HOA4 Midterms Reviewer Milestones in Philippine Philippine Architecture Before we begin to study the architecture of the Philippines, you must first understand the people and the culture from which it arose, and also their historical background.
The first inhabitants of the Philippine Islands arrived between 3000 and 000 B.!. They were of "alay# Polynesian descent called $ustronesians.
The people lived in groups of 30#%00 families in societies known as barangay . &eaded by 'atu or (aha)&ari or *akan
They were mainly an agricultural and fishing people, others were nomadic. Trade with mainland $sia, especially !hina, was established by these people
In the %+th century, Islam was introduced in ulu and the %-th !. in "indanao
In %-%, "agellan stumbled upon the islands in his attempt to circumnavigate the world. This was the introduction of the Philippines to the western world. hat followed was 300 years of rule by the panish and the acceptance of (oman#!atholicism, which led to the building of many great Baro/ue churches.
In %1, sovereignty was given to the Philippines and rule by the 2nited tates began. The Philippines gained independence in %1+.
Philippine Philippine Architecture: Pre-Spanish Era 4ur ancestors were called $ustronesians # meaning people of the southern Islands . They were were the first seafarers in the world. !aves and rock shelters like the Tabon !ave in Palawan served as shelter for early 5ilipinos. *ater on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent#like shelters and tree houses. 6arly pre#&ispanic house were characteri7ed by rectangular structures elevated on stilt foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs ornamented with gable finials and its structure can be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site. 68amples9 Ifugao &ouse Bahay :ubo "aranao;s torogan The Launa !opperplate "nscription •
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In %110, $ntoon Postma, a 'utch e8pert in ancient Philippine scripts and "angyan writing, and a long#time resident of the Philippines, translated the document that came to be known as the *aguna !opperplate Inscription . It became the beginning of Philippine &istory9 "onday, $pril %, 100 $'. The emergence of Islam in the %+th !. in ulu and the %-th !. in "indanao led to the building of "os/ues, the mas
avanese and !hinese influence.
Philippine Philippine Architecture: Spanish !olonial Era In %-++ the 5ranciscans built the first hospital in the Philippines, &ospital (eal. The %-?3 royal ordinances of :ing Philip II, known as *aws of the Indies was prescibed and stated that every town was to have a gridiron design @cuadriculaA with a central s/uare @pla7aA In %-3 Intramuros was destroyed by fire, re/uiring all new buildings to be costructed of stone and tile. >esuit $ntonio edeno introduced stone and masonry construction. Implementation of the hybrid type of construction called ar/uitectora me7tisa9 ood on upper floor and stone on lower floor &ouse posts or haligue supported the nd floor tone floors at the ground floor acted as a solid curtain concealing the wooden framework within ooden pegs and dovetail
Philippine Architecture: American and #apanese Era In %10, $mericans introduced the use of the toilet via pail conservancy system or cubeta in "anila. In %10 the concept of a well#planned neighborhood called anitary Barrio was introduced and led to tsalet, a crossbreed of the tropical features of vernacular buildings with hygienic structural principles and modern materials. In %1%, the Bureau of &ealth endorsed several variations of tsalet
$merican architects 6dgar :. Bourne and illiam 6. Parsons steered Philippine architecture to the proto# modernist route. Their works were characteri7ed by unembellished facades with large windows. 