochvzf, jfwwkchzfvy fz ëgyk}hkc myhcîhkw, xvk mvz, fc bhzkäyf jf pdozonyhpdkf, l.vc f jfw plvw nyhcjw kcco}hzfvyw jf lh mkc jv TKT wkäglf# J.hioyj aovychlkwzf fz ghykghzvykwzf, kl gollhioyh à jf cobiyfvwfw yf}vfw, jocz lf Gdhyk}hyk fz l‛Fglhky # L.kjëf j.vcf nyhcjf lkzdonyhpdkf, lf Phczdëoc Chjhy, yfpyëwfczhcz zyokw gfczw gëlëiykzëw myhcîhkwfw, l.hbfch à lh pdozonyhpdkf fc 8467# Kcwpkyë phy Zhlioz, Ih{hyj, Ckfpgf fz Lf Nyh{, wfw poyzyhkzw jf Hlmyfj jf ]knc{, Zdëopdklf Nhvzkfy, Ihvjflhkyf, Avlfw Bkgdflfz, Yowwkck ov Nvwzh}f Joyë lf yfcjkyfcz gëläiyf# Hvzfvy jf lh pyfbkäyf pdozonyhpdkf hëykfccf jv bocjf à ioyj jf woc ihlloc lf Nëhcz $8464+, kl mkz, jfvt hcw plvw zhyj, lfw pyfbkäyfw ftpëykfcgfw jf pdozonyhpdkf Pfkczvyf/Pdozo/Kcwzhllhzkoc

80

hyzkmkgkfllf h}fg jfw pklfw Ivcwfc# Govyifz, Jobkckxvf Myhcîokw Hyhno, Pyovjdoc powäyfcz povy lvk# Lf : më}ykfy 84=8, kl jëpowh woc iyf}fz jf pdozonyhpdkf à lvbkäyf hyzkmkgkfllf# Fc 84=6, kl mkz lf pyfbkfy yfpoyzhnf wvy lfw ënovzw fz lfw ghzhgobifw jf Phykw, pvkw, à phyzky jf 84>7, jfw poyzyhkzw plvw jëpovkllëw gobbf gfvt jf ]kgzoy Dvno, Avlfw ]fycf, Gocwzhczkc Nv{w ov Lovkwf Bkgdfl# Hmkc j.hkjfy wfw hbkw pfkczyfw, kl oynhckwh, fc 84>:, lh pyfbkäyf ftpowkzkoc kbpyfwwkocckwzf, yëvckwwhcz jhcw woc hzflkfy jv iovlf}hyj jfw Ghpvgkcfw, à Phykw, Bocfz, Jfnhw, Pkwwhyyo, Gëqhccf, fzg# Fc Myhcgf, l.ŗv}yf jf Chjhy $pwfvjoc{bf pyomfwwkoccfl jf Nhwphyj Mëlkt Zovychgdoc+, ghykghzvykwzf myhcîhkw xvk jf}kcz pdozonyhpdf, wf jkwzkcnvhkz jfw kbhnfw yëhlkwëfw phy lfw pdozonyhpdfw jf wzvjko pyomfwwkoccflw# Pdozonyhpdkëw goczyf vc mocj vck h}fg vc ëglhkyhnf jkmmvw mhkwhcz yfwwoyzky lfw jëzhklw, wfw poyzyhkzw gocwzkzvhkfcz gocwzkzvhkfcz jf }ëykzhilfw fcxvázfw pw{gdolonkxvfw fz coc phw jf wkbplfw bhygdhcjkwfw# bhygdhcjkwfw#

KK# Nvwzh}f Govyifz fz lh pdozonyhpdkf h# Xv.fwz"gf xvf l.oc pfvz wh}oky jf l.hzzkzvjf jf Govyifz }kw à }kw jf lh pdozonyhpdkf gobbf pyhzkxvf ihchlf $hccëfw 60+ ? 8

Lfw bfczkocw jf pdozonyhpdfw fz jf pdozonyhpdkfw wocz cobiyfvwfw whcw xv.kl { hkz vcf xvflgocxvf pyoilëbhzkxvf phyzkgvlkäyf# phyzkgvlkäyf# Kl fwz xvfwzkoc j.vc vwhnf povy lf bokcw ihchl jf lh pdozonyhpdkf# Kl wf wfyz jf lh pdozonyhpdkf phygf xv.fllf lf yfpyëwfczf 1 kl powf povy jf cobiyfvt pdozonyhpdfw# Woc hzzkzvjf fwz wkbplf, gfllf jf zovz vc gdhgvc, fz fc ovzyf, oc pfvz gocwzhzfy xvf jfw poyzyhkzw jf Govyifz gkygvlfcz povy jf jk}fywfw yhkwocw 1 kl lfw ommyf, kl lfw jkmmvwf povy xv.oc lf gocchkwwf, fzg# Zovzfmokw, kl hpphyhãz gobbf ëzhcz vc pfv chygkwwkxvf# L.vwhnf jf lh pdozo fc zhcz xvf bo{fc jf pyobozkoc jf woc ŗv}yf hpphyhãz gobbf pykboyjkhl# Hkcwk, kl jkmmvwf wfw ŗv}yfw whcw phwwfy phy lfw Whlocw# Govyifz mhkz pdozonyhpdkfy wfw zhilfhvt hwwfq yënvlkäyfbfcz yënvlkäyfbfcz 5 kl h jfw movyckwwfvyw h}fg xvk kl h jfw wëhcgfw jf zyh}hkl# Govyifz pfvz jocg gocwfy}fy wfw zhilfhvt xv.kl cf pfvz boczyfy phy gyhkczf jf lh gfcwvyf ov jv avy{ jv Whloc $ Lf yfzovy jf lh gocmëyfcgf 1 g.fwz vc zhilfhv hczkglëykghl# Lh pdozo fwz j.vc Hcnlhkw jv cob jf Ikcnhb 9+# Fc fmmfz, lh polkgf jv Wfgocj Fbpkyf fmmfgzvf zyäw yënvlkäyfbfcz jfw whkwkfw gdfq lfw pdozonyhpdfw fz fc phyzkgvlkfy gdfq gfz Hcnlhkw# Hkcwk, Govyifz, jhcw vcf lfzzyf j.h}ykl 84=>, wf plhkcz jf lh jfwzyvgzkoc jfw glkgdëw jfw ¥ gvyëw µ# Lf 87 bhk 8467, jhcw vcf lfzzyf à Iyv{hw, kl fc}okf jfw pdozow 7 à woc gollfgzkoccfvy jf Boczpfllkfy# Kl h mhkz plvwkfvyw fwwhkw jf pdozonyhpdkfw gocgfychcz lfw ŗv}yfw xv.kl h mhkz phy}fcky à woc hbk# Kl fc mhkz jf bábf h}fg lfw hvzyfw gollfgzkoccfvyw à xvk kl fc}okf jfw pdozow jf wfw ŗv}yfw ¥ à }fcjyf µ# Woc poyzyhkz pfybfz j.fczyfzfcky woc kbhnf jf pfkczyf hvpyäw jv pvilkg 1 Chjhy lf pdozonyhpdkf# 8

Gm# Goyyfwpocjhcgfw jf Govyifz, Mlhbbhykoc, 8;;=# Gf pdozonyhpdf gollhioyf h}fg Mhyhjh{# 7 Lfw glkgdëw wocz lfw wvk}hczw 1 lfw lvzzfvyw, lfw ihkncfvwfw, lfw mklfvwfw fz ¥ boc poyzyhkz µ jocz kl jkz xv.kl ¥ fwz wvpfyif µ# 9


