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Lokin Jr v Comelec Full and
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Republic of the Philippines SUPREME COURT Manila
United States v. Perkins, 116 U.S.
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othe%0ise@( b& fi8in/ a iffe%ent sala%& fo% associate
EN BANC G.R. No. L-!"#
Perfecto v Meer 85 Phil 552
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$eb%ua%& '( )*+,
GREGORIO PERFECTO, plaintiff-appellee, vs. BIBIANO MEER, Collector of Internal Revenue, efenant-appellant. $i%st Assistant Solicito% Gene%al Robe%to A. Gianon an Solicito% $%ancisco Ca%%eon fo% opposito% an appellant. G%e/o%io Pe%fecto in his o0n behalf.
A note foun at pa/e +!" of 5olu7e )) of the A7e%ican La0 Repo%ts ans0e% affi%7ati5e. 4t sa&s3
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he%e the Constitution of a state p%o5ies that the sala%ies of its Re Ta8ation of )!) N. C. 9*( " S. E. *',> Co7. e8. %el. epbu%n 5. Mann :)#"!; + atts D S cont%a%& the ea%lie% an 7uch c%iticie case of No%thu7be%lan count& 5. Ch '!F
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Lokin Jr v Comelec Full and
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the7( 0hich 0as f%ee f%o7 e5e%& influence( i%ect an ini%ect( that 7i/ht b& possibilit& in ti7es of political e8cite7ent 0a%p thei%
United States v. Perkins, 116 U.S.
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At a late% pe%io 2ohn Ma%shall( 0hose %ich e8pe%ience as la0&e%( le/islato%( a to speaH as no one else coul( te%sel& sai :ebates ?a. Gon5. )#*-)#!)( pp a%e the balance 0heel of ou% 0hole constitutional s&ste7> an ou% is the onl& balance an cont%olle. Othe% constitutional s&ste7s lacHs co7plete poise a because the& lacH the suppo%t an inte%p%etation of autho%itati5e( unisputab be&on all nee of e8position that fo% the efinite 7aintenance of constitutio inispensable( aliHe fo% the p%ese%5ation of the libe%t& of the ini5iual an fo inte/%it& of the po0e%s of the /o5e%n7ent( that the%e shoul be so7e nonpo une%stanin/s can be i7pa%tiall& ebate an ete%7ine. That fo%u7 ou% c ini5iual 7a& asse%t his %i/hts> the%e the /o5e%n7ent 7ust accept efinition ini5iual 7a& challen/e the le/alit& of /o5e%n7ental action an ha5e it a the%e the / too a//%essi5e self-asse%tion of the ini5iual an establish its po0e% upon li co7p%ehen an hee. The constitutional po0e%s of the cou%ts constitute the of ini5iual p%i5ile/e an of /o5e%n7ental p%e%o/ati5e. 4t is in this s ense tha
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Lokin Jr v Comelec Full and
1
of 8
United States v. Perkins, 116 U.S.
Notice of removal odell
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But it is u%/e that 0hat plaintiff 0as 7ae to pa& bacH 0as an inco7e ta8( an that a liHe ta8 0as e8acte of othe%s en/a/e in p%i5ate e7plo&7ent.
fello0 citiens the 7ate%ial bu%en of the /o5e%n7ent 0hose Constitution an 0ith a7iniste%in/. :OJMalle& 5s. oo%ou/h( +* S. Ct. #!#( A. L. R. )!'*.;
4f the ta8 in %espect of his co7pensation be p%ohibite( it can fin no
No0( the case fo% the efenant-appellant Collecto% of 4nte%nal Re5enue is p% ecision :Note A;. e clai7s it hols @that fee%al
The p%ohibition is /ene%al( contains no e8ceptin/ 0o%s( an appea%s to be i%ecte a/ainst all i7inution( 0hethe% fo% one pu%pose o% anothe%> an the %eason fo% its aoption( as publicl& assi/ne at the ti7e an co77onl& accepte e5e% since( 7aHe 0ith i7pellin/ fo%ce fo% the conclusion that the fathe%s of the Constitution intene to p%ohibit i7inution b& ta8ation as 0ell as othe%0ise( that the& %e/a%e the inepenence of the E5ans 5s. Go%e( sup%a.;
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). 4t oes not enti%el& o5e%tu%n Miles 5s. G%aha7. @To the e8tent that 0hat the inconsistent 0ith 0hat sai in Miles 5s. G%aha7( the latte% can not su%5i5e@( 2u announce.
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. 4t oes not e8p%essl& touch no% a7en the oct%ine in E5ans 5s( Go%e( Con/%essional Act in ispute a5oie in pa%t the conse6uences of that case.
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Lokin Jr v Comelec Full and
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une%l&in/ influence an the unutte%e %eason has no 5aliit& in this
United States v. Perkins, 116 U.S.
