People v. Lovedioro GR. No. 112235

G.R G.R. No. No. 11 1122 2235 35

Nove Novemb mber er 29 29,, 19 1995 95

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaini!"appellee, plaini!"appellee, v#. ELI$S LO%E&IORO ' ($STRO, )e*en)an"appellan.

+$PN$N, -. O!")/' poli0eman SPO3 -e#/# L/0ilo a# alin alon 4/ro# S., aa' *rom e &araa, $lba' P/bli0 6are en a man #/))enl' ale) be#i)e im, p/lle) a .75 0aliber /n *rom i# ai#, aime) e /n a e poli0eman8# ri ear an) re). Te man o #o L/0ilo a) ree oer 0ompanion# i im, one o* om #o e *allen poli0eman *o/r ime# a# e la' on e ro/n). $*er ain e laer8# /n, e man an) i# 0ompanion# boar)e) a ri0'0le an) :e). 1  Te in0i)en a# ine##e) ine##e) *rom a )i#an0e o* abo/ abo/ nine meer# b' Ne#or $rmena, a 25 'ear ol) el)er *rom Pilar, Sor#oon, o 0laime) a e ne bo e vi0im an) e man o re) e *aal #o. $rmena i)enie) e man o re) a e )e0ea#e) a# Elia# Love)ioro ' (a#ro, i# nepe ;appellan8# *aer a# i# r# 0o/#in< an) allee) a e ne e vi0im *rom e *a0 a e laer a# a re#i)en o* 4a/mba'an. L/0ilo )ie) on e #ame )a' o* ma##ive bloo) lo## *rom m/liple /n#o o/n)# on e *a0e, e 0e#, an) oer par# o* e bo)'. 2 On a/op#', e m/ni0ipal eal o=0er e#abli#e) e 0a/#e o* )ea a# 'povolemi0 #o0. 3 $# a re#/l o* e illin, e o=0e o* e provin0ial pro#e0/or o* $lba', on November >, 1992 le) an In*ormaion 0arin a00/#e)"appellan a00/#e)"appellan Elia# Love)ioro ' (a#ro o* e 0rime o* 6/r)er /n)er $ri0le 27? o* e Revi#e) Penal (o)e. Te In*ormaion rea)#  Ta on or abo/ abo/ e 2@ )a' )a' o* -/l', 1992, a more or le## le## 53A o80lo0 o80lo0 in e a*ernoon, a 4/ro# Sree, 6/ni0ipali' o* &araa, Provin0e o* $lba', Pilippine#, an) iin e B/ri#)i0ion o* i# Honorable (o/r, e above"name) a00/#e), oeer i Gilbero Lona#a, o i# alrea)' 0are) in (rim. (a#e No. 5931 be*ore RT(, 4ran0 I, an) ree ;3< oer# o#e r/e i)eniie# are a pre#en /nnon an) remain a lare, 0onnivin, 0on#pirin, 0on*e)erain an) elpin one anoer *or a 0ommon p/rpo#e, arme) i rearm#, i inen o ill an) i rea0er' an) evi)en preme)iaion, )i) en an) ere il*/ll', /nla*/ll' an) *elonio/#l' re an) #oo one SPO3 -ESS L(ILO, a member o* e &araa Poli0e Saion, in:i0in /pon e laer m/liple /n#o o/n)# 0a/#in i# )ea, o e )amae an) preB/)i0e o* i# leal eir#. $*er rial, e 0o/r a C/o *o/n) a00/#e)"appellan /il' be'on) rea#onable )o/b o* e 0rime o* 6/r)er. Te )i#po#iive porion o* #ai) )e0i#ion, )ae) Sepember 27, 1993 #ae#

