PENYEBAB PENYAKIT KANKER USUS BESAR DAN PENGOBATANNYA

MAKALAH PATOLOGI “PENYEBAB PENYAKIT KANKER USUS BESAR DAN PENGOBATANNYA”

FARMASI C KELOMPOK 5

GLORIA (3311141099) DIANI DESTI FUJI ASTUTI (3311141107) LISNA NURHAYATI KURNIA (3311141109) KOKOM NURUL QOMARIAH (3311141114) FEBY ANISA FITRIANTI SUWITO (331114112)

DOSEN PENGAMPU :

D!"# S!$ W"%&'$*$%# M*$

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA FAKULTAS FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITA UNIVERSI TAS S JENDERAL ACHMAD YANI YANI CIMAHI 2015

KATA PENGANTAR 

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BAB I PENDAHULUAN

A. L! L!"" B B#$ #$% %& &' '

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/'"*& /'"*&"" *+"" *+""$$ *+, 6!", 6!", K"-+! K"-+! ".","% ".","% ++,"% ++,"%" " ."

 +!/''%" *+, *+ , *+;"!" 6!", &" /$."- .""/ .$-6/!6, *+%$" * +%$" ;+"/ ;+" / +&+"!# &" /+!".$ /+!".$ ."!$ +!'"%" +!'"%" *+, *+, &" &" +,+"*-" +,+"*-" .$!$ ."!$ ."!$ +-"$*++ +-"$*++"/' "/'!" !" 6!", 6!", S+,*+, $ $"-" +!'*"- "!$" /''% *+%$" +"': +"': '*$ 6!" 6!" /''% &" /+!-+" A." "&"- /+6!$ /+/" /+!".$& "+&"-$/ $$# *","% *"/'&" ".","% /+6!$ !".$-", +"*# .$ "" 6-*$."*$ *+, &" +!,+$%" *+""$ "-$"/ ."!$ 6,'*$ ("*" !6-6-# "* '"""!$-# -+."!"")# "/"' +'"" ?"/ -$$" ($*",&" "%"" .$-/$: .$-/$: "-"" "-"") ) .""/ .""/ +&+ +&+""-" " '/"*$ '/"*$ /+!*+' /+!*+'/@ /@ -+."/ -+."/$$ ."," ."," /''% /''% '" '" /+!.""/ +?$+?$ +;+"% *'+!6-*$."*$# ." "-"".$+/ &" "$-.""/ '," ++!$ ++!$-" -" $/"$ $/"$# # $+!", $+!",## '" '" "/$6"/$6-*$ *$ ." *++!/$ *++!/$ +/"-" +/"-"!6/+ !6/+# # $/"$ $/"$ E# $/"$ =# *+!/" *+,+$' K"K"-+! +! -6,6 -6,6  ." ." !+-/' !+-/'" " .","% .","% -"-+!  &" &" +&+!" +&+!"  '*'* +*"!  ." !+-/' 5+&"-$/ !+-/' 5+&"-$/ $$  $$ ".","% -"-+! +!$-"/ 2 &" +"/$-" U*'* +*"! ".","%  "$" ."!$ *$*/+ +;+!"" +;+!"" S+""$"" -$/" -+/"%'$ *&*/+ +;+!"" .$',"$ ."!$ ','/# ,",' -+!6-6" (+*6:"'*)# ,"' ,"'## '*'*%",'* '*'*%",'* (.'6.+'#  (.'6.+'# &+&''# $,+')# '*'* +*"!  (-6,6)#  (-6,6)# !+-/' !+-/' ."  ." +!"-%$! .$ .''!  U*'* +*"! /+!.$!$ ."!$ -6,6 ." !+-/' K6,6 "/"' '*'* +*"! ".","% "$" '*'* *+*'."% '*'* %",'*# /+!.$!$ ."!$ -6,6 *++,"% -"" (-6,6 "*+.+)# -6,6 *++,"% /+"% "/"* (-6,6 /!"*+!*') ." ." -6,6 -6,6  *++ *++," ,"% % -$!$ -$!$ (-6, (-6,6 6 .+*+ .+*+.+ .+) ) S+/+ S+/+,"% ,"% -6,6 -6,6# # "!' "!'," ,"% % !+-/ !+-/' ' &" &" +!'"-" *",'!" .$ "/"* .''! B"$" -6,6 &" +!%''" .+" '*'* %",'* .$*+'/ ;"+;'# *+."-" "$" -6,6 &" +!%''" .+" !+-/'.$*+'/ -6,6 *$6$.

