FIRST DIVISION [G.R. No. 85043. June 16, 1992.] THE EO!E OF THE HI!IINES, Plaintiff-Appellee HI!IINES, Plaintiff-Appellee,, ". G!ENN H#TTON, DefendantH#TTON, Defendant Appellant .
:. ID.; ID.; IDENTIFICATION OF THE ACCUSED; POLICE LINE7UP+ NOT ESSENTIAL THERETO. — I# Pe('e /. La#era$+ E! A.+ G.R. N(. <11+ J,#e 1+ 11+ We "e !"a!? T"ere &$ #( a re4,&r&#* a '(&%e &#e7,' a$ e$$e#!&a !( a 'r('er &e#!&)&%a!&(# Pe('e /. E$'&r&!,+ G.R. N(. <=8 + N(/e36er N(/e36er :+ 1. T",$+ T",$+ e/e# &) !"ere a$ #( '(&%e &#e7,'+ !"ere %(, $!& 6e 'r('er &e#!&)&%a!&(# a$ (#* a$ $,%" &e#!&)&%a!&(# a$ a$ #(! $,**e$!e !( !"e &!#e$$e$ 65 !"e '(&%e.? T"e 'r($e%,!&(# !"r(,*" !"r(,*" &!#e$$ O#*,e+ 3ae &! a''ear !"a! !"e a!!er &e#!&)&e !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! &# a '(&%e & #e7,'. T"e e!a&$ "(e/er+ $"(e (!"er&$e.
T$e So%&'&(o) Gene)*% +o) Plaintiff-Appellee +o) Plaintiff-Appellee.. enn- H. T*n(u&'o, u*/$*, #/e)&%%*, #n'$e(*, e* No%*/'o !* O++&'e, +o) Defendant+o) Defendant Appellant .
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1. REMEDIAL LAW; CRIMINAL PROCEDURE; TRIAL; A JUDGE MAY PROPERLY INTERVENE THEREIN TO PROMOTE EXPEDITION AND AVOID UNNECESSARY WASTE OF TIME OF TO CLEAR SOME OBSCURITY; CASE AT AT BAR. — We rea !"e !ra#$%r&'! () $!e#(*ra'"&% #(!e$ a# &#ee+ &! &$ !r,e !"a! !"e - ,*e a$ (/er0ea(,$ &# %(#!r(&#* !"e %(#,%! () !"e "ear&#*. He a$2e 3(re 4,e$!&(#$ !"a# & %(,#$e () !"e a%%,$e (r !"e )&$%a. I! &$ %(#%ee !"(,*" !"a! !"e !r&a -,*e & #(! 3a#&)e$! a#5 6&a$ &# )a/(r () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &# a$2&#* !"e &!#e$$e$ )(r !"e 'r($e%,!&(# #(r a#5 "($!&&!5 (r 3a&%e a*a&#$! ! "e e)e#$e &!#e$$e$. We #(!e a$( !"a! !"e 4,e$!&(#$ a$2e 65 !"e %(,r! ere %ar&)&%a!(r5 4,e$!&(#$ a&3e !( 'a&#! a %earer '&%!,re () "a! a$ !e$!&)&e !( 65 !"e &!#e$$e$. A$ e "e & # Pe('e /. I6a$a#+ Sr.+ G.R. N(. L78189:+ J,#e ::+ 1<=; 1: SCRA 89> 89> ?. . . I! &$ #(! e#&e !"a! !"e %(,r! "a a! %er!a&# '(&#!$ %(#,%!e &!$ (# 4,e$!&(#&#* ,r&#* !"e 'r(%ee&#*$. T"e re%(r$+ "(e/er+ $"( !"a! !"e %(,r!@$ 4,e$!&(#$ & #(! a3(,#! !( &#!er)ere#%e a$ !( 3a2e !"e %a$e )(r !"e 'r($e%,!&(# a# e'r&/e !"e a%%,$e () !"e&r e)e#$e. T"e 4,e$!&(#$ () !"e -,*e are$$e !( !"e &!#e$$e$ a# !"e a%%,$e ere 3ere5 !( %ar&)5 %er!a&# '(&#!$ a# %(#)&r3 %er!a&# $!a!e3e#!$. T"e #,36er () !&3e$ ! "a! a -,*e &#!er/e#e$ &$ #(! #e%e$$ar&5 a# &#&%a!&(# () 6&a$. I! %a##(! 6e !a2e# a*a&#$! a -,*e &) !"e %ar&)&%a!(r5 4,e$!&(#$ "e 'r('(,#$ "a''e# !( re/ea %er!a&# !r,!"$ "&%" !e# !( e$!r(5 !"e !"e(r5 () (#e 'ar!5. ?A$ "e &# !"e %a$e () Ve#!,ra Ve#!,ra /. Ya!%( Ya!%( 19 P"&. :< J,*e$ are #(! 3ere re)eree$ &2e !"($e () a 6(&#* 6(,!+ (#5 !( a!%" a# e%&e e%&e !"e re$,!$ () a *a3e; !"e5 $"(, "a/e a$ 3,%" &#!ere$! &#!ere$! a$ %(,#$e &# !"e (rer5 a# e'e&!&(,$ 're$e#!a!&(# () e/&e#%e+ %a&#* a!!e#!&(# () %(,#$e !( '(&#!$ a! &$$,e !"a! are (/er((2e+ &re%!&#* !"e3 !( a$2 4,e$!&(#$ !"a! (, e&%&! !"e )a%!$ (# !"e &$$,e$ &#/(/e+ %ar&)5&#* a36&*,(,$ re3ar2$ 65 &!#e$$e$+ e!%.@ ?A -,*e 3a5 'r('er5 &#!er/e#e & # !"e !r&a () a %a$e !( 'r(3(!e e'e&!&(# a# a/(& ,##e%e$$ar5 a$!e () !&3e (r !( %ear ,' $(3e (6$%,r&!5 Pe('e /. Ca!&#&"a#+ SCRA 18; Par. 1= Ca#(#$ () J,&%&a E !"&%$; A3&#&$!ra!&/e Orer N(. 18: a!e A,*,$! 1+ 1=8+ =: O.G. 1<. I# !"&$ re$'e%!+ !"e re%(r $"($ #( &rre*,ar&!5 &# !"e %(#,%! () !"e !r&a -,*e.?%raa -,*e.? %raa /&r!,a1a &6rar5
. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID; REGULARITY THEREON MAY BE DOUBTED WHERE THE INFLUENCE OF IMPROPER MOTIVE IS STRONG; CASE AT BAR. BAR. — T"ere & $ e/er5 rea$(# !( (,6! !"e re*,ar&!5 () !"e &e#!&)&%a!&(# 65 O#*,e () !"e Accused-Appel Accused-Appellant lant . Fr(3 "&$ !e$!&3(#5+ &! &$ %ear !"a! "e & #(! '($&!&/e 5 &e#!&)5 !"e Accused-App !"e Accused-Appellant ellant . A! !"e !&3e () !"e &#%&e#! "e 3ae a /er5 )ee!&#* *a#%e (# !"e 'er$(# "( $!a66e !"e /&%!&3. A! !"a! 3(3e#!+ "e "a !"e &3're$$&(# !"a! !"e a$$a&a#! a$ a 3e$!&0(. D,r&#* !"e 'r(%ee&#*$ &# !"e '(&%e $!a!&(# "ere "e a$ $,''($e !( &e#!&)5 !"e a$$a&a#!+ "e &e#!&)&e !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ a e*e5 !"e 'er$(# "( $!a66e !"e e%ea$e+ #(! 6e%a,$e "e a$ %er!a&# !"a! !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ rea5 !"e a$$a&a#! 6,! 6e%a,$e "e a$ !"e (#5 3e$!&0( &# !"e $!a!&(# a# 6e%a,$e "e a$ '(&#!e !( !"e '(&%e3e# a$ !"e&r $,$'e%!. T"e )a%! &$ !"a! !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ #(! &e#!&)&e &e#!&)&e &# a '(&%e &#e7 ,'. He a$ '(&#!e !( 65 !"e '(&%e a$ !"e&r $,$'e%!. He 6e&#* !"e (#5 3e$!&0( &# !"e $!a!&(#+ O#*,e '(&#!e !( "&3 a$ ?!"e 3a#.? Fr(3 a &#&%a!&(#$+ !"e & e#!&)&%a!&(# () a%%,$e7a''ea#! 65 O#*,e a$ $,**e$!e 65 !"e '(&%e a# !"&$ &$ (6-e%!&(#a6e. =. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID; NOT BEING A PART OF CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION+ ACCUSED CANNOT INVOLVE INVOLVE HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL. — T"e (%!r&#e e#,#%&a!e &# !"e %a$e () U.S. /. Wae Wae << U.S. :1<; 1< L e. : 11=+ < S C!. 1:8. &$ !"a! ! "e 're$e#%e () %(,#$e &$ &#&$'e#$a6e &# a '($!7&#&%!3e#! &#e7,'. I# !"a! %a$e+ !"e a%%,$e "a area5 6ee# arre$!e a# a a5er area5 a''(&#!e !( re're$e#! "&3. I! a$ )&)!ee# a5$ a)!er "&$ arre$! a# !"e a''(&#!3e#! () a a5er !( re're$e#! "&3 "e# "e a$ 're$e#!e &# a '(&%e &#e7,' !( 6e &e#!&)&e 65 !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$. T"ere a$ #( (,6! (,6! !"a! Wae &# !"a! !"a! %a$e a$ area5 ,#er %,$!(&a &#/e$!&*a!&(# "ere "&$ r&*"! !( %(,#$e area5 a!!a%"e. ?S&#%e &! a''ear$ !"a! !"ere &$ *ra/e '(!e#!&a )(r 're-,&%e+ &#!e#!&(#a (r #(!+ &# !"e 're7!r&a &#e,'+ &#e,'+ "&%" 3a5 #(! 6e %a'a6e () re%(#$!r,%!&(# a! !r&a+ a# $&#%e 're$e#%e () %(,#$e &!$e) %a# ()!e# a/er! 're-,&%e a# a$$,re a 3ea#&#*), %(#)r(#!a!&(# a! !r&a+ !"ere %a# 6e &!!e (,6! !"a! )(r Wae !"e '($!7&#&%!3e#! &#e,' a$ a %r&!&%a $!a*e () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# a! "&%" "e a$ a$ 3,%" e#!&!e !( $,%" a& () %(,#$e . . . a$ a! !"e !r&a &!$e).@? U#&!e S!a!e$ S,'re3e C(,r! Re'(r!$+ La5er E&!&(#+ /(. 1<+ '. 118. I# !"e &#$!a#! %a$e+ Ha!!(# a$ 6r(,*"! !( !"e '(&%e $!a!& (# (#5 !( 6e &e#!&)&e+ 65 a &!#e$$ !( !"e 2&&#* () A*ar3e. Te%"#&%a5+ "e a$ #(! 5e! ,#er %,$!(&a &#/e$!&*a!&(#. ? T"e r&*"! !( %(,#$e a!!a%"e$ ,'(# !"e $!ar! () a# &#/e$!&*a!&(#+ &.e.+ "e# !"e &#/e$!&*a!&#* ())&%er $!ar!$ !( a$2 4,e$!&(#$ !( e&%&! & #)(r3a!&(# a#(r %(#)e$$&(#$ (r a3&$$&(#$ )r(3 ! "e re$'(#e#!a%%,$e. A! $,%" '(&#! (r $!a*e+ !"e 'er$(# 6e&#* &#!err(*a!e 3,$! 6e a$$&$!e 65 %(,#$e !( a/(& !"e 'er#&%&(,$ 'ra%!&%e () e!(r!&#* )a$e (r %(er%e a3&$$&(#$ (r %(#)e$$&(#$ )r(3 !"e &'$ () !"e 'er$(# ,#er*(&#* &#!err(*a!&(#+ )(r !"e %(33&$$&(# () a# ())e#$e.?%raa ())e#$e.?%raa /&r!,a1a &6rar5
9. ID.; ID.; ID.; FAILURE TO MENTION THEREOF IN THE SWORN7STATEMENT+ AND IN COURT; MAY BE FATAL TO THE PROSECUTION. — T"&r+ !"e (!"er 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$ "( &e#!&)&e !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ !"e 2#&)e &eer a$ R(3e( Ba$&er!(. He %a&3e &# "&$ !e$!&3(#5 !"a! a! !"e !&3e !"e /&%!&3 a$ $!a66e+ "e & #(! a! (#%e re%(*#&0e "&3. H(e/er+ "e# "e %"a$e "&3+ "e re%(*#&0e !"e 3a# a$ !"e "ere&# a%%,$e7a''ea#! "e# !"e a!!er !,r#e "&$ )a%e !(ar$ Ba$&er!( 6e)(re "e ae*e5 e#!ere !"e "(,$e () N(#(#* Ha!!(#. He 2#e !"e a%%,$e a''ea#! 6e%a,$e !"e5 ere 6(!" re$& e#!$ () Ca!ar3a#. H(e/er+ a$ !"e e)e#$e %(,#$e '(&#!e (,! &# !"e %r($$7ea3&#a!&(#+ Ba$&er!( #e/er 3e#!&(#e !"e #a3e () !