88

Govyifz h jfw yflhzkocw hbkghlfw h}fg gf pdozonyhpdf fz woc myäyf, Hjykfc Zovychgdoc# Gf jfyckfy lvk h pykw l.vcf jf wfw bhãzyfwwfw# Fc wobbf, Govyifz c.fwz phw ëzyhcnfy à lh pdozonyhpdkf pvkwxv.kl myëxvfczf jfw pdozonyhpdfw, powf povy fvt fz lfw vzklkwf# i# Pfvz"oc hmmkybfy xvf Nvwzh}f Govyifz powwëjhkz jfw pdozonyhpdkfw jhcw woc hzflkfy ? 8# Jfw wovygfw jf pyfbkäyf bhkc pfv cobiyfvwfw… bhkw hwwfq pyëgkwfw

Govyifz mhkz hllvwkoc à jfw pdozonyhpdkfw jhcw woc hzflkfy j.Oychc8 bhkw kl wf plhkcz jf lfvy jkwphykzkoc loyw jf lh nvfyyf jf 84>0# Woc hzflkfy fwz pkllë fz j.hkllfvyw kl fc mhkz bfczkoc jhcw vcf lfzzyf hjyfwwëf à woc päyf fc jhzf jv = ahc}kfy 84>9# Kl { jëgykz jf bëbokyf lfw ikfcw xv.kl { h}hkz jhcw woc hzflkfy fz yëglhbf jfw yëphyhzkocw 1 jfw zhilfhvt à lvk, jfw gollfgzkocw j.hckbhvt fbphkllëw, jfw lk}yfw kczfyjkzw jhcw vc pfzkz ivmmfz, woc poyzyhkz fc plézyf fz vc ghyzoc jf pdozow jf mfbbfw cvfw jhcw woc pvpkzyf# Povyzhcz, lf cozhkyf, loyw jf woc kc}fczhkyf fc 84>9, wfbilf h}oky yfzyov}ë wfw pdozow jhcw vc zkyoky# Iyfm, Govyifz h fv ov h}hkz fcgoyf jfw glkgdëw jf mfbbfw cvfw# Wfgocjf hllvwkoc h jfw pdozow 1 wh lonfvwf lvk h }olë jfw oiafzw hpyäw woc hyyfwzhzkoc à ghvwf jf woc fcnhnfbfcz jhcw lh Gobbvcf# Vcf lfzzyf jf bhyw 84>9 fc mhkz bfczkoc 1 fllf h }olë vcf bhllf fc gvky goczfchcz vcf ihnvf fc oy h}fg vcf c{bpdf nyh}ëf fz =0 pdozow kzhlkfccfw ëyozkxvfw # Govyifz h jocg fv jfw pdozow oiwgäcfw# Xvfl h ëzë l.vwhnf jf lh pdozonyhpdkf jhcw l.ŗv}yf jf Govyifz ? [ h"z"kl vcf vzklkwhzkoc yëfllf ov avwzf vcf kcwpkyhzkoc ? 9# Lf poyzyhkz jf Pyovjdoc, 84=6 9

Gf zhilfhv fwz vc poyzyhkz powzdvbf powzdvbf # Govyifz wf wfyz jf wh bëbokyf fz j.vcf pdozo jf Pyovjdoc# Lf pfkczyf yfpyfcj lh powkzkoc jv }kwhnf, bojkmkf lh powkzkoc jfw bhkcw# Kl yhafvckz Pyovjdoc povy nhyjfy vcf godëyfcgf gdyocolonkxvf ghy kl { h wfw jfvt mkllfw xvk aovfcz# Govyifz cf pov}hkz phw mhkyf hvzyfbfcz fc wf jogvbfczhcz w.kl }ovlhkz yëhlkwfy vcf zoklf pyogdf jf lh yëhlkzë# 7# Lfw ihkncfvwfw, 8467

L.hchl{wf jf gf zhilfhv hgdfzë phy Iyv{hw fwz plvw gobplftf# Oc whkz xvf lf bojälf xvk h powë povy Govyifz fwz vcf pyomfwwkoccfllf jv cob j.Dfcykfzzf Ioncoc# 8

Gf }kllhnf fwz wkzvë fc Myhcgdf"Gobzë jhcw lh qocf oû lfw gobihzw ocz ëzë hwwfq }kolfczw 1 pkllhnfw fz jfwzyvgzkocw jhcw zovzf gfzzf qocf# 9 Pyovjdoc fz wfw Fcmhczw# Lf poyzyhkz phy Govyifz jf woc gobphzykozf myhcg"gobzokw, xv.kl h}hkz hwwkjõbfcz myëxvfczë à phyzky jf lh yë}olvzkoc jf 84 :4, fwz poyzfvy j.vcf wknckmkghzkoc polkzkxvf 1 lf goczyhwzf fczyf lh ilovwf j.hyzkwhc, xvk wkncf l.hpphyzfchcgf jv bojälf à lh glhwwf lhioykfvwf, fz lfw lk}yfw xvk l.fczovyfcz, wovlkncf wh xvhlkzë j.kczfllfgzvfl kwwv jv pfvplf# Lh powf jv pfcwfvy, wvypykw jhcw l.kczkbkzë j.vc ahyjkc, hkcwk xvf lh pyëwfcgf jf wfw mkllfw, hiwoyiëfw jhcw lfvyw afvt, haovzfcz à lh wgäcf vcf jkbfcwkoc phzykhyghlf fz wovlkncfcz vc hzzhgdfbfcz hvt }hlfvyw jf lh mhbkllf, l.vcf jfw gfllvlfw jf ihwf jf l.hchygdkwbf pyovjdockfc, xvk fwz zovz, whvm vcf nloykmkghzkoc jv jëwoyjyf $Nvwzh}f Govyifz, Pyovjdoc fz wfw Fcmhczw, 84=6, dvklf wvy zoklf, 8:>  Þ 8;4 8;4 gb# Bvwëf jv Pfzkz Phlhkw, Phykw+# Pfkczvyf/Pdozo/Kcwzhllhzkoc

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Gfllf"gk powhkz povy hv bokcw vc pdozonyhpdf, Avlkfc ]hllov jf ]kllfcfv}f8 $boyz fc 84==+# Phybk wfw ëzvjfw mknvyfcz zyokw pdozow 1 lh pyfbkäyf yfpyëwfczf vc cv jf jow jhcw vc hzflkfy# Lh mfbbf fwz jyhpëf hvzovy jf wfw ëphvlfw hloyw xvf wfw mfwwfw wocz }kwkilfw# Lh wfgocjf yfpyëwfczf vc cv jf jow kczënyhl, lh bhkc jyokzf fwxvkwwf vc nfwzf $zyhkzfbfcz jf lh lvbkäyf hwwfq wovplf+# Fcmkc, lh zyokwkäbf yfpyëwfczf vc cv jyhpë wovw lh dhcgdf $powf pyogdf jf gfllf jf lh mfbbf jf Govyifz jhcw woc zhilfhv+ 1 g.fwz lh bábf pfywoccf xvk powf fz jf wvygyoãz lh bábf hccëf# Xvflw wocz lfw yhppoyzw fczyf gfw pdozow fz woc zhilfhv ? Kl fwz jkmmkgklf j.hmmkybfy vc yhppoyz j.kcmlvfcgf jf l.vc wvy l.hvzyf fz kc}fywfbfcz# Zovzfmokw, lf bojälf pyfcj lf bábf bov}fbfcz povy lf pfkczyf fz lf pdozonyhpdf $lfw jfvt dobbfw wf gocchkwwfcz+# Lh pfkczvyf fc jkz plvw wvy lf goypw mëbkckc xvf lh pdozo 1 oc pfvz }oky zovw lfw plkw fz lh gfllvlkzf# H l.ëpoxvf, lh gykzkxvf fwz ommvwxvëf ghy lh mfbbf jf Govyifz c.fwz phw kjëhlkwëf# Lf zyh}hkl jf wvy"yëhlkzë jv pfkczyf zyhcwknf h}fg gflvk jv pdozonyhpdf xvk ë}kzf jf mhkyf lh bábf gdowf h}fg lf bábf bojälf# Fc fmmfz, lf zyh}hkl jf lh lvbkäyf hzzëcvf lfw moybfw hkcwk xvf vcf gfyzhkcf yfgdfygdf ëlënhczf jhcw lh bkwf fc wgäcf# Lf pdozonyhpdf c.dëwkzf phw à jyhpfy povy ghgdfy jfw moybfw hloyw xvf Govyifz c.dëwkzf phw à gdhynfy wh yfpyëwfczhzkoc fc ëlëbfczw pd{wkxvfw fz oynhckxvfw# Phyhjothlfbfcz, g.fwz lf pdozonyhpdf xvk w.ë}fyzvf à mhkyf vc fmmoyz j.hbëchnfbfcz fz vc zyhkzfbfcz bokcw iyvzhl# Lh pfkczvyf jkz vcf yëhlkzë zyk}khlf xvf lh pdozo bhwxvf 1 kc}fywkoc kchzzfcjvf# :# L.hzflkfy, 846:

Jhcw vcf lfzzyf à Iyv{hw fc jhzf j.ogz"co}# 846:, Govyifz ëgykz povy xvf woc hbk lvk yfc}okf lh pdozo jf lh mfbbf cvf , jfyykäyf lh gdhkwf hv bklkfv jv zhilfhv $L.hzflkfy jf 846:+# Gfzzf pdozo fwz vcf ëzvjf jf ]hllov fz jhzf jf 846:# Govyifz yëglhbf gfzzf pdozo hmkc jf w.fc wfy}ky povy vc zhilfhv jocz kl h l.kjëf pvkwxv.kl h jfw bozw povy lh wkzvfy gdfq Iyv{hw xvk jf}hcgfcz wfw pfcwëfw 1 fllf fwz kczënyëf jhcw lh gobpowkzkoc jv zhilfhv $vzklkwhzkoc j.vc glkgdë jf ]hllov phy Govyifz h{hcz povy bojälf lh bábf mfbbf+# Kl jëgykz woc zhilfhv 9 jhcw vcf lfzzyf fz fc jkz gf xvk wvkz 1 lfw nfcw jhcw l.hzflkfy wocz ¥ gfvt xvk bf wfy}fcz, bh bhckäyf jf }oky lh wogkëzë jhcw wfw kczëyázw fz wfw phwwkocw µ 5 lh wgäcf jf l.hzflkfy gobpoyzf jfvt phyzkfw, ¥ bok hv bklkfv, à jyokzf lfw hbkw hbhzfvyw jv bocjf jf l.hyz $hllkëw jf Govyifz xvk }k}fcz jf lh }kf+, à nhvgdf lfw ykgdfw, lf pfvplf, lfw nfcw xvk }k}fcz jf lh boyz µ# Hv mocj jf l.hzflkfy, kl { h lf yfzovy

8

G.fwz vc pfkczyf jf moybhzkoc glhwwkxvf goccv povy wfw pdozow kczkzvlëfw 1 Lfw ëzvjfw j.hpyäw Chzvyf $8467"6=+ jëpowëfw à lh IC à phyzky jf 8467# 9 L.Hzflkfy jv pfkczyf# Wovw"zkzyë Hllënoykf yëfllf jëzfybkchcz vcf pdhwf jf wfpz hccëfw jf bh }kf hyzkwzkxvf, lf zhilfhv fwz, h}fg Vc fczfyyfbfcz à Oychcw, l.vc jfw plvw gëläiyfw jf Govyifz# L.hyzkwzf jk}kwh wh gobpowkzkoc fc plvwkfvyw phyzkfw jkw zkcgzfw 1 vc hvzopoyzyh kz hv gfczyf, pyäw j.vc bojälf mëbkckc w{biolkwhcz lh yëpocwf jv pfkczyf hvt gykzkxvfw l.hggvwhcz jf cf phw wh}oky yfpyëwfczfy vc cv  5 à jyokzf, lfw jëmfcwfvyw jv yëhlkwbf, Ihvjflhkyf, Pyovjdoc fz Gdhbpmlfvy{ cozhbbfcz  5 à nhvgdf, lfw pfywocchlkzëw xv.kl yëpyov}f $vc pyázyf, vc gdhwwfvy, vc gyoxvf"boyz, fzg#+# L.ŗv}yf, jf jkbfcwkocw kbbfcwfw, mkz wghcjhlf fz mvz yfmvwëf à l.Ftpowkzkoc vck}fywfllf jf 8466, kcgkzhcz Govyifz à gocwzyvkyf lh bábf hccëf lf ¥ ph}klloc jv yëhlkwbf  µ# $Nvwzh}f Govyifz, l.Hzflkfy jv pfkczyf, 8466# Dvklf wvy zoklf, 76; Þ 6;4 6;4 gb# Bvwëf j.Oywh{, Phykw+# Pfkczvyf/Pdozo/Kcwzhllhzkoc

87

jf lh gocmëyfcgf , lfw ihkncfvwfw fz gflvk xvf af pfkcw8# Hvgvcf hllvwkoc c.fwz mhkzf à lh pdozonyhpdkf povyzhcz kl bfz fc h}hcz vc cv xvk h vc yhppoyz h}fg lh pdozonyhpdkf# Jf plvw, kl { h vcf gocgfczyhzkoc hv gfczyf jv zhilfhv j.hllvwkocw }oklëfw à lh pdozo 1 Ihvjflhkyf yfpyëwfczf fc wfgocjf lfgzvyf Chjhy fz hvwwk lh gykzkxvf jv poäzf# 6# Gocglvwkoc

Govyifz jëmkckz lf yëhlkwbf phy lf zyk}khl# Lf cv fwz plvzúz lhkj jhcw wfw zhilfhvt phy yhppoyz à lh pdozonyhpdkf# Gflh fwz powwkilf fcgoyf à gfzzf ëpoxvf, fc 846:, bhkw phw plvw zhyj# Jäw lfw hccëfw =0, lf yhppoyz fczyf lh pdozo fz lh pfkczvyf w.fwz kc}fywë# g# Fwz"kl powwkilf p owwkilf xvf Nvwzh}f Govyifz wf wokz kczëyfwwë hvt pdozonyhpdkfw jë}oklhcz lh cvjkzë mëbkckcf ? 8# Lh Myhcgf jv Wfgocj Fbpkyf