K"-+! K"-+! ".","% +&"-$/ +!/''%" +!/''%" *+, *+, &"  &" +!*$:"/ ""* B$*" ++"$ 6!" "" "" *"" .$ /'' /''% % "'*$" "'*$" B$," +&+!" .$ -6,6# "-" .$*+'/ -"-+!  -6,6# $," ++"$ .$!+-/'# "-" .$*+'/-" -+ !!+-/' B$," ++"$ -6,6 "'' !+;/' "-" .$*+'/-" -+!-6,6!+-/", K"-+! -6,6 *+""$ "" *$:"/-" -+!,"$&"# +$,$-$ *$:"/ .""/ /''% .+ .+" " !+,"/ !+,"/$ $++ ;+" ;+"/# /# ."" .""// +& +&'* '*' ' "/"' "/"' + +""-"! "! ($: ($:$,/ $,/!" !"*$) *$) -+"! -+"!$ $" "  .$*+-$/"!& .$*+-$/"!&"" *+!/" +!'*"-&"# +!'*"-&"# ."" /+&+"! /+&+"! "'% +,",'$ +,",'$ -+,+"! +/"% +$ "'' +','% ."!"% -+ 6!" &" "'% ."!$ /+"/ "*",&" /''%# *++!/$ -+,++!  -+,++! #  "!'"!'  "!'"!'## &" &" "." "." "-%$!& "-%$!&"" .""/ .""/ +&+ +&+""-" " -+"/$ -+"/$" " $," $," /$."-  /$."-  .$/""$ .+" "$-

B. R()( R()(* *& & M* M*$ $+ +

D"," +&'*'" "-","% $$ +&'*' +'&"$ ,"/"! +,"-"  +!"*","%" *+""$ +!$-'/ C 1 B""$ B""$"" "" D+:$$ D+:$$*$ *$ 5+&"-$/ 5+&"-$/ K"K"-+! +! U*'* B+*"! B+*"! 2 B""$ B""$"" "" G+"," G+"," 5+& 5+&"-$/ "-$/ K"K"-+! +! U*'* U*'* B+*"! B+*"! 3 A" *"" *"" 5+&+ 5+&+" " 5+&" 5+&"-$/ -$/ K"-+ K"-+!! U*'* U*'* B+*"! B+*"! 4 A" *"" F"-/6! F"-/6! R+*$-6 R+*$-6 K"K"-+! +! U*'* U*'* B+*"! B+*"! > B""$"" B""$"" ="!" 5+;+"%" 5+;+"%" ." ." 5+6"/ 5+6"/" " 5+&"-$/ 5+&"-$/ K"-+! K"-+! U*'* U*'* B+*"! B+*"!

C. T(,(& (&

D"," +&'*'" "-","% $$ +&'*' +'&"$ /''" *+""$ +!$-'/ C 1 M++/ M++/"%' "%'$$ .+:$$*$ .+:$$*$ +& +&"-$/ "-$/ -"-"-+! +! '*'* '*'* 2 M++/"%'$ M++/"%'$ +","# +","#+&+ +&+"# "# ." :"-/6! !+*$-6 -"--+! -"--+! '*'* +*"! +*"! 3 M++/"%'$ M++/"%'$ ;"!" +;+"% +;+"%" " ." +6 +6"/" "/" +&"-$ +&"-$// -"-+! -"-+! '*'* +*"! +*"!