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! &# !"e $(r# $!a!e3e#! "e ee%,!e (# !"e :# () Se'!e36er 1<8. I# )a%!+ "e %a!e*(r&%a5 $!a!e !"a! "e & #(! re%(*#&0e !"e 3a# "( $!a66e A*ar3e. W"&e a# a))&a/&! 6e&#* !a2e# e 'ar!e &$ a3($! &#%(3'e!e a# ()!e# &#a%%,ra!e Pe('e /. A/a#0a(+ 19< SCRA =: !"e a))&a#! Ba$&er!( %(, #(! "a/e (3&!!e !"e &e#!&!5 () a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ !"e 2#&)e7&eer &) &! ere ! r,e !"a! "e a$ a6e !( &e#!&)5 "&3 a! !"a! !&3e "e *a/e %"a$e. T"e 3a!!er () !"e &e#!&! 5 () !"e 2#&)e7&eer %(, #(! "a/e 6ee# (3&!!e 65 "&3 %(#$&er&#* &!$ &3'(r!a#%e &# !"e re$(,!&(# () !"e ea!" () "&$ )r&e#. W"&e Ba$&er!(@$ (!"er %(3'a#&(#$ 6r(,*"! !"e /&%!&3 !( ! "e "($'&!a+ "e ae*e5 e#! !( !"e '(&%e $!a!&(# ! ( re'(r! !"e &#%&e#!. T"e '(&%e (# ,!5+ A)re( N(%"a+ "(e/er+ !e$!&)&e !"a! !"ere a$ #( e#!r5 & # !"e '(&%e 6(!!er re*ar&#* !"e ea!" () A*ar3e &# !"e e/e#&#* () A,*,$! :+ 1<8. T"ere a$ a# e#!r5 &# !"e '(&%e 6(!!er (# A,*,$! + 1<8 !"a! a! <>1 &# !"e 3(r#&#*+ a %er!a&# V&%e#!e R(-a$ re'(r!e !"e $!a66&#* () A*ar3e 65 a# ,#&e#!&)&e 3a#. M(re &3'(r!a#!5+ !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ #(! '($&!&/e5 &e#!&)&e &# %(,r!. Tr,e+ "&$ #a3e a$ re)erre !( 65 6(!" Ba$&er!( a# O#*,e &# !"e&r re$'e%!&/e &re%! !e$!&3(#&e$. H(e/er+ "e a$ #(! &e#!&)&e &# C(,r!. T"e )a&,re () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$ !( '($&!&/e5 &e#!&)5 !"e a$$ a&a#! &# %(,r! &$ )a!a !( !"e 'r($e%,!&(#@$ %a,$e. Pre7!r&a &e#!&)&%a!&(# &$ #(! $,))&%&e#!. 8. ID.; EVIDENCE; CONVICTION; PROSECUTION MUST RELY ON THE STRENGTH OF ITS OWN EVIDENCE AND NOT ON THE WEAKNESS OF THE DEFENSE. — W"&e &! &$ !r,e !"a! !"e e)e#$e () a&6& &$ ea2+ &! "($ !r,e (#5 &) !"e 'r($e%,!&(#@$ e/&e#%e &$ $!r(#*. T"e 6e!!er r,e &$+ !"e 'r($e%,!&(# 3,$! re5 (# !"e $! re#*!" () &!$ (# e/&e#%e a# #(! (# !"e ea2#e$$ () !"e e)e#$e Pe('e /. S(&$+ E! A.+ 1<: SCRA 1<: 1; Pe('e /. B,e#a)(r+ 1<1 SCRA ::9 11+ Pe('e /. R(r&*,e0a+ G.R. N(. 9:+ Fe6. =+ 1:. W&!" !"e e%,$&(# () !"e 're7 &#&%!3e#! &e#!&)&%a!&(# () !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a# !"e )a&,re () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$e$ !( '($&!&/e5 &e#!&)5 "&3 &# %(,r!+ !"e %a$e a*a&#$! "&3 3,$! )a&. . CRIMINAL LAW; MURDER; MAY BE PROVED BY THE LOCATION OF THE WOUND+ THE RELATIVE POSITION OF ASSAILANT AND VICTIM AND TRAJECTORY OF THE BLOW. — We are () !"e %(#$&ere ('&#&(# !"a! !"e 3a!!er () !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! 6e&#* e)!7 "a#e a# !"e !e$!&3(#5 () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$ !"a! !"e a$$a&a#! e&/ere !"e )a!a 6( &!" "&$ r&*"! "a# &$ #(! a !r&/&a 3a!!er. A e)!7"a#e 'er$(# %a##(! 6e e'e%!e !( e&/er a !"r,$! &!" !"e $a3e &#!e#$&!5 ,$&#* "&$ r&*"! "a#. T"e &#!e#$&! 5 () !"e 6( %a# 6e e,%e )r(3 !"e )a%! !"a! !"e a$$a&a#! )a&e !( re3(/e !"e 2#&)e a)!er !"e !"r,$! e$'&!e "&$ a!! e3'!+ a$ !e$!&)&e !( 65 &!#e$$+ O#*,e. I# )a%!+ !"e 2#&)e a$ ee'5 e36ee &!" $,%" )(r%e !"a! &! "a !( 6e re3(/e &# !"e "($'&!a. I! &$ err(#e(,$ )(r !"e !r&a -,*e !( %(#%,e !"a! !"ere a$ #( &re%! 'r(() !"a! )r(3 !"e (%a!&(# () !"e (,#+ !"e rea!&/e '($&!&(#$ () a$$a&a#! a# /&%!&3 a# !"e !ra-e%!(r5 () !"e
6( %(#$&er&#* !"e &#!er#a (r*a# '&er%e !"ere65+ !"e &#-,r5 %(, #(! "a/e 6ee# &#)&%!e 65 a r&*"!7"a#e 'er$(#.@ W"a! %(, 6e a 3(re '($&!&/e 'r(() () !"&$ )a%! !"a# !"e %a!e*(r&%a $!a!e3e#! () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$e$ "( $a !"e &#%&e#! a# "( %a!e*(r&%a5 $!a!e !"a! ! "e a$$a&a#! e&/ere !"e )a!a 6( &!" "&$ r&*"! "a#. I$ ,##a!,ra )(r a e)! "a#e 'er$(# !( ,$e "&$ r&*"! "a# &# a%%(3'&$"&#* a !(,*" a%! a$ $!a66&#* a#(!"er. I! &$ a$( "ar !( 6e&e/e !"a! !"e e)! "a#e a$$a&a#! %a# e&/er a $!a6 6( &!" !"e $a3e )(r%e a$ !"a! () "&$ r&*"!+ a$ &# !"&$ %a$e.
DE7ISION
EDI#!DE#, J.
