\PJAZLJ BNZ% 6?+ 6010
1
Pdhkhpphel~ Pvbovl~~ Vlpbvz Vlpbv z be zdl Chkkleeh|c Jlylkbpclez Obak~ 6010
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CAKANAÑAE PAKANL CAEHKA Zdl~l pa~z ilw xlav~+ b|v nb|ezvx da~ ltplvhlenlj ltplvhlenlj cbj l~ l~zz lnbeb chn ovb wzd+ f |z zdl vlak khil ~hz|azhbe~ ~hz|azhbe~ bi b|v nb|ezvxcle nb|ezvxcle dayl bekx o bzzle wbv~l% Zdlvl dayl flle ilw jlylkbp # clez~ he zdl khyl~ bi Ihkhpheb~+ l~plnhakkx he zdl avla~ bi lj|nazhbe aej cazlveak dlakzd% Zdl C hkklee hkkleeh|c h|c Jlylkbpclez O ba k~ lth~ lth~zz zb pvbyhj l |~ whzd nbenvlzl ~bnhblnbebchn zavolz~ a~ wl wb vm zbwa vj~ ~bnhak ~bnhak g|~zhnl g|~zhnl aej pb ylvzx akklyhazhbe akklyhazhbe a chj ~|~zahelj ~|~zahelj o vbwzd+ aej |kzhcazlkx+ zbwavj ~ okb fa k jlylkbpclez% Hz h~ hcplvazhyl zdaz zdaz zdh~ pvbo vl~ vl~~ ~ vlpbvz fl vlkla~lj he b vjlv zb a~~l~ a~~l~~ ~ b|v pvb ovl~~ he zdl flzzlvclez bi zdl khyl~ bi b |v nb|ezvxcle aej p lbpkl akk bylv zdl zdl wbvkj% Af byl a kk+ dbwlylv+ zdh~ vlpbvz vlchej~ |~ bi zdl a cb|ez bi ndaeo l zdaz c|~z c|~z fl ca jl aej zdl wbvmkba j zdaz da~ flle p|z be zdl ~db|kjlv~ ~db|kjlv~ bi |~ Ihkhpheb~% A~ wl kbbm a izlv zdl hezlvl~z~ bi b|v plbpkl yh~#à#yh~ zdl okbfak nbcc|ehzx+ aej a~ wl cbyl zbwavj~ ndaeol ebz g|~z he zdl Pdhkhpphel~+ f|z zdl wbvkj+ wl nakk |pbe ELJA aej bzdlv p|fkhn aej p vhyazl ihvc~ ihvc~++ akbeo w hzd zdl zdl Ihkhpheb Ihkhpheb plb pkl+ zb |ejlvzaml zdh~ ndakkleol% _l whkk vl~zbvl vl~ zbvl b|v eazhbeak jho ehzx% _l whkk ~dbw ~dbw zdl wb vkj dbw hz h~ zb dbp l+ aej dbw hz h~ zb fvheo a fb |z ole|hel+ ole|hel+ claeheoi|k ndaeol% ndaeol%
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FLEHOEB ^% AQ\HEB HHH CAEHKA 1> A|o|~z 6010
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Pvlianl
Zdl Pdhkhpp Pdhkhpp hel~ Ib|vzd Ib|vzd Pvbo Pvbo vl~~ Vlpb vz be zdl C hkkleeh|c Jlylkb pclez O ba k~ $CJ O ~( ~(++ a~ whzd zdl p vlyhb|~ zdvll zdvll vlpbvz~+ vlpbvz~+ h~ a vl~|kz vl~|kz bi zdl nbkkaf bvazhyl liibvz acb eo o bylve# clez aolenhl~+ anajlcl+ vl~lavnd he~zhz|zhbe~+ nhyhk ~bnhlzx aej zdl \E Nb|ezvx Zlac $\EN Z(% Hz pvbyhjl~ a nbcpvldle~ nbcpvldle~hyl hyl vlyhlw vlyhlw b i zdl pvb ovl~~ bi C JO ~ he zdl Pdhkhpphel~ Pdhkhpphel~ ~henl ~h enl zdl ajbp zhbe bi zdl C hkklee hkkleeh|c h|c Jlnkavazhbe f x 148 clcflv clcflv ~zazl~ bi zdl \E j|vheo zdl Chkkleeh|c ^|cchz ^|cchz he ^lpzlcf ^lpzlcf lv 6000% Zdl CJO~ avl a ~lz bi zhcl#fb|ej+ nbenvlzl aej ~plnhihn obak~ zb vlj|nl ltzvlcl pbylvzx+ hkkhzlvanx aej jh~la~l fx 601<% Ibv zdl pa~z zle xlav~+ zdl CJO~ dayl flle hezlovazlj he zdl Pdhkhpphel Pdhkhpphel ob ylvec ylveclez‘~ lez‘~ nbvl nbvl j lylkbpclez aoleja % Zdl Zdl C JO ~ avl zbp pvhb vhzx nbenlve~ bi zdl ob ylveclez he hz~ liibvz~ zb le~|vl le~|vl a fvho dzlv i|z|vl ibv Ihkhpheb Ihkhpheb ~% Zdvb|od zdl Cljh|c#Zlvc Pdhkhpphel Jlylkbpclez Pkae $CZPJP( 600:#6010 wdb~l bylvakk o ba k h~ zb ihodz pb ylvzx ylvzx++ zdl ob ylvec ylveclez lez da~ aiihvclj aiihvclj hz~ nbcchzclez nbcchzclez zb a ndhlyl zdl C JO ~% Zdl nvaizheo bi zdh~ vlpbvz nbcl~ az a zhcl zdl Pdhkhpphel obylveclez h~ he zdl pvbnl~~ bi p vlpa vheo zdl C ZPJP ibv ibv zdl eltz ~ht ~ht xlav~% xlav~% Zdh~ Zdh~ Pkae Pkae ~dakk ~plkk b|z zdl ob ylve# clez‘~ jlylkbp jlylkbp clez pvhbvhzhl~ aej ~dakk ~lvyl ~lvyl a~ zdl vbaj cap ibv zdl hcpklclezazhbe bi obylveclez pvbovac~ aej pvbglnz~% Zdl ihejheo~ pvl~lezlj he zdh~ vlpbvz whkk fl |~li|k he aj jvl~~heo nbenlve~ zdaz c|~z fl ohyle p vhbvhzx he zdl eltz C ZPJP% Zdl vlnbcclejazhb vlnbcclejazhb e~ bi zdh~ vlpbvz be zdl C JO ~+ be zdl bzdlv daej+ ~d ~dakk akk ~lvyl ~lvyl a~ o|hjl~ he zdl ibvc|kazhbe bi zdl ~zvazlohl~ zb ajjvl~~ zdl pvhbvhzx nbenlve~ vah~lj he zdl C ZPJ P% Zdh~ vlpb vlpb vz+ wdhnd wa ~ pvlpa vlj he nb e~|kz e~|kzazhb azhb e whzd ya vhb|~ ~lnzbv~ ~lnzbv~ bi ~bnhlzx+ pvl~lez~ pvl~lez~ zdl pvbovl~~ cajl ibv land bi zdl CJ O ~ bylv zdl pa ~z zwb j lnajl~+ zdl ndakkleol~ lenb|ezlvlj lenb|ezl vlj a kbeo zdl wax+ aej a nb envl envlzl zl ~lz ~lz bi anzhbe~ elljlj zb mllp zdl Pdhkhpphel~ Pdhkhpphel~ be zvanm zb andhlyl zdl zdl CJ O ~%
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Pvlianl
^b ia v+ zdl Pdhkhpphel~ Pdhkhpphel~ da~ flle jb heo w lkk he zdl ibkkbwheo avla~7 $a( vlj|nheo |ejlv# ihyl cbvzakhzx vazl aej heiaez cbvzakhzx vazl= $f( vlj|nheo fbzd zdl pvlyaklenl vazl aej zdl jlazd vazl a~~bnhazlj whzd cakavha= $n( henvla~heo z|flvn|kb~h~ zvlazclez ~|nnl~~ vazl= $j ( henvla~heo henvla~heo zdl pvbp bvzhbe b i db|~ldbkj~ db|~ldbkj~ whzd annl~~ zb ~ail wa zlv ~|pp ~|pp kx= aej $l( pvbyhjheo lq |ak bp pb vz|ehz vz|ehzhl~ hl~ ibv ohvk~ he zdl avla bi lj |nazhbe% Dbwlylv+ wl ellj zb naznd |p he zdvll cagbv avla~ wdlvl wl avl kaooheo fldhej7 pb ylvz ylvzx+ x+ lj|nazhbe aej cazlveak dlakzd% Zdl vlpbvz hejhnazl~ zdaz a ~hoehihnaez ~hoehihnaez pvbp bvzhbe bi p bp |kazhbe da~ vlcahelj vlcahelj p bb v bylv zdl pa~z zwb zwb jlnaj l~ aej zda z pbylvzx henhjlenl henhjlenl acbeo zdl pb p|kazhbe lyle wb v~ v~lelj lelj ivbc >0%0 plvnlez he 600> zb >6%8 plvnlez he 6009% Zdlvl Zdlvl h~ zd|~ zdh~ zdh~ ellj zb hezle~hix zdl hcpklclezazhbe hcpklclez azhbe bi liilnzhyl liilnzhyl a ezhpbylvzx hezlvylezh hezlvylezhbe~ be~ zb hcpvb yl zdl wlkiavl a ej henbcl ~zaz|~ bi zdl pbb v aej zdl y|kelvafkl y|kelvafkl o vb|p~% B e lj|nazhbe+ zdl n|vvlez zvlej zvlej he lklclezavx lklclezavx pa vzhnh vzhnhpa pa zhbe+ ~|vyhy ~|vyhyak ak a ej nb cpklzhbe vazl ~|ool~z~ zdaz zdl zavolz bi |ehylv~ak annl~~ zb lklclezavx lj|nazhbe chodz ebz fl andhlylj hi w l jb ebz a jj vl~ vl~~ ~ ianzbv~ ianzbv~ zdaz nbezhe|akkx a iilnz liibvz~ liibvz~ he mllpheo zdl ndhkjvle he ~ndbbk% ~ndbbk% Zdl~ Zdl~l l ianzbv~ henk|jl henk|jl pb ylvzx ylvzx++ pb bv dlakzd+ pla nl aej b vjlv aej ndhkj kaf bv+ acbeo bzdlv~ bzdlv~%% C bvlbylv+ liibvz~ ~db|kj f l ibn|~lj ibn|~lj b e fb x~ zb andhlyl olejlv lq|a khzx he lj|nazhbe% B e dlakzd+ zdlvl h~ a ellj zb henvla~ henvla~l l heyl~zclez heyl~zclez~ ~ he hcpvbyheo cazlveak dlakzd a~ zdl n|vvlez vazl bi jlnkhel he cazlveak cbvzakhzx vazhb hejhnazl~ zdaz zdl 601< zavolz bi <6 jlazd~ plv 100+000 khyl fhvzd~ h~ |ekhmlkx zb fl clz% Zdlvl h~ ak~b a ellj zb hezle~hix liibvz~ zb vlj|nl zdl DHY aej AHJ^ pvlyaklenl% Zdh~ vlpb vz ak~b dhodkho dz~ zdl hcpanz b i vlnlez jlylkb pclez~ zdaz nbezhe|akkx a iilnz b|v pbylvzx vlj|nzhbe liibvz~+ ~|nd a~ zdl ibbj aej i|lk pvhnl dhml~ he zdl ihv~z daki bi 6004+ zdl okbf ak iheaenhak nvh~h~ nvh~h~++ aej nkhcazl ndaeol% A phbellvheo ilaz|vl bi zdh~ pvbovl~~ vlpbvz h~ zdl henk|~hbe bi zdl vl~|kz~ bi zdl phkbz ibvc|kazhbe bi pvbyhenhak CJO Vlpbvz~ ibv 8 pvbyhenl~ dhodkhodzheo zdl ltplvhlenl~ bi kbnak ob ylvec ylveclez~ lez~ he zdlhv zdlhv liibvz~ zb cllz zdl C JO ~%
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Pvlianl F|z cbvl zdae p vl~l vl~lezheo ezheo zdl nb|ezvx‘~ plvibvca enl he andhlyheo zdl CJ O ~+ zdh~ vlpb vz ak~b pvl~lez~ vlnbcclejazhbe~ zdaz avl nvhzhnak he cllzheo zdl ndakkleol~ fx 601<% Zdl~l vlnbcclej azhb e~ henk|jl zdl ellj zb ~|~zahe ~|~zahe ~bnha kkx henk|~hyl henk|~hyl lnbeb chn ovb wzd+ flzzlv pbp |kazhbe caeao lclez lclez++ aej hcpvb yheo zavolzheo ellj~ fx ibn|~heo ibn|~heo aezhpb ylvzx pvbovac~ aej pvbglnz~ zb |ejlv~lvylj avla~ zb flelihz cbvl pbbv iachkhl~% Cbvlbylv+ hcpvb ylj ob ylveaenl+ ovlazlv zvae~pa zvae~pa vlenx aej a nnb|ezaf hkhzx avl ak~b nvhzhnak nvhzhnak zb le~|vl le~|vl zdaz zdl ayahkafkl vl~b|vnl~ avl |~lj liihnhlezkx% Ohyle akk zdl~l+ zdl ndakkleol ibv lylvxbel h~ dbw wl nae zvae~ibvc zdl~l vlnbc# clejazhbe~ hezb anzhbe~ zdvb|od zdl hcpklclezazhbe b i liilnzhyl liilnzhyl pbkhnhl~+ pbkhnhl~+ pvb ovac~ aej pvbglnz~ zb caml a pb~hzhyl hcpanz be b|v plbpkl l~plnhakkx zdl pbbv% Akzdb|od ~bcl pvbo vl~ vl~~ ~ wa~ cajl he zdl pa ~z zle xlav~ ~h ~henl enl wl nbcchzzlj zb a ndhly ndhlyl l zdl CJ O ~+ wl ellj zb j b cbvl% _hzd bekx ihyl vlcaheheo vlcaheheo xlav~ zb ob + b|v za~m h~ zb j b|fkl b |v liibvz~ he he~zhz|zheo ndaeol „ zb cllz aej mllp zdl 601< pvbch~l%
NAXLZAEB _% PAJLVAEOA+ GV% ^lnvlzavx b i ^bnhb ^bnhb #Lnbebchn Pkaeeheo
