SKEMA JAWAPAN- MIKROEKONOMI 2011 BAHAGIAN A
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
A C B B B
11 12 13 14 15
A C A C D
B B D A C
16 17 18 19 20
C B B B A
21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
D A D D C
B A B D C
BAHAGIAN B
Soalan 1 Huraikan dengan ringkas tiga cirri sistem ekonomi Islam. Ciri-ciri; 1
Penentuan harga
2
Pemilikan faktor pengeluaran
3
Tujuan pengeluaran
4
Membuat keputusan
5
Kebebasan memilih
6
Persaingan
-Mana-mana 3 fakta x 2 = 6m Fakta = 1/2m Huraian = 1
1/2m
Soalan 2 Dengan menggunakan gambar rajah, terangkan kesan terhadap keseimbangan pasaran jus kurma apabila, a) Citarasa pengguna terhadap jus kurma meningkat. Harga(RM)
D
D1
P1
E1
P
Rajah.[1]
E
- Huraian kesimbangan asal [1]
-Apabila citarasa pengguna meningkat, DD
S 0
[3]
Bertambah, keluk DD beralih ke D1D1. [ ½ ] Q Q1
Kuantiti(unit)
-Hrg dan ktti keseimbangan baru.
[½ ]
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b) Kos mengimport kurma meningkat. Harga(RM)
[3]
S1
P1
E1
S
P
E
-Rajah [1] -Harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan asal. [1] -Bila kos mengimport mengimport meningkat, kos pengeluaran
Q 1
Q
meningkat, keluk SS beralih ke S1S1.[ ½ ] -Harga keseimbangan baru ke P 1 dan kuantiti ke Q 1. [½]
Soalan3 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan harga barang X, kuantiti diminta barang Y dan kuantiti diminta barang Z.
Harga barang X(RM) 10 20
Kuantiti diminta barang Y(unit) 10 5
Kuantiti diminta barang Z(unit) 10 20
Berdasarkan konsep keanjalan silang, jelaskan hubungan antara, (Jawapan) a)
Barang X dengan barang Y. [3] -
Keanjalan permintaan silang = 0.5 (1)
-
Nilai keanjalan negative.(1)
-
Hubungan barang X dengan barang Y –barang penggenap
b)
Barang X dengan barang Z. -
[3]
Keanjalan permintaan silang =1.(1)
-
Nilai keanjalan ialah positif.(1)
-
Hubungan barang X deang barang Z ialah barang pengganti.(1)
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Jawapan i)
Nilai EY < 0 atau negatif, menunjukkankuantiti diminta jatuh bila tingkat pendapatan naik atau sebaliknya. Barang bawahan – beras.
ii)
Nilai EY sifar (EY = 0) menunjukkan kuantiti tidak berubah walaupun pendapatan naik atau turun. Barang mestigaram.
iii)
Nilai EY positif (0
iv)
Nilai EY = 1 menunjukkan peratus pertambahan kuantiti diminta adalah sama dengan peratus pertambahan pendapatan. Barang normal – pakaian.
v)
Nilai EY lebih dari satu tetapi kurang dari infiniti (1
Barang mewah- kereta mewah. Mana-mana 3 fakta dan huraian. 3 x 2m =6m.
Soalan 5 – Dengan bantuan gambar rajah, terangkan t erangkan dua factor yang menyebabkan peralihan keluk kos purata jangka panjang(LAC). [6] Jawapan. Hasil/kos(RM)
LAC1
LACo
LAC2
-
Rajah. (2)
-
Dua faktor;
-
i) Ekonomi bidangan luaran Contoh ekonomi bidangan luaran. (1)
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Kos pengeluaran jangka panjang akan meningkat, keluk LAC bergerak ke atas dari LACo ke LAC 1.(1)
Soalan 6. Terangkan perbezaan ciri antara pasaran persaingan sempurna dengan pasaran persingan bermonopoli.(6) Jawapan. Perbezaan dari segi; i)
Jenis keluaran – PPS barang homogen. - PPBM barang yang mempunyai pengganti hampir.(2)
ii)
Bilangan firma – PPS bilangan firma terlalu banyak. - PPBM bilangan firma banyak tetapi tidak sebanyak PPS.(2)
iii)
Kebebesan keluar masuk – PPS bebas keluar masuk - PPBM mempunyai sedikit halangan.(2)
Soalan 7. Terangkan tiga factor yang mewujudkan monopoli.(6) Jawapan. 1
Wujud ekonomi bidangan- firma dapat jual harga murah, firma baru tidak dapat masuk bersaing dalam pasaran.