A%%,$e7a''ea#!. Ge## Ha!!(#. a$ %"ar*e &!" !"e %r&3e () 3,rer+ )(r !"e ea!" () (#e Fa,$!&#( A*ar3e+ &# a %(3'a&#! $&*#e 65 PC'. J($e C. C,$!(r&( () !"e Ca!ar3a# P(&%e S!a!& (#. T"e %(3'a&#! rea a$ )(($> -*%>%"a#r(6e$.%(3.'" ?T"a! (# (r a6(,! !"e :!" a5 () A,*,$!+ 1<8 a! a6(,! > &# !"e e/e#&#*+ 3(re (r e$$+ &# !"e 3,#&%&'a&!5 () Ca!ar3a#+ 'r(/&#%e () N(r!"er# Sa3ar+ P"&&''&#e$ a# &!"&# !"e 're&3&#ar5 -,r&$&%!&(# () !"&$ H(#(ra6e C(,r!+ !"e a6(/e7#a3e a%%,$e ar3e &!" a 2#&)e %(33(#5 2#(# a$ D&'a#*+@ &!" &#!e#! !( 2& !"r, !rea%"er5 a# e/&e#! 're3e&!a!&(#+ &!"(,! a#5 'r(/(%a!&(# a# -,$!&)&a6e 3(!&/e+ & !"e# a# !"ere &),5+ ,#a),5 a# )e(#&(,$5 a!!a%2+ a$$a,! a# $!a6 (#e FAUSTINO ALGARME &!" !"e 2#&)e "e 'r(/&e "&3$e) )(r !"e ',r'($e "&!!&#* "&3 a! !"e 6a%2 a# &#)&%!&#* ,'(# "&3 3(r!a (,# "&%" (,# %a,$e "&$ ea!". ?CONTRARY TO LAW.? '. 1+ Re%(r$ U'(# arra&*#3e#!+ Accused 7a''ea#!+ ,5 a$$&$!e 65 "&$ %(,#$e 'eae+ #(! *,&!5 !( !"e %"ar*e '. 89+ Re%(r$. A%%(r&#* !( !"e 'r&#%&'a &!#e$$e$ )(r !"e 'r($e%,!&(#. E*ar( O#*,e a# R(3e( Ba$&er!(+ !"e &#%&e#!$ $,rr(,#&#* !"e ea!" () A*ar3e ere a$ )(($>%"a#r(61e$ /&r!,a 1a &6rar5 T"e !(# () Ca!ar3a#. N(r!"er# Sa3ar a$ %ee6ra!&#* &!$ )&e$!a (# !"a! a5 () A,*,$! :+ 1<8. T"e /&%!&3. Fa,$!&#( A*ar3e a# !"ree () "&$ )r&e#$+ #a3e5> Je$,$ A6(a. R(3e( Ba$&er!( a# &!#e$$ E*ar( O#*,e ere (# !"e&r a5 !( !"e "(,$e () E#*r. C(r6&( a)!er r&#* !( : 6(!!e$ () 6eer ea%" a! A&ee#@$ Re$!a,ra#!. T"e *r(,' a2e a6rea$! A*ar3e+ "( a$ (# !"e e!re3e e)! a! !"e e*e () B(#&)a%&( $!ree!+ &!" O#*,e+ Ba$&er!( a# A6(a+ &# !"a! (rer+ !( "&$ r&*"!. I! a$ a6(,! $e/e# (@%(%2 &# !"e e/e#&#*. W"e# !"e5 #eare !"e CLAO ())&%e+ !"e5 #(!&%e !( : 3e# %(3&#* !(ar$ !"e&r &re%!&(#. O#e a$ $"(r! a# $!(%25 a# !"e (!"er a$ !a. W"&e !"e !a 3a# a$ (#e $!e' 6e"&# !"e3+ "e !a''e !"e $"(,er () Fa,$!&#( A*ar3e &!"
"&$ e)! "a# a# $!a66e "&3 &!" "&$ r&*"! "a#. A*ar3e $"(,!e )(r "e' a# %ae ?R(35 Ba$&er!(+ 'ea$e "e' 3e I a$ $! r,%2.? A! !"a! 3(3e#!. O#*,e *a0e a! !"e !a 3a# "( !r&e !( ', 6a%2 !"e 2#&)e )r(3 !"e /&%!&3@$ 6a%2. O#*,e & #(! 2#( !"e 3a# "( $!a66e A*ar3e+ 6,! "e !((2 #(!&%e () "&$ 3e$!&0( )ea!,re$. T"e !a 3a# )a&e !( *e! !"e 2#&)e. T"e# "e ra# !(ar$ !"e %(r#er () a "(,$e (#e 65 N(#(#* Ha!!(#+ TSN+ A'r& :<+ 1<+ ''. :7<. A#(!"er &!#e$$ )(r !"e 'r($e%,!&(#+ R(3e( Ba$&er!( !e$!&)&e !"a! a$ $((# a$ !"e !a 3a# $!a66e A*ar3e+ "e ra# a# Ba$&er!( %"a$e "&3 '. 11+ TSN+ Ma5 :8+ 1<. Ba$&er!( re%(*#&0e !"e !a 3a# "( $!a66e A*ar3e "e# !"e a!!er ! ,r#e "&$ )a%e !(ar$ "&3 '. :1. TSN+ Ma5 :8+ 1<. He re%(*#&0e !"e a%%,$e 6e%a,$e 6(!" () !"e3 ere re$&e#!$ () Ca!ar3a#. E*ar( O#*,e 6r(,*"! !"e /&%!&3 !( !"e "($'&!a "ere "e &e () ?3a$$&/e "e3(rr"a*e $e%(#ar5 !( $!a6 (,# E". ?H?. Mea#"&e+ Ba$&er!( re'(r!e !"e &#%&e#! !( !"e '(&%e "ea4,ar!er$. T"ree '(&%e3e#+ (#e () "(3 a$ &e#!&)&e a$ T&!&#* Varea+ a%%(3'a#&e "&3 !( !"e $%e#e () !"e %r&3e "ere !"e5 6ea3e !"e&r )a$"&*"!$ !(ar$ !"e "(,$e () N(#(#* Ha!!(# "ere "e 6e&e/e !"e !a 3a# a# "&$ %(3'a#&(# e#!ere '. 1:+ TSN+ Ma5 :8+ 1<.
a%%,$e &$ "ere65 $e#!e#%e !( $,))er !"e 'e#a!5 () RECLUSION PERPETUA+ !( &#e3#&)5 !"e "e&r$ () Fa,$!&#( A*ar3e &# !"e a3(,#! () P+. &#%,&#* !"e a3(,#! () P1+.+ "($'&!a&0a!&(# a# 6,r&a e'e#$e$+ a# !( 'a5 !"e %($!$. ?T"e 2#&)e+ E".@C+@ &$ "ere65 (rere %(#)&$%a!e+ !( 6e &$'($e () &# a%%(ra#%e &!" re*,a!&(#$. ?SO ORDERED.? '. 111+ Re%(r$ Fr(3 !"e -,*3e#! () %(#/&%!&(#+ Accused 7a''ea#! )&e !"&$ a''ea. I# "&$ 6r&e)+ !"e )((&#* &$$,e$ ere ra&$e 65 "&3 &# !"e a$$&*#3e#! () err(r$> -*%>%"a#r(6e$.%(3.'" ?I. T"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ %(#e3#e 6e)(re "e a$ "ear 65 a %(,r! !"a! a&e &!$e) &!" !"e 'r($e%,!&(#+ &# /&(a!&(# () !"e %(#$!&!,!&(#a r&*"! !( ,e 'r(%e$$ () a.