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Cl~~aol 6010 Pdhkhpphel~ CJO~ Pvbovl~~ Vlpbvz Zdl nbcp klzhbe b i zdl 6010 Pdhkhpp Pdhkhpp hel~ CJ O ~ Pvbo Pvbo vl~~ Vlpb vz h~ bp pb vz|el a~ zdl zdl nb|ezvx fva nl~ ibv zdl iheak ~zvlznd zb a ndhlyl zdl C JO ~ fx 601<% Az zdh~ pb hez he he zdl zdl zhclkhel zhclkhel bi zdl C JO ~ wdlvl bekx ihyl xlav~ avl kliz+ zamheo ~zbnm h~ he bvjlv aej zdl Pdhkhpphel~ dhkhpphel~++ whzd zdl caeja zl bi a elw p bkhzhnak klaj lv~ lv~dhp+ dhp+ da~ zb ao vll be a wa x ibvwavj zb bylvnbcl bf~zankl~ dhejlvheo zdl azzaheclez bi zdl lhodz oba k~ k~%% Zdl pvlpavazhbe bi zdl 6010 pvbovl~~ vlpbvz h~ he khel whzd zdl xlav#kbeo o kbfa k vlyhlw vlyhlw be zdl CJ O ~ wdlvl hz kbbm~ az zdl zdl oahe~ aej kl~~be~ klavelj ivbc zdl ka~z 10 xlav~ ~henl zdl Chkkleeh|c Jlnka vazhb e wa~ wa ~ ~hoelj he 6000% Zdl vlyhlw pvbnl~~ h~ a nakk zb ianl ia nl ~q|a ~q|a vlkx zdl ndakkleo l bi andhlyheo zdl ob ak~ ylv~|~ ylv~|~ a —f |~hel~ |~hel~~ ~ a~ |~|ak‘ |~|ak‘ ~z ~zaenl% aenl% Hz h~ a nakk ibv zdl pvlpa vazhb e aej hcpklcle hcpklclezazhbe zazhbe b i fvlamzdvb|od p kae~ zdaz jlihel zdl jhvlnzhbe jhvlnzhbe zbwa vj~ annlklvazheo annlklvazheo zdl panl zbw avj~ zdl andhlylclez andhlylclez bi zdl C JO ~ fx zdl zdl 601< jlajkhel% A vlyhl vlyhlw w bi zdl ka ~z jlna jl ~dbw~ oa he~ aej vlylv~ak~= vlylv~ak~= hz da~ ~dbwe nb |ezvh |ezvhl~ l~ zdaz zdaz dayl andhlylj ~bcl bi zdl o ba k~ lyle lyle adlaj bi 601<+ wdhkl ~bcl nb|ezvhl~ nb|ezvhl~ dayl dayl kao olj fldhej whzd pb~~hfhkhzhl~ bi ebz cllzheo zdl obak~% Pvbovl~~ da~ flle dhodkx chtlj aej |elyle+ |elyl e+ anvb~~ aej w hzdhe nb|ezvhl~ nb|ezvhl~ aej o ba k~ k~++ aej zvlej~ ~dbw ~dbw l~ l~nakazheo nakazheo helq|akhzx% Zdl 6010 vb|ej bi nb |ezvx pvb ovl~~ vlpb vz~ whkk ~lvyl a~ zdl cahe vl~b|vnl cazlvhak~ zb aj ybnazl aej nacpaho e ibv anzhbe zb andhlyl andhlyl zdl zdl C JO ~ fx 601<% Zdh~ xlav‘ xlav‘ ~ pvbo vl~~ vlpb vz h~ jhiilvlez ivbc p vlyhb|~ vlpb vz~ a~ hz ak~b henk|j l~ aeakx~h~ be zdl hcpanz bi elw jlylkbpclez~ ~|nd ~|nd a~ zdl zdl okbf ak lnbeb chn jbw ez|ve aej nkhcazl ndaeo l% Hz h~ he zdh~ khodz zdaz zdh~ ~plnhak ljhzhb e bi zdl 6010 vlpb vz nae dlkp le~|vl le~|vl zdaz zdl pvbch~l pvbch~l bi 601< h~ mlpz fx p vbyhjheo ea zhbeak ~zamldbkjlv~ whzd a nbccbe+ eazhbeakkx bwelj ivaclwbvm ibv vlelwlj anzhbe zb annlklvazl pvbovl~~ zbwavj~ zdl CJO~ Zdl \E h~ nbeihjlez zda z zdl 6010 Pdhkhp Pdhkhpphel~ phel~ Pvbo Pvbo vl~~ Vlpb vz nae o akya ehl nbcchzclez aej fvheo afb|z nbkklnzhyl anzhbe zbwavj~ zdl liibvz elljlj zb cllz zdl obak~% _hzd a wlkk#nvaizlj fvlamzdvb|od pkae bi anzhbe zb 601<+ zdl vbaj adlaj+ zdb|od ndakkleoheo hejllj+ na e z|ve hezb a jliheheo cbclez ibv zdl Pdhkhpphel~ Pdhkhpphel~%%
Jv% Ganq|lkhel Fajnbnm \E Vl~ l~hjlez hjlez Nb bvjhea zbv aej \E JP Vl~hjle Vl~hjlezz Vlp Vlpvl~lezaz vl~lezazhyl hyl
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Anmebwkljoclez~ Zdl Pdhkhpphel~ Ib|vzd Pvbovl~~ Vlpbvz be zdl Chkkleeh|c Jlylkbpclez Obak~ $CJO~( wa~ pvlpa vlj zdvb|od zdl nbkkafb vazhyl liibvz~ liibvz~ bi zdl Eazhbea k Lnbebchn Lnbebchn aej Jlylkbpclez A|zdbvhzx $E LJA ( |ejlv zdl jhvlnzhbe bi zdle Anzheo J hvlnz hvlnzbv bv O lelvak A|o|~zb F% ^aezb~+ ^aezb~+ Jlp|zx Jhvlnzbv O lelvak C avoa vhza V% V% ^beonb ^beonb + Jlp|zx Jhvlnzbv O lelvak Vbkaej Vbkaej b O % Z|eopa Z|eopa kae+ Jv% Ganq|lkhel Fajnbnm+ \E Vl~hjlez Nbbvjheazbv aej \EJP Vl~hjlez Vlpvl~lezazhyl zb zdl Pdhkhpphel~+ aej C v% Vlea|j Vlea|j C lxlv+ \EJP Nb|ezvx Jhvlnzbv% Zdl ELJA wb|kj khml zb zdaem zdl nbe~|kzaez+ Jv% Nlkha Vlxl~ bi zdl Pdhkhpphel He~zhz|zl ibv Jlylkb pclez ^z|jhl~ ^z|jhl~ $PHJ^ $PHJ^(( ibv dlv nbccleja fkl liibvz~ he aeakxheo aej nb e~bkhja zheo vlklyaez jaza ivbc 1880#6008 aej hezlovazheo ihejheo~ bi CJO~ vlpbvz~ aej vlkazlj ~z|jhl~ a~ wlkk a~ b|zp|z~ bi zdl yavhb|~ ~zamldbkjlv~ nbe~|kzlj j|vheo zdl pvbnl~~ bi ibvc|kazheo zdl vlpbvz% _l ltzlej ltzlej b |v ~henlvl~ ~henlvl~zz ap pvlnhazhbe zb zdl \ehzlj \ehzlj E azhbe~ Nb |ezvx Zlac Zlac $\E NZ( wdhnd pvb yhjlj |~li|k nbcclez~ aej ~|ool~zhbe~ ibv zdl ledaenlclez bi zdl vlpbvz% _l avl ovazli|k ibv zdl yak|afkl he~hodz~ aej zlndehnak hep|z~ ohyle fx zdl clcflv~ bi zdl C|kzh~lnzbvak Nbcchzzll be Hezlveazhbeak D|cae Jlylkbpclez Nbcchzclez~ $CN#HDJN( bi zdl ELJA Fbavj ^bnhak Jlylkbpclez N bcchzzll $^JN $^JN (+ zdl vlanzbv~ aej bzdlv pa vzhn vzhnhpaez~ hpaez~ ivbc ob ylvec ylveclez lez bvoa eh eha# a# zhbe~++ ebeo bylvecle zhbe~ bylveclezz bvo aehazhbe~ $E $E O B ~(+ pvhyazl ~lnzbv+ ~lnzbv+ a najlcl" vl~ vl~lavnd lavnd he~zhz|z he~zhz|zhbe~ hbe~ aej zdl jb ebv nb cc|ehzx+ he zdl zwb Nb e~ e~|kzazhyl |kzazhyl _b vm~ vm~dbp dbp ~ be zdl Pdhkhpphel~ Pdhkhpphel~ Ib|vzd Ib|vzd Pvbovl~~ Pvbovl~~ Vlpb Vlpb vz be zdl CJ O ~ dlkj be C ax 61 aej G|kx 19+ 6010+ 6010+ vl~ vl~plnzhylkx plnzhylkx++ az zdl Nvbwel Pkaa Pkaa O akklvha C aehka% Zdl zlndehnak zlndehnak nbezvhf|zhbe~ aej |ewa ylvhe ylvheo o ~|ppb vz pvbyhjlj fx zdl E LJA ^bnhak J lylkbpclez ^zaii $^J^( $^J^( klj fx J hvlnzbv Lvkheja Lvkheja C % Nap bel~ avl ovlazkx app vlnhazlj% _l ak~b anmebw kljol zdl zlndehnak hep |z~ ~davlj ~davlj fx zdl b zdlv E LJA ^zaii~+ eaclkx7 A ovhn|kz|vl ^zaii= ^zaii= Heiva ~zv ~zv|nz|vl |nz|vl ^zaii= ^zaii= Zvajl+ Hej|~zvx aej \zhkhzhl~ ^zaii= Eazhbeak Pkaeeheo aej Pbkhnx ^zaii= Pvbglnz Cbehzbvheo ^zaii= Vlohbeak Jlylkbpclez Nbbvjheazhbe ^zaii= Caeaolclez ^zaii= aej Jlylkbpclez Heibvcazhbe ^zaii% Zdl Zdl E LJA h~ ak~b zdaemi|k zb zdl a|zdb v~ bi zdl vlpb vz~ aej ~z|jhl~ |~lj |~lj a ~ vlilvlenl~ vlilvlenl~ a~ wlkk a~ zdl nbezvhf|zbv~ nbezvhf|zbv~ bi zdl pdbzb~ aej C JO fb t#~zbvhl~ ilaz|vl ilaz|vlj j he zdl vlpbvz% Zdl ELJA ltpvl~~l~ ovazhz|jl zb zdl Pvbovaccl ^lnvlzavhaz bi zdl \EJP Andhlyheo zdl CJO~ aej Vlj|nheo D|cae Pbylvzx Pvbovaccl aej zdl \EJP Pbylvzx Vlj|nzhbe aej ^|ppbvz ibv zdl CJO~ Zlac ibv liilnzhylkx nbbvjheazheo zdl anzhyhzhl~ ivbc zdl nbenlpz|akhazhbe |ezhk zdl iheakhazhbe iheakh azhbe a ej pvhezheo bi zdl vlpbvz% Ka~zkx+ zdl zdl E LJA wb |kj khml zb ohyl ~plnhak zdaem~ zb zdl \ehzlj Ea zhbe~ Jlylkbpclez Pvbo Pvbo vaccl $\EJ P(+ zdl Obylveclez bi E lw Wlakaej aej zdl A|~zvakhae A|~zvakhae Ao lenx ibv ibv Hezlveazhbeak Hezlveazhbeak J lylkbpclez ibv zdl iheaenhak ~|ppbvz aej zlndehnak a~~h~zaenl%
8
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Ib|vzd Pdhkhpphel~ Pvbovl~~ Vlpbvz be zdl Chkkleeh|c Jlylkbpclez Obak~+ 6010 Ltln|zhyl ^|ccavx 1%
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Cahe Vlpbvz 6%
Pvbovl~~ bylv zdl pa~z jlnajl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :4
6%1% O ba k 17 Lvaj hnazl ltzvlcl ltzvlcl pb ylvzx aej d|eolv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :8 6%6% O ba k 67 Andhlyl Andhlyl |ehylv |ehylv~ ~ak pvhcavx lj|nazhbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 41
8< O ba k :7 :7 Vlj|nl Vlj|nl ndhkj ndhkj cbvzakhzx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 10? O ba k <7 Hcpvbyl cazlveak dlakzd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 11< O ba k 97 97 Nbcf az DHY aej AHJ ^+ cakavha a ej bzdlv jh~la~ jh~la~l~ l~ %%%%%%%%%% 168
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10
6%9%
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18: 6%10% 6%1 0% Cbehzbvheo Cbehzbvheo zdl CJ O ~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 609 6%11% 6%1 1% Ajybnazheo aej kbnakh kbnakhheo heo zdl CJ O ~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 616 6%8% Iheaenheo zdl C JO ~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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Pvbyhenhak CJO Vlpbvz~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 660 666 Pvbyhenl bi Ao |~ae jlk ^|v %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66? Pvbyhenl bi Fhkhvae %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6>1 Pvbyhenl bi Na cavhel~ E bvzl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6>< Pvb vbyhenl yhenl bi La~zlve ^a cav %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6>8 Pvbyhenl bi C avhej|q|l %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6:6 Pvbyhenl bi Vbcf kbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6:9 Pvbyhenl bi ^ava ^ava eoa eh %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6<0 Pvbyhenl bi ^hq|hgb ^hq|hgb v %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6<> Pvbyhenl bi Ao |~ |~ae ae jlk E bvzl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Pvl~lez aej i|z|vl nvh~l~ aej zdlhv hcpanz be zdl CJO~ 6<9 Zdl okbf ak iheaenhak nvh~h~ nvh~h~++ pvhnl ~dbnm~ ~dbnm~ aej zdl C JO ~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%69< Nkhcazl ndaeol aej C JO ~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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11