'aniel &. Burnham, the father of the !ity Beautiful movement, was commissioned to design master plans for "anila and Baguio. Burnham endorsed the appointment of Beau8 $rts#trained illiam Parsons as !onsulting $rchitect @%10-#%1%+A whose contribution tolocal architecture includes The :ahn system of concrete reinforcement and concrete hollow blocks. The use of termite#resistive Philippine hardwood. The concept of mass fabrication of standard building types In %10+ the construction of the $sylum for the insane in an *a7aro instigated the use of concrete as the standard construction material for all government structures. Buildings that defined the pre#war skyline of "anila include the 6l &ogar 5ilipino Building. &ongkong hanghai Bank Building, 5ilipinas Insurance !ompany Building, 5rench (enaissance *uneta &otel and the "ariano 2y !haco Building Birth of the C%st DenerationE 5ilipino architects who were sponsored by colonial officials to study architecture and 6ngineering in the 2. Together with the maestros de obras like $rcadio $rellano and Tomas $rguelles, they combined Beau8 $rts elements # aesthetic proportions, optical corrections# with the influence of modernism and the concepts of utility and honesty of architecture. The Cnd generationE architects, namely $ndres de *una de an Pedro, 5ernando 4campo, Pablo $ntonio, and >uan Fakpil, emerged in the late %10;s G 30;s and introduced $rt 'eco characteri7ed by e8uberant e8oticism and ornamentation as evident in the facades of these buildings9 "etropolitan Theater, 6*P4 Building, "apua &ouse and Bautista#Fakpil Pylon. Philippine Architecture: Post-$orld $ar "" Era In %1+, the independent Philippines e8pressed its identity by implementing "odernism through the utili7ation of reinforced concrete, steel and glass, the predominance of cubic forms, geometric shapes and !artesian grids, and the absense of applied decoration. In %1+? a corps of architects and engineers were tasked to study the modern 2 and *atin $merican capitals and formulate a master plan for "anila 5ederico Ilustre, consulting architect from the %1-0;s to %1?0;s, worked on the building at the 6lliptical (oad in H.!. The centerpiece is the -#meter high $rt 'eco Hue7on "emorial "onument, composed of 3 pylons topped by winged figures representing the 3 island groups. The %1-0;s and 0;s staple architectural element were the brise#soleil, glass walls, pierced screens, and thin concrete shells. The post#war doctrine was Cform follows functionE professed by the C3rd generationE architects, namely, !esar !oncio, $ngel Fakpil, $lfredo *u7, 4tillo $rellano,5elipe "endo7a, Dabriel 5ormoso and !arlos $rguelles. The %1-0;s also witnessed pace $ge aesthetics and oft modernism, which e8perimented with the sculptural plasticity of poured concrete to come up with soft and sinuous organic forms with the use of thin shell technology. 68amples are9 pace $ge# ictor Tiotuycos;s 2P International !enter and >ose Jarago7a;s 2nion !hurch oft "odernism9 !hurch of the &oly acrifice, and Phil $tomic (esearch !enter In the %1-0;s the height of buildings was limited to 30 meters by law. ith the amendment of "anila ordinance Fo. +%3%, a high#rise fever redefined "anila;s skyline9 $ngel Fakpil;s %#storey Picache Building, considered as the %st skyscraper in the Phils. !esar !oncio;s Insular *ife Building, the %st office building to surpass the old 30#meter height restriction Philippine Architecture: The %ew Millenium 68emplified by the garish application paste colors and the mi8ing and matching of ornaments and styles. kyscrapers adopted the tripartite division of columnar architecture @Tower#on#the#PodiumA the podium, the shaft, and the crown. (ise of master#planned micro#cities like Bay !ity, 6astwood !ity, 5ort Bonifacio Dlobal !ity and (ockwell !enter. (etail environments " "all of $sia, Dateway "all, Trinoma, and Dreenbelt "all9 and gated communities of suburban pretensions. Dlobal architectural firms bestow Cdesigner labelsE to "ega#structures like "ichael Draves;s # orld Trade 68change I.". Pei;s K 6ssensa Towers
$r/uitectonica;s K Pacific Pla7a Tower :P5 $ssociates; K *:D Tower 4";s K (!B! =uchengco Tower
$rchitects were labelled as Clate modernistE and later as Cneo#modernistE and Csuper modernistE Inspiration were drawn from aircraft technology, robotics, and cyberspace as demonstrated by the 4ne an "iguel Building, and the PB!om Tower, and the DT International Tower. "aterials such as reflective blue glass or a/uamarine curtain walls, aluminum cladding, metallic sun#visors, and metal mullions are mainstays of millennium skyscrapers. Presence of architectural deconstruction, which is characteri7ed physically by controlled fragmentation, stimulating predictability, assymetrical geometries, and orchestrated chaos like the works of $le8ius "edalla, 6duardo !alma, and >oey =upangco $dvances in !$' and !$ manufacturing technologies Implementation of 9green architectureE to reverse the negative impact of buildings on human health and on the environment by enhancing efficiency and moderating the use of materials, energy and space.