DHEREFORE, in vie o* all e *oreoin 0on#i)eraion#, i# (o/r n)# e a00/#e) ELI$S LO%E&IORO /il' be'on) rea#onable )o/b a# prin0ipal, a0in in 0on#pira0' i i# 0o"a00/#e) o are #ill a lare, o* e 0rime o* m/r)er, )ene) an) penalie) /n)er $ri0le 27? o* e Revi#e) Penal (o)e, an) ereb' #enen0e# im o #/!er e penal' o* Re0l/#ion Perpe/a i all e a00e##orie# provi)e) b' la o pa' e eir# o* e )e0ea#e) SPO3 -e#/# L/0ilo ro/ e i)o, 6r#. Remeline L/0ilo, e amo/n o* Fi*' To/#an) ;P5A,AAA.AA< Pe#o# repre#enin e 0ivil in)emni' *or )ea o pa' e #ai) i)o e #/m o* Tir' To/#an) ;P3A,AAA.AA< Pe#o# repre#enin rea#onable moral )amae# an) o pa' e #ai) i)o e #/m o* Eieen To/#an) Five H/n)re) Ei'"Ei ;P1?,5??.AA< Pe#o#, repre#enin a0/al )amae#, io/ #/b#i)iar' impri#onmen oever, in 0a#e o* in#olven0' on e par o* e #ai) a00/#e). Di 0o## aain# e a00/#e). SO OR&ERE&. Hen0e, e in#an appeal, in i0 e #ole i##/e inerpo#e) i# a porion o* rial 0o/r )e0i#ion n)in im /il' o* e 0rime o* m/r)er an) no rebellion. $ppellan 0ie# e e#imon' o* e pro#e0/ion8# prin0ipal ine##, Ne#or $rmena, a# #/pporin i# 0laim a e #o/l) ave been 0are) i e 0rime o* rebellion, no m/r)er. In i# 4rie*, e a##everae# a $rmena, a poli0e in*ormer, i)enie) im a# a member o* e Ne People8# $rm'. $))iionall', e 0onen)# a be0a/#e e illin o* L/0ilo a# a mean# o or in */reran0e o* #/bver#ive en)#, 7 ;#ai) illin< #o/l) ave been )eeme) ab#orbe) in e 0rime o* rebellion /n)er $r#. 137 an) 135 o* e Revi#e) Penal (o)e. Finall', 0laimin a e )i) no re e *aal #o b/ merel' a0e) a# a loo"o/ in e liC/i)aion o* L/0ilo, e aver# a e #o/l) ave been 0are) merel' a# a pari0ipan in e 0ommi##ion o* e 0rime o* rebellion /n)er pararap 2 o* $ri0le 135 o* e Revi#e) Penal (o)e an) #o/l) ere*ore ave been mee) onl' e penal' o* pri#on ma'or b' e loer 0o/r. $##erin a e rial 0o/r 0orre0l' 0onvi0e) appellan o* e 0rime o* m/r)er, e Soli0ior General aver# a e 0rime 0ommie) b' appellan ma' be 0on#i)ere) a# rebellion onl' i* e )e*en#e i#el* a) 0on0l/#ivel' proven a e moive or inen *or e illin o* e poli0eman a# *or polii0al an) #/bver#ive en)#. 5 6oreover, e Soli0ior General 0onen)# a even i* appellan ere o be 0onvi0e) o* rebellion, an) even i* e rial 0o/r a) *o/n) appellan /il' merel' o* bein a pari0ipan in a rebellion, e proper impo#able penal' i# no pri#ion ma'or a# appellan 0onen)#, b/ re0l/#ion emporal, be0a/#e Ee0/ive Or)er No. 1?@ a# amen)e) b' Rep/bli0 $0 No. >9>?, e (o/p &8ea La, pre#0ribe# re0l/#ion emporal a# e penal' impo#able *or in)ivi)/al# *o/n) /il' a# pari0ipan# in a rebellion. De aree i e Soli0ior General a e 0rime 0ommie) a# m/r)er an) no rebellion. n)er $r. 137 o* e Revi#e) Penal (o)e, a# amen)e) b' Rep/bli0 $0 No. >9>?, rebellion i# 0ommie) in e *olloin manner

