PET Writing Part 1: sentence transformations
Contents 1
The Passive Voice......................................................................................................3 1.1
How to make the Passive in English....................................................................3
1.2
Verbs with two objects.........................................................................................3
1.3
The assive in s!bor"inate cla!ses.....................................................................3
1.#
When sho!l" we !se the assive$.......................................................................#
1.#.1
When we want to change the foc!s of the sentence:....................................#
1.#.2 When who or what ca!ses the action is !nknown or !nimortant or obvio!s or %eole in general%:............................................................................................... # 1.#.3
&n fact!al or scienti'c writing:.......................................................................#
1.#.# &n formal writing instea" of !sing someone( eole( the) *these can be !se" in seaking or informal writing+:............................................................................... # 1.#., st)le:
&n or"er to !t the new information at the en" of the sentence to imrove #
1.#.-
When the s!bject is ver) long:......................................................................#
2
en" vs /orrow..........................................................................................................#
3
0omaratives an" !erlatives................................................................................, 3.1
0omaratives...................................................................................................... ,
3.1.1
1s)llable a"jectives: a"" er to the a"jective.............................................. ,
3.1.2
2s)llable a"jectives en"ing in -y : change the ) to ier...............................,
3.1.3
ther 2s)llable a"jectives: !se more with the !nchange" a"jective...........,
3.1.#
4"jectives with 3 or more s)llables: !se more with the !nchange" a"jective ,
3.2
!erlatives........................................................................................................,
3.2.1
1s)llable a"jectives: a"" est to the a"jective *l!s the+.............................,
3.2.2
2s)llable a"jectives en"ing in -y : change the ) to iest *l!s the+..............-
3.2.3
ther 2s)llable a"jectives: !se the most with the !nchange" a"jective.....-
3.2.# 4"jectives with 3 or more s)llables: !se the most with the !nchange" a"jective................................................................................................................... -
#
,
3.3
The same as........................................................................................................ -
3.#
Prefer an" wo!l" rather.......................................................................................-
Present Perfect..........................................................................................................5 #.1
%6or% an" %since%.................................................................................................... 5
#.2
7!st8 alrea") an" )et............................................................................................9
#.3
Have(Has one; Have(Has /een..........................................................................9
1
,.1
E=amles of >!anti'ers.......................................................................................9
,.2
The osition of >!anti'ers...................................................................................?
,.3
6ormal an" &nformal
,.#
6ew vs. ittle.......................................................................................................?
-
o "o & ( @either "o &................................................................................................. ?
5
0lose to ( 6ar from ( @ear........................................................................................1A
9
Beorte" eech..................................................................................................... 1A
?
9.1
Tense Cirect eech Beorte" eech..............................................................1A
9.2
Beorte"
9.3
Cirect
9.#
Beorte" Be>!ests............................................................................................12
9.,
Beorte" r"ers................................................................................................ 12
9.-
Time E=ressions with Beorte" eech...........................................................12
The in'nitive of !rose.........................................................................................13
1A &n"e'nite Prono!ns................................................................................................. 13 11 Dnless *&f not+....................................................................................................... 1, 12 The econ" 0on"itional...........................................................................................1, 12.1 Dses................................................................................................................... 1, 12.2 How is this "iFerent from the 'rst con"itional$.................................................113 What abo!t ( hall we............................................................................................. 11# Have ( Have got...................................................................................................... 11, 6or ( C!ring ( While................................................................................................. 15 1,.1 6or..................................................................................................................... 15 1,.2 While................................................................................................................. 15 1,.3 C!ring............................................................................................................... 15 1- @egative &n'nitives................................................................................................. 15 15 Beferences.............................................................................................................. 19
2
1 The Passive Voice etGs look at this sentence: I drank two cups of coee.
This is an active sentence an" it has the s!bject 'rst8 followe" b) the verb8 an" 'nall) the object *the erson or thing that the action haens to+. o8 in this e=amle8 the s!bject is %&%8 the verb is %"rank% an" the object is %two c!s of coFee%. /!t8 we "on%t alwa)s nee" to make sentences this wa). We might want to !t the object 'rst8 or erhas we "on%t want to sa) who "i" something. &n this case8 we can !se a passive 8 which !ts the object 'rst: Two c!s of coFee were "r!nk *we can a"" %b) me% if we want8 b!t it isn%t necessar)+.