Lf cv fwz l.hmmhkyf jfw pdozonyhpdfw à gfzzf ëpoxvf# Lh pyojvgzkoc fwz gocwkjëyhilf à Phykw gobbf l.hzzfwzf lfw hygdk}fw jf lh IC xvk h dëykzë jfw hygdk}fw jf lh pyëmfgzvyf jf polkgf# Gfzzf kcjvwzykf yhppoyzf ifhvgovp j.hynfcz fz owf boczyfy lh cvjkzë jhcw wfw powzvyfw lfw kczkbfw jäw lf jëivz# Hvnvwzf Ifllog fwz vc jf gfw pdozonyhpdfw xvk mhkz jv cv# Jfvt bozkmw jhcw jfw ŗv}yfw jf Govyifz wocz pfvz ázyf à yhppyogdfy à lh pdozo# Klw wocz wvmmkwhbbfcz phyzkgvlkfyw phyzkgvlkfyw povy xvf l.oc w.{ hzzhyjf vc pfv# Lh mfbbf hv pfyyoxvfz, 84== Gf zhilfhv kczyojvkz vc gvykfvt yhppyogdfbfcz fczyf lf cv mëbkckc fz vc okwfhv# Govyifz c.fwz phw lf pyfbkfy à hwwogkfy vcf mfbbf cvf fz vc okwfhv h}fg xvk fllf aovf# Cozocw xvf gfzzf powf fwz ikfc plvw goc}hkcxvhczf jhcw vcf pdozo jf Iyvco Iyhxvfdhkw kczkzvlëf cv à l.okwfhv $8460+# Pdozonyhpdkfy vc okwfhv fwz vc pyoiläbf jkmmkgklf à nëyfy à gfzzf ëpoxvf ghy lf bov}fbfcz fwz fcgoyf bhl bhãzykwë phy lfw pdozonyhpdfw fz lfvy bhzëykfl# Povy lf pfkczyf gf c.fwz phw vc pyoiläbf bhkw kl c.{ h phw l.kllvwkoc jv bov}fbfcz# Wknchlocw gfzzf phyfczë fczyf lh pfkczvyf fz lh pdozo# H"z"kl yfpykw gfzzf kjëf hvt pdozonyhpdfw ? Lh xvfwzkoc yfwzf powëf fz whcw yëpocwf }ëykmkëf# Lf yë}fkl fz lf wobbfkl, 84== Lf yë}fkl $]ëcvw fz Pw{gdë+ fz lf wobbfkl $jfvt mfbbfw fclhgëfw wvy vc lkz+ wocz jfvt zhilfhvt jf 84== xvk hioyjfcz l.dobowftvhlkzë jfw mfbbfw# Oû gfw wvafzw ‚ pfv myëxvfczw jhcw lh pfkczvyf ‚ hpphyhkwwfcz"klw hv bábf bobfcz ? Klw mlfvykwwfcz jhcw lh pyojvgzkoc gocwëxvfczf jf pdozow ëyozkxvfw }okyf oiwgäcfw, wzknbhzkwëf phy Ihvjflhkyf jhcw wh gykzkxvf# L.vwhnf fwz pvyfbfcz gobbfygkhl fz, j.hkllfvyw, lfw pdozonyhpdfw }fcjfcz lfvyw glkgdëw jhcw lfvy bhnhwkc# Iyhxvfdhkw w.fwz fwwh{ë jhcw gf jobhkcf gobbf j.hvzyfw pdozonyhpdfw jf woc zfbpw 1 jfvt pdozow jf mfbbfw cvfw wvy vc lkz $8460+# L# G# j.Olk}kfy fwz lf nyhcj wpëgkhlkwzf jf lh pdozo ëyozkxvf $plhxvfw wzëyëowgopkxvfw+ jhcw lfw hccëfw 60 $wh pëykojf j.hgzk}kzë gov}yf lfw hccëfw 67 à 6>+#

8

Govyifz h bojkmkë lf zhilfhv gfczyhl ghy à l.oyknkcf kl jf}hkz { h}oky vc whz{yf pkcîhcz lf gvl j.vcf mfbbf# H"z"kl gyhkcz lh gfcwvyf ? Pfkczvyf/Pdozo/Kcwzhllhzkoc

8:

Govyifz pyfcj fc gdhynf jfw wvafzw kgoconyhpdkxvfw, yëgvyyfczw jhcw lh pdozo, bhkw phw jhcw lh pyojvgzkoc pkgzvyhlf jf woc ëpoxvf# Kl wfbilf xvf wvy lf wvafz jv cv fz jf l.ëyozkwbf phy yhppoyz à lh pdozonyhpdkf, lf pfkczyf fwz l.ënhl jv pdozonyhpdf jhcw gf jobhkcf 1 kl pfvz bábf lf wvppoyzfy# Govyifz wfbilf bhckmfwzfy bhckmfwzfy vcf hzzfczkoc phyzkgvlkäyf }okyf wvpëykfvyf à l.ënhyj jfw pdozow jf cv# L.oyknkcf jv bocjf, 84== Gf zhilfhv bhyxvf vcf pdhwf hknvå j.ëyozkwbf jhcw l.ŗv}yf jf Govyifz# Kl cf yobpz phw vc zhiov à gfzzf ëpoxvf ghy, jfpvkw xvkcqf hcw jëaà, kl ftkwzf vcf mloyhkwoc jf pdozow ëyozkxvfw 1 g.fwz vc bozkm, gflvk jf lh phyzkf kczkbf jf lh mfbbf, xvk fwz zyäw popvlhykwë jhcw lfw hccëfw 60"=0# Phy ftfbplf, ftfbplf, H# Novkc h pdozonyhpdkë jfw mfbbfw cvfw ëghyzhcz lfw ahbifw fz Ifllog h mhkz lh bábf gdowf fc boczyhcz lf wftf mëbkckc fc nyow plhc, jäw 84=0# Zovzfmokw, l.fmmyhgzkoc fwz yëfllf jhcw lf gdhbp jf lh pfkczvyf# Lh mfbbf hv ihw ilhcg, 84=8 G.fwz vcf ëzvjf j.hpyäw bojälf, vcf }fywkoc j.vcf }kwkoc pkgzvyhlf jfw pdozow jf woc ëpoxvf# Govyifz yobpz h}fg vc gocwfcwvw jf lh Boyhlf jhcw vc goczftzf pyëgkw, gflvk jf Phykw jhcw lfw hccëfw =0# J.hvzyfw l.ocz mhkz h}hcz lvk jhcw vc ivz bfyghczklf fc vzklkwhcz lh pdozonyhpdkf gobbf wvppoyz jf jkmmvwkoc# j# Lf zdäbf jf lh }hnvf gdfq Govyifz fz lfw pdozonyhpdfw 8# Lh mfbbf à lh }hnvf, 84=4

Gf zhilfhv yëvckz lf bozkm mëbkckc fz lf bov}fbfcz jf l.fhv# Fczyf 84=; fz 84>0, kl gobpowf jfw zhilfhvt kczkzvlëw lh }hnvf 1 gobpowkzkoc à l.kjfczkxvf, mloz xvk yfzobif fz yfwwhg# 8

N# Lf Nyh{ pdozonyhpdkf lh bfy jäw 846= $lh Nyhcjf ]hnvf, Wäzf+ wokz jkt hcw h}hcz lh wëykf jf zoklfw jf Govyifz xvk poyzf lf bábf cob# Lh zdëoykf jf Ifc{hbkc fwz jocg yfbkwf fc ghvwf jocz lf pykcgkphl powzvlhz ëzhkz xvf Govyifz h}hkz jf}hcgë lh pdozonyhpdkf# Zovzfmokw, kl mhvz pyëgkwfy xvf c.h{hcz phw fcgoyf lh bhãzykwf jf l.kcwzhczhcë, Lf Nyh{ h vzklkwë jfvt plhxvfw 1 l.vcf povy l.fhv fz l.hvzyf povy lf gkfl# Lh pdozo fwz jocg vc boczhnf fz coc vc glkgdë kczënyhl# Kl { h zovz jf bábf vcf gfyzhkcf iykä}fzë jf l.kcwzhcz jhcw wfw pdozow# Fc 846:, Govyifz pfkcz lf ioyj jf bfy jf Boczpfllkfy $ lf ioyj jf bfy à Phlh}hw+ jocg jfw bhykcfw h}hcz wfw mhbfvwfw }hnvfw# Lf wz{lf fwz zyäw jkmmëyfcz pvkwxv.kl pfkcz vcf bfy plhzf, lokc jf l.hnkzhzkoc jf wfw }hnvfw# Fc 84=6"==, kl pfkcz lh bfy à Zyov}kllf fz gf c.fwz xv.à phyzky jf 84=; xv.kl pfkcz jfw }hnvfw# 9# Gocglvwkoc