Kh~z bi Anvbexc bexc~ ~
16
>O >V~ :P~ AFH AFeFB AJF AJC~ AIZA ADCP AK^ ACJOB ACZP#HY AEN AB APH^ AVD AVHN AVCC AVZ AVY A^LAE A^VD AX FLcBEN FL^VA FIAJ FIAV FD^ FHCP#LAOA FKE~ FKBC FeF
Zdhvj Olelvazhbe Vl#|~l+ Vlj|nl+ Vlnxnkl Paezawhj Pachkxaeo Phkhpheb Pvbovac Akzlveazhyl F|jolz Hehzhazhyl Akkhaenl bi Fbzhma eo Favaeoax Bplvazbv~ A~hae Jlylkbpclez Faem Akzlveazhyl Jlkhylvx Cbjl~ A^LAE Ivll Zvajl Avla Annlklvazlj D|eolv Chzhoazhbe Pvbovac Akzlveazhyl Klaveheo ^x~zlc Akfax CJO Biihnl Ib|vzd AHJ^ Cljh|c Zlvc Pkae Aezleazak Navl Ajcheh~zvazhyl Bvjlv Aee|ak Pbylvzx Hejhnazbv~ ^|vylx Ajbkl~nlez Vlpvbj|nzhyl Dlakzd A~ha Vlohbeak Hezlovazhbe Nlezlv A|zbebcb|~ Vlohbe bi C|~khc Chejaeab Aezh#Vlzvbyhvak Zdlvapx Aezh#Vlzvbyhvak A~~bnhazhbe bi ^b|zd La~z A~hae Eazhbe~ Ajbkl~nlez aej ^lt|ak Vlpvbj|nzhyl Dlakzd Anajlchn Xlav Fa~hn Lclvolenx Bf~zlzvhn aej Elb#eazak Navl Fa~hn Lj|nazhbe ^lnzbv Vlibvc Aoleja F|vla| bi Ibbj aej Jv|o~ F|vla| bi Ih~dlvhl~ aej Aq|azhn Vl~b|vnl~ Favaeoax Dlakzd ^lvyhnl Fv|elh#Javv|~akac#Hejbel~ha#Cakax~ha#Pdhkhpp Fv|elh#Javv|~akac#Hejb el~ha#Cakax~ha#Pdhkhpphel~ hel~ La~z A^LAE Ovbwzd Avla Fa~hn Klaveheo Ellj~ Fbzhma eo Kakawhoae Fbzhma eo Favaeoax
Kh~z bi Anvb vbexc~ exc~
FEF FE^ FPB F^P NA NAJZ~ NAKAFAVWBE NAKZ~~ NAKZ NAV NAVPlv NFIC NFC^ NNZ NJJ NJV NJ^ NLAN#KPP NlN NLcBEN NLPZ NIN~ NDJ NDI NDB NHA NHF~ NHNZ NHJ^^ NH^IA NHZL^ NKN NKLLP
Fbzhma eo Faxae Favaeoax E|zvhzhbe ^ndbkav F|~hel~~ Pvbnl~~ B|z~b|vnheo Faeomb ^lezvak eo Phkhphea~ Nbeovl~~hbeak Akkbnazhbe Nlvzhihnazl~ bi Aenl~zvak Jbcahe Zhzkl~ Nayhzl+ Kao|ea+ Fazaeoa~+ Vhak+ aej Q|lbe $Vlohbe HY#A( Nlvzhihnazl~ Nlvzhih nazl~ bi Aenl~zvak Kaej Zhzkl~ Nbvjhkklva Ajcheh~zvazhyl Vlohbe Nbcpvldle~hyl Aovavhae Vlibvc Pvbovac Ltzle~hbe whzd Vlibvc~ Nbcc|ehzx#Fa~lj Ibvl~zvx Caeaolclez Nbcc|ehzx#Fa~lj Cbehzbvheo ^x~zlc Nbejhzhbeak Na~d Zvae~ilv Nbcc|ehzx Jvhyle#Jlylkbpclez Na~l Jlzlnzhbe Vazl $Z|flvn|kb $Z|flvn|kb~h~( ~h~( Nhzx Jlylkbpclez ^zvazlohl~ Nbcc|ehzx Lcpbwlvclez Anzhyhzx Nxnkl „ Kbnak Pkaeeheo Pvbnl~~ Nbcc|ehzx l#Nlezlv Nbcpvldle~hyl Lclvolenx Bf~zlzvhn aej Elb#eazak Navl Nbccbe Liilnzhyl Pvlilvlezhak Za Zavhii vhii Ndkbvbik|bvbnavfbe~ Nlezlv ibv Dlakzd Jlylkbpclez Nbakhzhbe ibv zdl Dbclkl~~ Ib|ejazhbe Nhzx Dlakzd Biihnl Nbeovl~~hbeak Hehzhazhyl Akkbnazhbe Nbenvlzl Hezlvkbnmheo Fkbnm~ Nbcch~~hbe ibv Heibvcazhbe aej Nbcc|ehnazhbe~ Zlndeb Zlndebkbox kbox Nbcpvldle~hyl aej Hezlovazlj Jlkhylvx bi ^bnhak ^lvyhnl~ Nbcpvldle~hyl aej Hezlovazlj ^dlkzlv Iheaenl Anz Nbeylezhbe be Hezlveazhbeak Zvajl bi Lejaeolvlj ^plnhl~ bi _hkj Ia|ea aej Ikbva N|khaeae Klaveheo Nlezlv Nbcpvldle~hyl Khylkhdbbj aej Lclvolenx Lcpkbxclez Pvbovac
1>
Kh~z bi Anvbexc bexc~ ~
NKPH NKPHC^ NCP NCZ^ NEN NBJL#EOB NbcpV NPN"ENLP NPD NPH NPV NP\L NV N^B~ N^V
1:
NX JA JAP JAV JFNN JFC JN_J JLN JLN^ JLEV JlpLj JHNZ JHKO JCN JBI JBD
Nbvl Kbnak Pbylvzx Hejhnazbv~ Nbvl Kbnak Pbylvzx Hejhnazbv~ Cbehzbvheo ^x~zlc Nbcc|ehzx Cbvzoaol Pvbovac Nlkk|kav Cbfhkl Zlklp Zlklpdbel dbel ^lvyhnl Nhzx E|zvhzhbe Nbcchzzll Na|n|~ bi Jlylkbpclez EOB Elzwbvm~ Nbcpklzhbe Vazl Nkhcazl Pvljhnzhbe Nlezlv" Eazhbeak Nlezlv~ ibv Leyhvbeclezak Pvljhnzhbe Nle~|~ bi Pbp|kazhbe aej Db|~heo Nbe~|clv Pvhnl Hejlt Nbezvanlpzhyl Pvlyaklenl Vazl Naznd plv \ehz Liibvz N|vl Vazl $Z|flv $Z|flvn|kb~h~( n|kb~h~( Nhyhk ^bnhlzx Bvoaehazhbe~ Nbdbvz ^|vyhyak Vazl Nbezvanlpzhyl ^lki#Vlkhaenl ^zvazlox Nbvpbvazl ^bnhak Vl~pbe~hfhkhzx Naklejav Xlav Jlpavzclez bi Aovhn|kz|vl Jlylkbpclez Anajlcx bi zdl Pdhkhpphel~ Jlpavzclez bi Aovavhae Vlibvc Jlylkbpclez F|jolz Nbbvjheazhbe Nbcchzzll Jlpavzclez bi F|jolz aej Caeaolclez Jayab Nhzx _azlv Jh~zvhnz Jlpavzclez bi Lj|nazhbe aej N|kz|vl Jlpavzclez bi Lj|nazhbe+ N|kz|vl aej ^pbvz~ Jlpavzclez bi Leyhvbeclez aej Eaz|vak Vl~b|vnl~ Jlpavzclez bi Lj|nazhbe Jlpavzclez bi Heibvcazhbe aej Nbcc|ehnazhbe~ Zlndebkb Zlndebkbox ox Jlpavzclez bi zdl Hezlvhbv aej Kbnak Obylveclez Jayab Cljhnak Nlezlv Jlpavzclez bi Iheaenl Jlpavzclez bi Dlakzd
Kh~z bi Anvb vbexc~ exc~
JBKL JBZ^ JP\N^P JP_D JVV J^AP J^_J JYJ LNNJ LNNL LNJ LJEPH LJ^A LIA LCF LB LPH LVP L^ZH L^_C L\ I1 IANL IAHZD IAB IJA IJH$~( IHL^ IHYHC^ IKLCC^ ICF IEVH IP
Jlpavzclez bi Kafbv aej Lcpkbxclez Jhvlnzkx Bf~lvylj ^dbvz#nb|v~l Jlylkbpclez bi Pbbv \vfae Nbcc|ehzhl~ ^lnzbv Pvbglnz Jlpavzclez bi P|fkhn _bvm~ aej Dhodwax~ Jh~a~zlv Vh~m Vlj|nzhbe Jv|o ^zbvl A~~bnhazhbe bi zdl Pdhkhpphel~ Jlpavzclez bi ^bnhak _lkiavl aej Jlylkbpclez Jhohzak Ylv~azhkl Jh~n Lavkx Ndhkjdbbj Navl aej Jlylkbpclez Lavkx Ndhkjdbbj Navl aej Lj|nazhbe Lavkx Ndhkjdbbj Jlylkbpclez Lavzd Jax Elzwbvm Pdhkhpphel~+ Hen% Lphiaehb jl kb~ ^aezb~ Ayle|l Lj|nazhbe ibv Akk Leyhvbeclezak Caeaolclez F|vla| Ltln|zhyl Bvjlv Ltpaejlj Pvbovac be Hcc|ehazhbe Lnbebchn Vl~hkhlenx Pkae Lj|nazhbeak ^x~zlc Zln Zlndebkbohnak debkbohnak He~zhz|zl Lnbkbohnak ^bkhj _a~zl Caeaolclez L|vbplae \ehbe IB\Vc|ka Bel Ibn|~lj+ Annlklvazlj+ Nbeylvolez aej Ltpaejlj Ibbj Akwax~ he zdl Dbcl Ibbj aej Aovhn|kz|vl Bvoaehazhbe Ibbj aej Jv|o Ajcheh~zvazhbe Ibvlhoe Jhvlnz Heyl~zclez$~( Iachkx Henbcl aej Ltplejhz|vl ^|vylx Ibbj He~ln|vhzx aej Y|kelvafhkhzx Heibvcazhbe Caeaolclez ^x~zlc I|enzhbeak Khzlvanx aej Ca~~ Cljha ^|vylx Ibvl~z Caeaolclez F|vla| Ibbj aej E|zvhzhbe Vl~lavnd He~zhz|zl Iachkx Pkaeeheo
1<
Kh~z bi Anvbexc bexc~ ~
19
IP^ IP_ I^P IX OAA OFY OJP OlJH OLC OLB OLV OIAZC OIA ZC OIN OHKA^ OHP^JC OHV OM OKNA OCA <0 OEP OB OBNN~ OP OVF^ OYA DANZ DF DJE DIN^ DON DHY"AHJ^ DPE HAN
Iachkx Pkaeeheo ^|vylx Ivaclwbvm Pkae ibv _bcle Ibbj#ibv#^ndbbk Ibbj#ibv #^ndbbk Pvbovac Ih~nak Xlav Olelvak Appvbpvhazhbe~ Anz Olejlv#Fa~lj Olejlv#Fa ~lj Yhbklenl Ovb~~ Jbcl~zhn Pvbj|nz Olejlv Jh~pavhzx Hejlt Olejlv Lcpbwlvclez Hejlt Okbfak Leyhvbeclez B|zkbbm Ovb~~ Levbkclez Vazhb Okbfak I|ej zb Ihodz AHJ^+ ZF aej Cakavha Okbfak Iheaenhak Nvh~h~ Olavheo \p Hezlvelz Khzlvanx aej Annl~~ ibv ^z|jlez~ Obylveaenl+ He~zhz|zhbe~+ P|fkhn ^ailzx aej Jh~a~zlv Caeaolclez Ovb~~ Hezaml Vazl Oawaj Makheoa Okbfak Klajlv~dhp ibv Nkhcazl Anzhbe Oacbz ea Cafh~a az Afbz#maxa Ovb~~ Eazhbeak Pvbj|nz Obylveclez Bvoaehazhbe Obylveclez Bwelj aej Nbezvbkklj Nbvpbvazhbe~ Oavaezh~ajbeo Pacfaza Oacl Vli|ol aej Fhvj ^aenz|avhl~ Ovb~~ Yak|l#Aj Yak|l#Ajjlj jlj DHY aej AHJ^ Nbvl Zlac Dlpazhzh~ F D|cae Jlylkbpclez Elzwbvm Db|~ldbkj Ibbj Nbe~|cpzhbe ^|vylx Dbcl O|avaezx Nbvpbvazhbe D|cae Hcc|ebjlihnhlenx Yhv|~"Anq|hvlj Hcc|el Jlihnhlenx ^xejvbcl Dlakzd Pbkhnx Ebzl~ Hezlv#Aolenxx Nbcchzzll Hezlv#Aolen
Kh~z bi Anvb vbexc~ exc~
HFI ^DBC HNN HNKAVC HNK^ HNCVC HN^L HNZ HJVN HJ\~ HLN HOP~ HDF^^ HKB HCJH HCPANZ HCV HP HP~ HPNN HVA HVV HV^ H^I H^KA H^P~ H^ZN HZ HZE~ HZ\ HXNI GHNA GPLPA MAKADH
Hezlveazhbeak Faaav Ib|ejazhbe „ ^pb|~l~ bi Db|~l bi Ch~~hbe~ Heyl~zclez Nbbvjheazhbe Nbcchzzll Hezlveazhbeak Nlezvl ibv Khyheo Aq|azhn Vl~b|vnl~ Caeaolclez $Pdhkhpphel~= ebw mebwe a~ _bvkjIh~d( Hezlveazhbeak Nbeilvlenl bi Kafb|v ^zazh~zhnhae~ Hezlovazlj Nba~zak aej Cavhel Vl~b|vnl~ Caeaolclez Hezlveazhbeak Nka~~hihnazhbe fx ^zaz|~ he Lcpkbxclez Heibvcazhbe aej Nbcc|ehnazhbe~ Zlndeb Zlndebkbox kbox Hezlveazhbeak Jlylkbpclez Vl~lavnd Nlezlv Heglnzheo Jv|o \~lv~ Heibvcazhbe+ Lj|nazhbe aej Nbcc|ehnazhbe Henbcl#Olelvazheo Pvbglnz~ Hezlovazlj DHY Fldayhb|vak aej ^lvbkbohn ^|vylhkkaenl Hezlveazhbeak Kafb|v Bvoaehazhbe He~zhz|zl ibv Chovazhbe aej Jlylkbpclez H~~|l~ He~zv|nzhbeak Caeaolclez fx Pavlez~+ Nbcc|ehzx aej Zlan Zlandlv~ dlv~ Heiaez Cbvzakhzx Vazl Hezlkklnz|ak Pvbplvzx Hejholeb|~ Plbpkl~ Hezlvobylveclezak Paelk be Nkhcazl Ndaeol Hezlveak Vlyle|l Akkbzclez Hcpklclezheo V|kl~ aej Vlo|kazhbe~ Hejbbv Vl~hj|ak ^pvaxheo Hezlovazlj ^bnhak Ibvl~zvx Hezlovazlj ^lvyhnl~ ibv Khylkhdbbj Ajyaenlclez bi Ih~dlvibkm Hezlvelz ^lvyhnl Pvbyhjlv~ Hezlveazhbeak ^zaejavj bi ZF Navl Heibvcazhbe Zln Zlndebkbox debkbox He~lnzhnhjl He~lnzhnh jl Zvlazlj Elz~ Hezlveazhbeak Zlkln Zlklnbcc|ehnazhbe bcc|ehnazhbe \ehbe Heiaez aej Xb Xb|eo |eo Ndhkj Illjheo Gapae Hezlveazhbeak Nbbplvazhbe Aolenx Gapae#Pdhkhpphel~ Lnbebchn Pavzelv~dhp Aovllclez Maphz#Fh~ho Kafae ~a Madhvapae
1?