1.1 How to make the Passive in English We make the assive b) !tting the verb %to be% into whatever tense we nee" an" then a""ing the ast articile. 6or reg!lar verbs8 we make the ast articile b) a""ing %e"% to the in'nitive. o la)G becomes la)e"G. Tense Present imle Present 0ontin!o!s Past imle Past 0ontin!o!s Present Perfect Present Perfect 0ontin!o!s Past Perfect 6!t!re imle
6!t!re Perfect
Active & make a cake. & am making a cake. & ma"e a cake. & was making a cake. & have ma"e a cake.
& have been making a cake. & ha" ma"e a cake. & will make a cake. & will have ma"e a cake.
Passive 4 cake is ma"e *b) me+. 4 cake is being ma"e *b) me+. 4 cake was ma"e *b) me+. 4 cake was being ma"e *b) me+. 4 cake has been ma"e *b) me+. 4 cake has been being ma"e *b) me+. 4 cake ha" been ma"e *b) me+. 4 cake will be ma"e *b) me+. 4 cake will have been ma"e *b) me+.
1.2 Verbs with two objects ome verbs that have two objects can make two "iFerent active sentences an" so two "iFerent assive sentences too. 6or e=amle8 the verb giveG is like this: Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me .
Io! can choose either of the two objects to be the s!bject of the assive sentence. Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by him).
ther verbs like this are: ask8 oFer8 teach8 tell8 len"8 romise8 sell8 throw.
1.3 The passive in subordinate clauses Io! can make the assive in a s!bor"inate cla!se that has a s!bject an" a normal conj!gate" verb. This is reall) the same as a normal assive. Active: I thought that ary had kissed !ohn. Passive: I thought that !ohn had been kissed by ary. Active: He knew that peop"e had bui"t the church in #$#%. Passive: He knew that the church had been bui"t in #$#%.
3
Io! can also make the assive !sing a assive ger!n" or a assive in'nitive in the same lace as a normal ger!n" or in'nitive. The chi"d "oves being cudd"ed. &he wou"d "ike to be promoted.
1.# hen should we use the passive! 1.#.1 hen we want to change the "ocus o" the sentence: The ona 'isa was painted by 'eonardo a inci. *We are more intereste" in the ainting than the artist in this sentence+
1.#.2 hen who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or #people in general#: He was arrested *obvio!s agent8 the olice+. y bike has been sto"en *!nknown agent+. The road is being repaired *!nimortant agent+. The form can be obtained from the post o*ce *eole in general+.
1.#.3 $n "actual or scienti%c writing: The chemica" is p"aced in a test tube and the data entered into the computer.
1.#.# $n "ormal writing instead o" using someone& people& the' *these can be !se" in seaking or informal writing+ : The brochure wi"" be +nished ne,t month.
1.#., $n order to put the new in"ormation at the end o" the sentence to improve st'le: Three books are used regu"ar"y in the c"ass. The books were written by r. e"". *%Cr. /ell wrote the books% so!n"s cl!ms)+
1.#.- hen the subject is ver' long: I was surprised by how we"" the students did in the test. *Jore nat!ral than: %how well the st!"ents "i" in the test s!rrise" me%+
( )end vs *orrow &f )o! borrow something from somebo")8 )o! take it with their ermission an" romise to ret!rn it in "!e co!rse8 at the en" of a limite" erio" !s!all). I borrowed +ve pounds from my brother and forgot to pay it back.
&f )o! lend somebo") something8 or lend something to somebo")8 then )o! give them something of )o!rs for a limite" erio" of time. &f )o! lend someone some mone)8 the' will owe 'ou the mone). &he lent her sister her car for the weekend. *verb K in"irect object K "irect object+ If you lend your coat to hi"ip you0"" never see it again. *verb K "irect object K in"irect object+
#
+ Comparatives and ,uperlatives 3.1 Comparatives 0omarative is the name for the grammar !se" when comaring two things. The two basic wa)s to comare are !sing as - as or than. I1m a"most as good in maths as in science. This computer is better than that one.