BAB II PEMBAHASAN

A. D#-&* D#-&* P#&/ P#&/%! %! K&%# K&%#"" U*(* U*(* B#*" B#*"

U*'* +*"! ".","% "$" ."!$ *$*/$ +;+!"" (.$+*/$+ *&*/+) .$"" "/+!$ &" .$'" (*""%) .$*$" R+-/' (!+;/') ".","% '' ."!$ '*'*  +*"! .+-"/ .''! ("'*) B+!*""# +!+-" ++/'- *'"/' $" "" &"  +!6/6/ &" .$*+'/ '*'* +*"! T'6!/'6! T'6!/'6! '*'* +*"! ." !+-/' ".","%  +!/''%"+!/''%" &" ."/"&" ."!$ .$.$ ."," ."!$ '*'* +*"! T'6!/'6! !""% ."!$ '*'* +*"! .$*+'/ 6,$6,$ (6,&*) T'6!/'6! ""* ."!$ '*'* +*"! .$*+'/ -"-+!-"-+! 56,$6,$ !""% /$."- +&+!" "!$" &" +!.+-"/" .+"&" "/"' +&+"! -+ "$""$" ,"$ /''% 56,$6,$ !""% .""/ .$"-"/ .+" '."% *+"-/' *+ "-/' ;6,66*;6& ." ".","% '-" ";"" &"" &"" J$-" 6,$6,$ 6,$6,$ !""% /$."- .$"-"/ .$"-"/ ."!$ '*'* +*"!# +!+-" .""/ +".$ ""* (+!*$:"/ -"-+!) +,",'$ "-/' K+"&"-" ."!$ -"-+!-"-+! '*'* +*"! .$+!;"&"$ /+,"% +!-+" ."!$  6,$6,$ K"-+! '*'* +*"! ." !+-/'# '" .$!''- *+""$ -"-+! -6,6!+-/", (;6,6!+;/", ;";+!)# .""/ +&+!" ." +!'*"- "!$""!$" ." 6!"6!" &" +!.+-"/" S+,*+, -"-+! '" .""/ +;"% ." -+,'"! ." +&+"! "."  "$""$" ,"$ /''% (*++!/$ %"/$ ." "!'"!') .$"" /'6!/'6! "!'

/+!+/'- 5+&+"!" -"-+! '*'* +*"! -+ 6!"6!" &" /+!,+/"- "'% ."!$&" .$*+'/ +/"*/"*$* ."!$ -"-+! '*'* +*"! S+-",$ +/"*/"*$* /+,"% /+!".$ "." -"-+!  -6,6!+-/", (;6,6!+;/", ;";+!)# *'"/' +&+'%" &" +'% ."!$ -"-+! ".","% /$."- '-$

S+;"!" S+;"!" ,6", ,6",## -"-+! -"-+! '*'* '*'* +*"! +*"! ." !+-/' !+-/' ".","% ".","% +&+" +&+"  +$ +$$ $ -+/$" ."!$ -"-+! "." !$"!$" ." +&+" +$$ +$$ -++"/ -++"/ ."!$ -"-+! "." "$/""$/ "$/""$/" " F!+-+*$ F!+-+*$ ."!$ -"-+! -6,6!+/", -6,6!+/", +!"!$"*$ +!"!$"*$ .$*+,'!'% .$*+,'!'% .'$" I" ".","% '' .$ .'$" "!"/ ." ".","% "!" .$ A*$" ." A:!$;" D$ +"!"+"!" .$"" 6!" 6!"6!" 6!"  /+,"% /+,"% +". +".6* 6*$$ .$+/. .$+/.$+/ $+/ "!"/# "!"/# -+".$" -+".$"  ."!$ ."!$ -"-+! -"-+! -6,6!+ -6,6!+-/" -/",, +$-"/

B. G#,$ G#,$ P#&/% P#&/%! ! K&%#" K&%#" U*(* B#*" B#*"

5+&"-$/ 5+&"-$/ -"-+! *+!$ .$/"."$ .$/"."$ .+" .+" "."&" "."&" -"%+-*$" -"%+-*$" "/"' *$.!6" *$.!6" &" .$/". .$/"."$ "$ .+" .+" +"," +"," -,$$* -,$$* *++!/$ *++!/$ "6!+"6!+-*$"# *$"# +!'" +!'"%" %" "" "" !"*" -+;"# -+;"#  +'!'" +!"/ "."# "+$"# "'" +/"6,$*+ -"!6%$.!"/# !6/+$# ,+"-# ,+"% ." -'!" +!/+""# +!'"%" :'*$ $'