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The 6uestion of 0hethe% o% not the sala%ies of
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Lokin Jr v Comelec Full and
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upon a pe%7anent founation 0he%eb&
United States v. Perkins, 116 U.S.
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Co77ission on Elections( the Auito% Gene%al( an the P%esient of the ta8ation( 7i/ht ha5e been %aise b& an& inte%este pa%t& othe% than a
The 6uestion is si7ple an not ifficult of solution. e shall state ou% opinion
The fi%st inco7e ta8 la0 of the Philippines 0as Act No. #!!( 0hich 0as app% taHe effect on 2anua%& )( )*,. Section ) :a; of sai Act p%o5ie3
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The%e shall be le5ie( assesse( collecte( an pai annuall& upon the enti%e n p%ecein/ calena% &ea% f%o7 all sou%ces b& e5e%& ini5iual( a citien o% %esi 4slans( a ta8 of t0o pe% centu7 upon such inco7e. . . . :E7phasis ou%s.;
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Section :a; of sai Act p%o5ie3
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Lokin Jr v Comelec Full and
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Section of A%ticle ?4 of the Constitution p%o5ies that all la0s of the Philippine 4slans shall %e7ain ope%ati5e( unless inconsistent 0ith this Constitution( until a7ene( alte%e( 7oifie. o% %epeale b& the Con/%ess of the Philippines.
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4n %esol5in/ the 6uestion at ba%( 0e 7ust taHe into consie%ation the follo0in/ 0ell-settle %ules3
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@A constitution shall be hel to be p%epa%e an aopte in %efe%ence to e8istin/ statuto%& la0s( upon the p%o5isions of 0hich in etail it 7ust epen to be set in p%actical ope%ation@ :People 5s. Potte%( "' N. =. !'+> People 5s. I%ape%( )+ N. =. +!'> Cass 5s. Iillon( Ohio St. 9,'> People 5s. N. =.( + en. :N. =. ;. :Ba%%& 5s. T%au8( ! A. D E. Ann. Cas )*)( )*!.;. Cou%ts a%e boun to p%esu7e that the people aoptin/ a constitution a%e fa7ilia% 0ith the p%e5ious an e8istin/ la0s upon the sub '" A7. Iec. +'> State 5s. Mace( + M. !!'> Banel 5s. 4saac( )! M. ,> Manl& 5s. State( ' M. )!+> a7ilton 5s. St. Louis Count&
United States v. Perkins, 116 U.S.
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the Chief 2ustice of the Sup%e7e Cou%t shall %ecei5e an annual co7pensation associate 2ustice( P)+(,,,.@ 4t is plain that the Constitution autho%ies the Con anothe% %ate of co7pensation( but that such %ate 7ust be hi/he% than that he ti7e of its enact7ent o%( if lo0e%( it 7ust not affect those
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4t 0oul be a st%aine an un%easonable const%uction of the p%ohibition a/ain it an e8e7ption f%o7 ta8ation. The%e is no that ta8es a%e the 5e%& bloo that sustains the life of the Go5e%n sha%e the bu%en of ta8ation e6uitabl&( the Constitution e8p%essl& p%o5ies th shall be unifo%7.@ :Section )F( A%ticle ?4.; e thinH it 0oul be a cont%a5e
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Lokin Jr v Comelec Full and
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hen the A7e%ican Constitution 0as f%a7e an aopte( the%e 0as no inco7e ta8 la0 in the Unite States. To this ci%cu7stance 7a& be att%ibute the clai7 7ae b& so7e fee%al
United States v. Perkins, 116 U.S.
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fo% the P%esient( he has ne5e% %aise the issue> e5e%& occupant of the hite his inco7e ta8 0ithout p%otest. :Pa/es !')-!'.;
e e7phasie that the oct%ine of E5ans 5s. Go%e an Miles 5s. G%aha7 is all Unite States fo% afte% the sub7ission of OJMalle& 5s. oo%o Con/%ess of the Unite States( b& section ! of the Public Sala%& Act of )* the Re5enue Act of 2une 9( )* !( so as to 7aHe it applicable to @
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Ou% collea/ues i7po%t an t%ansplant he%e the ea li7bs of E5ans 5s. Go%e atte7pt to %e5i5e an nu%tu%e the7 0ith painstaHin/ anal&ses an ia/noses a fatal blo0 f%o7 OJMalle& 5s. oo%ou/h. e %efuse to
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Lokin Jr v Comelec Full and
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United States v. Perkins, 116 U.S.
Notice of removal odell
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ea%ne%s 0oul in an& 0a& affect thei% inepenence. Ou% o0n e8pe%ience since the inco7e ta8 la0 0ent effect in )*, is the best %efutation of such assu7ption. The 7a
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