When comaring with as ... as8 the a"jective "oes not change. When comaring with than8 however8 some changes are necessar)8 "een"ing on the n!mber of s)llables the a"jective has: 3.1.1 1/s'llable adjectives: add /er to the adjective It1s colder today than it was yesterday. Note: If the word ends: consonant-vowel-consonant , then the last consonant is usually doubled in the comparative. Examples: big-bigger, fat-fatter, hot-hotter .
3.1.2 (/s'llable adjectives ending in -y : change the /' to /ier &he1s "ooking happier today. Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs endin in -y must be compared with the word more. Example: I drive more quickly (quicklier) than my brother.
3.1.3 0ther (/s'llable adjectives: use more with the unchanged adjective The shops are a"ways more crowded 2ust before 3hristmas. Note: !he comparative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with -er. Examples: simple-simpler, clever-cleverer, narrow-narrower . !o be sure which comparative method to use, you will need to consult a ood dictionary.
3.1.# Adjectives with + or more s'llables: use more with the unchanged adjective 4ussian grammar is more difcult than 5ng"ish grammar.
3.2 ,uperlatives &n the super"ative )o! talk abo!t one thing onl) an" how it is the best8 worst8 etc. Io! "o not comare two things. The following g!i"elines al) to the s!erlative: 3.2.1 1/s'llable adjectives: add /est to the adjective plus the2 y sister is the tallest in our fami"y.
3ote: &f the wor" en"s: consonant-vowe"-consonant 8 then the last consonant is !s!all) "o!ble" in the s!erlative. E=amles: big-biggest fat-fattest hot-hottest .
3.2.2 (/s'llable adjectives ending in -y : change the /' to /iest plus the2 The richest peop"e are not a"ways the happiest .
,
*eware: Co not conf!se a"jectives an" a"verbs. 2s)llable a"verbs en"ing in /' form their s!erlative with the wor"s the most . E=amle: 6f a"" the peop"e I know my father drives the most 7uick"y ( quickliest ).
3.2.3 0ther (/s'llable adjectives: use the most with the unchanged adjective The most boring thing about 5&' c"ass is doing grammar e,ercises. 3ote: The s!erlative of some shorter 2s)llable a"jectives can be forme" with /er. E=amles: simp"e-simp"est c"ever-c"everest narrow-narrowest . To be s!re which s!erlative metho" to !se8 )o! will nee" to cons!lt a goo" "ictionar).
3.2.# Adjectives with + or more s'llables: use the most with the unchanged adjective y most enjoyable c"ass is 5ng"ish.
6ollowing are two common irreg!lar comarative(s!erlative forms: good-better-the best bad-worse-the worst
The following g!i"elines al) to the comparative/super"ative of most adverbs: 1/s'llable adverbs: a"" /er&/est I can run aster than you. / I can run the astest in my c"ass. &he works harder than me (I do). / &he works the hardest of a"" students.
0ther adverbs: !se more & the most &he ran more quickly than me (I did). / 6f a"" the students she ran the most quickly
3.3 The same as The same is followe" b) as. &t is not followe" b) that or than: oes 8start0 mean the same as 8begin0 in 5ng"ish9 y new car is the same mode" as my o"d one.
3.# Pre"er and would rather When we talk abo!t general references8 we can !se pre"er or would rather. The meaning is the same. 4fter pre"er we !se the verb in the /ing "orm. 4fter would rather we !se the in%nitive without to. I preer wa"king to cyc"ing. I would rather wa"k than cyc"e.
We sa): pre"er L to L I preer walking to driving.
We sa): would rather L than L
-
I’d rather walk than drive.