A%%(r&#* !( O#*,e+ !"e a5 a)!er !"e &#%&e#! "e# "e e#! !( !"e '(&%e $!a!&(# !( $"e &*"! (# !"e &#%&e#!+ "e #arra!e !( !"e '(&%e ())&%er$ "a! rea5 !ra#$'&re. He !( !"e3 !"a! !"e )ea!,re$ () !"e a$$a&a#! a$ $!& &# "&$ 3e3(r5 a# !"a! &) ! "e5 %a# $"( (r 're$e#! a 'er$(# "( & )&! "&$ e$%r&'!&(#+ "e %a# &e#!&)5 "&3. He a&!e a! !"e '(&%e $! a!&(# )r(3 <> !( 11> (@%(%2 6,! !"e '(&%e )a&e !( 're$e#! a#5 'er$(# !( "&3. O# !"e $e%(# a5 a)!er !"e &#%&e#!. "e a$ '&%2e7,' )r(3 "&$ ())&%e a# 3ae !( &e#!&)5 !"e&r $,$'e%! "( !,r#e (,! !( 6e !"e Accused-Appellant . T"e a!!er a$ $&!!&#* (# a 6e#%" &# !"e '(&%e $!a!&(# a# a '(&%e3a# '(&#!e !( "&3 a$ !"e&r $ ,$'e%!. ''. :=7:8+ TSN+ A'r& :<+ 1<.
?II. T"e !r&a %(,r! erre &# "(&#* !"a! !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#!@$ 6e&#* e)!"a#e &$ a e!a& %(3'ara!&/e5 !r&/&a a# (e$ #(! e$!r(5 !"e %re&6&&!5 () !"e &!#e$$ (r "&$ !e$!&3(#5.@
T"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! &#!er'($e !"e e)e#$e () a&6&. He !e$!&)&e !"a! (# !"a! $a3e #&*"!+ )r(3 8> '.3. !( 1> '.3. "e a$ &# !"e "(,$e () "&$ )r&e# E&e La*,&!a#. T"e5 ere - (&#e 65 !"e&r )r&e#$ Er&% Par#a3+ E*ar Ma#&#*%a5+ Mar(# A%&6ar+ Ja&3e M&-are$ a# a *&r #a3e I3ea. S&#%e &! a$ !"e !(# )&e$!a a# ! "e 6a'!&$3 () !"e #&e%e () E&e La*,&!a#+ !"e5 ere &#/&!e 65 E&e )(r $(3e $#a%2$ a# r$. D,r&#* !"e e#!&re 'er&(+ "e *(! ,' (#5 !&%e !( *( !( ! "e %(3)(r! r((3. H&$ !e$!&3(#5 a$ %(rr(6(ra!e 65 Mr$. La*,&!a#. E&e@$ 3(!"er+ "( $er/e !"e3+ a# a#(!"er 'er$(# "( a$ &!" !"e *r(,'+ Ja&3e M&-are$.
?IV. T"e (er %(,r! erre &# #(! *&/&#* %ree#%e !( !"e e/&e#%e 're$e#!e 65 !"e Accused Appellant .
?III. T"e !r&a %(,r! erre &# "(&#* !"e &e#!&)&%a!&(# () !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ !"e /&%!&3@$ a!!a%2er &$ '($&!&/e a# %(#/&#%&#* %(#$&er&#* !"a! #( %(,r!r((3 &e#!&)&%a!&(# a$ 3ae+ a# !"e $a& &e#!&)&%a!&(# a$ 6a$e $(e5 (# a 're!r&a &#e7,' () $(r!$+ %(#,%!e &# /&(a!&(# () !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#!@$ r&*"! !( %(,#$e+ a# &# a 3a##er )&e &!" &##,3era6e $,**e$!&/e &#),e#%e$.@
?V. T"e (er %(,r! erre &# "(&#* !"a! !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! &$ *,&!5 6e5(# rea$(#a6e (,6!.? ''. 87. A''ea#!@$ Br&e)
A)!er !r&a+ -,*3e#! a$ re#ere )&#&#* !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! *,&!5 6e5(# rea$(#a6e (,6! () !"e %r&3e %"ar*e. T"e &$'($&!&/e '(r!&(# () "&%" !"e e%&$&(# $!a!e$> -*%>%"a#r(6e$.%(3.'"
T"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! (6-e%!e !( !"e %(#,%! () !"e -,*e ,r&#* !r&a. He ae*e !"a! !"e -,*e 3a#&)e$!e 6&a$ a# 'ar!&a&!5 &# "ear&#* !"e %a$e. T"e -,*e ae*e5 a$2e ea&#* 4,e$!&(#$ a# /ar&(,$ '(&#!$ #(! a$2e 65 !"e )&$%a "e# !"e 'r($e%,!&(# 're$e#!e &!$ )&r$! &!#e$$. He 'ra%!&%a5 !((2 (/er !"e !a$2 () %(#,%!&#* !"e &re%! ea3&#a!&(#+ a$2&#* )&)!5 (#e 91 4,e$!&(#$ "&e !"e )&$%a a$2e (#5 a !(!a () !e#!57)&/e :9 4,e$!&(#$. T"e -,*e a$( a$2e a#(!"er )(r!5 = 4,e$!&(#$ ,r&#* %r($$7ea3&#a!&(# a# 'ra%!&%a5 !((2 (/er ! "e !a$2 () re&re%! ea3&#a!&(#. T"e $a3e a!!&!,e a$ &$'a5e 65 !"e -,*e ,r&#* !"e e#!&re !r&a () !"e %a$e.
?WHEREFORE+ !"e %(,r! "ere65 )&#$ !"e a%%,$e Ge## Ha!!(# GUILTY 6e5(# rea$(#a6e (,6! () !"e %r&3e () 3,rer+ e)&#e a# 'e#a&0e ,#er Ar!&%e :=<+ 'ara*ra'" 1+ () !"e Re/&$e Pe#a C(e. T"ere 6e&#* #e&!"er &# a!!e#a#%e 3&!&*a!&#* #(r a**ra/a!&#* %&r%,3$!a#%e+ $a&
L&2e&$e+ !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! '(&#!e (,! !"a! a)!er !"e &re%! ea3&#a!&(# () !"e )&r$! &!#e$$ )(r !"e e)e#$e. Ja&3e M&-are$+ !"e -,*e !((2 !"e !a$2 () %(#,%!&#* !"e %r($$7ea3&#a!&(# 65 a$2&#* )&)!57#&#e 9 4,e$!&(#$ "&e !"e F&$%a (#5 a$2e #&#e 4,e$!&(#$.
T"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! e#&e "a/&#* $!a66e !"e /&%!&3. He %a!e*(r&%a5 $!a!e a$( !"a! "e a$ e)!"a#e.