Prehistor& and "ndienous ' Pre-Spanish Philippine Architecture I.
Introduction
Philippine architecture is very comple8, since only few records have been saved, we are still not sure of our own architecture. In our contemporary era, many buildings are of the paniards and above inspiration. "ultiple countries coloni7ed us, as this affects our architecture. *et us lapse to the period before the panish came. hat are the edifices seeableL 2nlike other countries with records, we may have a bad time discovering. Fipa huts will surely come to our mind, also the banaue rice terraces, what elseL 5ilipino $rchitecture is not indienous . It is an admi8ture of the "uslim, "alayan, chinese and panish influences. the indigenous tribes of the Philippines which were /uite a diverse group and of nomadic nature had little art of building to speak of. Their architectural art was revealed in their houses of nipa, cogon and bamboo. $lthough these simple buildings were not as enduring as the colossal pyramids of 6gypt nor as magnificent as the grand temple of Dreece, yet they were suitable to the tropical conditions of the islands. II. !limate The climate in the Philippines is a tropical monsoon climate . The annual lowland temperature is () derees * +, derees !./ It is marked by wet and dr& seasons. a. "onsoons Fortheast K $mihan outheast K &abagat III. Deography $n archipelago of ?000M islands with more than half of the land mountainous and hilly. *and area9 11,% s/uare kilometers.N !oastline9 %?,-00 kilometers. *ocation9 + degrees from the e/uator. :nown as CPearl of the 4rient easE I. Deology a. 'omestic tructures K characteri7ed by lightness and airiness b. "aterials used in the 5ilipino house are found near the site. 'epending on the ecology of the area, the materials may differ around the Philippines. $bout ++O covered with forest The ma
(eligious orship includes the veneration of spirit9 Anitos and Manales, good and bad, respectively. Bathala# creator of &eaven, 6arth and men @:abunyan for the Ifugaos and *aon or $lba for the people in isayasA $nimism
Dood spirits9 $nitos bad spirits9 "angales acrificing @took place in own homeA Post#panish 6ra 13O !hristian @mostly !atholicismA Influ8 of panish missionaries. !hurches In %30, the Propaation o0 "slam began in the ulu Islands and "indanao, where Islam remains the ma
I. of family.
6arly inhabitants are believed to have reached the area over land bridges connecting the islands to and !hina. Before the coming of the paniards, the primitive non#!hristian 5ilipinos lived in small communities called 1arana& ruled by a datu. They were ruled by local laws. the oldest source of law, it was believed, was the goddess Lu1lu1an . The laws were announced by village informer who went around the village at night to make announcements. The laws carried many sub
!ave K Tabon !ave in Palawan, *ean#To %. ind#shield or one#sided lean#to with or without flooring . ingle#pitched roof supported by tree trunks Tree &ouse %. Bamboo and rattan are most commonly used. To withstand strong wind and storm, the whole house is anchored to nearby trees by means of rattan 1/ 3aha& 6u1o2 %ipa Hut2 %ipa House The structure was usually four#walled with tukod windows which had swinging shades, which could be propped open during the day. There was usually one simple multi#use space on the interior. This open interior again provided ventilation, but also gave the simple dwelling a spacious feel. This space could be used for cooking, eating, and sleeping. ometimes the cooking was done over an open fire built on the heap of earth in one corner or partitioned off in a space in front of the ladder. ometimes, there was an open front porch, pantaw or batalan, where
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%. *ocation9 *ow lands all over the Philippines . Parts9 Plan Bulwagan9 area for guest, receiving area ilid9 private room, bedroom, room used for sleeping Paglulutuan or gilir9 kitchen area 'apogan K table on top of the river stone @kalanA Bangahan K bangguera)banggerahan place for drying pots Batalan K unroofed area where water
Bamboo ladder, resting on wooden threshold is provide for the entry to the house from the ground. "aterials9 Kawayang tinik K cut only from 'ec %#>an , to eliminate all insects soak in river or lake or bury in sand for si8 months before using. Nipa K the best ones come from Paombong, Bulacan. 4ther roofing materials9 cogon, rice stalks, sugarcane leaves, split bamboo, anahaw alls9 sawali, split bamboo, coconut leaves, abaca leaves, anahaw. Rattan for lashing. 7pland and lowland houses &ouses in the !ordillera tend to be enclosed at times with solid planks of wood and have fewer or no windows because of the chilly air.