4 Present Per"ect We !se the resent erfectL with hrases beginning with MThis is the 'rst(secon"(thir" ....timeM: This is the +rst time I have won the 2ackpot. This is the +fth time I have lost my 2ob.
with ever an" never. Ever is !se" to ask if an) things have or have not haene" at an) time ! to now. &t is also !se" in negative statements an" together with the hrase MThe 'rst time ...M 3ever is !se" mainl) in negative statements. Their osition is j!st before the past participle verb. Have you ever "ost your temper in a pub"ic p"ace9 That1s the biggest "ie I have ever heard in my who"e "ife. This is the +rst time we have ever listened to such a dirty 2oke. :e have never been to a circus.
with other time e=ressions s!ch as: alwa's: He has always believed everything he reads. how long: How long have you waited for the bus9 recentl': I have on"y recently started "earning 5ng"ish. latel': I have met her a "ot lately . so "ar: :e havent had any troub"e with the new tenant so ar . 5p to now: !p to now we have not come up with a so"ution to the prob"em.
#.1 #6or# and #since# When an activit) began in the ast an" is still going on8 we !se the present per"ect tense 7 "or&since. We often !se "or an" since with the present per"ect tense . ,ince can onl) be !se" with erfect tenses *resent erfect an" ast erfect tenses+; "or can also be !se" with the ast simle tense. We !se for K a erio" of time as an in"ication of how long an activit) has laste" ! to the resent moment. :e have been tennis partners or three years.
We !se since K a oint in time in the ast to show when in the ast the activit) began. I have been her tennis partner since ear"y ay this year. He has lived here or +ve years. (he is sti"" "iving here) He has lived here since ;<<<. (he is sti"" "iving here)
4.( 8ust9 alread' and 'et We often !se some wor"s with the resent erfect tense. These wor"s incl!"e:
5
8ust: if something has j!st haene"8 it haene" onl) a short time ago. 8ust is !s!all) lace" after have&has an" before the main verb in a sentence. &ister !ane has just been out shopping.
Alread': if something has alrea") been "one8 it%s "one b) or before now or a artic!lar time. &t is !s!all) ositione" in the mi""le * a"terhave(has an" be"ore the main verb+ or at the end of a sentence. &t can also aear in uestions . They have already built the ta""est sandcast"e on the beach.
;et: if something is not "one )et8 it is not "one !ntil now or !ntil a artic!lar time. We !s!all) !se 'et at the en" of a negative sentence or a uestion . They have not come yet .
&t is ossible for 'et to aear in the mi""le of a sentence. =s yet we1ve had no word from them. (64> :e1 ve had no word from them as yet .)
#.3 Have&Has
> ?uanti%ers ?uanti%ers tell !s something abo!t the amo!nt or >!antit) of something *a no!n+.
ome >!anti'ers e=ress a small or large >!antit): ,mall: I have a ew things to do before +nishing work. )arge: I have many things to do before +nishing work.
ome >!anti'ers e=ress part o" or all o" a >!antit): Part: It rains most days in winter. All: It rained all day yesterday.
,.1 E@amples o" uanti%ers
,.2 The position o" uanti%ers We !t >!anti'ers at the beginning of no!n hrases. uanti%er 7 noun: some peop"e uanti%er 7 adjective 7 noun: many o"d books
9
uanti%er 7 adverb 7 adjective 7 noun: a lot o very cra?y drivers
We can also !se >!anti'ers witho!t a no!n8 like a rono!n. These books are ol" b!t some are still in goo" con"ition. * &ome refers to some books+
,.3 6ormal and $n"ormal ?uanti%ers ometimes we can make a sentence more formal or more informal *or nat!ral+ j!st b) changing the >!anti'er. "any peop"e were invited to the wedding. *formal+ # lot o peop"e arrived "ate. *informal(nat!ral+ They made little progress. *formal+ They didn1t make much progress. *informal(nat!ral+
,.# 6ew vs. )ittle We !se 6ew an" )ittle to s!ggest a small >!antit). 6ew is !se" with co!ntable no!ns. )ittle is !se" with !nco!ntable no!ns. There are on"y a ew days "eft unti" 3hristmas. *0o!ntable no!n+ There is little hope of +nding your wa""et. *Dnco!ntable no!n+
While 6ew an" )ittle !s!all) have ositive meanings8 ver' "ew an" ver' little have negative meanings. He is sad because he has very ew friends. *0o!ntable no!n+ They have very little know"edge about po"itics. *Dnco!ntable no!n+
,o do $ & 3either do $ an" neither resonses can be ver) "iNc!lt. et%s j!st foc!s on what we sa) if we agree with someone. So
&f someone sa)s something
negative
an" we agree with them we can !se
I don0t "ike +sh.