We rea !"e !ra#$%r&'! () $!e#(*ra'"&% #(!e$ a# &#ee+ &! &$ !r,e !"a! !"e - ,*e a$ (/er0ea(,$ &# %(#!r(&#* !"e %(#,%! () !"e "ear&#*. He a$2e 3(re 4,e$!&(#$ !"a# & %(,#$e () !"e a%%,$e (r !"e )&$%a. I! &$ %(#%ee !"(,*" !"a! !"e !r&a -,*e & #(! 3a#&)e$! a#5 6&a$ &# )a/(r () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &# a$2&#* !"e &!#e$$e$ )(r !"e 'r($e%,!&(# #(r a#5 "($!&&!5 (r 3a&%e a*a&#$! !"e e)e#$e &!#e$$e$. We #(!e a$( !"a! !"e 4,e$!&(#$ a$2e 65 !"e %(,r! ere %ar&)&%a!(r5 4,e$!&(#$ a&3e !( 'a&#! a %earer '&%!,re () "a! a$ ! e$!&)&e !( 65 !"e &!#e$$e$. A$ e "e &# Pe('e /. I6a$a#+ Sr. G.R. N(. L78189:+ J,#e ::+ 1<=; 1: SCRA 89> -*%>%"a#r(6e$.%(3.'" ?. . . I! &$ #(! e#&e !"a! !"e %(,r! "a a! %er!a&# '(&#!$ %(#,%!e &!$ (# 4,e$!&(#&#* ,r&#* !"e 'r(%ee&#*$. T"e re%(r$+ "(e/er+ $"( !"a! !"e %(,r!@$ 4,e$!&(#$ & #(! a3(,#! !( &#!er)ere#%e a$ !( 3a2e !"e %a$e )(r !"e 'r($e%,!&(# a# e'r&/e !"e a%%,$e () !"e&r e)e#$e. T"e 4,e$!&(#$ () !"e -,*e are$$e !( !"e &!#e$$e$ a# !"e a%%,$e ere 3ere5 !( %ar&) 5 %er!a&# '(&#!$ a# %(#)&r3 %er!a&# $!a!e3e#!$. T"e #,36er () !&3e$ !"a! a -,*e &#!er/e#e$ &$ #(! #e%e$$ar&5 a# &#&%a!&(# () 6&a$. I! %a##(! 6e !a2e# a*a&#$! a -,*e &) !"e %ar&)&%a!(r5 4,e$!&(#$ "e 'r('(,#$ "a''e# !( re/ea %er!a&# !r,!"$ "&%" !e# !( e$!r(5 !"e !"e(r5 () (#e 'ar!5. ?A$ "e &# ! "e %a$e () Ve#!,ra /. Ya!%( 19 P"&. :< J,*e$ are #(! 3ere re)eree$ &2e !"($e () a 6(&#* 6(,!+ (#5 !( a!%" a# e%&e !"e re$,!$ () a *a3e; !"e5 $"(, "a/e a$ 3,%" &#!ere$! a$ %(,#$e &# !"e (rer5 a# e'e&!&(,$ 're$e#!a!&(# () e/&e#%e+ %a&#* a!!e#!&(# () %(,#$e !( '(&#!$ a! &$$,e !"a! are (/er((2e+ &re%!&#* !"e3 !( a$2 4,e$!&(#$ !"a! (, e&%&! !"e )a%!$ (# !"e &$$,e$ &#/(/e+ %ar&)5&#* a36&*,(,$ re3ar2$ 65 &!#e$$e$+ e!%.@ ?A -,*e 3a5 'r('er5 &#!er/e#e &# !"e !r& a () a %a$e !( 'r(3(!e e'e&!&(# a# a/(& ,##e%e$$ar5 a$!e () !&3e (r !( %ear ,' $(3e (6$%,r&!5 Pe('e /. Ca!&#&"a#+ SCRA 18; Par. 1= Ca#(#$ () J,&%&a E!"&%$; A3&#&$!ra!&/e Orer N(. 18: a!e A,*,$! 1+ 1=8+ =: O.G. 1<. I# !"&$ re$'e%!+ !"e re%(r $"($ #( &rre*,ar&!5 &# !"e %(#,%! () !"e !r&a -,*e.? %raa /&r!,a1a &6rar5 T"e %(,#$e )(r !"e a%%,$e '(&#!e (,! a$( !"a! !"e e%&$&(# a$ re#ere 65 !"e -,*e (# J,#e 1+ 1< "e# &! a$ (#5 (# J,#e :+ 1< "e# !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a# a#(!"er &!#e$$ )(r !"e e)e#$e. Ja&3e M&-are$+ a$ 're$e#!e a$ a &!#e$$ &# %(,r!. T"&$ )a%! ae*e5 $"(e !"e 6&a$ () -,*e "( area5 a-,*e !"e a%%,$e *,&!5 6e)(re "ear&#* "&$ e)e#$e$. I! a''ear$ )r(3 !"e re%(r () !"&$ %a$e !"a! !"e e%&$&(# a$ a!e J,#e :+ 1<. T"e !ra#$%r&'! () $!e#(*ra'"&% #(!e$ $"(e+ "(e/er+ !"a! !"e a$! "ear&#* a$ %(#,%!e !"e #e! a5+ J,#e + 1<. I! a''ear$ !( !"e %(,r! !"a! !"e a!e a''ear&#* &# !"e e%&$&(# a$ (#5 a !5'(*ra'"&%a err(r. T"ere a$ #( &rre*,ar&!5 &# !"e 'r(3,*a!&(# () !"e e%&$&(#. T"e re%(r re/ea$ !"a! !"e 'r(3,*a!&(# () !"e e%&$&(# a$ $e! (# J,5 + 1< '. 1=+ Re%(r a)!er 6(!" 'ar!&e$ $,63&!!e !"e&r re$'e%!&/e !e$!&3(#&a a# (%,3e#!ar5 e/&e#%e. M(re(/er+ !"e e%&$&(# re)e%!e !"a! !"e !r&a -,*e !((2 &#!( %(#$&era!&(# !"e e)e#$e () !"e a%%,$e a# !"e !e$!&3(#5 () "&$ &!#e$$e$ &# arr&/&#* a! "&$ e%&$&(#. A)!er a %are), $!,5 () !"e %a$e. We "( !"a! !"e -,*3e#! () %(#/&%!&(# 3,$! 6e re/er$e.