K"%+-*$" -"-+! .$/+'-" "." 0 "*$+ &" +.+!$/" -+""*" /"%" ," ,"'/ '/ ." ." + +". ".$$ +& +&+ +" " -+" -+"/$ /$" "  20 20 M"*$ M"*$ " "*$ *$  -"-"-+! +! "-" "-" ++!$ ++!$-" -" "-$"/ "-$"/ -"%+-* -"%+-*$" $" &" &" +!+. +!+." " M+-"$ M+-"$*+ *+ -"%+-* -"%+-*$" $" -"-+! -"-+! /$."-  /$."-  *+*+.+!%"" *++!/$ "." -+,""!"# &"$/' "*'" -",6!$ &" ,+$% !+."% .$".$ -+'/'%"@ +,"$-" /+!".$ '" -+-";"'" +/"6,$*+ G"'" +/"6,$*+ &" /+!".$ "." -"%+-*$" -"-+! .$+"!'%$ -+,'"!&" *$/6-$ . :"-/6! +$;' -"%+-*$" ,"$ &" .$%"*$,-" 6,+% /'6! ." /''% *+.$!$ G+"," -"-+! '*'* &" -%"* .""/ .$".$-" $.$-"/6! "."&" -"-+! '*'* ."," /''% A." ++!"" +"," -"-+! '*'* &" .""/ ++!$-" ""!" *'+*'+-/$: /$: ."!$ ."!$ +.+! +.+!$/" $/" J$-" J$-" .$."" .$.""/-" /-"  +"," +"," /+!*+' /+!*+'/# /# $"*"& $"*"&"" .6-/+! .6-/+! "-" "-" +,"'/-" .+" ++!$-*"" :$*$- .+" +",$ ;$!$;$!$ -"-+! '*'* &" /+!".$ 5+."!"%" ."!$ .''! "/"' ."!"% .$;"'! .+" -6/6!" (:+;+*) ".","% +" +"," ," &" &" .$/$ .$/$' ',,-" " 6,+% 6,+% -"-"-+! +! '*'* '*'* O!" O!"  '' ''& &"" + +$!" $!" *+'" *+'"  +!."!"%" "." "'* ".","% "*$!# "."%", /$."- *+'" -"!+" +!."!"%" "'* $*"  '" .$*+"-" 6,+% -"-+! '*'*# *+%$" *+ %$" +!,' .$,"-'-" .$"6*$* .$$ $-" /+!".$ /+! ".$  +!."!"%" "." "'* 5+."!"%" "." !+-/' $-" $"*"&" +&+!/"$ +"," -"-+! '*'*# "' ;$!$;$!$ -"-+! '*'* $"*"&" /+!*+'&$ ." -!6$*# ." "-$"/&" '-$ ';', "+$" -+-'!"" ?"/ +*$ K+-'!"" ."!"% ("+$") $$ /+!-"$/ .+" -+,+,"%" ." ';"/ "." +.+!$/" U/'- +.$"6*$* -+"."" $$ $"*"&" (",-"'' /$."-  *+,",') /$ +.$* +.+/+-*$ +,",'$ 6-',/$*+ /$" ." .$,"-'-" /+* ."!"%# .$ "" *"+, /$" .$*+!"%-" -+ ,"6!"/6!$' '/'- +.+/+-*$ "."&" ."!"%

C. P#&/# P#&/# P#&/%! P#&/%! K&%# K&%#"" U*(* U*(* B#*" B#*"

5+&+" K"-+! '*'* +*"! "/"!" ,"$C 1 B+!'' B+!''!! L+$% L+$% D"!$ 40 T"%' "%' W"$/" "'' !$" $*" /+!-+" +&"-$/ $$ O!" .+" '*$" ,+$% ."!$ ."!$ 40 /"%' /"%'  $*" $*" !+/" !+/" /+!-+ /+!-+" " +& +&""-$/ $/ $$ $$ H", H", /+!*+ /+!*+' '// .$-" .$-"!+ !+""-" "  +;+!"" *+*+6!" .+" '*$" ,+$% ."!$ 40 /"%' *'."% +!-'!" :'*$&" B+$/' '," .+" '*'* ." '*'* +*"! S""/ +"-" "-"" &" +".' +".' "&"- ,+"- *+!/" -6,+*/+!6, /$$ O!" +;+!"" +;+!"" /$."- $*" +'! +'!"$"$-"& "&"" "-$"/ "-$"/& &"" ".","% ".","% '*'* '*'* +*"! +*"! /$."/$."- .""/ .""/ +&+! +&+!" " *"!$*"! *"!$*"!$$ "-"" ." /$" /$."- .""/ .$'*'--" H", $/',"% &" +&+"-" 6!" .+" '*$" ,+$% ."!$ 40 /"%' !+/" /+!-+" .$"!+