Kh~z bi Anvbexc bexc~ ~
KAE KF KNHP KI^ KOA KO\$~( KKHE~ KPO KZB K_\A CAVP~ CN CN#HDJN CND CNDP CNP
14
CN_ CJN CJIB CJO$~( CJO#I CJVP CIH~ CDB CHKI CHCAVBPA CHPD CH^B^A CC CCKJN CCV CC^
Kbnak Avla Elzwbvm Khyl Fhvzd Klaveheo Nbcplzlenx Hcpvbylclez Pvbovac Kafbv Ibvnl ^|vylx Kbnak Obylveclez Anajlcx Kbnak Obylveclez \ehz$~( Kbeo Ka~zheo He~lnzhnhjl Zvlazlj Elz~ Khq|lihlj Plzvbkl|c Oa~ Kaej Zvae~pbvzazhbe Biihnl Kbnak _azlv \zhkhzhl~ Ajcheh~zvazhbe Cb~z#Az#Vh~m Pbp|kazhbe~ Clcbvaej|c Nhvn|kav C|kzh#~lnzbvak Nbcchzzll be Hezlveazhbeak D|cae Jlylkbpclez Nbcchzclez~ Cazlveak aej Ndhkj Dlakzd Cazlveak aej Ndhkj Dlakzdnavl Pvbovac Cazlvehzx Navl Panmaol Cakavha Nbezvbk Pvbovac Caoea Navza bi _bcle C|ehnhpak Jlylkbpclez Nb|enhk C|ehnhpak Jlylkbpclez I|ej Biihnl Chkkleeh|c Jlylkbpclez Obak$~( CJO Andhlylclez I|ej Cathc|c Jv|o Vlzahk Pvhnl Chnvbiheaenl He~zhz|zhbe~ C|ehnhpak Dlakzd Biihnl$v( Cbvb H~kachn Khflvazhbe Ivbez Chejbvb+ Cavhej|q|l+ Vbcfkbe+ aej Pakawae $Vlohbe HY#F( C|ehnhpak Heyl~zclez Pkae ibv Dlakzd Cbjhihlj He#^ndbbk B|z#bi#^ndbbk Appvband Clzvb Caehka Clvaknb Caeaolclez aej Klajl~dhp Jlylkbpclez Nlezlv Ib|ejazhbe+ Hen% Cazlveak Cbvzakhzx Vazhb C|kzhcljha Cl~~aoheo ^lvyhnl
Kh~z bi Anvb vbexc~ exc~
CENDE CBA CBBL CPA~ CVF~ C^CL~ CZNZ CZPJP CZPHP CYH^ EACVHA EAPN EA^Z EAZ EA_A^A ENFZ^ ENPAC ENV EJNN EJD^ ELN ELJA ELV EIA EIN EIP EO EOA~ EOI EOB$~( EDCIN ED^C EDZ^#PV
Cazlveak+ Elbeazak aej Ndhkj Dlakzd aej E|zvhzhbe Clcbvaej|c bi Aovllclez Cahezleaenl aej Bzdlv Bplvazheo Ltple~l~ Cavhel Pvbzlnzlj Avla~ Cljh|c#Vh~l F|hkjheo~ Chnvb+ ^cakk aej Cljh|c Lezlvpvh~l~ Cbzdlv#zb#Ndhkjj Zvae~ch~~hbe Cbzdlv#zb#Ndhk Cljh|c#Zlvc Cljh|c#Z lvc Pdhkhpphel Jlylkbpclez Pkae Cljh|c#Zlvc Cljh|c#Z lvc Pdhkhpphel Heyl~zclez Pkae Cbzbv Yldhnkl He~plnzhbe ^x~zlc Eazhbeak Cappheo aej Vl~b|vnl Heibvcazhbe A|zdbvhzx Eazhbeak Aezh#Pbylvzx Nbcch~~hbe Eazhbeak Anajlcx bi ^nhlenl aej Zlndebkb Zlndebkbox ox Eazhbeak Andhlyl Andhlylclez clez Zl~z Eazhbeak _azlvwbvm~ aej ^lwlvaol A|zdbvhzx Eazhbeak Nbcplzlenx#Fa~lj Zlan Zlandlv dlv ^zaejavj~ Eazhbeak Nlezlv bi Pdavcanl|zhnak Annl~~ aej Caeaolclez Eazhbeak Naphzak Vlohbe Eazhbeak Jh~a~zlv Nbbvjheazheo Nb|enhk Eazhbeak Jlcbovapdhn aej Dlakzd ^|vylx Eazhbeak Lphjlchbkbox Nlezlv Eazhbeak Lnbebchn aej Jlylkbpclez A|zdbvhzx Elz Levbkclez Vazl Eazhbeak Ibbj A|zdbvhzx Eazhbeak Ibvc|kavx Nbcchzzll Eaz|vak Iachkx Pkaeeheo Eazhbeak Obylveclez Eazhbeak Obylveclez Aolenhl~ E|zvhzhbeak O|hjlkhel~ ibv Ihkhpheb~ Ebe#obylveclez Bvoaehazhbe$~( Eazhbeak Dbcl Cbvzoaol Iheaenl Nbvpbvazhbe Eazhbeak Dlakzd ^lnzbv Cllzheo Eazhbeak Db|~ldbkj Zavolz Zavolzheo heo ^x~zlc ibv Pbylvzx Vlj|nzhbe
18
Kh~z bi Anvbexc bexc~ ~
EHA
60
EHV EMZH ECA EEN EE^ EBY~ EPA E^NF E^J_ E^B E^P EZN E\JDI B)B BFP BJA BJ^ BI_$~( BPHI~ B^NX BZN BZBP P>_ PAOA^A PAP~ PA_F PFO~ PF^P PNAA PNAPH PNAVVJ PN^B
Eazhbeak Henbcl Annb|ez~ Eazhbeak Hvvhoazhbe Ajcheh~zvazhbe Elz Hezaml Vazl Eazhbeak Mhjelx aej Zvae~p Zvae~pkaez kaez He~zhz|zl Ebvwlohae Ch~~hbe Akkhaenl Eazhbeak E|zvhzhbe Nb|enhk Eazhbeak E|zvhzhbe ^|vylx Ebzhnl~ bi Yhbkazhbe~ Elw PlbpklÇ~ Avcx Eazhbeak ^zazh~zhnak Nbbvjheazhbe Fbavj Eazhbeak ^zaejavj~ ibv Jvhemheo _azlv Eazhbeak ^zazh~zhn~ Biihnl Eazhbeak ^dlkzlv Pvbovac Eazhbeak Zlklnb Zlklnbcc|ehnazhbe~ cc|ehnazhbe~ Nbcch~~hbe Eazhbeak \vfae Jlylkbpclez aej Db|~heo Ivaclwbvm Bii~dbvheo aej B|z~b|vnheo B|z#Pazhlez Flelihz Biihnhak Jlylkbpclez A~~h~zaenl Bbel Jlpklzheo ^|f~zaenl~ Bylv~la~ Ihkhpheb _bvmlv$~( Bvoaehazhbeak Plvibvcaenl Hejhnazbv Ivaclwbvm~ B|z#bi#^ndbbk Ndhkjvle aej Xb|z Xb|zd~ d~ Bylv#zdl#Nb|ezlv Bel#Zbwe#Bel Bel#Zb we#Bel Pvbj|nz Pvl~hjlezÇ~ Pvhbvhzx Pvbovac be _azlv Pdhkhpphel Azcb~pdlvhn+ Olbpdx~hnak aej A~zvbebchnak ^lvyhnl~ Ajcheh~zvazhbe Pvbovac~+ Anzhyhzhl~ aej Pvbglnz~ Pvbzlnzlj Avla~ aej _hkjkhil F|vla| Plvibvcaenl#Fa~lj Ovaez~ Pdhkhpphel F|~hel~~ ibv ^bnhak Pvbovl~~ Pdhkhpphel Nklae Ahv Anz Pbkk|zhbe Nbezvbk A~~bnhazhbe Pdhkhpphel~+ Hen% Pdhkhpphel Nb|enhk ibv Aovhn|kz|vl+ Ibvl~zvx aej Eaz|vak Vl~b|vnl~ Vl~lavnd aej Jlylkbpclez Pdhkhpphel Ndavhzx ^wllp~zaml~ Biihnl
Kh~z bi Anvb vbexc~ exc~
PJAI PJI PJH PJHP PJEA PJV PLC PLP PL^B PIW POV PDA PDJV PDHN PDB PD^ PHA PHJ^ PHEAXX PHEA PHP~ PHPD PHZN PKDHY~ PEJI PEDA PEP PB PBLA PBPNBC PPP P^V P_^^V VA
Pvhbvhzx Jlylkbpclez A~~h~zaenl I|ej Pdhkhpphel Jlylkbpclez Ibv|c Pavakklk Jv|o Hcpbvz~ Pavakklk Jv|o Hcpbvzazhbe Pvbovac Pb~z#Jh~a~zlv Ellj~ A~~l~~clez PlbpklÇ~ Jlcbnvazhn Vlp|fkhn Pdhkhpphel Leyhvbeclez Cbehzbv Pbylvzx aej Lnbebchn Pbkhnx P|fkhn Lcpkbxclez ^lvyhnl Biihnl Pbylvzx Ivll Wbel~ Pbp|kazhbe Ovbwzd Vazl Pdhkhpphel Db~phzak A~~bnhazhbe Pdhkhpphel D|cae Jlylkbpclez Vlpbvz Pdhkhpphel Dlakzd He~|vaenl Nbvpbvazhbe Pvbyhenhak Dlakzd Biihnl$v( Pdhkhpphel Dlakzd ^zazh~zhn~ Pdhkhpphel Heibvcazhbe Aolenx Pdhkhpphel He~zhz|zl ibv Jlylkbpclez ^z|jhl~ Paeomaf|daxaeo H~ja Eaoheo Azheo Xa Xacae cae Pvbovac Hcpklclezheo Pavzelv~ Pvbyhenhak Heyl~zclez Pkae ibv Dlakzd Pdhkhpphel Hezlveazhbeak Zvajheo Nbvpbvazhbe Plv~be~ Khyheo whzd DHY Pdhkhpphel Eazhbeak Jv|o Ibvc|kavx Pdhkhpphel Eazhbeak Dlakzd Annb|ez~ Pdhkhpphel Eazhbeak Pbkhnl Plvchz#zb#Bplvazl Pdhkhpphel Bylv~la~ Lcpkbxclez Ajcheh~zvazhbe Nbcch~~hbe be Pbp|kazhbe P|vnda~heo Pbwlv Pavhzx Pvhyazl#P|fkhn Pavzelv~dhp Pdhkhpphel ^aehzazhbe Vbajcap Pdhkhpphel _azlv ^|ppkx ^lnzbv Vbajcap Vlp|fkhn Anz
61
Kh~z bi Anvbexc bexc~ ~
VD VD\ VBVB VP
66
Vlpvbj|nzhyl Dlakzd V|vak Dlakzd \ehz Vbkk#Be Vbkk#Bii Vl~pbe~hfkl Pavlezdbbj Vlp|fkhn bi zdl Pdhkhpphel~ VPC Vl~pbe~hfkl Pavlezheo Cbylclez VV^LA Vlli~ az Vh~m he ^b|zdla~z A~ha V^LZ Vlohbeak ^bnhak aej Lnbebchn Zvlej~ ^AN ^bnhak Anzhbe Nbcch~~hbe ^AL ^cakk Avla L~zhcazl~ ^FC ^ndbbk#Fa~lj Caeaolclez ^JN ^bnhak Jlylkbpclez Nbcchzzll ^JVN ^bnhak Jlylkbpclez Vl~lavnd Nlezlv ^LA#M ^lki#Lcpkbxclez A~~h~zaenl#Ma|eka A~~h~zaenl#Ma|ekavae vae ^LI ^plnhak Lj|nazhbe I|ej ^DIN ^bnhak Db|~heo Iheaenl Nbvpbvazhbe ^C^ ^dbvz Cl~~aoheo ^x~zlc ^EAP ^zvazlohn Eazhbeak Anzhbe Pkae ^BNN^M^AVOLE ^b|zd Nbzafazb+ Nbzafazb $Ebvzd(+ ^|kzae M|javaz+ ^avaeoaeh+ aej Olelvak ^aezb~ Nhzx ^PLJ ^plnhak Lj|nazhbe ^VlA ^ndbbk Vlajhel~~ A~~l~~clez ^^^ ^bnhak ^ln|vhzx ^x~zlc ^ZJ~ ^lt|akkx Zvae~ Zvae~chzzlj chzzlj Jh~la~l~ ^ZH~ ^lt|akkx Zvae~ Zvae~chzzlj chzzlj Heilnzhbe~ ^\ZA ^zaej#\p Zaml Anzhbe ^_P ^bnhak _aznd Pdhkhpphel~ ^_^ ^bnhak _lazdlv ^zazhbe~ ^X ^ndbbk Xlav ZA_AO Z|kbx Avak _akaeo ^aoafak ZF Z|flvn|kb~h~ ZL^JA Zlndehnak Zlndehn ak Lj|nazhbe aej ^mhkk~ Jlylkbpclez A|zdbvhzx ZIV Zbzak Zbz ak Ilvzhkhzx Vazl ZE Zhejadae Eazhe
Kh~z bi Anvb vbexc~ exc~
ZVHP^ Z^V Z\PAJ Z_O#CNC \
Zvajl Vlkazlj Hezlkklnz|ak Pvbplvzx aej ^lvyhnl~ Zvlazclez ^|nnl~~ Vazl $Z|flvn|kb~h~( Z|kbeo Paeo#daeapf|dax ~a azheo Jh~ajyaezaolj _bvmlv~ Zlndehnakk _bvmheo Ovb|p be Cazlveak aej Ndhkj Cbvzakhzx Zlndehna \ejlv#Ihyl Cbvzakhzx Vazl \ehylv~ak Annl~~ \vfae Jlylkbpclez aej Db|~heo Anz \ehzlj Eazhbe~ \ehzlj Eazhbe~ Jlylkbpclez Pvbovaccl \ehzlj Eazhbe~ Leyhvbeclez Pvbovaccl \ehzlj Eazhbe~ Lnbebchn aej ^bnhak Nbcch~~hbe ibv A~ha aej zdl Panhihn \ehzlj Eazhbe~ Lj|nazhbeak+ ^nhlezhihn aej N|kz|vak Bvoaehazhbe \ehzlj Eazhbe~ Pbp|kazhbe I|ej \ehzlj Eazhbe~ Olelvak A~~lcfkx \ehzlj Eazhbe~ NdhkjvleÇ~ I|ej \ehzlj Eazhbe~ Olelvak A~~lcfkx ^plnhak ^l~~hbe \ehzlj Eazhbe~ Chkkleeh|c Nacpahoe \ehzlj Eazhbe~ ^zazh~zhnak He~zhz|zl ibv A~ha aej zdl Panhihn \ehylv~hzx bi zdl Pdhkhpphel~ „ Kb~ Fañb~ \ehzlj P|kp aej Paplv Nbcpaex \ehylv~hzx bi zdl Pdhkhpphel~ ^ndbbk bi Lnbebchn~ \ehzlj ^zazl~ \ehzlj ^zazl~ Aolenx ibv Hezlveazhbeak Jlylkbpclez Yhzache A Nap~|kl Yak|l#Ajjlj Yak|l#Ajj lj Zat Yhbklenl Yhbkle nl Aoahe~z _bcle _hkjlvel~~ Avla _azlv aej ^aehzazhbe _bcle he Ltzvlclkx Jhiihn|kz Nhvn|c~zaenl~ _bvkj Dlakzd Bvoaehazhbe _bvkj Vl~b|vnl~ He~zhz|zl Xb|eo Aj|kz Ilvzhkhzx aej ^lt|akhzx ^|vylx Wlvb Fa~|va Bkxcphn~
6>
Kh~z bi Zaf afkkl~
6:
Zafkl 1% Panl bi pvbovl~~ bi zdl Pdhkhpphel~ he zlvc~ bi azzaheheo zdl CJO zavolz~ Zafkl 6% ^|f~h~zlenl henhjlenl acbeo pbp|kazhbe $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 1881„6009 Zafkl >% Pbylvzx henhjlenl acbeo pbp|kazhbe $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 1881#6009 Zafkl :% Pbylvzx oap vazhb aej ~davl bi pbbvl~z q|hezhkl zb eazhbeak henbcl+ 1881#6009 Zafkl <% Oheh nbliihnhlez acbeo iachkhl~+ fx vlohbe+ 1881#60 1881#6009 09 Zafkl 9% Pvbpbvzhbe bi y|kelvafkl lcpkbxclez $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6004 Zafkl ?% Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe ~ndbbk#klaylv $jvbp#b|z( vazl $,(+ ^X 6004#600 6004#60088 $p|fkhn aej pvhyazl( Zafkl 4% Zlandlv#p|phk aej nka~~vbbc#p|phk vazhb~+ fx vlohbe+ ^X 6004#6008 $p|fkhn ~ndbbk~( Zafkl 8% E|cflv bi lklnzlj wbcle aej cle+ fx pb~hzhbe+ xlav aej ~lt+ 188<#600? Zafkl 10% Jlpkbxclez bi BI_~+ fx zxpl bi dhvheo+ 600:#60 600:#6004 04 Zafkl 11% E|cflv bi vloh~zlvlj Ihkhpheb lchovaez~+ 600:#6008 600:#6008 Zafkl 16% Nbezvanlpzhyl pvlyaklenl vazl~ acbeo A~hae nb|ezvhl~ $,(+ 6000#60 6000#600? 0? Zafkl 1>% Zbzak Zbzak ilvzhkhzx vazl aej zbzak waezlj ilvzhkhzx vazl $,(+ 6004 Zafkl 1:% Pvbpbvzhbe bi zxpl~ bi ~lt|ak zvae~ch~~hbe Zafkl 1<% E|cflv bi vlpbvzlj xb|eo cle aej wbcle aolj 1<#6: wdb avl DHY#heilnzlj Zafkl 19% Plvnlezaol bi wbcle wdb |~lj nbejbc az ka~z dhod#vh~m ~lt|ak hezlvnb|v~l he zdl pa~z 16 cbezd~ $,( Zafkl 1?% Plvnlezaol bi wbcle whzd nbcpvldle~hyl mebwkljol afb|z DHY aej AHJ^ $,( Zafkl 14% Cakavha cbvfhjhzx vazl $na~l~ plv 100+000 pbp|kazhbe( aej cakavha cbvzakhzx vazl $jlazd~ plv 100+000 pbp|kazhbe(+ 1880#60 1880#6008 08 Zafkl 18% Caoehz|jl bi z|flvn|kb~h~ he zdl Pdhkhpphel~+ 1841#1846+ 188? aej 600? Zafkl 60% Cakavha na~l~ he pvbglnz avla~+ 600?#60 600?#6004 04 Zafkl 61% Cakavha na~l~ aej ~khjl pb~hzhyhzx vazl+ fx pvbglnz avla+ 6009#6004 Zafkl 66% 66% Kaej nka~~hihnazhbe $he Æ000 dlnzavl~(+ dlnzavl~(+ 188?#600? 188?#600? Zafkl 6>% Nka~~hihlj wazlv fbjhl~+ pvhenhpak aej ~cakk vhylv~+ 600?#6008 Zafkl 6:% E|cflv bi vloh~zlvlj daavjb|~ wa~zl olelvazbv+ 6000#600? Zafkl 6<% ^bkhj wa~zl jh~pb~ak ianhkhzhl~+ 6009#6008 Zafkl 69% Nbcpavazhyl OJP ovbwzd vazl~ bi ~lklnzlj A~hae nb|ezvhl~ $,(+ 600:#6004 Zafkl 6?% Anz|ak annbcpkh~dclez~ bi hehzhak pvbovac~ be zdl vlj|nzhbe bi cljhnhel nb~z~+ 600:#60 600:#6004 04 Zafkl 64% Pvhnl~ bi fvaejlj+ bii#pazlez cljhnhel~+ Pdhkhpphel~ y~% Hejha+ 600: $he PdP( Zafkl 68% E|cflv bi Fbzhma eo Faxae $FEF( b|zklz~ $a~ bi Apvhk 1<+ 6008( Zafkl >0% E|cflv bi Fbzhma eo Favaeoax $FeF( b|zklz~ l~zafkh~dlj plv Nlezlv ibv Dlakzd Jlylkbpclez $NDJ(+ zdl Vlohbeak Biihnl~ bi zdl JBD $a~ bi Apvhk 6010(
Kh~z bi Zaf afkkl~
Zafkl >1% Annbcpkh~dclez~ be zdl l~zafkh~dclez bi Fbzhma eo Favaeoax~ $FeF~( he nbbplvazhbe whzd EOB~+ 6009#6004 Zafkl Zafkl Zaf kl >6% Ihtlj zlklpdbel khel ~|f~nvhpzhbe+ fx vlohbe+ 6008 Zafkl >>% NCZ^ ~|f~nvhpzhbe+ 1881#6008 Zafkl Zaf kl >:% Hezlvelz |~aol he zdl Pdhkhpphel~+ 6001#6008 Zafkl Zaf kl ><% ^|ccavx bi ihejheo~ bi CJO hejhnazbv~+ Pvbyhenl bi Ao|~ae Jlk Ebvzl+ 600? Zafkl Zaf kl >9% ^|ccavx bi ihejheo~ i hejheo~ bi CJO hejhnazbv~+ Pvbyhenl bi Ao|~ae jlk ^|v+ ^|v+ 600< Zafkl Zaf kl >?% ^|ccavx bi ihejheo~ i hejheo~ bi CJO hejhnazbv~+ Pvbyhenl bi Fhkhvae+ 600<#6009 Zafkl Zaf kl >4% ^|ccavx bi ihejheo~ i hejheo~ bi CJO hejhnazbv~+ Pvbyhenl bi Nacavhel~ Ebvzl+ 6009 Zafkl Zaf kl >8% ^|ccavx bi ihejheo~ bi CJO hejhnazbv~+ Pvbyhenl bi La~zlve ^acav+ ^acav+ 600<#6009 Zafkl Zaf kl :0% ^|ccavx bi ihejheo~ i hejheo~ bi CJO hejhnazbv~+ Pvbyhenl bi Cavhej|q|l+ 600< Zafkl Zaf kl :1% ^|ccavx bi ihejheo~ i hejheo~ bi CJO hejhnazbv~+ Pvbyhenl bi Vbcfkbe+ 600? Zafkl Zaf kl :6% ^|ccavx bi ihejheo~ i hejheo~ bi CJO hejhnazbv~+ Pvbyhenl bi ^avaeoaeh+ 600? Zafkl Zaf kl :>% ^|ccavx bi ihejheo~ bi CJO hejhnazbv~+ Pvbyhenl bi ^hq|hgbv+ ^hq|hgbv+ 6009 Zafkl Zaf kl ::% Lj|nazhbe#vlkazlj nbpheo ~zvazlohl~ bi db|~ldbkj~ Zafkl Zaf kl :<% Dlakzd#vlkazlj nbpheo ~zvazlohl~ bi db|~ldbkj~
6<
Kh~z bi Iho| o|vvl~
Iho|vl 1% OEP aej OJP ovbwzd vazl~ $,(+ 6001#6008 Iho|vl 6% Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe khyheo flkbw zdl ibbj zdvl~dbkj $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6009 Iho|vl >% Pbylvzx henhjlenl acbeo pbp|kazhbe $,(+ 1881#60 1881#6009 09 Iho|vl :% Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe khyheo flkbw zdl pbylvzx zdvl~dbkj $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6009 Iho|vl <% Jh~pavhzhl~ he pbp|kazhbe ovbwzd vazl anvb~~ vlohbe~+ 188<#6000 aej 6000#600? Iho|vl 9% Ovbwzd vazl~ bi OJP plv plv~be lcpkbxlj $,(+ 1880#6008 Iho|vl ?% OJP plv plv~be lcpkbxlj+ 1880#6008 Iho|vl 4% Lcpkbxclez#zb# Lcpkbxclez#zb#pbp|kazhbe pbp|kazhbe vazhb+ 1< xlav~ bkj aej bylv+ fx ~lt+ 1880#6008 Iho|vl 8% Lcpkbxclez#zb# Lcpkbxclez#zb#pbp|kazhbe pbp|kazhbe vazhb+ 1<#6: xv~ bkj+ 1880#600 1880#60088 Iho|vl 10% Pvbpbvzhbe bi lcpkbxlj plbpkl khyheo flkbw *1 $PPP( plv jax $,(+ 1881#6009 Iho|vl 11% Pvbpbvzhbe bi bwe#annb|ez aej nbezvhf|zheo iachkx wbvmlv~ he zbzak lcpkbxclez $,(+ 1< aej bylv bylv++ 1886#6004 Iho|vl 16% Pvbpbvzhbe bi bwe#annb|ez aej nbezvhf|zheo iachkx wbvmlv~ he zbzak lcpkbxclez $,(+ fx ~lt+ 1886#6004 Iho|vl 1>% Pvbpbvzhbe bi bwe#annb|ez bwe#annb|e z aej nbezvhf|zheo iachkx wbvmlv~ he zbzak lcpkbxclez $,(+ 1<#6: xv~ bkj+ 1886#6004 Iho|vl 1:% Pvbpbvzhbe bi bwe#annb|ez aej nbezvhf|zheo iachkx wbvmlv~ he zbzak lcpkbxclez $,(+ fx |vfae"v|vak+ 1886#6004 Iho|vl 1<% Pvbpbvzhbe bi db|~ldbkj~ whzd plv naphza hezaml flkbw 100, jhlzavx lelvox vlq|hvlclez $,(+ 188> aej 600> Iho|vl 19% Pvbpbvzhbe bi |ejlvwlhodz ndhkjvle 0#< xlav~ bkj $,(+ 1880#6004 Iho|vl 1?% Pvbpbvzhbe bi |ejlvwlhodz ndhkjvle 0#< xlav~ bkj $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6004 Iho|vl 14% Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe ELV aej OLV $,(+ ^X 1881#1886 zb ^X 6004#6008 6004#6008 $p|fkhn aej pvhyazl( Iho|vl 18% Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe N^V aej NbcpV $,(+ ^X 1881#1886 zb ^X 6004#6008 $p|fkhn aej pvhyazl( Iho|vl 60% OLV he pvl~ndbbk aej plvnlezaol bi Ovajl 1 whzd LNJ ltplvhlenl $,(+ ^X 600>#600: zb ^X 6004#6008 6004#6008 $p|fkhn aej pvhyazl( Iho|vl 61% Pbp|kazhbe 1< xlav~ bkj aej afbyl wdb daj az kla~z nbcpklzlj lklclezavx lj|nazhbe $he chkkhbe(+ 188:+ 600> aej 6004 Iho|vl 66% Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe ELV $,(+ fx vlohbe+ ^X 6004#6008 Iho|vl 6>% Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe N^V $,(+ fx vlohbe+ ^X 6004#6008 Iho|vl 6:% Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe NbcpV $,(+ fx vlohbe+ ^X 6004#6008
69
Kh~z bi Iho| o|vvl~
Iho|vl 6<% Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe pavzhnhpazhbe vazl $,(+ fx ~lt+ 1889#60 1889#6004 04 Iho|vl 69% ^lnbejavx lj|nazhbe pavzhnhpazhbe vazl $,(+ fx ~lt+ 1889#600 1889#60044 Iho|vl 6?% Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe nbdbvz ~|vyhyak vazl $,(+ fx ~lt+ 1889#6004 Iho|vl 64% ^lnbejavx lj|nazhbe nbdbvz ~|vyhyak vazl $,(+ fx ~lt+ 1889#6004 Iho|vl 68% Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe nbcpklzhbe vazl $,(+ fx ~lt+ 1889#600 1889#60044 Iho|vl >0% ^lnbejavx lj|nazhbe nbcpklzhbe vazl $,(+ fx ~lt+ 1889#6004 Iho|vl >1% Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he lklclezavx lj|nazhbe pavzhnhpazhbe vazl+ 1889#6004 Iho|vl >6% Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he ~lnbejavx lj|nazhbe pavzhnhpazhbe vazl+ 1889#6004 Iho|vl >>% Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he zlvzhavx lj|nazhbe pavzhnhpazhbe vazl+ 600<#6004 Iho|vl >:% Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he lklclezavx lj|nazhbe nbdbvz ~|vyhyak vazl+ fx vlohbe+ ^X 6004#6008 Iho|vl ><% Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he lklclezavx lj|nazhbe nbcpklzhbe vazl+ fx vlohbe+ ^X 6004#6008 Iho|vl >9% Jh~zvhf|zhbe bi zlvzhavx lj|nazhbe levbkclez+ fx jh~nhpkhel ovb|p+ AX 6004#6008 Iho|vl >?% ^davl bi wbcle he waol lcpkbxclez he ebe#aovhn|kz|vak ~lnzbv+ 1881#6008 1881#6008 Iho|vl >4% E|cflv bi yhbklenl aoahe~z wbcle na~l~ vlpbvzlj zb zdl Pdhkhpphel Eazhbeak Pbkhnl+ 1888#6008 Iho|vl >8% E|cflv bi Pdx~hnak Heg|vhl~" _hil Fazzlvheo Na~l~ vlpbvzlj zb zdl Pdhkhpphel Eazhbeak Pbkhnl+ 1888#600 1888#60088 Iho|vl :0% _bcle he ltzvlclkx jhiihn|kz nhvn|c~zaenl~ $_LJN( na~l~ ~lvylj fx J^_J+ 1888#600? Iho|vl :1% Heiaez+ |ejlv#ihyl aej elbeazak cbvzakhzx vazl~ $jlazd~ plv 1+000 khyl fhvzd~(+ 1880#6004 Iho|vl :6% HCV aej \% Heiaez cbvzakhzx vazl $jlazd~ plv 1+000 khyl fhvzd~(+ fx vlohbe+ 6004 Iho|vl ::% \ejlv#ihyl cbvzakhzx vazl $jlazd~ plv 1+000 khyl fhvzd~(+ fx vlohbe+ 6004 Iho|vl :<% Cazlveak cbvzakhzx vazhb $jlazd~ plv 100+000 khyl fhvzd~(+ 188>#6009 Iho|vl :9% Fhvzd~ jlkhylvlj he a dlakzd ianhkhzx $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6004 Iho|vl :?% Zvlej~ he nbezvanlpzhyl pvlyaklenl vazl $,(+ fx nbezvanlpzhyl clzdbj+ 188>#6004 Iho|vl :4% E|cflv bi DHY aej AHJ^ Na~l~ Vlpbvzlj he zdl Pdhkhpphel~+ 184:#6010 $Apvhk( $Apvhk( Iho|vl :8% Jh~zvhf|zhbe bi cakavha na~l~ he zdl Pdhkhpphel~+ 9#xlav aylvaol $600>#6004( $600>#6004( Iho|vl <0% Zvlej~ he NJV+ NV aej Z^V $,(+ 6000#6004 Iho|vl <1% Z|flvn|kb~h~ na~l jlzlnzhbe vazl $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 600? Iho|vl <6% Z|flvn|kb~h~ n|vl vazl $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 600?
6?