*owland structures tend to have a more open, airy interior.
7pland Ethnic Houses o0 t he !ordilleras *ocation9 "ountains of the !ordilleras "0uao House +3aleh or *aleh.
ingle room house w) an area of +.oo 8 .oo m 5or cooking ang sleeping 5loor9 %.- K m above ground made of wooden planks. 'ecorative elements9 !arabao kulls, pig
"sne House or 3inuron Binuron, the Isneg house is built slightly off the ground and is also a one#room dwelliing like the fale but has more light and is bigger. 3ontoc House The Bontoc house sits on the ground, has a hip#thatched roof and a second floor granary within the house. The rice granary @rightA is a common sight in the !ordilleras. !arabao horns and pig skulls and
(educciones # system of gathering newly !hristiani7ed tribes into compact settlements, arranged on a grid pattern, around a church 4rdenan7as of %-?3 or CPrescriptions for the Foundation of Hispanic Colonial TownsE by Philip II $ set of ordinances containing practical directions on establishing settlements in the colonies
Pla=a Ma&or ' was the town center !hurch !asa (eal chools Tribunal &ouses of prominent individuals The !hurch 3uildin *ocation9 center of the town, choice part of the pla7a, acted as refuge during emergencies or calamities !onvento and bell tower Plan9 rectangular or cruciform alls9 high, thick, supported by buttresses indows9 small Bell towers9 watchtowers Materials $dobe @volcanic tuffA tone !oral stone Brick !ombination stone and brick "ortar9 lime, crushed coral, crushed shells, molasses, sugar cane er8as ' rills *acistol ' choir lectern Sillerias ' choir stalls 3autisterio ' 1aptistr& %aveto ' nave !omulatorio ' communion rail Santuario ' sanctuar& or altar area Altar ma&or w reta1lo Sacrist& Aparadores 3aro?ue !hurches o0 the Philippines/ These 0our churches were the 0irst 1uilt 1& the Spanish in the late 9;th centur&/ Their architectural st&le is uni?ue 0or its reinterpretation o0 European 3aro?ue 1& !hinese and Philippine artisans/ San Austin !hurch Manila La Asuncion de la %uestra Senora2 Santa Maria2 "locos Sur St/ Auustine !hurch2 Paoa&2 "locos %orte Sto/ Tomas de >illanueva !hurch2 Mia-ao2 "lioilo
The 3aha& na 3ato Parts o0 the 3aha& na 3ato: characteristics $all partitions wood with calado a1ove !eilins canvas2 sawali or tin @round 0loor charcoal2 sand or ravel 0loored over with mortared stone or 1ric Roo0 hipped at a hih anle with wide overhans had vents all around nipa2 tile and alvani=ed iron with utters all around $indows tall and wide +9m m. 8alousies or capi= shells had ventanillas w 1lan 1oards as cover *loors wooden on the second 0loor slats on the itchen or dinin rooms Galeria, corredor or galeria volada Azotea tiled terrace 0or wor and relaation where the water 0rom the rains was ept/
@RO7%B *LOOR CA@7A% !7ABRA 3OBE@A E%TRES7ELO AL#"3E SE!O%B *LOOR !A"BA SALA !OMEBOR !O!"%%A B"SPE%SA !OM7% D LATR"%A !7ARTO ACOTEA