Fc 846>, Gdhbpmlfvy{ pvilkf woc yëhlkwbf $Fj# Lë}{, p# ;9";:, ëjkzkoc oyknkchlf+ jhcw lfxvfl kl ë}oxvf lfw yhppoyzw hczhnockwzfw fczyf lh pdozo fz lh pfkczvyf# Povy gf mhkyf, kl gocwzhzf xvf jkt pdozonyhpdfw xvk mktfcz lf bábf ph{whnf hvyocz lf bábf 8

Lf Nyh{ fwz vc pdozonyhpdf moybë hvt Ifhvt"Hyzw fz goccv wovw lf Wfgocj Fbpkyf 1 woc zyh}hkl fwz hppyëgkë fz h bábf ëilovk lh yfkcf ]kgzoykh loyw j.vcf ftpowkzkoc hv Yo{hl Phlhgf# Kl h jkwphyv b{wzëykfvwfbfcz fc 844: hv govyw j.vcf ftpëjkzkoc jhcw lf jëwfyz ën{pzkfc# Lf Nyh{ wvpfypowhkz jfvt ov zyokw cënhzkmw povy oizfcky vc yëwvlzhz ftpyfwwkm# Pfkczvyf/Pdozo/Kcwzhllhzkoc

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yfcjv hloyw xvf jkt pfkczyfw hvyocz vc yëwvlzhz zyäw jkmmëyfcz j.vc pfkczyf à l.hvzyf# Fz gf, fc h{hcz fv lf bábf bhãzyf jf}hcz lf bábf ph{whnf# Hkcwk, wfloc lvk, l.dobbf bojkmkf lh Chzvyf wfloc l.kbpyfwwkoc xv.kl pfyîokz jf gfllf"gk $¥ wvikz lh lok jf woc Bok µ+ hloyw xvf lh pdozo fwz bëghckxvf# Lh }ëykzhilf pfkczvyf yfpyëwfczf lf }yhk fz lf wkcgäyf, gf xvk c.fwz phw lf ghw jf lh pdozonyhpdkf, ëzhcz yflënvë à vc wkbplf pyojvkz phy yhppoyz hv ]yhk# Lf yëhlkwbf fwz pfywoccfl fz kcjk}kjvfl# Kl kncoyf lf wfbilhilf# Lh pdozo fwz vc phyhcnoc jf }ëykzë fz vc yfpovwwoky ghy fllf c.h phw jf pfywocchlkzë# Govyifz

Nvwzh}f Govyifz $848;"84>>+, pfkczyf, lkzdonyhpdf fz jfwwkchzfvy, kckzkhzfvy jv f bov}fbfcz yëhlkwzf myhcîhkw jv TKT wkäglf# Oyknkchkyf j.Oychcw, fc Myhcgdf"Gobzë, mklw jf ykgdfw hnykgvlzfvyw, Govyifz }kcz w.kcwzhllfy à Phykw fc 847; povy wf gocwhgyfy à lh pfkczvyf# Kl wvk}kz j.hioyj jfw govyw jf jfwwkc hvpyäw j.vc ëlä}f jf Jh}kj, fz jfw govyw jf pfkczvyf à l.Hghjëbkf wvkwwf# Gfpfcjhcz, pyomocjëbfcz hczkgocmoybkwzf, kl pyëmëyh ikfczúz gopkfy lfw gdfmw"j.ŗv}yf jv Lov}yf $Nëykghvlz, Jflhgyokt+ fz pfkcjyf fc moyáz jf Moczhkcfilfhv# Jëwkyfvt jf yëvwwky, kl ëgyk}kz à gfzzf ëpoxvf 1 ¥ Af }fvt mhkyf jf lh nyhcjf pfkczvyf U…R# Kl mhvz xv.h}hcz gkcx hcw a.hkf boc cob jhcw Phykw µ# Fc 84:=, kc}kzë phy vc hbk fc Dollhcjf, kl mkz lh jëgov}fyzf, jëzfybkchczf, jf l.hyz jf Yfbiyhcjz $ lh Yocjf jf cvkz fz lh Lfîoc j.hchzobkf+# Jäw loyw, kl jëgkjh jf pfkcjyf lh yëhlkzë zfllf xv.fllf wf pyëwfczhkz à lvk# Hpyäw lh yë}olvzkoc jf 84:4, jvyhcz lhxvfllf kl myëxvfczh Pyovjdoc, Gdhbpmlfvy{ fz Ihvjflhkyf, kl w.oykfczh jocg }fyw vc yëhlkwbf hzzhgdë à yfcjyf gobpzf, whcw pkzzoyfwxvf, jf lh }kf xvozkjkfccf $lfw Ghwwfvyw jf pkfyyfw, 84:;+# Yfcocîhcz à l.ftozkwbf gdhynë j.ëbozkocw jf lh zyhjkzkoc yobhczkxvf fz wf nhyjhcz jfw yfwzykgzkocw jf lh pfkczvyf hghjëbkxvf, Govyifz ftpowh hv Whloc jf 8460 woc Fczfyyfbfcz à Oychcw $8460, bvwëf j.Oywh{+, pfkcz jhcw vc moybhz kbbfcwf, zyhjkzkoccfllfbfcz yëwfy}ë à lh pfkczvyf j.dkwzokyf# Fc ovzyf, kl kcwvmmlh à wfw pfywocchnfw, ph{whcw phv}yfbfcz }ázvw fcgfyglhcz vcf zobif iëhczf, vcf nyhcjfvy fz vcf jknckzë xvk jëphwwfcz lh wkbplf wgäcf jf nfcyf# L.ë}ëcfbfcz pyo}oxvh vc ëcoybf wghcjhlf fz mkz jf lvk lf gdfm jf mklf jv bov}fbfcz yëhlkwzf# Fc 8466, wfw zhilfhvt ëzhcz yfmvwëw phy lf avy{ jf l.Ftpowkzkoc vck}fywfllf, Govyifz mkz gocwzyvkyf lf ¥ ph}klloc jv yëhlkwbf µ oû kl pyëwfczh xvhyhczf jf wfw ŗv}yfw jocz l.Hzflkfy $8466, bvwëf j.Oywh{+, xv.kl wovw"zkzyh Hllënoykf yëfllf, dkwzokyf boyhlf fz pd{wkxvf jf boc hzflkfy# Wkbvlzhcëbfcz, kl pvilkh lf Bhckmfwzf jv yëhlkwbf, pyúchcz vc ¥ }ovloky }ovloky mhkyf jf l.hyz }k}hcz µ# Jäw loyw, lf wz{lf jf Govyifz wf jëbhyxvh phy vcf phlfzzf lkbkzëf fz }knovyfvwf, vcf gobpowkzkoc wkbplkmkëf fz jfw pfywocchnfw hvt bojflëw coc kjëhlkwëw $ lfw Jfbokwfllfw jfw ioyjw jf Wfkcf, 846>, bvwëf jv Pfzkz Phlhkw, Phykw+# Ikfc xvf zovaovyw goczfwzë, kl gobbfcîh à iëcëmkgkfy j.vcf cozoykëzë gfyzhkcf 1 gfvt xvk avnfhkfcz wfw gobpowkzkocw }vlnhkyfw fz pyo}oghczfw }kyfcz w.ëlf}fy goczyf fvt jfw hjbkyhzfvyw xvk wh}hkfcz yfgocchãzyf lfw xvhlkzëw jf wh pfkczvyf, whcw mhyj ck gobplhkwhcgf#