2
Halangan undang-undang.
3
Pemilikan faktor pengeluaran semulajadi.
4
Halangan kewangan dalam tingkat teknologi. Fakta = ½ m Huraian = 1 ½ m.
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Soalan 8. a)
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan subsidi.[2] Jawapan. -
Subsidi – pemberian kerajaan kepada pengeluar/penjual.
-
Tujuan mengurangkan kos pengeluaran.
-
Harga rendah dari pasaran.(2)
b)
Dengan menggunakan gambar rajah, terangkan faedah subsidi yang dinikmakti sepenuhnya oleh pengeluar.[4] Jawapan. Ada dua keadaan. 1)
So
Harga(RM)
D0
P2
E2
Po
Eo
- Keluk SS tidak anjal sempurna/faedah sepenuh oleh Pengeluar.(1). Keseimbangan asal Eo, harga Po dan Kuantiti Qo.( ½ ). Subsidi diberi PoP 2, tidak mengubah
0
Qo
Kuantiti kuantiti SS pasaran. Harga tetap di Po, kuantiti Qo. (½ )
2) Harga(RM) So
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DoDo=SoSo pada harga Po dan Qo.(1) Qo
Q 1 Kuantiti
Jawapan Bahagian C
Soalan 9 Huraikan bagaimana siatem ekonomi pasaran bebas memperuntukkan sumber dari segi; i)
Penggunaan sumber.[3] Dalam SE Bebas, mekanisma harga penting dalam peruntukkan sumber. Penggunaan sumber – pihak firma bermotifkan keuntungan yang maksimum dengan kos yang paling minimum. Firma pilih sumber murah utk mengurangkan kos pengeluaran. Sumber digunakan secara cekap, keuntungan maksimum akan diperolehi.
ii)
Pengeluaran barang dengan menggunakan sumber yang ada,[4] Mekanisme harga – firma akan menetukan apa dan berapa banyak barang dihasilkan. Kuasa DD dipasaran menunjukkan pilihan pengguna. Jika permintaan meningkat, firma akan menghasilkan barang tersebut, kerana firma mementingkan keuntungan. Mekanisme pasaran, kuasa DD dan SS akan menentukan tingkat harga dan kuantiti barang tersebut. Contoh bila permintaan ayam naik, harga ayam akan naik, maka lebih banyak ayam akan ditawarkan oleh firma.
iii)
Pengagihan barang tersebut kepada pemilik sumber.[3] Barang yang dihasilkan diagihkan kepada pemilik sumber berdasarkan keupayaan membayar.
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Soalan 10 Terangkan keseimbangan pasaran buruh jika; i)
Umur persaraan dipendekkan kepada 50 tahun.[3]
Upah(RM)
D S1
U1
So
E1
Uo
- Rajah (1) - Keseimbangan dipasaran buruh di titik E.
E
- DD = SS, upah keseimbangan Uo dan kuantiti buruh di Qo.(1) - Umur bersara dipendekka, jumlah penawaran berkurang, keluk SS buruh beralih ke S1S1.(1)
-Keseimbangan baru di E1 dan upah di U 1, Q 1 ii)
Qo Buruh
kuantiti buruh di Q1.(1)
Lebih banyak institusi kemahiran dibina.(3)
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Upah(RM)
D
U1
S1 E1
Uo
S
- Rajah (1)
E
- Keseimbangan asal E, upah Uo dan kuantiti buruh Qo.(1) - Jumlah buruh berkurangan keluk SS beralih ke S1S1.(1) - Kesannya keseimbangan baru E 1, upah U1 dan
Q 1
Qo
Buruh
kuantiti buruh Q 1.(1)
Soalan 11 Dengan menggunakan gambar gambar rajah, jelaskan kesan ke atas perkara berikut apabila apabila firma pasaran sempurna bertukar menjadi monopoli dalam jangka panjang. [10] Jawapan MC AC P2
A
P1
B
Po
Eo E1
MR=AR AR
MR
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a)
Bagaimanakah Kestan Sekerja dapat menntt upah yang lebih tinggi melalui program peningkatan daya pengeluaran sut buruh?[5]
b) Jelaskan mengapa kaedah tersebut dianggap sebagai kaedah terbaik berbanding dengan cara-cara lain yang boleh dilakukan oelh Kesatuan Sekerja.[5]
Jawapan. a) Harga(RM)
So
W1
E1
Wo
Eo D1 = MRP1 Do =MRPo Lo
L1
-
Rajah(1)
-
Daya pengeluaran sut buruh meningkat melalui latihan dan pengkhususan kerja.
