POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE WITH PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION AND PHILIPPINE HISTORY NOTES
Nation is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language, customs, and traditions, and who believe that they are one and distinct from others.
State community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.
NATION
STATE
Ethnic concept
Political Concept
May or may not be controlled by external control (foreign countries)
Cannot be controlled by other countries (external
One race or origin
Consists of different races
Elements of State:
People
Territory
Government
Sovereignty
Origin of States:
1. Divine right theory – the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people. Ex. Moses giving the commandments
2. Necessity or force theory – states must have been created through force, by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak. Ex. Warriors conquer lands
3. Paternalistic theory - attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family, which remained under the authority of the father or mother. By natural stages, the family grew into a clan, and then developed into a tribe, which broadened into a nation, and the nation became a state.
4. Social contract theory – states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their common good. This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt against a bad ruler.
Different Forms of Government
1. As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers
Monarchy – power belongs to one person in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of as single person, e.g. King, queen, empress, without regard to the source of his election or nature or declaration of his tenure.
Classifications:
*Absolute Monarchy – which the ruler rules by divine right given by God e.g. Thailand, Saudi Arabia
*Limited Monarchy – which the ruler rules in accordance with a constitution e.g. England – Britain
b. Aristocracy – power is in the hands of few people, a few privileged class also known as oligarchy exercises the political power.
c. Democracy – which the political power is exercised by the majority of the people, or by the people itself.
2. As to extent of powers exercised by a central or national government
a. Unitary Government– in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central/national government. Ex. Philippine Constitution.
b. Federal Government – which the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs: one for national affairs and local affairs (governors) Ex. United States
3. As to extent of powers exercised by a central or national government
a. Parliamentary Government – which the state caters upon the legislative the power to terminate the tenure of the office of the "real" executive
b. Presidential Government– which the state makes the executive constitutionally independent of the legislative as regard his tenure.
*Philippines is a representative democracy, a unitary, and presidential government with separation of powers.
The Government of the Philippines in Transition
1. Pre-Spanish Gov't
-Unit of government (barangay)
-Ruled by Datu/Rajah/Sultan/King
-Composed of 30-100 families
-Timawa, Maharlika, Alipin: namamahay at sangigilid
- 3 social classes
1. Maharlika (nobles) – slave-owning families
2. Timawa (freemen) – majority of the population freeborn persons
3. Alipin (slaves) – a. namamahay- have own house, own properties, could marry without master's consent b. sagigilid - lives in their master's house, have no properties at all.
- Barangay to towns/ pueblos (gobernadorcillo / little governor): to provinces (leader: governor-governor-general) and/or cities (ayuntamiento, city council)
Spanish Government
-Ferdinand Magellan discover the Philippines
- After 45 years, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi: colonized the Philippines
- Governor-general: Chief
-Royal Audiencia: Supreme Court; checks the governor-general
Revolutionary Era
Katipunan Government (KKK): Andres Bonifacio- a secret society
Ranks/membership: 1. Katipon- associates;black; Anak ng Bayan
2. Kawal - soldier; green; Gomburza 3. Bayani- patriot; red; Rizal
- Supreme Council ( Central Government): kataastaasang Sangunian
- Provincial Council (Provinces): Sanguniang Balangay
- Popular Coouncil (Towns): Sangguniang Bayan
- Judicial Council: Sangguniang Hukuman
Biak na Bato Government
President: Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
Magdalo: Aguinaldo; Magdiwang: Bonifacio
Constitution took effect for 2 years only, December 15, 1897
Malolos Constitution
San Miguel Bulacan
The first Philippine Republic, Sept. 15, 1898
Spanish-American War
Commonwealth Republic (under United States)
First military General: Wesley Merritt
Civil Government- William Howard Taft
Philippine Independence 10 years: President Manuel L. Quezon but was cut because of the Japanese Period.
Japanese Occupation
Puppet Government
Jorge Vargas: chairman
Second Republic of the Philippines - Jose P. Laurel
After Japanese Occupation: THIRD REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Manuel Roxas, July 4, 1946
1935 Constitution
Fourth REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
-Ferdinand E. Marcos
- 1973 Constitution