&f someone sa)s something
neither.
@either do I. positive
an" we agree with them we can !se
so.
We m!st also remember that the verb in the statement nee"s to agree with the verb in the resonse: I am excited about the party.
o am I.
B Close to & 6ar "rom & 3ear Close to means almost. I think there are c"ose on three mi""ion unemp"oyed at present.
6ar "rom means a great distance in space . The situation is far from c"ear.
3ear means not "ar awa' in distance or time. on1t come too near me - you might catch my co"d. Her birthday was getting nearer and I sti"" hadn1t bought her a present.
?
Deported ,peech ometimes someone sa)s a sentence: M&%m going to the cinema tonightM. ater8 ma)be we want to tell someone else what the 'rst erson sai". Here%s how it works: We !se a reorting verb like %sa)% or %tell%. &f this verb is in the resent tense8 it%s eas). We j!st !t %she sa)s% an" then the sentence: irect speech: I "ike ice cream. Deported speech: &he says she "ikes ice cream.
We "on%t nee" to change the tense8 tho!gh robabl) we "o nee" to change the erson% from %&% to %she%8 for e=amle. We also ma) nee" to change wor"s like %m)% an" %)o!r%. n the other han"8 if the reorting verb is in the ast tense8 then !s!all) we change the tenses in the reorte" seech: irect speech: I "ike ice cream. Deported speech: &he said she "iked ice cream.
9.1 Tense irect ,peech Deported ,peech Tense
irect ,peech
Deported ,peech
O& like ice cream.
he sai" *that+ she liked ice cream.
resent contin!o!s
O& am living in on"on.
he sai" she was living in on"on.
ast simle
O& bought a car.
he sai" she had bought a car B he sai" she bought a car.
ast contin!o!s
O& was walking along the street.
he sai" she had been walking along the street.
resent erfect
O& haven#t seen 7!lie.
he sai" she hadn#t seen 7!lie.
O& had taken English lessons before.
he sai" she had taken English lessons before.
O&#ll see )o! later.
he sai" she would see me later.
O& would help 8 b!tL
he sai" she would help b!t...
O& can speak erfect English.
he sai" she could speak erfect English.
resent simle
ast erfect will wo!l" can "oesn%t change.
ccasionall)8 we "on%t nee" to change the resent tense into the ast if the information in "irect seech is still tr!e *b!t this is onl) for things which are general facts8 an" even then !s!all) we like to change the tense+: irect speech: The sky
is
b"ue.
Deported speech: &he said that the sky
is/was
b"ue.
9.2 Deported ?uestions irect speech: :here do you "ive9
1A
How can we make the reorte" seech here$ &n fact8 it%s not so "iFerent from reorte" statements. The tense changes are the same8 an" we kee the >!estion wor". The ver) imortant thing tho!gh is that8 once we tell the >!estion to someone else8 it isn%t a >!estion an) more. o we nee" to change the grammar to a normal ositive sentence: Deported speech: &he asked me where I "ived.
Co )o! see how & ma"e it$ The "irect >!estion is in the resent simle tense. We make a resent simle >!estion with %"o% or %"oes% so & nee" to take that awa). Then & nee" to change the verb to the ast simle. irect speech: :here is !u"ie9 Deported speech: &he asked me where !u"ie was.
The "irect >!estion is the resent simle of %be%. We make the >!estion form of the resent simle of be b) inverting *changing the osition of+ the s!bject an" verb. o8 we nee" to change them back before !tting the verb into the ast simle.