2 M'/" M'/"*$ *$ G++/ ++/$-  $- 

K+/'!'" $*" +&+"-" -"-+! H", /+!*+'/ .$-"!+"-" -"-+!   $*" +,"-'-" /"*$ ++/$- M$*",&" + ."!$ $' +$,$-$ + -"-+! G+ -"-+! /+!*+'/ +,"-'-" '/"*$ ." $*" +!"." .$ ."," + A." 5+&"-$/ -"-+! -"-+! '*'* "&"- +&+!" +&+!" + 6!" A+!$-"# A+!$-"# A:!$-" ." '" -+/'!'" -+/'!'" E!6" T$'! T$."- %+!" $-" -"-+! '*'* .$6"/-" *+""$ +''% ",$  "&"- .$ +"!"+"!" /+!*+'/ A-" -+"/$" "-$"/ -"-+! '*'* +".$  +''% 66! *"/' .$ +"!" +"!" A+!$-"# A:!$-" ." '" E!6" E!6" T$'! T$'! 3 56," 56," M"-" M"-"  T$. T$.""- S+%" S+%"//

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F"-/6!:"-/6! &" +&+"-" -+'-$" *+*+6!" +.+!$/" -"-+! ;6,6!+;/", +$-"/# &"$/' :"-/6! -+/'!'" ."!$ + &" +!'/"*$ ($%+!$/+. ++ '/"/$6) A." 2 +/'- :"-/6! -+/'!'" &" '' +!6/+*$ +&+"-" *+*+6!" /+!-+" -"-+! ;6,6!+;/",# &"$/'C 1 F"$,$ F"$,$", ", A.+6 A.+6"/ "/6'* 6'* 56,& 56,&6*$ 6*$** (FA5) (FA5)

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 +6"/" "" &" "-" .$,"-'-" 6,+% .6-/+! B+!$-'/ $$ ".","% /$" +$*  +6"/" '/"" "." -"*'* -"-+! '*'* '*'* +*"! •

K+6/+!"$

K+6/+ K+6/+!" !"$$ +!'" +!'"-" -" ;"!" '/''/'- +' +''% '% *+,*+, *+,*+, -"-+! -"-+! +,",'$ +,",'$  ++!$" *+',"% 6"/6"/" O"/6"/" $$ .""/ +!+/'- /",+/ &" .$$'# $:'*# "/"' -6$"*$ -+.'"&" B++!"" ;6/6% 6"/ -"-+! -"-+! '*'* +*"! ".","% ;+/'$" ;+/'$" ." +";$?'"5"." +";$?'"5"." -"*'* -"-+!  -"-+!  '*'* +*"!# -+6/+!"$ $"*"&" .$,"-'-" *++,' 6+!"*$ .+" /''" '/'- +&'*'/-" +&'*'/-" /'6!# +!+."-" +"," &" .$!"*"-" "*$+# "/"' ++! ++!," ,"" "// +& +&+" +"!" !"  -"-"-+! +! K+6 K+6/+ /+!" !"$ $ '" '" $*" $*" .$+ .$+!$!$-" "  "*;"6+!"*$ '/'- +;+"% -"-+! -+",$ W"-/' +,"-*""" -+6/+!"$ $"*"&" .$"$ +".$ ++!"" *$-,'*# /+!"/' /$-"/ -+"!"%" -"-+! S+"$" +*"! "*$+ -"-+! '*'*

 +*"! $"*"&" +","$ *+*$ $:'* -+6/+!"$ *+,"" ++!"" " "/"' %"!$ ."," "-/' .'" %$" /$" $' *+-",$ T$" *$-,'* -+6/+!"$ .$$*"% .$$*"%-" -" 6,+% 6,+% +." +." "-/' "-/' $*/$!"% $*/$!"%"/ "/ *+,"" *+,"" ++!" ++!""" $' $' .+" .+" /'' /''" " ""! ""! +. +.+!$ +!$/" /" ."" .""// +' +',$ ,$%%-" " .$!$ .$!$ ."!$ ."!$ +:++:+- -+6 -+6/+ /+!" !"$ $ B++!"" +:+- *"$ -+6/+!"$ ".","% '",# '/"%# ,+,"%# -"-$ ." /" /"" " /+!"* /+!"*"" "/", "/", "/"' "/"' "" ""*# *# *"!$" *"!$"" "# # .$"! .$"!+# +# ." ." !"' !"'// !6/ !6/66- B$"*"&" +:+- *"$ $$ "-" %$," *+/+,"% +6"/" -+6/+!"$  +!"-%$! •