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Hvwwk yhjkghl fc polkzkxvf xv.fc pfkczvyf, Govyifz mvz cobbë pyëwkjfcz jf lh Mëjëyhzkoc jfw hyzkwzfw fc 84>8, jvyhcz lh Gobbvcf jf Phykw, fz whv}h lfw gollfgzkocw jv Lov}yf jf l.kcgfcjkf jfw Zvklfykfw# Kl mvz gfpfcjhcz hggvwë jf gobplkgkzë jhcw lf yfc}fywfbfcz jf lh goloccf ]fcjúbf# Gocjhbcë à wkt bokw jf pykwoc fz hv yfbiovywfbfcz jfw myhkw jf yfwzhvyhzkoc jf lh goloccf, kl w.ftklh à ]f}f{ $Wvkwwf+ fc 84>7, oû kl pfknckz jhcw lh wolkzvjf# Wfw ŗv}yfw mvyfcz bkwfw hvt fcgdäyfw phy lf nov}fycfbfcz myhcîhkw, vc bokw h}hcz wh boyz#

KKK# Pkghwwo, lh pdozonyhpdkf fz lf goypw h# Bkwf fc pfywpfgzk}f jv zyh}hkl jf Jvgdhbp fz jf gflvk jf Pkghwwo 8# Zdäbf jf Pholo fz jf Myhcgfwgh, wfpz# 8;84

Pkghwwo yëvzklkwf vcf ŗv}yf hcgkfccf, vc zhilfhv jf Kcnyfw, povy vcf wëykf jf nyh}vyf# Kl yfpyfcj lf jkwpowkzkm jv pfkczyf 1 vc }o{fvy pëcäzyf $jë}oklfbfcz+ jhcw l‛fwphgf oû vc govplf fwz jhcw vcf ëzyfkczf gdhycfllf# Jhcw lh nyh}vyf, lh mknvyf jf l‛kczyvw fwz gobplëzëf phy vc iocdobbf ihyiv fz }flv ghgdë wovw lf zhpkw 1 kl { h là vc fmmfz jf wvypykwf# Wvy vcf hvzyf nyh}vyf, l‛kczyvw fwz lf phpf gobbhcjkzhkyf jfw ŗv}yfw jf Yhpdhål# Gf jfyckfy fz woc bojälf wocz wvy vc lkz 1 lh pfkczvyf fwz yfpyëwfczëf wvy lf gdf}hlfz fz wvy lf lkz# Lf pfkczyf c‛hihcjoccf phw wfw kcwzyvbfczw, bábf gdowf povy lh nyh}vyf pyëgëjfczf# 9# Lfw zdäbfw yëgvyyfczw

Hllvwkocw dkwzoykxvfw, pyëwfcgf j‛vc nvfzzfvy/kczyvw/wpfgzhzfvy, gocmvwkoc fczyf lh mknvyf jf l‛hbhcz fz gfllf jv pfkczyf wocz jfw zdäbfw xvk yf}kfccfcz jhcw gfw nyh}vyfw fz jhcw lf gdfbkcfbfcz gdfb kcfbfcz kczfllfgzvfl kczfl lfgzvfl jf Pkghwwo 1 gobbfcz pfvz"oc yfpyëwfczfy yf pyëwfczfy lf wftf ? Phy hkllfvyw, l‛hgzf wftvfl fwz ftzyábfbfcz zyk}khl, }okyf oiwgäcf# Lf jkwpowkzkm jv pfkczyf fwz wkbplf 1 }vf, wvypykwf fz wftvhlkzë# Fcmkc, wfw nyh}vyfw kczfy}kfccfcz jfpvkw 8;=> phy jfw zhilfhvt jf cv govgdë ov jfiovz $plhc fc goczyf"plocnëf 1 lf wftf jf lh mfbbf fwz hv gfczyf jf l‛kbhnf, kl fwz bkw fc }hlfvy phy lf jfwwkc ov lh zfgdckxvf jf pfkczvyf+# i# Lf pyoiläbf jv cv fz jf wh yfpyëwfczhzkoc

Lh yfpyëwfczhzkoc jf lh cvjkzë mëbkckcf fz woc kczfypyëzhzkoc powfcz vc pyoiläbf hv pfkczyf Pkghwwo# Lh yfpyëwfczhzkoc jf lh mfbbf cvf fwz gocwviwzhczkfllf hv jë}floppfbfcz jf l‛ŗv}yf jf Pkghwwo jfpvkw 8;00 $avwxv‛fc 8;=>"=4+# Gdfq gf pfkczyf kl { h ifhvgovp j‛ŗv}yf jf cv, gfzzf yfpyëwfczhzkoc fwz locnvfbfcz pyoilëbhzkxvf# Zyäw zúz, kl powf jfw xvfwzkocw bhyxvëw phy l‛kbpëyhzkm jf yëhlkwbf, jf pyëwfcgf jv goypw#


8>

Mfbbf fc gdfbkwf jhcw vc mhvzfvkl, hvzobcf 8;87 Pëykojf jf nlkwwfbfcz jv gvikwbf }fyw lf powz"gvikwbf, phpkfy gollë# Flëbfczw nëobëzykwëw, fmmfzw jf bojflë, zyhkzw cokyw bhyxvhcz lfw poklw wovw lf iyhw, zyhkzfbfcz jv goypw# Yfpyëwfczhzkoc jfw wfkcw fwz }kwkilf fz phzfczf, lfw wfkcw wocz jëjovilëw jhcw lh phyzkf phy zkf wvpëykfvyf wvpëykfv yf 1 moybfw dëbkwpdëykxvfw dëbkwpdëykx vfw h}fg vc iézoccfz iézoc cfz à l‛ftzyëbkzë l‛ftzyë bkzë $wfkcw yocjw 1 vcf pobbf govpëf fc jfvt }vf jv jfwwvw+# Lfw wfkcw wocz jëwkncëw fc oivw fz phy vcf bëzhpdoyf jf myvkz $kczyojvgzkoc jhcw woc zhilfhv gobbf wk g‛ëzhkz vzklf+# L‛ëzyfkczf, 8;07 Lh yfpyëwfczhzkoc wfbilf wkbplf à gfzzf ëpoxvf# Jf bhckäyf yëgvyyfczf, pfcjhcz l‛fczyf"jfvt"nvfyyfw, lh yfpyëwfczhzkoc jv cv fwz hwwogkë à lh xvfwzkoc jv gobbfcz ? 8# Lfw pyëbkgfw jv gdhcnfbfcz gdhcnfbfcz

Fc ëzë 8;84, Pkghwwo wëaovycf à Ikhyykzq, pëykojf jvyhcz lhxvfllf kl yfgocwkjäyf lf wz{lf Glhwwkxvf à zyh}fyw jfw ëzvjfw# Kl kczyojvkz hv gfczyf jf woc jfwwkc $mknvyf gfczyhlf jv Ihkc zvyg j‛Kcnyfw+ vcf gkzhzkoc# Kl h vcf wolvzkoc plhwzkxvf hppv{ëf wvy jfw yëmëyfcgfw dkwzoykxvfw 1 lf cv mëbkckc gobbf Kcnyfw# Pkghwwo pyfcj vcf powkzkoc jkmmkgklf à mhkyf hjbfzzyf# G‛fwz vcf mknvyf j‛ëzvjf, kl lhkwwf vc ioc zkfyw jv jfwwkc jhcw vcf kcjëgkwkoc nyhpdkxvf# Lfw hvzyfw mfbbfw wocz jhcw vc wz{lf kcnyfwxvf, jocg Glhwwkxvf# 9# Lh yfpyëwfczhzkoc jv cv mëbkckc# Jf l‛ë}olvzkoc à…