4J' ri#in p/bli0l' an) ain arm# aain# e Governmen *or e p/rpo#e o* removin *rom e alleian0e o #ai) Governmen or i# la#, e errior' o* e Rep/bli0 o* e Pilippine# or an' par ereo*, o* an' bo)' o* lan), naval or oer arme) *or0e#, or )eprivin e (ie* Ee0/ive or e Lei#la/re oll' or pariall', o* an' o* eir poer# or preroaive#. >  Te ravamen o* e 0rime o* rebellion i# an arme) p/bli0 /pri#in aain# e overnmen. @ 4' i# ver' na/re, rebellion i# e##eniall' a 0rime o* ma##e# or m/li/)e# involvin 0ro) a0ion, i0 0anno be 0onne) a priori iin pre)eermine) bo/n)#. ? One a#pe0 noeor' in e 0ommi##ion o* rebellion i# a oer a0# 0ommie) in i# p/r#/an0e are, b' la, ab#orbe) in e 0rime i#el* be0a/#e e' a0C/ire a polii0al 0ara0er. Ti# pe0/liari' a# /n)er#0ore) in e 0a#e o* People v. Hernan)e, 9 /# In #or, polii0al 0rime# are o#e )ire0l' aime) aain# e polii0al or)er, a# ell a# #/0 0ommon 0rime# a# ma' be 0ommie) o a0ieve a polii0al p/rpo#e. Te )e0i#ive *a0or i# e inen or moive. I* a 0rime /#/all' rear)e) a# 0ommon, lie omi0i)e, i# perperae) *or e p/rpo#e o* removin *rom e alleian0e o e Governmen e errior' o* e Pilippine I#lan)# or an' par ereo*, en i be0ome# #rippe) o* i# 0ommon 0ompleion, ina#m/0 a#, bein par an) par0el o* e 0rime o* rebellion, e *ormer a0C/ire# e polii0al 0ara0er o* e laer. &ive#e) o* i# 0ommon 0ompleion ere*ore, an' or)inar' a0, oever rave, a##/me# a )i!eren 0olor b' bein ab#orbe) in e 0rime o* rebellion, i0 0arrie# a lier penal' an e 0rime o* m/r)er. In )e0i)in i* e 0rime 0ommie) i# rebellion, no m/r)er, i be0ome# imperaive *or o/r 0o/r# o a#0erain eer or no e a0 a# )one in */reran0e o* a polii0al en). Te polii0al moive o* e a0 #o/l) be 0on0l/#ivel' )emon#rae). In #/0 0a#e#, e b/r)en o* )emon#rain polii0al moive *all# on e )e*en#e, moive, bein a #ae o* min) i0 e a00/#e), beer an an' in)ivi)/al, no#.  T/#, in People v. Gempe#, 1A i# 0o/r #re##e) a Sin0e i# i# a maer a lie# pe0/liarl' i ;e a00/#e)8#< nole)e an) #in0e moreover i# i# an a=rmaive )e*en#e, e b/r)en i# on em o prove, or a lea# o #ae, i0 e' 0o/l) ea#il' )o per#onall' or ro/ ine##e#, a e' ille) e )e0ea#e) in */reran0e o* e re#i#an0e movemen. From e *oreoin, i i# plainl' obvio/# a i i# no eno/ a e over a0# o* rebellion are )/l' proven. 4o p/rpo#e an) over a0# are e##enial 0omponen# o* e 0rime. Di eier o* e#e elemen# anin, e 0rime o* rebellion leall' )oe# no ei#. In *a0, even in 0a#e# ere e a0 0omplaine) o* ere 0ommie) #im/laneo/#l' i or in e 0o/r#e o* e rebellion, i* e illin, robbin, or e0., ere a00ompli#e) *or privae p/rpo#e# or pro, io/ an' polii0al moivaion, i a# been el) a e 0rime o/l) be #eparael' p/ni#able a# a 0ommon 0rime an) o/l) no be ab#orbe) b' e 0rime rebellion. 11 (learl', polii0al moive #o/l) be e#abli#e) be*ore a per#on 0are) i a 0ommon 0rime K allein rebellion in or)er o le##en e po##ible impo#able