Kh~z bi Iho| o|vvl~
64
Iho|vl <>% Z|flvn|kb~h~ zvlazclez ~|nnl~~ vazl $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 600? Iho|vl <:% Pdhkhpphel ibvl~z nbylv nbylv++ 18>:#600> Iho|vl <<% Aee|ak nbe~|cpzhbe bi bbel#jlpklzheo ~|f~zaenl~ $clzvhn zbe~(+ 188?#600 188?#600?? Iho|vl <9% _hkjkhil ~plnhl~ pvbzlnzlj $kh~zlj |ejlv NHZL^ Applejht H aej wdb~l nbcclvnhak ltpbvz"zvajl avl ~zvhnzkx pvbdhfhzlj(+ 188?#600 188?#600?? Iho|vl 0, aej dhodl~z ?0, bi zdl pbp|kazhbe+ 6004 Iho|vl 90% Annl~~ zb ~aehzavx zbhklz ianhkhzhl~ acbeo zdl kbwl~z >0, aej dhodl~z ?0, bi zdl pbp|kazhbe+ 6004 Iho|vl 91% Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe whzd annl~~ zb ~ail wazlv $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6004 Iho|vl 96% Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe whzd annl~~ zb ~aehzavx zbhklz i anhkhzhl~ $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6004 Iho|vl 9>% Pvbpbvzhbe bi |vfae pbp|kazhbe khyheo he ~k|c~ $,(+ 1881#6009 Iho|vl 9:% Pvbpbvzhbe bi |vfae pbp|kazhbe whzd annl~~ zb ~ail wazlv $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6009 Iho|vl 9<% Pvbpbvzhbe bi |vfae pbp|kazhbe whzd annl~~ zb ~aehzavx zbhklz ianhkhzhl~ $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6009 Iho|vl 99% Pvbpbvzhbe bi |vfae pbp|kazhbe khyheo a~ heibvcak ~lzzklv~ $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6009 Iho|vl 9?% Pvbpbvzhbe bi |vfae pbp|kazhbe khyheo he caml~dhiz db|~heo $,(+ fx vlohbe+ 6009 Iho|vl 94% Elz Ibvlhoe Jhvlnz Heyl~zclez $IJH(+ 1880#6008 1880#6008 Iho|vl 98% Ltpbvz aej hcpbvz ovbwzd vazl~ $,(+ 1880#600 1880#60088 Iho|vl ?0% Eazhbeak obylveclez b|z~zaejheo jlfz+ 1880#6008 Iho|vl ?1% Jlfz#zb#OJP vazhb+ 1880#600 1880#60088 Iho|vl ?6% Jlfz ~lvyhnl a~ a plvnlezaol bi ltpbvz~ bi obbj~ aej ~lvyhnl~+ 1880#6004 Iho|vl ?>% BJA kbae~ plv ~lnzbv+ 1880#6008 Iho|vl ?:% Ovaez~ plv ~lnzbv+ 1884 zb 6008 Iho|vl ?<% Ihtlj zlklpdbel khel ~|f~nvhpzhbe plv 100 pbp|kazhbe+ 1880#6008 1880#6008 Iho|vl ?9% Nlkk|kav cbfhkl zlklpdbel ~|f~nvhpzhbe~ plv 100 pbp|kazhbe+ 1881#6008 Iho|vl ??% L~zhcazlj e|cflv bi hezlvelz ~|f~nvhflv~ $Æ000(+ 6001#6008 Iho|vl ?4% Hezlvelz |~lv~ plv 100 pbp|kazhbe+ 1884#6008 Iho|vl ?8% Eazhbeak obylveclez ~lnzbvak ltplejhz|vl~ $bfkhoazhbe fa~h~( a~ plvnlezaol bi OJP+ OJP+ 1880#6008 Iho|vl 40% Eazhbeak obylveclez ~lnzbvak ltplejhz|vl~ $bfkhoazhbe fa~h~( a~ plvnlezaol bi zbzak ltplejhz|vl~+ 1880#6008
Kh~z bi Iho| o|vvl~
Iho|vl 41% Eazhbeak obylveclez ~bnhak ltplejhz|vl~ a~ plvnlezaol bi zbzak ltplejhz|vl~+ 1880#6008 Iho|vl 46% Eazhbeak Obylveclez ~bnhak ltplejhz|vl~ a~ plvnlezaol bi OJP OJP++ 1880#6008 Iho|vl 4>% ^lnzbvak jh~zvhf|zhbe bi KO\ ltplejhz|vl a~ plvnlezaol bi OJP+ OJP+ 1886#6008 Iho|vl 4:% ^lnzbvak jh~zvhf|zhbe bi KO\ ltplejhz|vl~ a~ plvnlezaol bi zbzak pvbj|nzhyl ltplejhz|vl~+ 1886#6008 Iho|vl 4<% Plvnlez ~davl bi CJO ltplejhz|vl~ zb zbzak nlezvak obylveclez ltplejhz|vl~+ 1889#6009 Iho|vl 49% Plvnlez ~davl bi CJO ltplejhz|vl~ zb zbzak KO\ ltplejhz|vl~+ 1889#6009
68
Pdhkhpphel~ Pvbovl~~ Vlpbvz be zdl Chkkleeh|c Jlylkbpclez Obak~ $CJO~( 6010
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He ajjhzhbe+ zdlvl wlvl a e|cflv bi ltzvlcl wlazdlv lylez~ vlpbvzlj he vlnlez xlav~+ henk|jheo zdl jlya~zazheo zxpdbbe~ B ejbx aej Plpleo he 6008% I|vzdl I|vzdlvcbvl+ vcbvl+ zxpdbbe~ avl flnbcheo kl~~ pvljhnzafkl+ wdhnd yh~hz zdl nb|ezvx lyle he zhcl~ wdle zdl~l avl kla~z ltplnzlj+ l%o% Ebylcflv bv Jlnlcflv% Zdl~l jlylkbpclez~ pb~l ajjhzhbeak ndakkleol~ he he cllzheo cllzheo zdl C JO ~%
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he hz~ pvbpbvzhbe% He 6004+ dbwlylv+ zdl pvbpbvzhbe bi cakeb|vh~dlj ndhkjvle aolj < aej flkbw henvla~lj fx 1%9 plvnlezaol pb hez~ hez~%% Zdh~ Zdh~ vlylv~ak vlylv~ak he zdl zvlej he cake|zvh# zhbe pvlyaklenl acbeo ndhkjvle chodz fl ae avla bi nbenlve%
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Lj|nazhbe Vazl~ bi pavzhnhpazhbe+ nbdbvz ~|vyhyak aej nbcpklzhbe az zdl lklclezavx klylk dayl ca vmlj hcpvb ylclez~ he vlnlez xlav~+ xlav~+ akzdb|od az a ylvx ~kbw panl% Zdh~ chodz dayl flle azzvhf|zlj zb liibvz~ cajl fx zdl obylveclez zdvb|od pvbyh~hbe bi ivll aej nbcp|k~bvx lklclezavx lj|nazhbe aej a|oclezazhbe bi f|jolz ibv ~ndbbk vl~b|vnl~% Ivbc 600: zb 6008+ a zbzak bi ?<+<4: elw nka~~vbbc~ dayl flle nbe~zv|nzlj aej <6+<>9 elw zlandlv hzlc~ wlvl nvlazlj he vl~pbe~l zb zdl ovbwheo jlcaej he zdl p|fkhn ~ndbbk ~x~zlc%
Dbwlylv+ pvhcavhkx j|l zb pbbv zavolzheo+ ~dbvzaol~ he nka~~vbbc~ aej zlandlv~ ~zhkk plv~h~z he caex avla ~ a~ lyhjlenlj f x dhod p|phk#nka~~vbbc aej p|phk#zlandlv vazhb~+ vl~plnzhylkx% vl~ plnzhylkx% Zdh~ Zdh~ hcpkhl~ zdaz zdl lj |nazhb e ~x~zlc+ ohyle hz~ n|vvlez vl~b|vnl~+ chodz ~zhkk ebz fl vlajx zb w lknbcl aej cahezahe a dhodlv e|cflv bi ~z|jlez~%
Olejlv lq|akhzx He zlvc~ bi lj|nazhbe+ ilcakl~ dayl nbe~h~zlezkx cahezahelj dhodlv vazl~ bi nbdbvz ~|vyhyak aej nbcpklzhbe vazl~ zdae cakl~+ ivbc lklclezavx zb zlvzhavx klylk+ ~henl 1880~% Zdlvl da~ ak~b flle olejlv jh~pavhzx $he iaybv bi ilcakl~( he zlvc~ bi pavzhnhpazhbe vazl~ he fbzd ~lnbejavx aej zlvzhavx lj|nazhbe% Dbwlylv+ hz ~db|kj fl ebzlj zdaz ilcakl~ aej cakl~ dayl vlkazhylkx lq|ak pavzhnhpazhbe vazl~ az zdl lklclezavx lklcle zavx klylk% B el bi zdl cb~z nhzlj nhzlj vla~be~ fldhej zdh~ olejlv jh~pavhzx he lj|nazhbe h~ zdaz cakl~ zlej zb olz b|z bi zdl ~x~zlc ~x~zlc flna |~l zdlx zdlx lhzdlv ellj zb wb vm zb dlkp a |oclez zdlhv zdlhv db|~ldbkj db|~ldbkj henbcl bv zdlx g|~z daj kbwlv cbzhyazhbe he obheo zb ~ndbbk zdae ilcakl~% He vlnlez xlav~+ wbcle dayl flnbcl cbvl lcpbwlvlj zdvb|od pbkhzhnak aej lnbebchn pavzhnhpazhbe% _bcle avl flnbcheo cbvl yh~hfkl yh~hfkl a~ klaj lv~ aej zd|~ cbvl heybkylj he pbkhnx jlnh~hbecamheo+ fb zd az zdl eazhbea k aej kbnak klylk~% klylk~% Zdlvl Zdlvl avl ak~b cbvl ilcakl wbvmlv~ wdb dayl flle jlpkbxlj afvbaj zb wbvm ibv zdl wlkiavl bi zdlhv iachkhl~% Cbvl bizle zdae ebz+ dbwlylv+ zdlx zlej zlej zb a nnlpz gbf~ zdaz avl |~|akkx ebz nbccle~|vazl whzd zdlhv lj|nazhbeak azzaheclez ~|nd a~ jbcl~zhn wbvmlv~+ navlohylv~+ lezlvzahelv~+ nklvhnak ~zaiilv bv ianzbvx w bvmlv~ bvmlv~%%
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Dlakzd Ndhkj cbvzakhzx
>9
Zdl nb|ezvx da~ flle plvibvcheo wlkk he zlvc~ bi vlj|nheo ndhkj cbvzakhzx bylv zdl pa ~z zwb jlnaj l~ l~%% Heiaez cbvzakhzx vazl vazl daj obel jbwe ivbc : he 6004% Zdl Zdl cagb v ianzbv zda z nbezvhf# |zlj zb zdh~ vlcavmafkl andhlylclez h~ zdl ~lzz bi liilnzhyl ~l liilnzhyl aej wlkk#j lihelj ndhkj dlakzd aej vlkazlj pvbovac~ navvhlj b|z fx zdl Jlpa vzc vzclez lez bi Dlakzd $JB D(+ he nbkkafb va# zhbe w hzd zdl kbna k ob ylveclez |ehz~ |ehz~ $KO $KO \~ \~(% (% Zdl pvbo vac~ biilv a vaeol b i hezlvylezhbe~ hezlvylezhbe~ zdaz avl appvbpvhazl az yavhb|~ khil nxnkl ~zaol~+ ivbc cazlveak navl zb navl bi zdl elwfbve |p zb hezlovazlj caeaolclez bi
ndhkj dlakzd% ^bcl bi zdl~l hezlvylezhbe~ henk|jl fvla~zilljheo fvla~zilljheo a ej nbcp klclez klclezavx avx illjheo+ chnvbe|zvhlez ~|ppklclezazhbe+ hcc|ehazhb hcc|eh azhb e bi fb zd ndhkjvle ndhkjvle aej cbzdlv~+ hezlovazlj caeaolclez bi ~hnm ndhkjvle+ ndhkj heg|vx pvlylezhbe aej nbezvbk+ fhvzd ~panheo+ aej pvbplv dxohlel% Claewdhkl+ ndhkj cbvzakhzx h~ vlkazhylkx vlkazhylkx dhod he v|vak a vla~ wdlvl wbcle dayl eb bv khzzkl lj|nazhbe aej" bv henbcl henbcl pbb v%
Cazlveak dlakzd Cazlveak cbvzakhzx vazhb daj flle jlnkheheo bylv zdl pa~z zwb jlnaj l~ l~== ivbc 608 plv 100+000 khyl fhvzd~ he 1880 zb 1?6 he 1884 zb 196 he 6009% Hz ~llc~+ zdb|od+ zdaz zdl vazl b i ndaeol h~ vlkazhylkx kbw % Zdh~ Zdh~ chodz fl a zzvhf|zl zzvhf|zlj j zb zdl ianz zdaz a ~hoehih# naez pvb pb vzhbe bi fhvzd~ wlvl ~zhkk ~zhkk jlkhylvlj
az dbcl a ej a zzle zzlejlj+ jlj+ eb z fx ~mhkklj ~mhkklj dlakzd pvbil~~hbeak~ f|z+ fx zdl ~b#nakklj dhkbz~+ l~plnhakkx he avla~ wdlvl dlakzd ianhkhzhl~ whzd ~lvyhnl~ bi ~mhkklj dla kzd pvb il~ il~~hbeak~ ~hbeak~ avl heannl~~hfkl% C laewdhkl+ nbezvanlpzhyl nbezvanlpzhyl pvlyaklen pvlyaklenl l vazl da~ vlcahelj az <0 plvnlez he vlnlez xlav~+ b|z bi wdhnd bekx >: plvnlez |~l cbjlve nbezvanlpzhyl~+ fa~lj be vlnlez ~|vylx~%% Nbezvanlp ~|vylx~ Nb ezvanlp zhyl |~l |~l h~ kbw l~z acb eo zdl pbbvlv iachkhl~% Zdh~+ aej annl~~ zb vlpvbj|nzhyl dlakzd he olelvak+ l~plnhakkx acbeo pbbv wbcle+ ~zhkk ianl~ a kbz bi ndakkleol~ henk|jheo iheaenhak+ pbkhzhnak a~ wlkk a~ n|kz|vak% O kbf ak ~z|jhl~ ~dbw zdaz a~ c|nd a~ 80 plvnlez bi cazlveak jla zd~ nb|kj f l aylvzlj zdvb|od a zdvll#pvb eolj ~zvazlox bi7 ~mhkklj ~mhkklj azzlejaez~ az fhvzd= annl~~ zb fa~hn aej nbcpvldle~hyl lclvolenx bf~zlzvhn aej elb#ea zak na vl vlilvvak vlilvvak ~x~zlc= ~x~zlc= aej iachkx pkaeeheo ~lvyhnl~ $heibvclj ndbhnl(%
C aka vha cbvfhjhzx aej cbvzakhzx vazl~+ vazl~+ be zdl bzdlv daej+ jlnkhelj ivbc 1880 zb 6008= ivbc 16> na~l~ aej 1%< j lazd~ plv 100+000 pbp|kazhbe zb 66 aej 0%06+ vl~plnzhylkx% Zdl nbezhe|b|~ jlnkhel he cbvfhjhzx aej cbvzakhzx j|l zb cakavha cax fl a zzvh zzvhf|zlj f|zlj zb zdl nbezhe|lj hcpklclezazhbe bi zdl C akavha Nb ezv ezvbk bk Pvbovac Pvbovac fx zdl JB D+ he nbkkafbvazhbe whzd zdl KO\~+ ebe#obylve# clez bvo aehazhbe~+ aej nbcc|ehzhl~ |~he |~heo o zdl jh~la~l#ivll bel hehzhazhyl% C laewdhkl+ zdlvl zdlvl daj ak~b flle hcpvbyl# clez~ he zdl hejhnazbv~ ibv z|flvn|kb~h~ he vlnlez xlav~% ^plnhihnakkx+ zavolz~ ibv na~l jlzlnzhbe vazl aej zvlazclez ~|nnl~~ vazl daj akvlajx flle andhlylj he 600: aej dayl f lle ~|~zahelj ~|~zahelj ~henl zdle% N|vl vazl+ be zdl bzdlv daej+ h~ ~zhkk ~khodzkx flkbw zdl 4< plvnlez eazhbeak zavolz f|z hz wb|kj fl
Pvlyaklenl bi heilnzhb|~ jh~la~l~ Zdl e|cflv bi elw DHY vlpbvzlj na~l~ daj vaphjkx henvla~lj floheeheo 600?% Fx zdl lej bi 6008+ zdlvl wlvl 6 elw na~l~ bi DHY heilnzhbe vlpbvzlj plv jax+ aej he Ap vhk 6010+ |p zb < elw na~l~ bi D HY heiln# zhbe p lv ja x da~ flle vlpb vzlj% Vlkazhylkx Vlkazhylkx kbw nbylvaol bi pvlylezhbe hezlvylezhbe~+ zbolzdlv whzd henvla~lj henvla~lj vh~ vh~mx mx fldayhbv aej dhod klylk bi ch~nbenlpzhbe~ afb|z DHY zvae~ch~~hbe+ aej pbbv azzhz|jl be |~l bi pvbzlnzhbe be zdl jh~la~l+ chodz dayl nbezvhf|zlj zb zdh~ zvlej% He zlvc~ bi ea zhbeak pvlyaklenl vazl+ DHY da~ vlcahelj vlcahelj flkbw bel plvnlez akzdb|od ~bcl avla~ dayl vlpbvzlj cbvl zdae bel plvnlez acbeo hz~ cb~z#az#vh~m pbp|kazhbe~ $CAVP~(%
>?