Lh mfbbf hv mhvzfvkl, 8;9; Lf bov}fbfcz ftployhzokyf phyhãz ázyf whcw mkc, lfw ëlëbfczw hchzobkxvfw wocz jkwzfcjvw# Gfzzf mfbbf h zyokw ahbifw fz vc iyhw yflf}ë jfyykäyf lh zázf $g‛fwz vcf dhikzvjf jhcw woc ŗv}yf+# L‛hcvw fz lf }hnkc wocz jhcw lf bábf plhc, lh nëobëzykf fwz wkbplf# Lfw ghyhgzëykwzkxvfw hchzobkxvfw hchzobkxvfw wfbilfcz pov}oky ázyf yëjvkz gobbf jfw nyhmmkzkw 1 jfwwkcw gobbf lfw kcwgykpzkocw xvf l‛oc pfvz zyov}fy jhcw jfw fcjyokzw pvilkgw# Pkghwwo h }oloczhkyfbfcz }oloczhkyfbfcz bëlhcnë lfw nfcyfw# Mfbbf jhcw vc mhvzfvkl yovnf, ahc}kfy 8;79 Gf zhilfhv fwz gocwzkzvë jf bëzhpdoyfw nëobëzykxvfw 1 ikoboypdkwbf# Gobpowkzkoc 1 zyokw iovlfw $lf }fczyf, lfw jfvt wfkcw+, lfw moybfw fc phlbfw povy lfw bfbiyfw fz lf }kwhnf h vcf moybf phyzkgvlkäyf# Pkghwwo h fmmfgzvë jfw zyhcwmoybhzkocw oynhckxvfw kbbëjkhzfw# Nyh}vyf 1 bojälf fz wgvlpzvyf wvyyëhlkwzf, wvyyëhlkwzf, bhk 8;77 Vc goypw fwz jf zyokw"xvhyzw jow fz wf zovychcz }fyw covw 1 g‛fwz vcf yfpyëwfczhzkoc kcnyfwxvf# Pkghwwo h jocg yfpykw povy woc gobpzf lh yfgdfygdf jfw ghcocw jf lh ifhvzë glhwwkxvf, l‛ëpvyhzkoc jv jfwwkc bhkw fc mhgf jf gfzzf mfbbf, lf pfkczyf h jfwwkcë vc hwwfbilhnf 1 gdhkwf, iyojfykf wvy lf jowwkfy $mlfvy fz phpklloc+, lh wgvlpzvyf fwz bhwgvlkcf $lf wftf fwz wvy vc govwwkc iyojë+, ftdkikzkocckwbf fwz yfcmoygë ghy kl { h vc jëjovilfbfcz jv wftf, lfw jfvt wpdäyfw jv govwwkc wocz yëpëzëw whcw ovilkfy xvf lh zázf fwz vcf wpdäyf#


84

G‛fwz vc hwwfbilhnf oiwgäcf# Kl { h vcf mlhnyhczf jkgdozobkf fczyf lh mfbbf, phymhkzf, fz l‛dobbf, oiwgäcf# Cv fcjoybk, : hoõz 8;7: Pkghwwo kcwkwzf wvy l‛hwpfgz oynhckxvf jf wh yfpyëwfczhzkoc# yfpyëwfczhzkoc# Lfw phyzkfw kczkbfw wocz fcgoyf pyëwfczfw fz }kwkilfw# Kl { h vc nyow plhc wvy l‛hcvw fz lf wftf# Lf pfkczyf jëwkncf lf goypw gobbf vwhnf, ifwokc, mocgzkoc fz coc gobbf yfpyëwfczhzkoc à l‛kcwzhy j‛Kcnyfw# Phnfw j‛ëzvjf jf cvw $novhgdf+, 8;:9 1 Pkghwwo yfpyëwfczf lh mfbbf jf lh bábf bhckäyf# 7# Lh pyëgkwkoc jf lh pfcwëf jv pfkczyf

Mfbbf wf gokmmhcz, avkc 8;:0 Lf goypw fwz fc}kwhnë gobbf vc }fczyf h}fg vc pkfj jëmoybë 8 fz vcf ghnf zdoyhgkxvf jkwpyopoyzkoccë# G‛fwz lh bábf fczyfpykwf jf jëwhgyhlkwhzkoc fz jf zyhcwmoybhzkoc jv goypw# Gf xvk gobpzf g‛fwz l‛oynhckxvf, lf pd{wkolonkxvf 1 kjëf j‛vcf pyëwfcgf pd{wkxvf# Cv fcjoybk, wfpzfbiyf 8;:9 Pkghwwo yf}kfcz wvy l‛d{pozdäwf gvikwzf jf 8;0>, fcgyf fz hcnlf# Kl yfpyfcj woc phwwë gvikwzf fz ftëgvzf vc cv h}fg jfw hcnlfw fz jfw govyifw 1 bëlhcnf jf wz{lf fz hvgvcf godëyfcgf wz{lkwzkxvf# :# Pkghwwo fz lh yfpyëwfczhzkoc oynhckxvf jv goypw mëbkckc

Gfzzf wëykf jf zyokw zhilfhvt ocz mhkz wghcjhlf fc 8;=; à H}kncoc# Pkghwwo h ëzë bkw à bhl phy lfw gykzkxvfw, lfw mëbkckwzfw fz lf pvilkg# Lf cv govgdë hv gdhz, 8;=6 Lf }fczyf fwz hv gfczyf jf l‛ŗv}yf h}fg vc gdhz jfwwvw# Gflvk"gk h vc jovilf wfcw jocz vc ëyozkxvf# Lf cv govgdë à l‛okwfhv9, ahc}kfy 8;=4 Lh zázf, lfw wfkcw fz lfw pkfjw wocz d{pfyzyopdkëw# d{pfyzyopdkëw# Lf cv hv gollkfy, ogzoiyf 8;=4 G‛fwz vc zhilfhv zykpozë, ¥ nyhzovkllë µ, avnë poyconyhpdkxvf# Lh zoywkoc jv }fczyf bfz fc }hlfvy lf wftf, lf }hnkc fwz glhkyfbfcz h}ëyë# Lf ilhcg xvk nkglf phyzovz wvy lh zoklf c‛h phw ifwokc j‛ftplkghzkoc# Pkghwwo fwz hyyk}ë à vcf ëzhpf vlzkbf oû zovz fwz boczyë 1 iyvzhlkzë jhcw lf zyhkzfbfcz jfw goypw# 6# Lh iyvzhlkzë fz lh yfpyëwfczhzkoc poyconyhpdkxvf

Jëaà fc 8;77, Pkghwwo h}hkz ftëgvzë jfvt jfwwkcw loyw j‛vcf bábf wëhcgf jf zyh}hkl, l‛vc fc govyif fz l‛hvzyf fc nyhmmkzk# Zovz { fwz wghiyfvt, phw jf bëzhpdoyf fz vcf yfpyëwfczhzkoc yvjkbfczhkyf ghyhgzëykwfcz wfw jfwwkcw#

8

Gm# Zftzf jf Ihzhkllf wvy l‛oyzfkl kc Jogvbfcz# G‛fwz lf xvhzykäbf c v govgdë à l‛okwfhv jfpvkw lf jëiv z jf gf wëbkchkyf 1 wfyhkz"gf vc zdäbf yëgvyyfcz ? 9


8;