9.3 irect ?uestion Deported ?uestion A:here is the ost 6*ce p"ease9B &he asked me where the ost 6*ce was. A:hat are you doing9B &he asked me what I was doing. A:ho was that fantastic man9B &he asked me who that fantastic man had been.
o m!ch for %wh% >!estions. /!t8 what if )o! nee" to reort a %)es ( no% >!estion$ We "on%t have an) >!estion wor"s to hel !s. &nstea"8 we !se %if%: irect speech: o you "ike choco"ate9 Deported speech: &he asked me if I "iked choco"ate. Ao you "ove me9B He asked me if I "oved him. AHave you ever been to e,ico9B &he asked me if I had ever been to e,ico. A=re you "iving here9B &he asked me if I was "iving here.
9.# Deported Deuests There%s moreQ What if someone asks )o! to "o something *in a olite wa)+$ irect speech: 3"ose the window p"ease. or: 3ou"d you c"ose the window p"ease9 or: :ou"d you mind c"osing the window p"ease9
4ll of these re>!ests mean the same thing8 so we "on%t nee" to reort ever) wor" when we tell another erson abo!t it. We siml) !se %ask me K to K in'nitive%: Deported speech: &he asked me to c"ose the window. A"ease he"p meB. &he asked me to he"p her. A"ease don1t smokeB. &he asked me not to smoke. A3ou"d you bring my book tonight9B &he asked me to bring her book that night. A3ou"d you pass the mi"k p"ease9B &he asked me to pass the mi"k. A:ou"d you mind coming ear"y tomorrow9B
11
&he asked me to come ear"y the ne,t day.
To reort a negative re>!est8 !se %not%: irect speech: "ease don1t be "ate. Deported speech: &he asked us not to be "ate.
9., Deported 0rders 4n" 'nall)8 how abo!t if someone "oesn%t ask so olitel)$ We can call this an %or"er% in English8 when someone tells )o! ver) "irectl) to "o something. irect speech: &it downC
&n fact8 we make this into reorte" seech in the same wa) as a re>!est. We j!st !se %tell% instea" of %ask%: Deported speech: &he to"d me to sit down.
9.- Time E@pressions with Deported ,peech ometimes when we change "irect seech into reorte" seech we have to change time e=ressions too. We "on%t alwa)s have to "o this8 however. &t "een"s on when we hear" the "irect seech an" when we sa) the reorte" seech. It1s onday. !u"ie says DI1m "eaving todayD. If I te"" someone on onday I say D!u"ie said she was "eaving todayD. If I te"" someone on Tuesday I say D!u"ie said she was "eaving yesterdayD. If I te"" someone on :ednesday I say D!u"ie said she was "eaving on ondayD.
o8 there%s no eas) conversion. Io! reall) have to think abo!t when the "irect seech was sai". Here%s a table of some ossible conversions: now
then ( at that time
to"a)
)ester"a) ( that "a) ( T!es"a) ( the 25th of 7!ne
)ester"a)
the "a) before )ester"a) ( the "a) before ( We"nes"a) ( the ,th of Cecember
last night
the night before8 Th!rs"a) night
last week
the week before ( the revio!s week
tomorrow
to"a) ( the ne=t "a) ( the following "a) ( 6ri"a)
F The in%nitive o" purpose 4 toin'nitive can be !se" to e=ress !rose: iya went to the door to open it.
To pass this test you need to achieve a score of E
12
He took a book with him in order to have something to read on the train. The parties started negotiations so as to reach an agreement as soon as possib"e.
$n order to attract a wider audience we need to rethink our marketing strategy.
The negative is alwa)s in order not K toin'nitive or so as not K toin'nitive: He tiptoed through the ha"" so as not to be heard .
$n order not to lose time we must act at once.