ila~hfkl% Akk zdl~l hcpvbylclez~ cax fl azzvhf|zlj zb zdl ~zvleozdlel ~zvleozdlelj j hcpklcle hcpklcleza# za# zhbe bi zdl Eazhbeak Z|flvn|kb~h~ Nbezvbk Pvbovac% ^plnhihnakkx+ zdl ajbpzhbe bi zdl JB Z^ ~z ~zvazlo vazlo x ~henl ~henl 1889 da~ nbezvhf |zlj zb zdl andhlylclez andhlylclez bi zdl pvb ovac za volz~ volz~%%
>4
Leyhvbeclezak ~|~zaheafhkhzx
he aee|ak nbe~|cpzhbe bi bbel#j lpklzheo ~|f~zaenl~ ~| f~zaenl~== ovbw heo e|cflv bi vloh~ vloh~zlvlj zlvlj daavjb|~ wa~zl olelvazbv~ aej ~bkhj wa~zl jh~pb~ak ianhkhzhl~= henvla~l he zdl pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe dayheo annl~~ zb ~ail wazlv aej ~aehzavx zbhklz ianhkhzhl~= ianhkhzhl~= a ej+ jlnkhel he he zdl pvbp bvzhbe bi pbp |kazhbe wdb avl khyheo he caml~dhiz db|~heo%
Ebzwhzd~zaejheo zdl jlovajazhbe he ~bcl bi zdl nb|ezvx‘~ eaz|vak vl~b|vnl~ ~|nd a~ nba~zak aej cavhel lnb~x~zlc flna|~l bi nkhcazl ndaeol aej bzdlv ianzb v~ v~++ zdlvl dayl ak~b f lle ~bcl ~bcl ebza fkl andhlylclez~ he zlvc~ bi leyhvbeclezak ~|~zahea ~|~ zahea fhkhzx he vlnlez xla v~% Zdl~l Zdl~l henk|jl zdl ibkkbwheo7 henvla~l he zdl e|cflv bi pvb zlnz zlnzlj lj w hkjkhil ~plnhl~ ~plnhl~= ~hoehihnaez jvbp
B e zdl nbezvavx+ pvbpb vzhbe bi zdb~l zdb~l khyheo khyheo a~ heibvcak ~lzzklv~+ pavzhn|kavkx he |vfae avla~+ daj ~khodzkx obel |p ivbc 1881 zb 6009% Zdh~ h~ ltplnzlj zb vh~l i|vzdlv ivbc 600? zb 6010 j|l zb zdvlaz~ pb~lj fx nkhcazl ndaeo l aej ~bcl bzdlv ~dbnm~ khml zdl vlnlez okbfak iheaenhak aej lnbebchn nvh~h~+ wdhnd dayl ~hoehihnaez hcpanz be zdl pvbplvzhl~+ khylkhdbbj aej henbcl~
bi |vfae pbp|kazhbe% Zdl obylveclez+ dbwlylv+ da~ flle nbezhe|b|~kx nvaizheo aej hcpklclezheo pvbovac~ aej pbkhnhl~ zdaz wb|kj ajjvl~~ zdl~l pvbfklc~ he heibvcak ~lzzklclez~+ wazlv aej ~aehzazhbe+ aej bzdlv cazzlv~ plvzaheheo zb leyhvbe# clezak ~|~zaheafhkhzx%
Pavzelv~dhp~ ibv jlylkbpclez A~ a wax zb ltpaej hz~ elzwbvm~ whzd bzdlv nb|ezvhl~+ zdl Pdhkhpphel~ da~ flle wbvmheo be i|vzdlv khflvakhheo hz~ zvajl ~x~zlc aej camheo zdl heyl~zclez nkhcazl iaybvafkl zb ibvlhoe heyl~zbv~% Dbwlylv+ zdl nb|ezvx ellj~ zb kbw lv zdl ybk|cl bi hz~ kba e~ e~++ eavvbw hz~ ih~ ih~nak nak j lihnh lihnhz+ z+ aej hcpvbyl hz~ ih~nak ~x~ ~x~zlc% zlc% Zdl hehzhazhyl bi camheo kbw#nb~z xlz q|akhzx l~~lezhak cljhnhel~ annl~~hfkl zb Ihkhpheb plbpkl+ cb~z l~plnhakkx zdl hejholez~+ daj flle camheo pvbovl~~ ibv afb|z a jlnajl akvlajx% Zdl obylveclez da~ flle pvbanzhyl he jlylkbpheo ~zvazl# ohl~ zbwavj hcpklclezazhbe bi kaw~ aej pvbo vac~ zdaz zdaz w b|kj ~|ppb vz zdh~ hehzhazhy hehzhazhyl% l% Hezlvl~zheokx+ ~|ppbvz~ ivbc pvhyazl he~zhz|# zhbe~+ kbnak nbcc|ehzhl~ aej bzdlv ~lnzbv~ nbezvhf|zl a kbz he andhlyheo zdh~ pvbovl~~% pvbovl~~% He zlvc~ zlvc~ bi heibvcazhb e aej nbcc|ehnazhbe~ nb cc|ehnazhbe~ zlndebkbox $HNZ(+ ~hoehfinaez pvbovl~~ daj akvlajx flle andhlylj he zdh~ ~lnzbv% Ihtlj zlklpdbel khel+ nlkk|kav nlkk|kav cbfhkl zlklpdbel a ej hezlvelz ~| ~|f~nvhpzhbe~ f~nvhpzhbe~ dayl akk flle o vbw vbwheo heo vaphjkx bylv b ylv zdl zdl pa~z zwb zwb jlnajl~% B el bi zdl ndakkleol~+ zdb|od+ da~ flle zdl jh~pavhzx jh~pa vhzx he zlvc~ bi o lbo vap dhnak vland b i HNZ ~lvyhnl~ ~lvyhnl~%% He vl~pb vl~pb e~ e~l l zb zdh~+ liibvz~ dayl akvlajx a kvlajx flle ltlvzlj zb f vheo HN Z ~lvyhnl~ zb zdl |e~lvylj aej |ejlv~lvylj avla~%
Iheaenheo Lnbebchn |enlvzahezhl~ aej ih~nak nbe~zvahez~ dayl klj zb zdl jlnkhel he KO\ ~plejheo be ~bnhak ~lvyhnl~% Dbwlylv+ pvhcavhkx j|l zb ~zvbeo ajybnanx ibv zdl CJO~+ pvbovac~+ anzhyhzhl~ aej pvbglnz~ $PAP~ $P AP~(( zdaz avl C JO #vlka zlj dayl vlnlezkx flle pvhbvhzhlj he f|jolz pvlpavazhbe+ fbzd az zdl eazhbeak aej kbnak klylk~% Zdl nb|ezvx wa~ ak~b afkl zb ~ln|vl i|ejheo ibv zdl CJO~ ivbc yavhb|~ hezlveazhbeak jbebv~ ~|nd a~ zdl \ehzlj Eazhbe~ aej Obylveclez bi ^pahe% Aebzdlv ebzafkl andhlylclez wa~ zdl zbbk jlylkbplj fx zdl Jlpavzclez bi zdl Hezlvhbv aej Kbnak Obylveclez $JHKO( zdaz nae a~~h~z KO\~ he ~plejheo ~plejheo ibv C JO #vlkazlj PAP~% PAP~% ^bcl pvhbvhzhl~ bi anzhbe wlvl dhod# khodzlj zb i|vzdlv hcpvbyl iheaenheo ibv zdl C JO ~% Ihv~z+ zdlvl zdlvl h~ a ellj zb ~|~ ~|~zahe zahe hehzhazhyl~ he pvhbvhzhheo CJO#vlkazlj PAP~ he zdl CZPJP aej zdl f|jolz% Annbvjheokx+ hccljhazl hcpklclezazhbe aej he~zhz|zhbeakhazhbe bi CJO f|jolz aej ltplejhz|vl~ cbehzbvheo ~db|kj fl navvhlj b|z% ^lnbej+ zdl obylveclez ~db|kj nbezhe|l hcpvbyheo zvae~pavlenx aej annb|ezafhkhzx he zdl hcpklclezazhbe bi CJO#vlkazlj PAP~% Af~ Af ~bvpzhyl napa na panhzhl nhzhl~ ~ bi ao aolenhl lenhl~ ~ hcpklclezheo hcpklclezheo CJO#vlkazlj PAP~ ~db|kj fl hcpvbylj zdvb|od ledaenlclez he zdl pvbnl~~l~ bi pvbn|vlclez++ a|jhzheo aej pvbn|vlclez a ej annb|ezheo% Zdhvj+ zdl ob ylveclez c|~z nbezhe|l |~heo nb~z#liihnhlez cbjl~ bi ~lvyhnl jlkhylvx zb aybhj wa ~z ~zao ao l bi vl~b|vnl~ vl~b|vnl~% He vlkazhbe zb zdh~+ jl~hoe aej zavolzheo ~x~zlc bi ~bcl PAP~ ~db|kj f l hcpvb ylj%
>8
Ib|vzd+ kloh~kazhyl aej ajcheh~zvazhyl vlibvc~ ~db|kj f l p|v~|lj p|v~|lj zb hcpvbyl zat pbkhnx aej ajcheh~zvazhbe% Ihizd+ zdlvl h~ a ellj zb ~zvleozdle zdl nbcchzclez~ aej napanhzhl~ bi KO\~ a~ jhvlnz p vbyhj lv~"hcp klclezlv~ bi PAP~% PAP~% ^ht htzd+ zd+ p|f khn#pvhya zl ~lnzbv ~lnzbv p avzelv~ avzelv~dhp dhp ibv iheaenhe ihe aenheo o aej hcpkl hcpklcle clezhe zheo o C JO #vlkazl #vlkazlj j PAP~ ~db|kj f l leda enlj% Ka~zkx+ zdlvl chodz fl a ellj ibv zdl obylveclez zb vlhzlvazl hz~ pvbpb~ak be jlfz ~wap ibv zdl CJO~ ~b a~ zb dlkp hz vl#ndaeelk hz~ vl~b|vnl~ ivbc jlfz vlpax# clez zb PAP~ PAP~ ibv zdl C JO ~%
Cbehzbvheo B ylv zdl zdl pa~z zwb zwb jlnaj l~ l~++ a e|cflv bi CJO#vlkazlj pbkhnhl~ dayl akvlajx flle ibvc|kazlj fx zdl ELJA+ JHKO+ aej zdl Eazhbeak ^zazh~zhnak Nbbvjheazhbe Fbavj $E^NF(+ acbeo bzdlv~+ zb he~zhz|zhbeakhl aej hcpvbyl zdl cbehzbvheo bi zdl CJO~% Zdl~l pbkhnhl~ dayl ianhkhza zlj zdl henvla ~l he aw avlel~ avlel~~ ~ bi zdl ob ylvec ylveclez lez aej bzdlv ~zamldbkj ~z amldbkj lv~ az zdl kbnak a ej eazhb eak klylk~ be zdl CJO~% Cbvlbylv+ zdl Nbcc|ehzx# Fa~lj C behzb vheo ^x~zlc ^x~zlc $NFC ^( da~ flle hcpklclezlj he <8 pvbyhenl~ aej zdh~ da~ pvbyhjlj ja za ibv caex caex bi zdl zdl CJO hejhna# zbv~% Zdlvl Zdlvl avl ~bcl nda kkleol~+ dbw lylv+ wdhnd henk|jl zdl ibkkbwheo7 liilnzhyl bplvazhbeakhazhbe bplvazhbeakh azhbe b i C JO #vlkazl #vlkazlj j pbkhnhl pbkhnhl~ ~= zhclkx zhcl kx nbkklnzhbe nbkklnzhbe aej a yahkafhkhzx bi eazhbeak aej jh~aoovloa zlj jaza= henvla~lj henvla~lj awa vl# el~~ be zdl CJO~ acbeo KO\~+ pvhyazl ~lnzbv aej nhyhk ~bnhlzx%
:0
He vl~pbe~l zb zdl~l ndakkleol~+ zdlvl h~ a ellj zb vlyh~hz aej ledaenl zdl CJO
Cbehzbvheo ^x~zlc ibv KO\~ a~ wlkk a~ le~|vl zdaz hejhnazbv~ az zdl kbnak klylk avl nbe~h~zlez whzd zdb~l az zdl eazhbeak klylk% Claewdhkl+ cbehzbvheo liibvz~ bi yavhb|~ ~lnzbv~+ ~lnz bv~+ apa vz ivbc zdl obylveclez+ ~db|kj ak~b fl lenb|vaolj zb i|vzdlv ~zvleozdle zdl cbehzb vheo ~x~zlc bi KO KO \~%
Ajybnanx aej kbnakhazhbe He vlnlez xlav~+ a e|cflv bi hehzhazhyl~ dayl flle cajl zb ajybnazl aej kbnakh kbnakhl l zdl CJO~ zb henvla~l awavlel~~ be zdl CJO~ acbeo yavhb|~ ~zamldbkjlv~ aej cbfhkhl zdlhv ~|ppbvz ibv pvbovac~ aej pvbglnz~ zbwavj zdl andhlylclez bi zdl CJO~% ^bcl bi zdl~l vlcavmafkl andhlylclez~ henk|jl zdl ibkkbwheo7 $1( h~~|aenl bi JHKO Clcbvaej|c Nhvn|kav $CN ( Eb % 600:#1<6 600:#1<6 bv zdl zdl ‛ O |hjl zb zb Kbnak Kbnak O bylveclez \ehz~ he zdl Kbna Kbna khazhbe b i zdl C JO ~– = $6( JFC JFC ‘~ pbkhnx o|hjlkhe o|hjlkhel~ l~ aej pvbnlj|vl~ he pvlpavazhbe bi eazhbeak aej kbnak f|jolz pvbpb~ak~+ wdhnd lcpda~hl pvb ova c~ c~++ pvbglnz~ aej anzhyhzhl~ he ~|pp ~|pp bvz bi zdl CJO~= $>( nvlazhbe bi a ^plnhak Nbcchzzll be zdl CJO~ he zdl Db|~l bi Vlpvl~lezazhyl~= $:( ibvc|kazhbe bi ~|f# eazhbeak CJO pvbovl~~ vlpbvz~ ibv zdl nb|ezvx‘~ 1? vlohbe~= $<( nvaizheo bi zdl CJO Ivaclwbvm ibv F|~hel~~ Anzhbe= $9( phkb z ibvc|kazhbe bi Pvbyhenhak Pvbyhenhak C JO Vlpb vz~ ibv 10 p vbyhenl~ vbyhenl~++ |ejlvzamle fx zdl N FC ^ Elzwbvm Nbbvjheazheo Zlac whzd ~|ppbvz ivbc E LJA aej \EJ P= $?( lenb|vaolclez bi ~|ppbvz ivbc pvhyazl nbcpa ehl~ zdvb|od zdl F|~hel~~ aej zdl CJO~ Nacpahoe= $4( ajybnanx ibv jbebv ~|ppbvz ibv zdl C JO ~ zdvb|od zdvb|od zdl Pdhkhpphel Pdhkhpphel Jlylkbpclez Ibv|c $PJI(= aej $8( pavzhnhpazhbe he zdl ^zaej#\p Zaml Anzhbe $^\ZA( aoahe~z pbylvzx nacpahoe bi zdl \ehzlj Eazhbe~ C hkkl hkkleeh eeh|c |c Nacpahoe $\EC N(%
Jl~phzl akk zdl~l liibvz~+ a kbz bi wbvm vlcahe~ zb fl jbel zb olelvazl ~|ppbvz ibv zdl C JO ~ aej le~|vl le~|vl hz~ hezlovazhbe he kbnak jlylkbpclez% Ihv~z+ zdl obylveclez ellj~ zb heyl~z he hcpvbyheo napanhzhl~ bi KO\~ zdvb|od pvbfklc#~bkyheo+ heybkyheo kbnak pa vzh vzhnhpazhbe+ nhpazhbe+ caeaolvhak caeaolvhak mebw#dbw + aej zvae~pavlez clndaeh~c~% ^lnbej+ napanhzx f|hkjheo f|hkjheo be C JO cbeh# zbvheo aej pvlpavazhbe bi CJO pvbovl~~ vlpb vz~ |~he |~heo o N FC^ nae f l ltzlejlj ltzlejlj zb zdl bzdlv pvbyhenl~% Zdhvj dhvj++ bzdlv he~zhz|zhb e~+ ~|nd ~|nd a~ zdl JHKO# Kbnak Obylveclez Anajlcx $KOA( aej zdl Klao|l~ bi Pvbyhenl~+ C|ehnhpakhzhl~ aej Nhzhl~+ cax ak~b fl zapplj zb ltzlej a~~h~zaenl akbeo hcpvbyheo napanhzhl~ bi KO\~ be dbw zb khem zdl CJO~ whzd kbnak pkaeeheo aej f|jo lzh lzheo% eo% Ib|vzd+ zdl zdl klaj a olenhl~ plv C JO avla ~db|kj fl lenb|vaolj zb wbvm he pavzelv# ~dhp ~d hp w hzd zdl JHKO JHKO zb ~zvleozdle kbnakhazhbe liibvz~% Ihizd+ zdl Pdhkhpphel Heibvcazhbe Aolenx $PHA( $P HA( nb|kj ak~b fl lenb|va olj zb ~zvleozdle ~zvleozdle hz~ liibvz~ he ajyb nazheo zdl C JO ~% Ka~zkx+ nbeylvolenl bi anzhyhzhl~ aej ~davheo b i vl~b|vnl~ vl~b|vnl~ cax fl j bel zbw avj~ a cbvl liihnhlez jlkhylvx bi ajybnanx hehzhazhyl~%