-
Kesannya kecekapan buruh bertambah maka keluk Do(MRPo) bergerak keatas D 1D1(MRP1).
-
Seterusnya upah meningkat dari Wo ke W1 dan buruh bertambah dari Lo ke L 1.(1)
-
Ini bermakna daya pengeluaran sut buruh berjaya menaikkan tingkat upah dan penggunaan
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a)
QDA = QSA 160 – 4P = 40 + 4P 120 = 8P 15 = P Harga keseimbangan ialah RM15 dan kuantiti keseimbangan ialah 100 unit.(2)
b) I - Fungsi penawaran barang A yang yang baru, QSA = 40 + 4P = 40 + 4(P – 2) = 40 + 4P – 8 QSA1 = 32 + 4P. (1m) ii)
QDA = QSA1 160 – 4P = 32 + 4P 128 = 8P 16 = P Qd = 160 + 4P = 160 + 4(16) = 96 unit. Harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan ialah RM 16 dan kuantiti 96 unit.(2m)
iii) Jumlah hasil cukai kerajaan ialah RM 2 x 96 = RM 192. (2m) iv) Lebihan pengguna asal = ½ (40 (40 – 15)(100) = RM 1250. (1m) Lebihan pengguna selepas cukai. = ½ (40 – 16)(96)
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b) i) Harga baru bagi pasaran P2 150% x RM 10.00 = RM 15. (1m) ii) % perubahan Qx = 0.40 50% % perubahan Qx = 20% 20% x 15 unit = 3 unit.(1m) Kuantiti diminta baru ialah 15 – 3 = 12 unit. Oleh itu kuantiti diminta menurun menurun sebanyak 20% atau 3 unit.(1m) iii)
Jumlah hasil baru Pasaran P1 : RM 5 x 100 unit = RM 500 Pasaran P2 : RM 15 x 12 unit
= RM 180
Jumlah hasil : RM 500 + RM 180 = RM 680, iaitu meningkat sebanyak RM 30.00.(1m) c)
Jumlah hasil pasaran baru P 1 RM 7.50 x (100 – 0.5) RM 7.50 x 99.5 unit = RM 746.25 (1m) Jumlah hasil hasil pasaran P2 (pada (pada harga asal di (a) = RM 150.00 Jumlah hasil firma keseluruhan = RM 746.25 + RM 150.00 = RM 896.25. (1m)
Soalan 15
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Pp
Syarat 2
PQ
: (Pp x ktP ) + ( PQ x ktQ) = Pendapatan ( RM RM 4 x 4 unit) + (RM8 x 2 unit) = RM 52.(1m)
-
Pengguna memaksimakan kepuasan apabila menggunakan 4 unit barang P dan 2 unit barang Q. (1m)
d) Syarat 1
: UMP = UMQ = 0.5 Pp
Syarat 2
= PQ
: ( Pp x ktP) + (PQ x ktQ) = 64 4(6) + 8(5) = 64
Pengguna memaksimakan kepuasan dengan menggunakan 6 unit barang P dan 5 unit barang Q.(1m)
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Paksi X = ½ m Paksi Y = ½ m Keluk TP = 1m Keluk AP = 1m Keluk MP = 1m d)
Pilihan 1
TR = RM 1.00 x 3000 kg = RM 3 000 TC = RM 6 000 x 1 unit buruh = RM 6 000 Rugi = RM 3 000. (2m) (2m)
Pilihan 2 TR = RM 3 000 TC = RM 6 000 x 0.4 = RM 2 400 Untung = RM 600. (2m) Pilihan 3 TR = RM 3 000 TC = RM 6 000 x 0.5 = RM 3 000
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