1G $nde%nite Pronouns 4n in"e'nite rono!n "oes not refer to an) seci'c erson8 thing or amo!nt. &t is vag!e an" Mnot "e'niteM. pronoun r a l u g n i ,
another an)bo")( an)one an)thing
meaning
an a""itional or "iFerent erson or thing no matter what erson
no matter what thing
e@ample
That icecream was goo". 0an & have another $ 0an an'one answer this >!estion$ The "octor nee"s to know if )o! have eaten an'thing in the last two ho!rs.
each
ever) one of two or more eole or things8 seen searatel)
Each has his own tho!ghts.
either
one or the other of two eole or things
Co )o! want tea or coFee$ ( & "on%t min". Either is goo" for me.
as m!ch or as man) as nee"e"
Enough is eno!gh.
all eole
We can start the meeting beca!se ever'bod' has arrive".
eno!gh ever)bo" )( ever)one
ever)thin all things g
The) have no ho!se or ossessions. The) lostever'thing in the earth>!ake.
less
a smaller amo!nt
M)ess is moreM *Jies van "er Bohe+
little
a small amo!nt
)ittle is known abo!t his earl) life.
m!ch
a large amo!nt
uch has haene" since we met.
neither
not one an" not the other of two eole or things
& kee telling 7ack an" 7ill b!t neither believes me.
nobo")( noone
no erson
& hone" man) times b!t nobod' answere".
nothing
no single thing8 not an)thing
&f )o! "on%t know the answer it%s
13
best to sa) nothing. an !ni"enti'e" erson
0an one smoke here$ R 4ll the st!"ents arrive" b!t now one is missing.
a "iFerent erson or thing from one alrea") mentione"
ne was tall an" the other was short.
somebo" )( someone
an !nseci'e" or !nknown erson
0learl) somebod' m!r"ere" him. &t was not s!ici"e.
somethin g
an !nseci'e" or !nknown thing
istenQ & j!st hear" something Q What co!l" it be$
one
other
l a r u l P
l a r u l P & r a l u g n i ,
both
two eole or things8 seen together
an)
no matter how m!ch or how man)
7ohn likes coFee b!t not tea. & think both are goo". &s an' left$ 4re an' coming$ The) '=e" the water so wh) is none coming o!t of the ta$ & invite" 've frien"s b!t none have come.
none
not an); no erson or ersons
some
an !nseci'e" >!antit) of something; an !nseci'e" n!mber of eole or things
Here is some. ,ome have arrive".
s!ch
of the t)e alrea") mentione"
He was a foreigner an" he felt that he was treate" as such.
11 5nless I$" not2 We normall) !se unless with resent tenses when we are referring to the f!t!re: Gou won1t get in to see the show if you don1t have reserved seats. B:
!nless you have reserved seats you won1t get in to see the show.
However8 we cannot !se unless in >!estions: :hat wi"" you do if you don1t pass those e,ams9
4n" we cannot !se unless with would to talk abo!t !nreal f!t!re sit!ations: If he weren1t so bad-tempered I wou"d he"p him to get the work done
We cannot !se unless with would have to talk abo!t !nreal sit!ations in the ast either: If you hadn1t had that "ast g"ass of wine this wou"d never have happened.
1( The ,econd Conditional The secon" con"itional !ses the past simple after if8 then %wo!l"% an" the in'nitive: if K ast simle8 ...wo!l" K in'nitive
1#
*We can !se %were% instea" of %was% with %&% an" %he(she(it%. This is mostl) "one in formal writing+.
12.1 5ses 1+ To talk abo!t things in the f!t!re that are robabl) not going to be tr!e. Ca)"reaming. If I won the "ottery I would buy a big house. (I probab"y won1t win the "ottery) &he would travel a"" over the wor"d if she were rich.
2+ To talk abo!t something in the resent that is imossible beca!se it%s not tr!e. Have a look at the e=amles: If I had his number I would call him. (I don1t have his number now so it1s impossib"e for me to ca"" him). If I were you I wouldnt go out with that man.