penal' K 0o/l) bene *rom e la8# relaivel' benin ai/)e oar)# polii0al 0rime#. In#r/0ive in i# rear) i# e 0a#e o* Enrile v. $min, 12 ere e pro#e0/ion #o/ o 0are Senaor -/an Pon0e Enrile i violaion o* P.&. No. 1?29, 13 *or allee)l' arborin or 0on0ealin in i# ome (ol. Greorio Hona#an in #pie o* e #enaor8# nole)e a Hona#an mi ave 0ommie) a 0rime. Ti# (o/r el), aain# e pro#e0/ion8# 0onenion, a rebellion an) violaion o* P.& 1?29 0o/l) be rie) #eparael' 17 ;on e prin0iple a rebellion i# ba#e) on e Revi#e) Penal (o)e ile P.&. 1?29 i# a #pe0ial la<, a e a0 *or i0 e #enaor a# bein 0are), o/ p/ni#able /n)er a #pe0ial la, a# ab#orbe) in e 0rime o* rebellion bein moivae) b', an) relae) o e a0# *or i0 e a# 0are) in Enrile v#. Salaar ;G.R. No#. 921>3 an) 921>7< a 0a#e )e0i)e) on -/ne 5, 199A. R/lin in *avor o* Senaor Enrile an) ol)in a e pro#e0/ion *or violaion o* P.&. No. 1?29 0anno pro#per be0a/#e a #eparae pro#e0/ion *or rebellion a) alrea)' been le) an) in *a0 )e0i)e), e (o/r #ai)  Te aen)an 0ir0/m#an0e# in e in#an 0a#e, oever 0on#rain /# o r/le a e eor' o* ab#orpion in rebellion 0a#e# m/# no 0onne i#el* o 0ommon 0rime# b/ al#o o o!en#e# /n)er #pe0ial la# i0 are perperae) in */reran0e o* e polii0al o!en#e. 15 Noin e imporan0e o* p/rpo#e in 0a#e# o* rebellion e 0o/r in Enrile v#. $min */rer /n)er#0ore) a IJnen or moive i# a )e0i#ive *a0or. I* Senaor Pon0e Enrile i# no 0are) i rebellion an) e arbore) or 0on0eale) (olonel Hona#an #impl' be0a/#e e laer i# a *rien) an) *ormer a##o0iae, e moive *or e a0 i# 0ompleel' )i!eren. 4/ i*  e a0 i# 0ommie) i polii0al or #o0ial moive#, a i# in */reran0e o* rebellion, en i #o/l) be )eeme) o *orm par o* e 0rime o* rebellion in#ea) o* bein p/ni#e) #eparael'. I *ollo#, ere*ore, a i* no polii0al moive i# e#abli#e) an) prove), e a00/#e) #o/l) be 0onvi0e) o* e 0ommon 0rime an) no o* rebellion. In 0a#e# o* rebellion, moive relae# o e a0, an) mere member#ip in an oraniaion )e)i0ae) o e */reran0e o* rebellion o/l) no, b' an) o* i#el*, #/=0e.  Te #imilari' o* #ome o* e *a0/al 0ir0/m#an0e# o* People v. Ompa), -r., 1> o e in#an 0a#e i# #riin. To ine##e#, bo *ormer NP$ re0r/i# i)enie) e a00/#e) Ompa), alia# (omman)er 4ran)o, a non iman o* e NP$, a# avin le) ree oer member# o* e NP$ in e liC/i)aion o* &ionilo 4arlaan, a miliar' in*ormer, al#o in a rebel in*e#e) area. In #pie o* i# noorie' a# an NP$ iman, Ompa) a# merel' 0are) i an) 0onvi0e) o* m/r)er, no rebellion be0a/#e polii0al moive a# neier allee) nor prove). $# #ae) ereinabove, e b/r)en o* proo* a e a0 0ommie) a# impelle) b' a polii0al moive lie# on e a00/#e). Polii0al moive m/# be allee) in e in*ormaion. 