F&r$!+ !"e &!#e$$ )(r !"e 'r($e%,!&(# '($&!&/e5 $!a!e !"a! !"e /&%!&3 a$ $!a66e &!" a 2#&)e ,$&#* !"e r&*"! "a# () !"e a$$a&a#!. T"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! (# !"e (!"er "a# !e$!&)&e !"a! "e &$ e)!7 "a#e. T"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! !a2e$ e%e'!&(# !( !"e )&#&#* () !"e !r&a %(,r! !"a!> -*%>%"a#r(6e$.%(3.'" ?. . . E/e# &) $,%" %a&3 &$ !r,e+ &! a$ #(! 4,&!e e3(#$!ra!e !"a! )r(3 !"e (%a!&(# () !"e (,#+ !"e rea!&/e '($&!&(#$ () a$$a&a#! a# /&%!&3 a# !"e !ra-e%!(r5 () !"e 6( %(#$&er&#* !"e &#!er#a (r*a# '&er%e !"ere65+ !"e &#-,r5 %(, #(! "a/e 6ee# &#)&%!e 65 a r&*"!7"a#e 'er$(#. I! a''ear$+ "(e/er+ !"a! !"e (%a!&(# () !"e &#-,r5 &$ %(3'a!&6e &!" !"e rea!&/e '($&!&(#$ () !"e a$$a&a#! a# /&%!&3 a$ e$!a6&$"e 65 !"e 'r($e%,!&(#. A! a#5 ra!e+ $,%" e!a& &$ %(#$&ere %(3'ara!&/e5 !r&/&a a# (e$ #(! e$!r(5 !"e %re&6&&!5 () !"e &!#e$$ (r "&$ !e$!&3(#5 Pe('e /. P&ea*(+ 1= SCRA =1<.? '. 1+ Re%(r$ We are () !"e %(#$&ere ('&#&(# !"a! ! "e 3a!!er () ! "e a%%,$e7a''ea#! 6e&#* e)!7"a#e a# !"e !e$!&3(#5 () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$ !"a! !"e a$$a&a#! e&/ere !"e )a!a 6( &!" "&$ r&*"! "a# &$ #(! a !r&/&a 3a!!er. A e)!7"a#e 'er$(# %a##(! 6e e'e%!e !( e&/er a !"r,$! &!" !"e $a3e &#!e#$&!5 ,$&#* "&$ r&*"! "a#. T"e &#!e#$&!5 () !"e 6( %a# 6e e,%e )r(3 !"e )a%! ! "a! !"e a$$a&a#! )a&e !( re3(/e !"e 2#&)e a)!er ! "e !"r,$! e$'&!e "&$ a!!e3'!+ a$ !e$!&)&e !( 65 &!#e$$+ O#*,e '. + TSN+ A'r& :<+ 1<. I# )a%!+ !"e 2#&)e a$ ee'5 e36ee &!" $,%" )(r%e !"a! &! "a !( 6e re3(/e &# !"e "($'&!a '. 9+ TSN+ A'r& :<+ 1<. I! &$ err(#e(,$ )(r !"e !r&a -,*e !( %(#%,e !"a! !"ere a$ #( &re%! 'r(() !"a! )r(3 !"e (%a!&(# () !"e (,#+ !"e rea!&/e '($&!&(#$ () a$$a&a#! a# /&%!&3 a# !"e !ra-e%!(r5 () ! "e 6( %(#$&er&#* !"e &#!er#a (r*a# '&er%e !"ere65+ !"e &#-,r5 %(, #(! "a/e 6ee# &#)&%!e 65 a r&*"!7"a#e 'er$(#.@ W"a! %(, 6e a 3(re '($&!&/e 'r(() () !"&$ )a%! !"a# !"e %a!e*(r&%a $!a!e3e#! () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$e$ "( $a !"e &#%&e#! a# "( %a!e*(r&%a5 $!a!e !"a! !"e a$$a&a#! e&/ere !"e )a!a 6( &!" "&$ r&*"! "a#. I$ &$ ,##a!,ra )(r a e)! "a#e 'er$(# !( ,$e "&$ r&*"! "a# &# a%%(3'&$"&#* a !(,*" a%! a$ $! a66&#* a#(!"er. I! &$ a$( "ar !( 6e&e/e !"a! !"e e)! "a#e a$$a&a#! %a# e&/er a $!a6 6( &!" !"e $a3e )(r%e a$ !"a! () "&$ r&*"!+ a$ &# !"&$ %a$e. Se%(#+ &# Pe('e /. La#era$. E!. A.+ G.R. N(. <11+ J,#e 1+ 11. We "e !"a!? T"ere &$ #( a re4,&r&#* a '(&%e &#e7,' a$ e$$e#!&a !( a 'r('er &e#!&)&%a!&(# Pe('e /. E$'&r&!,+ G.R. N(. <=8 N(/e36er :+ 1. T",$+ e/e# &) !"ere a$ #( '(&%e &#e7,'+ !"ere %(, $!& 6e 'r('er &e#!&)&%a!&(# a$ (#* a$ $,%" &e#!&)&%a!&(# a$ #(! $,**e$!e !( !"e &!#e$$e$ 65 !"e '(&%e.? %raa /&r!,a1a &6rar5 T"e 'r($e%,!&(# !"r(,*" &!#e$$ O#*,e+ 3ae &! a''ear !"a! !"e a!!er &e#!&)&e !"e a%%,$e7 a''ea#! &# a '(&%e &#e7,'. T"e e!a&$ "(e/er+ $"(e (!"er&$e. O# &re%! ea3&#a!&(# 65 !"e %(,r!+ "e $a&> -*%>%"a#r(6e$.%(3.'" ?COURT> -*%>%"a#r(6e$.%(3.'" ? W"a! !&3e & 5(, $ee "&3 &# !"e '(&%e $!a!&(# )(r !"a! &e#!&)&%a!&(#
? T"erea)!er+ "a! & !"e '(&%e ( a)!er 5(, e$%r&6e !"e )ea!,re () !"e a$$a&a#! ?A I# !"e 3(r#&#*+ (#e a5 a)!er !"e &#%&e#!. ?A T"e5 $a& !"e5 "a/e area5 $(3e $,$'e%! &# 3&#. ? H( 3a#5 "(,r$ a)!er !"e &#%&e#! ?A I %(, #(! ea%!5 re3e36er !"e "(,r$+ Y(,r H(#(r.
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T"ere &$ e/er5 rea$(# !( (,6! !"e re*,ar&!5 () !"e &e#!&)&%a!&(# 65 O#*,e () !"e Accused Appellant . Fr(3 "&$ !e$!&3(#5+ &! &$ %ear ! "a! "e & #(! '($&!&/e5 &e#!&)5 !"e Accused-Appellant . A! !"e !&3e () !"e &#%&e#! "e 3ae a /er5 )ee!&#* *a#%e (# !"e 'er$(# "( $!a66e !"e /&%!&3. A! !"a! 3(3e#!+ "e "a !"e &3're$$&(# !"a! !"e a$$a&a#! a$ a 3e$!&0(. D,r&#* !"e 'r(%ee&#*$ &# !"e '(&%e $!a!&(# "ere "e a$ $,''($e !( &e#!&)5 !"e a$$a&a#!+ "e &e#!&)&e !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ ae*e5 !"e 'er$(# "( $!a66e !"e e%ea$e+ #(! 6e%a,$e "e a$ %er!a&# !"a! !"e a%%,$e7 a''ea#! a$ rea5 !"e a$$a&a#! 6,! 6e%a,$e "e a$ !"e (#5 3e$!&0( &# !"e $!a!&(# a# 6e%a,$e "e a$ '(&#!e !( !"e '(&%e3e# a$ !"e&r $,$'e%!. T"e )a%! &$ !"a! !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ #(! &e#!&)&e &# a '(&%e &#e7,'. He a$ '(&#!e !( 65 !"e '(&%e a$ !"e&r $,$'e%!. He 6e&#* !"e (#5 3e$!&0( &# !"e $!a!&(#+ O#*,e '(&#!e !( "&3 a$ ?! "e 3a#.? Fr(3 a &#&%a!&(#$+ !"e &e#!&)&%a!&(# () a%%,$e7a''ea#! 65 O#*,e a$ $,**e$!e 65 !"e '(&%e a# !"&$ &$ (6-e%!&(#a6e. We 4,(!e
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?A Ye$+ Y(,r H(#(r.? ''. 87:+ TSN. A'r& :<+ 1<. Emphasis ours.