R".$6/+!"$

T''" !".$6/+!"$ *"" *++!/$ -+6/+!"$# &"$/' '/'- +''% *+,*+, -"-+! N"' "." !".$6/+!"$# +/6.+ +6"/" .$,"-'-" .+" + +' '" "-" -"  "; ";"! "!" " !".$ !".$"*$ "*$ S++ S++,' ,'  6+!" 6+!"*$# *$# !".$ !".$6/ 6/+!" +!"$ $ $*" $*" .$,"-' .$,"-'-" -" '/''/'- ++! ++!-+; -+;$, $, '-'!" '-'!" /'6! /'6! "/"' "/"' +!$ +!$""-" " +"," +"," "" ""$, $,"" -"-"-+! +! /+,"% /+,"% +& +&+ +"! "! -+ "$ "$" " " "$" $"  /'' /''% % &" &" ,"$ ,"$ S+." S+."-" -" !".$6/ !".$6/+!" +!"$ $ &" &" .$,"-' .$,"-'-" -" "*;"6 "*;"6+! +!"*$ "*$ +!/' +!/''" '" '/'-  '/'-  +; +;+ +"% "% -"-"-+! +! *'" *'"&" &" /$."/$."- -+", -+",$ $ B++ B++!" !""" +:++:+- *"$ *"$  !".$6/+!"$ ".","% +".$ *+!$ '"! "$! -+;$,# .$"!+# ,+,"%# '",# ." -',$/ .$ *+-$/"! "'* "/"' "', /+!"*" ""* •

O+!"*$

J+$* 6+!"*$ +""" +""" -"-+! '*'* +*"! .$,"-'-" .$,"-'-" /+!"/' /+!"/' ."!$ /$ /$-" -"// -+" -+"!"% !"%" " +& +&+ +"!" "!"  -"-"-+! +! $/' *+.$ *+.$!$ !$ J$-" J$-" -"-"-+! +! &" &" /+!.$" /+!.$"6 6*$* *$* "*$% "*$% ."," ."," /"%" /"%" "",# "",# $"*"& $"*"&"" 6+!"*$ 6+!"*$ $*" $*" .$,"-' .$,"-'-" -" ,+"/ -6,66*-6$ '/'- +%$,"-" +!/''%" -"-+! J$-" /$."-   $*" +,",'$ -6,66*-6$# "-" $*" .$"-"/ +,",'$ 6+!"*$ ,'" -';$ "/"' ,""!6*-6$ 5!6*+.'! -+.'" .$""-" 6+!"*$ -6,6*/6$ O+!"*$ $$ .$,"-'-" $-" -"-+! /+,"% +&+"! +,",'$ .$.$.$.$ '*'* 5"." 6+!"*$ $$#  "$" '*'* +*"! &" .$+!66/$ -"-+! "-" .$"-"/ S+,"$ $/'# -+,+"! +/"% +$ .$ *+-$/"!&" '" "-" .$"-"/ J$-" -+*+%"/" "*$+ *""/ '!'- "-$"/ +&+"!" -"-+! &" *'."% "-$ "-$ 

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+!$"-" +"," "*$+ D+" .$-6$"*$-" .+" -+6/+!"$ "/"' !".$6/ !".$6/+!" +!"$# $# ,"-" ,"-"% % $$ .$%"!" .$%"!"-" -" .""/ .""/ +$ +$-"/ -"/-" -" +,'" +,'"  %$.' "*$+

BAB III KESIMPULAN

1. K"-+! '*'* +*"! .""/ +&+!" ." +!'*"- "!$""!$" ." 6!"6!"

&" +!.+-"/" 2. 5+&"-$/ -"-+! *+!$ .$/"."$ .+" "."&" -"%+-*$" "/"' *$.!6"

3 D$"6*$* D$"6*$* -"-+! -"-+! '*'* +*"!# +*"!# .6-/+! .6-/+! "-" "-" +,"-'-" +,"-'-" ++!$-*"" ++!$-*"" *+.+!%" *+.+!%"" " .+" .+" ;"!" ++; ++;++- -6.$*$ -6.$*$ "'* "'* "*$+ "*$+ '/''/'- +,$%" +,$%"// "."& "."&"" ++ ++-" -"-" -".6 .6-/+! -/+! "-" "-" +,"-'-" ++!$-*"" *+.+!%"" .+" ;"!" ++;+- -6.$*$ "'* "*$+ '/'-  +,$%"/ "."&" ++-"-" 4. A." /$" +$* +6"/" '/"" "." -"*'* -"-+! '*'* +*"!# &"$/' C -+6/+!"$#

!".$6/+!"$# ." 6+!"*$ 5. A." +"/ /"%"" &" ++/'-" /$-"/ -+"!"%" +&"-$/ -"-+! '*'* +*"!