1@ I m/# be e#abli#e) b' 0lear an) #ai#*a0or' evi)en0e. In People v. Pa an) Ti0a e el)  Ta e illin a# in p/r#/an0e o* e H/ rebellion i# a maer o* miiaion or )e*en#e a e a00/#e) a# e b/r)en o* provin 0learl' an) #ai#*a0oril'. Te

lone /n0orroborae) a##erion o* appellan a i# #/perior# ol) im o* &a'ri bein an in*ormer, an) i# #/#pi0ion a e a# one #/0, i# neier #/=0ien or a)eC/ae o e#abli# a e moivaion *or e illin a# polii0al, 0on#i)erin appellan8# obvio/# inere# in e#i*'in o a e!e0. 1? Similarl', in People v. 4/0o, 19 e (o/r #re##e) a a00/#e) in a 0a#e *aile) o e#abli# a e rea#on *or e illin o* eir vi0im a# o */rer or 0arr' o/ rebellion. Te evi)en0e a))/0e) b' e )e*en#e erein #impl' #oe) a appellan Fran0i#0o 4/0o a# or)ere) b' Toma# (alma, alia# (omman)er Sol o ill m/ni0ipal ma'or (onra)o G. &ion. Hoever, e evi)en0e liei#e #oe) a (alma a# in)/0e) b' an a0C/ainan0e, a 0ivilian, o or)er e illin on a00o/n o* privae )i!eren0e# over a nine' ;9A< e0are pie0e o* lan). Te 0o/r arib/e) no polii0al moive *or e illin, o/ 0ommie) b' non member# o* e H/balaap movemen. 2A People v. &a#i 21 a# a *a0/al milie/ almo# #imilar o e in#an 0a#e. Tere, e (o/r el) a e a0 o* illin a poli0e o=0er, noin oo ell a e vi0im i# a per#on in a/ori' i# a mere 0omponen or inre)ien o* rebellion or an a0 )one in */reran0e o* a rebellion. In &a#i e (o/r oever noe) a e a00/#e), o a# 0are) i m/r)er, no onl' a)mie) i# member#ip i e NP$ b/ al#o ee0/e) an eraB/)i0ial 0on*e##ion o e e!e0 a e a# a member o* an NP$ #parro /ni, a *a0 o i0 even e Soli0ior General, in i# brie* erein a# in areemen. Te Soli0ior General8# brie* in &a#i i0 i# (o/r *avorabl' C/oe), noe) a TJe #parro /ni i# e liC/i)aion #C/a) o* e Ne People8# $rm' i e obBe0ive o* overroin e )/l' 0on#i/e) overnmen. I i# ere*ore no ar) o 0ompreen) a e illin o* P*0. 6anaa) a# 0ommie) a# a mean# o or in */reran0e o* e #/bver#ive en)# o* e NP$. 22 4' 0onra#, e Soli0ior General vioro/#l' ar/e# *or a )i!eren re#/l in e 0a#e a ben0. He #ae# a a00/#e)"appellan8# belae) 0laim# o member#ip in e NP$ ere no onl' in#/b#anial b/ al#o #el* #ervin 23 an avermen o i0, iven a oro/ revie o* e 0ir0/m#an0e# o* e 0a#e, e */ll' aree. He #ae# In e 0a#e 0ie)J e appellan#, a)mie)l' member# o* e NP$, 0learl' over0ame e b/r)en o* provin moive or inen. I a# #on a e polii0al moivaion *or e illin o* e vi0im a# e *a0 a Raa/l a# #/#pe0e) a# an in*ormer *or e P(. Te perperaor# even le* a leer 0ar), a )rain on e bo)' o* Raa/l a# a arnin o oer# no o *ollo i# eample. I i# enirel' )i!eren in e 0a#e a bar ere e evi)en0e *or e appellan merel' 0onain# #el*"#ervin a##erion# an) )enial# no #/b#anial eno/ a# an in)i0ia o* polii0al moivaion in e illin o* vi0im SPO3 -e#/# L/0ilo. 27 In e 0a#e a ben0, e appellan, a##i#e) b' 0o/n#el, a)mie) in i# eraB/)i0ial 0on*e##ion o avin pari0ipae) in e illin o* L/0ilo a# *ollo# 

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I bear# empa#i# a noere in i# enire eraB/)i0ial 0on*e##ion )i) appellan ever menion a e a# a member o* e Ne People8# $rm'. $ oro/ rea)in o* e #ame reveal# noin i0 o/l) #/e# a e illin in i0 e a# a pari0ipan a# moivae) b' a polii0al p/rpo#e. 6oreover, e in*ormaion le) aain# appellan, ba#e) on #orn #aemen#, )i) no 0onain an' menion or all/#ion a# o e involvemen o* e NP$ in e )ea o* SPO3 L/0ilo. 2> Even pro#e0/ion e'eine## Ne#or $rmena )i) no menion e NP$ in i# #orn #aemen o* O0ober 19, 1992. 2@

$# e re0or) o/l) #o, alleaion# relain o appellan8# member#ip in e NP$ #/r*a0e) almo# merel' a# an a*ero/, #omein i0 e )e*en#e merel' pi0e) /p an) *olloe) ro/ /pon pro#e0/ion e'eine## $rmena8# e#imon' on 0ro##"eaminaion a e ne appellan o be a member o* e NP$. Inere#inl', oever, in e #ame e#imon', $rmena a)mie) a e a# *or0e) o pinpoin appellan a# an NP$ member. 2? Te loi0al re#/l, o* 0o/r#e, a# a e rial 0o/r )i) no ive an' ei an) 0re)en0e o #ai) e#imon'. Te rial 0o/r, a*er all, a) e preroaive o* reBe0in onl' a par o* a ine##8 e#imon' ile /pol)in e re# o* i. 29 Dile )i#believin e porion o* $rmena8# e#imon' on appellan8# allee) member#ip in e NP$, e rial 0o/r 0orre0l' ave 0re)en0e o i# /n:ae) narraion abo/ o e 0rime a# 0ommie). 3A S/0 narraion i# even 0orroborae) in i# perinen porion#, e0ep a# o e i)eni' o* e /n iel)er, b' e e#imon' o* e appellan im#el*. In an' 0a#e, appellan8# 0laim rear)in e polii0al 0olor aen)in e 0ommi##ion o* e 0rime bein a maer o* )e*en#e, i# viabili' )epen)# on i# #ole an) /n#/ppore) e#imon'. He e#ie) a, /pon e pro))in o* alia# $lin an) alia# Sam/el, e Boine) e NP$ be0a/#e o* e oraniaion8# oal#. 31 He 0laime) a i# o 0ompanion# #o L/0ilo be0a/#e e a) o!en)e) o/r oraniaion, 32 io/, oever, #pe0i*'in a e o!en#e a#. $ppellan 0laime) a e a) been a member o* e NP$ *or ve mon# be*ore e #ooin in0i)en. 33 $# 0orre0l' ob#erve) b' e Soli0ior General, appellan8# 0onenion# are 0o/0e) in erm# #o eneral an) non"#pe0i0 37 a e' o!er no eplanaion a# o a 0onrib/ion e illin o/l) ave ma)e oar)# e a0ievemen o* e NP$8# #/bver#ive aim#. SPO3 -e#/# L/0ilo, a mere poli0eman, a# never allee) o be an