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%(3'a&#a#!+ "e & #(! *&/e a#5 $!a!e3e#! !( !"e '(&%e. He a$+ ! "ere)(re+ #(! &#!err(*a!e a! a a$ "e a$ #(! )a%&#* a %r&3&#a %"ar*e. Far )r(3 "a! 'r()e$$e$+ ! "e '(&%e & #(!+ a! !"a! $!a*e+ ea%! a %(#)e$$&(# !( 6e ,$e a*a&#$! "&3. F(r &! a$ #(! "e 6,! !"e %(3'a&#a#! "( a$ 6e&#* &#/e$!&*a!e a! !"a! !&3e. He a$ (rere !( $&! (# &# )r(#! () !"e %(3'a&#a#! "&e !"e a!!er a$ 6e&#* &#/e$!&*a!e@ 'ar. .+ Pe!&!&(#. Pe!&!&(#er@$ r&*"! !( %(,#$e "a #(! a%%r,e.@? Ga36(a /. Cr,0+ G.R. N(. L798:1. J,#e :+ 1<<+ 18: SCRA 8=:. T"&r+ !"e (!"er 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$ "( &e#!&)&e !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ !"e 2#&)e &eer a$ R(3e( Ba$&er!(. He %a&3e &# "&$ !e$!&3(#5 !"a! a! !"e !&3e !"e /&%!&3 a$ $!a66e+ "e & #(! a! (#%e re%(*#&0e "&3 '. 9+ TSN+ J,#e + 1<. H(e/er+ "e# "e %"a$e "&3+ "e re%(*#&0e !"e 3a# a$ !"e "ere&# a%%,$e7a''ea#! "e# !"e a!!er !,r#e "&$ )a%e !(ar$ Ba$&er!( 6e)(re "e ae*e5 e#!ere !"e "(,$e () N(#(#* Ha!!(# '. + &6&. He 2#e ! "e a%%,$e a''ea#! 6e%a,$e !"e5 ere 6(!" re$&e#!$ () Ca!ar3a#. H(e/er+ a$ !"e e)e#$e %(,#$e '(&#!e (,! &# !"e %r($$7 ea3&#a!&(#+ Ba$&er!( #e/er 3e#!&(#e !"e #a3e () !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! &# !"e $(r# $!a!e3e#! "e ee%,!e (# !"e :# () Se'!e36er 1<8. I# )a%!+ "e %a!e*(r&%a5 $!a!e !"a! "e & #(! re%(*#&0e !"e 3a# "( $!a66e A*ar3e. We 4,(!e "ere,#er !"e 'er!&#e#! '(r!&(# () "&$ a))&a/&!> %"a#r(6e$ /&r!,a a&6rar5 ?
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$!a66e Fa,$!&#( &e#!&)&e !"&$ 3a# a! !"e '(&%e $!a! &(# "( a!er !,r#e (,! !( 6e Ge## Ha!!(# !"e $(# () N(#(#* Ha!!(#.? Emphasis ours W"&e a# a))&a/&! 6e&#* !a2e# e 'ar!e &$ a3($! & #%(3'e!e a# ()!e# &#a%%,ra!e Pe('e /. A/a#0a(+ 19< SCRA =: !"e a))&a#! Ba$&er!( %(, #(! "a/e (3&!!e !"e & e#!&!5 () a%%,$e7 a''ea#! a$ !"e 2#&)e7&eer &) &! ere !r,e !"a! "e a$ a6e !( &e#!&)5 "&3 a! !"a! !&3e "e $a/e %"a$e. T"e 3a!!er () !"e &e#!&!5 () !"e 2#&)e7&eer %(, #(! "a/e 6ee# (3&!!e 65 "&3 %(#$&er&#* &!$ &3'(r!a#%e &# !"e re$(,!&(# () !"e ea!" () "&$ )r&e#. W"&e Ba$&er!(@$ (!"er %(3'a#&(#$ 6r(,*"! !"e /&%!&3 !( !"e "($'&!a+ "e ae*e5 e#! !( !"e '(&%e $!a!&(# !( re'(r! !"e &#%&e#! TSN+ '. 11+ I6&. T"e P(&%e (# ,!5. A)re( N(%"a+ "(e/er+ !e$!&)&e !"a! !"ere a$ #( e#!r5 &# ! "e '(&%e 6(!!er re*ar&#* !"e ea!" () A*ar3e &# !"e e/e#&#* () A,*,$! :+ 1<8. T"ere a$ a# e#!r5 & # !"e '(&%e 6(!!er (# A,*,$! + 1<< !"a! a! <>1 &# !"e 3(r#&#*+ a %er!a&# V&%e#!e R(-a$ re'(r!e !"e $ !a66&#* () A*ar3e 65 a# ,#&e#!&)&e 3a#. M(re &3'(r!a#!5+ !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a$ #(! '($&!&/e5 &e#!&)&e &# %(,r!. Tr,e+ "&$ #a3e a$ re)erre !( 65 6(!" Ba$&er!( a# O#*,e &# !"e&r re$'e%!&/e &re%! !e$!&3(#&e$. H(e/er+ "e a$ #(! &e#!&)&e &# C(,r!. T"e )a&,re () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$ !( '($&!&/e5 & e#!&)5 !"e a$$a&a#! &# %(,r! &$ )a!a !( !"e 'r($e%,!&(#@$ %a,$e. Pre7!r&a &e#!&)&%a!&(# &$ #(! $,))&%&e#!. W"&e &! &$ ! r,e !"a! !"e e)e#$e () a&6& &$ ea2+ &! "($ !r,e (#5 &) !"e 'r($e%,!&(#@$ e/&e#%e &$ $!r(#*. T"e 6e!!er r,e &$+ !"e 'r($e%,!&(# 3,$! re5 (# !"e $!re#*!" () &!$ (# e/&e#%e a# #(! (# !"e ea2#e$$ () !"e e)e#$e Pe('e /. S(&$+ E! A.+ 1<: SCRA 1<: 1; Pe('e /. B,e#a)(r+ 1<1 SCRA ::9 11+ Pe('e /. R(r&*,e0 G. R. N(. 9:+ Fe6. =+ 1:. W&!" !"e e%,$&(# () !"e 're7&#&%!3e#! &e#!&)&%a!&(# () !"e a%%,$e7a''ea#! a# !"e )a&,re () !"e 'r($e%,!&(# &!#e$$e$ !( '($&!&/e5 &e#!&)5 "&3 &# %(,r!+ ! "e %a$e a*a&#$! "&3 3,$! )a&.%"a#r(6e$ /&r!,a a&6rar5 ACCORDINGLY+ T"e a''eae e%&$&(# &$ re/er$e. A%%,$e7a''ea#! &$ ACUITTED (# rea$(#a6e (,6!. SO ORDERED. Cr,0+ Gr&(7A4,&#( a# Be($&(+ JJ.+ %(#%,r.