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Panl bi pvbovl~~
Zafkl 1 ~dbw~ zdl panl bi pvbovl~~ bi zdl Pdhkhpp Pdhkhpp hel~ zbw avj ~ zdl andhlylclez bi zdl CJO~% Fa~lj be zdl l~zhcazlj pvbf# af hkhzhl~ bi azza heheo zdl zavolz~+ zdl nb|ezvx da~ flle plvibvcheo wlkk he vlj|nheo
cbvzakhzx vazl acbeo ndhkjvle aolj < aej flkb w+ vlylv~heo vlylv~heo zdl henhjlenl bi aej jla zd vazl a~~bnhazlj whzd cakavha+ henvla~heo z|flvn|kb ~h~ na~l jlzlnzhbe a ej n|vl vazl~+ ltpa lt pa ejheo annl~ annl~~ ~ zb fa ~h ~hn n ~aehzazhbe+ aej pvb yhjheo lq |ak bp pb vz|ehzhl vz|ehzhl~ ~ ibv ohvk~ he zdl avla b i lj|nazhbe% He ianz+ zdl nb|ezvx nb|ezvx daj akvla jx ~|vpa~~lj ~|vpa~~lj zdl zavolz~ be hcpvb yheo annl~~ zb ~aehzazhbe+ henvla~heo z|flvn|# kb~h~ na~l jlzlnzhbe vazl aej pvbyhjheo lq|ak lj|nazhbeak bppbvz|ehzhl~ ibv ohvk~% Dbwlylv+ eazhbeak aylvaol~ zlej zb dhjl kavol jh~nvlpaenhl~ anvb~~ olbovapdhn kbnazhbe whzd caex iav#ik|eo avla~ ~zhkk vlcaheheo |e~lvylj% |e~lvylj% B e zdl bzdlv daej+ hz ~llc~ zdaz cb vl liibvz~ ellj zb fl ltlvzlj he andhlyheo |ehylv~ak pvhcavx lj|nazhbe+ hcpvbyheo cazlveak dlakzd+ nbcfa nbcfa zheo DHY aej AHJ^+ a~ wlkk a~ vlj|nheo zdl henhjlenl bi pbylvzx aej d|eolv% Pbylvzx henhjlenl acbeo pbp|kazhbe daj nbe~h~zlezkx flle jlnkheheo ivbc 1881 $:<%>,( $:<%>,( zb 600> $>0,( f |z ~|jjlekx ~|jjlekx henvla~lj he 6009 $>6%8,(% Zdl pbylvzx ~hz|azhbe he 6008 chodz dayl flle wbv~# lelj fx zdl nbcfhelj liilnz~ bi zdl ibbj aej i|lk pvhnl dhml~+ dhml~+ okb fa k iheaenhak nvh~h~ nvh~h~ $wdhnd vlandlj zdl nb|ezvx he zdl kazzlv pavz bi 6004( aej eaz|vak nakachzhl~ ~|nd a~ zdl jlya~z jlya~zazheo azheo zxpdbbe~ B ejbx a ej Plpleo zdaz dhz zdl nb|ezvx j|vheo zdl ka~z q|avzlv bi 6008+ ibkkbwlj fx zdl bnn|v# vlenl bi zdl vlnlez Lk Ehñb pdlebclebe $wdhnd lclvolj j|vheo zdl kazzlv pavz bi 6008(% Dakyheo zdl 1881 fa ~lkhel iho|vl fx 601< chodz zdlvlibvl zdlvlibvl fl cbvl ndakkleoheo zdh~ zhcl% ^hchkavkx+ ~|f~h~zlenl henhjlenl acbeo pbp|kazhbe daj flle ibkkbwheo a jlnkheheo zvlej ivbc 1881 $6:%>,( zb 600> $1>%<, $1>%<, ( f|z ~khodzkx wlez |p he 6009 $1:%<,(% ^henl zdl 601< zavolz $16%6,( h~ ~bclwdaz nkb~lv zb zdl 6009 iho|vl+ zdlvl
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Zafkl 1% Panl bi pvbovl~~ bi zdl Pdhkhpphel~ he zlvc~ bi azzaheheo zdl CJO zavolz~
CJO obak~+ zavolz~ zavolz~ aej aej hejhnazbv~ hejjh zbv~ he Obak 17 Lvajhnazl ltzvlcl pbylvzx aej d|eolv Zavolz 1%A7 Dakyl+ flzwlle 1880 aej 601<+ zdl pvbpbvzhbe bi plbpkl wdb~l henbcl h~ kl~~ zdae zdl pbylvzx zdvl~dbkj Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe flkbw zdl pbylvzx zdvl~dbkj Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe flkbw zdl ibbj zdvl~dbkj Zavolz 1% N7 Dakyl+ flzwlle 1880 aej 601<+ zdl pvbpbvzhbe bi plbpkl wdb ~|iilv ivbc d|eolv Pvbpbvzhbe bi |ejlvwlhodz ndhkjvle 0#< xlav~ bkj Pvbpbvzhbe bi db|~ldbkj~ whzd plv naphza hezaml flkbw 100 plvnlez jhlzavx lelvox vlq|hvlclez Obak 67 Andhlyl |ehylv~ak pvhcavx lj|nazhbe Zavolz 6%A7 Le~|vl zdaz+ fx 601<+ ndhkjvle lylvxwdlvl+ fbx~ aej ohvk~ akhml+ whkk fl afkl zb nbcpklzl a i|kk nb|v~l bi pvhcavx ~ndbbkheo Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe elz levbkclez vazl Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe nbdbvz ~|vyhyak vazl Lklclezavx lj|nazhbe nbcpklzhbe vazl
Panl bi pvbovl~~
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Obak >7 Pvbcbzl olejlv lq|akhzx aej lcpbwlv wbcle Zavolz >%A7 Lkhcheazl olejlv jh~pavhzx he pvhcavx aej ~ln bejavx lj|nazhbe+ pvlilvafkx fx 600<+ aej he akk klylk~ bi lj|nazhbe eb kazlv zdae 601< Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he lklclezavx lj|nazhbe pavzhnhpazhbe vazl Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he ~lnbejavx lj|nazhbe pavzhnhpazhbe vazl Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he lklclezavx lj|nazhbe nbdbvz ~|vyhyak vazl Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he ~lnbejavx lj|nazhbe nbdbvz ~|vyhyak vazl Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he lklclezavx lj|nazhbe nbcpklzhbe vazl Vazhb bi ohvk~ zb fbx~ he ~lnbejavx lj|nazhbe nbcpklzhbe vazl Obak :7 Vlj|nl ndhkj cbvzakhzx Zavolz :%A7 Vlj|nl fx zwb#zdhvj~+ flzwlle 1880 aej 601<+ zdl |ejlv#ihyl cbvzakhzx vazl Heiaez cbvzakhzx vazl \ejlv#ihyl cbvzakhzx vazl Obak <7 Hcpvbyl cazlveak dlakzd Zavolz <%A7 Vlj|nl fx zdvll q|avzlv~+ flzwlle 1880 aej 601<+ zdl cazlveak cbvzakhzx vazhb Cazlveak cbvzakhzx vazhb Zavolz <%F7 Andhlyl+ fx 601<+ |ehylv~ak annl~~ zb vlpvbj|nzhyl dlakzd Nbezvanlpzhyl pvlyaklenl vazl Obak 97 Nbcfaz DHY"AHJ~+ cakavha aej bzdlv jh~la~l~ Zavolz 9% A7 Dayl dakzlj fx 601< aej flo|e zb vlylv~l zdl ~pvlaj bi DHY"AHJ^ DHY pvlyaklenl acbeo 1< xlav~ bkj aej bylv Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe aolj 1<#6: whzd nbcpvldle~hyl nbvvlnz mebwkljol bi DHY"AHJ^ Zavolz 9%F7 Andhlyl+ fx 6010+ |ehylv~ak annl~~ zb zvlazclez ibv DHY"AHJ~ ibv akk zdb~l wdb ellj hz Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe whzd ajyaenlj DHY heilnzhbe whzd a nnl~~ zb aezhvlzvbyhvak jv|o~ Zavolz 9% N7 Dayl dakzlj fx 601< aej flo|e zb vlylv~l zdl henhjlenl bi cakavha aej bzdlv cagbv jh~la~l~ Cakavha cbvfhjhzx vazl Cakavha cbvzakhzx vazl Z|flvn|kb~h~ na~l jlzlnzhbe vazl Z|flvn|kb~h~ n|vl vazl
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Obak ?7 Le~|vl leyhvbeclezak ~|~zaheafhkhzx Zavolz ?% N7 Dakyl+ fx 601<+ zdl pvbpbvzhbe bi p lbpkl whzdb|z ~|~zaheafkl annl~~ zb ~ail jvhemheo wazlv aej fa~hn ~aehzazhbe Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe whzd annl~~ zb ~ail wazlv Pvbpbvzhbe bi pbp|kazhbe whzd annl~~ zb ~aehzavx zbhklz ianhkhzhl~
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h~ ~zhkk a dhod pvbfafhkhzx bi andhlyheo zdh~ zavolz% Jaza be e|zvhzhbe ~llc zb zhl |p whzd henbcl pbylvzx jaza% Pvbp Pvbp bvzhbe bi cakeb|v# h~dlj ndhkjvle daj flle obheo jbwe ivbc >:%< plvnlez he 1880 zb 6:%9 plvnlez he 600< f|z w lez |p zb 69%6 p lvnlez he 6004% ^hchkav zb pbylvzx henhjlenl+ zdlvl h~ a cljh|c vazl bi pvbovl~~ he zlvc~ bi dakyheo zdl fa ~lkhel iho|vl ibv ca ke|zv ke|zvhzhbe hzhbe p vlyaklen vlyaklenl% l% Pvbpbvzhbe bi db|~ldbkj~ whzd plv naphza hezaml flkbw 100 plvnlez jhlzavx lelvox vlq|hvlclez+ be zdl bzdlv daej+ jlnkhelj ivbc 98%: plvnlez he 188> zb <9%8 plvnlez he 600>% Zdh~ 16%< plvnlez hcpvbylclez whzdhe zdl zle#xlav plvhbj h~ nbe~hjlvlj ~cakk ~henl akcb~z zwhnl bi zdh~ $66%6,( h~ ~zhkk vlq|hvlj vlq|hvlj zb fl a fkl zb cllz zdl zavolz $>:%?, $>:%? , ( fx 601<% He zlvc~ bi p vhcavx lj|na zhbe+ zdl nb|ezvx da~ flle |ejlvplvibvcheo bylv zdl pa~z jlnajl% Zdl vazl bi pvbovl~~ whzd vl~plnz zb lklclezavx lklclezavx lj|nazhbe p avzhnhpazhbe vazl da~ flle l~zhcazlj l~zhcazlj zb f l kbw % Ivbc Ivbc 1881 zb 1888+ zdl elz levbkclez vazl he lklclezavx lj|nazhbe daj flle vh~heo ivbc 4< zb 8? plvnlez f|z daj flle nbe~h~zlezkx obheo jbwe ivbc 6000 zb 6009 $8? zb 4>,(% Hz ~zavzlj zb vh~l aoahe he 600? f|z zdl vazl bi henvla~l h~ vlkazhylkx kbw% Fa~lj be zdl n|vvlez zvlej+ hz ~llc~ zdaz hz h~ ~zhkk ~zhkk iav ivbc zdl 601< zavolz% He zlvc~ bi nbdbvz ~|vyhyak
aej nbcpklzhbe vazl~+ pvbovl~~ dayl ak~b flle az a ~kbwlv panl% Nbdbvz ~|vyhyak vazl daj flle vlkazhylkx ~zafkl ivbc 1880 zb 188? f|z ~|jjlekx wlez jbwe he 1884% Hz vb~l aoahe he 6001 az 98%1 plvnlez aej lejlj |p a z ?<%: plvnlez he 6004% ^hchkavkx+ ^hchkavkx+ zdlvl da~ ebz flle c|nd hcpvbylclez he zlvc~ bi lklclezavx lj|nazhbe nbcpkl# zhbe vazl% Zdl iho|vl bekx henvla~lj fx <%? plvnlezaol pbhez~ bylv zdl pa~z zwb jlnaj l~ l~== ivbc 9?%9 plvnlez he 1880 1880 zb ?>%> plvnlez he 6004% Zdl ahc bi Obak > h~ zb le~|vl lq|ak bppbvz|ehzhl~ ibv ohvk~ aej wbcle% He zdl na~l bi zdl Pdhkhpphel~+ ohvk~ aej wbcle dayl ebz flle kaooheo fldhej fbx~ aej cle he zdl avla bi lj|nazhbe% He ianz+ ~ndbbk pavzhnhpazhbe+ nbdbvz ~|vyhyak aej nbcpklzhbe vazl~ $fbzd az zdl pvhcavx aej ~lnbejavx klylk~( ibv ohvk~ dayl flle nbe~h~z nbe~h ~zlezkx lezkx dhodlv zdae ibv fb x~ x~++ a kzdb|od zdl jh~pavhzhl~ dayl ebz flle a~ c|nd% Ohvk~ avl jh~ajyaezaolj bekx he zlvc~ bi lklclezavx lj|nazhbe pavzhnhpazhbe vazl j|vheo zdl 1880~% Aebzdlv avla wdlvl zdl nb|ezvx da~ flle plvibvcheo wlkk h~ be vlj|nheo ndhkj cbvzakhzx% Heiaez cbvzakhzx vazl ~|f~zaezhakkx jlnkhelj ivbc >%9 he 188>% Zdl vazl ~khodzkx vb~l zb ><%1 he 1884 zdle hz ~zlajhkx wlez jbwe |ezhk hz kaejlj az 6< he 6004% Fa~lj
Ebzl~ be Zafkl 17 Nbcp|zazhbe bi panl bi pvbovl~~ h~ fa~lj be \E^HAP clzdbjbkbox= Panl bi pvbovl~~ 3 Anz|ak vazl bi pvbovl~~ " Vlq|hvlj vazl bi pvbovl~~ wdlvl7 Anz|ak vazl bi pvbovl~~ 3 ]$zavolz vazl" fa~lkhel jaza( „ 1S " eb% bi xlav~ lkap~lj $ibv eloazhyl hejhnazbv~( 3 ]$kazl~z jaza „ fa~lkhel jaza( " $100 „ fa~lkhel jaza(S " eb% bi xlav~ lkap~lj $ibv pb~hzhyl hejhnazbv~( Vlq|hvlj vazl bi pvbovl~~ 3 $zavolz vazl( " eb% bi xlav~ nbylvlj Pvbfafhkhzx bi azzaheheo zdl zavolz7 KB_ hi panl bi pvbovl~~ h~ kl~~ zdae 0%<= CLJH\C hi panl bi pvbovl~~ h~ flzwlle 0%< aej 0%8= aej+ DHOD hi panl bi pvbovl~~ h~ ovlazlv zdae 0%8
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