12.2 How is this diJerent "rom the %rst conditional! This kin" of con"itional sentence is "iFerent from the 'rst con"itional beca!se this is a lot more !nlikel). 6or e=amle *secon" con"itional+: If I had enough money I wou"d buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming poo" (I1m probab"y not going to have this much money it1s 2ust a dream not very rea")
/!t *'rst con"itional+: If I have enough money I1"" buy some new shoes (It1s much more "ike"y that I1"" have enough money to buy some shoes)
1+ hat about & ,hall we We can !se what about to make s!ggestions an" more gen!ine >!estions: :hat about asking Tom9 :hat about the workers9 Have you thought about them9
,hall is fairl) rare in mo"ern English8 artic!larl) in 4merican English. We can !se it to make oFers an" s!ggestions an" to ask for a"vice. &ha"" I open the window9 &ha"" we start the meeting9 :hat dress sha"" I wear9
14 Have & Have got When we are talking abo!t ossession8 relationshis8 illnesses an" characteristics of eole or things we can !se either have or have got. The have got forms are more
1,
common in an informal st)le. Have got has the same meaning as have an" both are !se" as resent tenses. @ote that have got is @T the resent erfect of get. To make >!estions an" negative sentences with have we normall) !se the a!=iliar) verb "o. @ote the wa) in which we form short answers an" >!estion tags with have got an" have: - Have you got a sore throat as we"" as a runny nose9 - @o I haven0t. - ut you0ve got a high temperature haven0t you9 - Ges I have.
- oes this music schoo" have enough pianos9 - @o it doesn0t. - ut you have enough opportunities to practise don0t you9 - @o we don0t.
1> 6or & uring & hile 1,.1 6or The reosition MforM is !se" to e=ress how long something or someone is "oing something. M6orM is !se" to state a erio" of time an" is !s!all) !se" with a no!n(rono!n. I have been riding my bicyc"e or ; hours. The dog has been barking or a "ong time. The tra*c has been bad or the "ast three days.
1,.2 hile The reosition MwhileM is !se" to reresent the length of time an action has been haening. MWhileM is !se" when seaking abo!t 2 actions that are haening at the same time. The length of the action is not imortant. MWhileM is !se" with a s!bject an" a verb. %hile I was p"aying with my dog my sister was doing her homework. %hile we are p"aying cards the radio was p"aying. y mother doesn1t "ike the T. . on while we are eating dinner.
1,.3 uring The reosition M"!ringM is !se" to reresent the length of time of an action that is while the action is haening. MC!ringM is !se" with a no!n(rono!n. I wi"" be rea""y busy during the week. The kids were s"eeping during the party.
1-
The "ights went out during the storm.
1 3egative $n%nitives The negative in'nitive is forme" b) !tting not in front of an) form of the in'nitive. I decided not to go to 'ondon. He asked me not to be "ate. I1d "ike you not to sing so "oud"y. I1d rather not eat meat. I might not come.
15
1B De"erences MThe Passive Voice.M erfect 5ng"ish rammar . Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. Men" or /orrowM 3 @ews. //0. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. M0omarative(s!erlative.M 5ng"ish rammar 5,p"anations. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. Mame8 imilar8 &"entical.M 3ambridge ictionaries 6n"ine. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. M&nterme"iate rammar E=ercise: Wo!l" Bather8 Wo!l" Prefer8 Prefer eakseak.M &peakspeak . Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. MPresent Perfect Tense.M y 5ng"ish rammar . Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. MJ!ch Jan) ot 6ew.M rammar . Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. Mo an" @either.M 5ceng"ish. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. Walter8 EliSabeth. 3ambridge =dvanced 'earner1s ictionary . 3r" e". 0ambri"ge etc.: 0ambri"ge DP8 2A1A. Print. MBeorte" eech.M erfect 5ng"ish rammar . Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. MThe &n'nitive of P!rose.M rammaring. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. M&n"e'nite Prono!ns.M 5ng"ish 3"ub. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. MDnless.M 3 @ews. //0. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. MThe econ" 0on"itional.M erfect 5ng"ish rammar . Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. MWhat 4bo!t.M 5ng"ish rammar 'essons. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. Mhall.M 5ng"ish rammar 'essons. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. MHave an" Have ot.M 3 @ews. //0. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. M6or vs. C!ring vs. While vs. Preositions.M 5ng"ish The 5asy :ay . Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,. M&n'nitive.M 5du+nd. Web. 5 6eb. 2A1,.
19