in*ormer. No a0# o* i# ere #pe0i0all' #on o ave o!en)e) e NP$. $ain# appellan8# aemp# o #a)e i# pari0ipaion in e illin i a polii0al 0olor, e evi)en0e on re0or) leave# e impre##ion a appellan8# bare alleaion# o* member#ip in e NP$ a# 0onvenienl' in*/#e) o miiae e penal' impo#able /pon im. I i# o* B/)i0ial noi0e a in man' NP$ in*e#e) area#, 0rime# ave been all"oo"C/i0l' arib/e) o e */reran0e o* an i)eolo' or /n)er e 0loa o* polii0al 0olor *or e p/rpo#e o* miiain e impo#able penal' en in *a0 e' are no more an or)inar' 0rime# perperae) b' 0ommon 0riminal#. In 4a'lo#i# v. (ave, -r., (ie* -/#i0e Narva#a apl' ob#erve)  Te ei#en0e o* rebellio/# ro/p# in o/r #o0ie' o)a', an) o* n/mero/# ban)i#, or irre#pon#ible or )erane) in)ivi)/al#, i# a reali' a 0anno be inore) or belile).  Teir a0iviie#, e illin# an) a0# o* )e#r/0ion an) errori#m a e' perperae, /n*or/nael' 0onin/e /nabae) )e#pie e be# e!or# a e Governmen a/oriie# are eerin, alo/ i ma' be r/e a e in#/rre0ioni# ro/p# o* e ri or e le* no loner po#e a en/ine rea o e #e0/ri' o* e #ae. Te nee) *or more #rinen la# an) more rioro/# la" en*or0emen, 0anno be ain#ai). 35 In e ab#en0e o* 0lear an) #ai#*a0or' evi)en0e poinin o a polii0al moive *or e illin o* SPO3 -e#/# L/0ilo, e are #ai#e) a e rial 0o/r 0orre0l' 0onvi0e) appellan o* e 0rime o* m/r)er. 3> I i# o* no momen a a #inle

e'eine##, Ne#or $rmena, #eale) i# *ae, *or i i# #ele) a e e#imon' o* one ine##, i* 0re)ible an) po#iive, i# #/=0ien o 0onvi0. 3@ $ain# appellan8# 0laim# a e a0e) merel' a# a loo"o/, e e#imon' o* one ine##, i# bloo) relaive, *ree *rom an' #in# o* improprie' or *al#eoo), a# #/=0ien o 0onvi0 e a00/#e). 3? 6oreover, neier ma' la0 o* moive be availin o e0/lpae e appellan. La0 or ab#en0e o* moive *or 0ommiin a 0rime )oe# no pre0l/)e 0onvi0ion, ere bein a reliable e'eine## o */ll' an) #ai#*a0oril' i)enie) appellan a# e perperaor o* e *elon'. 39 In e 0a#e a ben0, e #ren o* e pro#e0/ion8# 0a#e a# */rermore bol#ere) b' a00/#e)"appellan8# a)mi##ion in open 0o/r a e an) e e'eine##, i# on /n0le, bore no r/)e# aain# ea0 oer. 7A Finall', rea0er' a# a)eC/ael' prove) in e 0o/r belo. Te aa0 )elivere) b' appellan a# #/))en, an) io/ arnin o* an' in). 71 Te illin avin been C/alie) b' rea0er', e 0rime 0ommie) i# m/r)er /n)er $r. 27? o* e Revi#e) Penal (o)e. In e ab#en0e o* an' miiain an) aravain 0ir0/m#an0e#, e rial 0o/r a# 0orre0 in impo#in e penal' o* re0l/#ion perpe/a oeer i all e a00e##orie# provi)e) b' la. DHEREFORE, PRE6ISES (ONSI&ERE&, e rial 0o/r8# )e0i#ion )ae) Sepember 17, 1993, #enen0in e a00/#e) o* 6/r)er i# ereb' $FFIR6E&, in oo. SO OR&ERE&.