Pkghwwo yfbfz fc ghvwf woc zyh}hkl à gfzzf ëpoxvf povyzhcz gflh fwz jf}kfcz vcf ë}kjfcgf xvf jvyhcz lfw hccëfw =0# Govplf fc ëzyfkczf, ogzoiyf 8;=; Oc cf pfvz xv‛oiwfy}fy lfw jfvt pyomklw jfw jfvt hbhczw, wfvlw wocz }kwkilfw lfw jfvt }kwhnfw# Lfw wfkcw wocz cvw fz fc ahvcf# Jhcw lf mocj, kl { h vcf pokczf fz vc ŗkl xvk cf wf yhzzhgdf à ykfc $nyhpdkwbf zyäw ëpvyë (+# Hloyw xvf lf mocj fwz wfg, kl jfwwkcf vcf pokczf h}fg hv bklkfv vc ŗkl xvk c‛hpphyzkfcz à pfywoccf fz xvk fwz Là 1 lf }o{fvy ov lf pfkczyf/wpfgzhzfvy# pfkczyf/wpfgzhzfvy# Lfw ëzyfkczfw $jfwwkcw+, 90 bhyw 8;>0 fz lfw ëzyfkczfw $pfkczvyf+, co}fbiyf co}fbiyf 8;=; Cozocw xv‛kl { h vcf hiwfcgf jf xvhlkzë pkgzvyhlf, vc yfmvw jfw ëlëbfczw, zovz { fwz ë}kjfcz# L‛ëzyfkczf, 8;>0 Lh zázf yfc}okf jf bhckäyf hvzoikonyhpdkxvf hvzoikonyhpdkxvf à wh bhckäyf jf jfwwkcfy jfw }kwhnfw fc 8;87# Lf wftf bhwgvlkc fwz hv pyfbkfy plhc# g# Pkghwwo fz l‛dkwzokyf jf lh pfkczvyf

Zovz gf gdfbkcfbfcz wf mhkz fc h{hcz fc pfybhcfcgf jfw yëmëyfcgfw pkgzvyhlfw pyëwfczf à l‛fwpykz 1 lh pfkczvyf jfw hvzyfw# Kl boczyf jhcw gfllf"gk gf xvf lfw pfkczyfw c‛ocz phw owë boczyfy# Lh pkwwfvwf, 8;=6 G‛fwz vc ftfbplf wghiyfvt xvk kllvwzyf ikfc lf pyopow jë}floppë pyëgëjfbbfcz# Vcf mfbbf pkwwf wvy vcf plhnf h}fg jhcw woc jow lh bfy# Pkghwwo yfpyfcj vc Yfbiyhcjz $Dfkcjy{gef, wh mfbbf, hv ihkc 1 fllf plocnf jhcw l‛fhv avwxv‛hv gvkwwf# Gdfq Pkghwwo, oc }okz lfw wfkcw fz kl mhkz ëbfynfy lf ihw jv goypw jf l‛fhv# Povyxvok h"z"kl yf}kwkzë gfzzf zoklf jf Yfbiyhcjz ? Kl ftkwzf vcf pfzkzf kbhnf ftëgvzëf phy gf pfkczyf oû vcf ph{whccf pkwwf $gdowf glhcjfwzkcf+# Gdfq Pkghwwo, gf wvafz c‛fwz phw glhcjfwzkc bhkw jf}kfcz vcf nyhcjf ŗv}yf pvilkxvf# 8# Lf zyh}hkl jf Pkghwwo wvy l‛dkwzokyf jf l h pfkczvyf

Lf zyh}hkl jf Pkghwwo c‛fwz phw vc dobbhnf, ck vcf moybf jf gocgvyyfcgf, ck vc fbpyvcz, ck vcf yk}hlkzë bhkw vcf yë}ëlhzkoc 1 lvk wf pfybfz jf wvnnëyfy lf ghgdë fz c‛dëwkzf phw à lf boczyfy# Lf zyh}hkl jv pfkczyf 1 plhgfy lh pfkczvyf jhcw vcf yë}ëlhzkoc vlzkbf, jfyckfy jfw goypw yëflw# 9# Lf pfkczyf fz woc bojälf

Lf pfkczyf fz woc bojälf, 8;=7 Gf zhilfhv fwz vcf }hykhzkoc wvy lf zdäbf jv pfkczyf# Pyëwfcgf jf lh phlfzzf, jf lh iyowwf, pyëwfcgf jv bojälf mëbkckc# Oc w‛hppyogdf jv goypw jv bojälf 1 lh pfkczvyf zovycf à l‛hlgú}f# Kl { h vc }h"fz"}kfcz fczyf lh pfkczvyf fz lh pyëwfcgf jv goypw xvk w‛ëpyov}f phy lf zovgdfy, lf goczhgz, lh moybf vlzkbf g‛fwz xvhcj lf goypw fwz pyëwfcz# Lh powkzkoc jf l‛hyzkwzf fwz gfllf jf lh pfywoccf xvk ëghyzf lf ykjfhv fz afzzf vc ŗkl 1 }o{fvykwbf kcwzhczhcë $ft# jv jfwwkc jf l‛hbovy jf Yhpdhål fz lh Moychykcf, 8;=4+# Pfkczvyf/Pdozo/Kcwzhllhzkoc

90

Wvkzf 7>, bhyw 8;>8 Hv gfczyf kl { h lf wftf mëbkckc fz vcf mknvyf bhwgvlkcf oiwfy}f jfyykäyf lf ykjfhv# H jyokzf, l‛hyzkwzf fwz h}fg woc wvppoyz# Kl yfwwfbilf à Jfnhw# Bkwf fc wgäcf jv pov}oky jf l‛ŗkl fz jf lh yfpyëwfczhzkoc# 7# Gocglvwkoc

Avwxv‛oû lf jfwwkchzfvy fz lf nyh}fvy pfvz"kl hllfy jhcw lh yfpyëwfczhzkoc pd{wkxvf ? 8 Pkghwwo w‛fwz powë gfzzf xvfwzkoc avwxv‛à lh mkc jf wh }kf#

K]# Yfcgoczyf Phwghl Goc}fyz Loyw j‛vcf wëykf jf yfcgoczyf h}fg jfw pfkczyfw goczfbpoyhkcw zyh}hkllhcz fc Myhcgf covw hvyocw l‛ogghwkoc jf jëgov}yky lfvy zyh}hkl, jv > hv 94 ahc}kfy 9000# Kl zyh}hkllf wvy lfw jfwwkcw j‛fcmhczw $wvy vcf jvyëf jf xvhzyf hcw+# Kl hggoyjf vcf nyhcjf plhgf à l‛hmmfgz jhcw woc zyh}hkl# Lfw fcmhczw wocz hzzkyëw phy jfw govlfvyw }k}fw 1 g‛fwz vcf bhckäyf jf w‛hmmkybfy# w‛hmmkybfy# Jfwwkcw

Chkwwhcgf jv lhcnhnf phy yhppoyz à lh chkwwhcgf jv zyhgë lkëf à vcf chyyhzkoc kchgdf}ëf# Fcwvkzf, bojëlkwhzkoc fc 7J jfw jfwwkcw fc zfchcz gobpzf jf lh }kzfwwf j‛ftëgvzkoc# Hv jëphyz, l‛oiafz fwz pyogdf pvkw à moygf jf zyh}hkllfy lf wvafz jf}kfcz kbpfywoccfl povy fcmkc oizfcky vcf powkzkoc j‛oiwfy}hzkoc# Fcafv 1 mhkyf yf}k}yf gf jfwwkc# Gobbhcjf j‛vcf ŗv}yf hv Ahpoc

Zyokw phccfhvt fc }fyyf h}fg vc zyh}hkl jf lh pfkczvyf fc 7J ftëgvzë phy jfw hyzkwhcw ahpochkw# Jfwwkcw bvyhvt

Wvy jfw bvyw, hplhzw jf govlfvyw h}fg xvhzyf pokczw jf }vf wvy lf bábf oiafz# Kcwzhllhzkoc }kjëo 1 vc fcmhcz jhcw lh moyáz# Kl zyh}hkllf wvy lf zfbpw, l‛hmmfgz oyknkcfl, lh zfcwkoc fz poyzf vcf hzzfczkoc hvt fwphgfw 1 phy ftfbplf, lh glogdf hv zykivchl jf Ioyjfhvt ov lf zyh}hkl hgzvfl wvy lf Eowwo}o#

8

Gm# Pyopow wvy l‛hyz jf Pkghwwo, Pkghwwo , Nhllkbhyj, Phykw, 8;;4#


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Photographie et peinture

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