Pense e Enriqueça

GNVIEBIG CHEE

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN 

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN GNVIEBIG CHEE ONVÍQREI ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏ HGQ[IARÀÏI I '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2 I CIMBM ^RB + VBG_IR + I MIAI ABEB BM _IOHBANAB OIM QCIMN_ BAH_IG

ONVÍQREI ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI AB_BDI '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''';0  I VIGQI AB VN[QHAN AB QIAN N [BNEHTNÀÏI I V[HMBH[I V[HMBH[I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''20  OIGZHOÀÏI BM OIG_B@RHMBGQI OIG_B@RHMBGQI AB AB_BDI I _B@RGAI VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI 1 - NRQI-_R@B_QÏI NRQI-_R@B_QÏI ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''32 I MÈAHI VI[ HGJERBGO HN[ HN[ N MBGQB _RKOIG_OHBGQB 

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ BSVB[HÄGOH N_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ '''''''''''''82 I ^RN[QI VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏ HMN@HGNÀÏI I '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>>8  I _BMHGÎ[HI AN MBGQB I ^RHGQI VN__I VN[N VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI ''''''''''''>?8   N O[H_QNEHTNÀÏI AB AB_BDI BM NÀÏI I _BSQI VN__I VN__I VN[N VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI ONVÍQREI 3 - ABOH_ÏI ABOH_ÏI '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>88  I AIMÍGHI AB V[IO[N_QHGNÀÏI I _ÈQHMI VN__I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''';>0  I B_JI[ÀI OIGQÍGRI GBOB__Î[HI HGARTH[ JÈ I IHQNZI VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI ONVÍQREI >6 - VIAB[ AN MB_Q[B AN MBGQB '''''''''''';1> ;1>  N JI[ÀN MIQ[HT I GIGI VN__I VN__I VN[N VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI ''''''''''''''''''''''''';2> Q[NG_MRQNÀÏI I AÈOHMI VN__I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI >; - I _RKOIG_OHBGQB _RKOIG_OHBGQB ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''';3? V[B_QB NQBGÀÏI N N EH@NÀÏI OIGBOQNGAI I AÈOHMI V[HMBH[I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI ONVÍQREI >? - I OÈ[BK[I OÈ[BK[I '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''';82 RMN [NAHIAHJR_ÏI B B_QNÀÏI [BOBVQI[N VN[N VBG_NMBGQI I AÈOHMI _B@RGAI VN__I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?62  N VI[QN VN[N VN[N I QBMVEI AB _NKBAI[HN I AÈOHMI QB[OBH[I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ 

ONVÍQREI ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_  JNGQN_MN_ AB  AB  MBAI MBAI ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?;> ?;>

ONVÍQREI > HGQ[IARÀÏI I CIMBM ^RB + VBG_IR + I MIAI ABEB BM _IOHBANAB OIM QCIMN_ BAH_IG ZB[ANABH[NMBGQB% + vbgsnmbgqis sïi oihsns% + b oihsns viab{isns n hssi% ~rngai bebs bsqïi mhsqr{nais oim abjhghàïi ab v{ivÿshqi% vb{shsqägohn% b rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n n q{naràïi abebs)abens bm {h~rbtns% ir irq{is ikdbqis ab mnqb{hne Rm vb~rbgi mnhs ab q{hgqn ngis nq{îs% Baphg O Kn{gbs absoik{hr oimi zb{anabh{i è ~rb is cimbgs {bnembgqb VBG_NM B O[B_OBM [HOI N absoikb{qn abeb gïi ioi{{br ni rmn sb sbgqngai Zbhi viroi n viroi% bg~rngqi oimbàngai oim rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n sb qi{gn{ rm sÿohi bmv{bsn{hne ai `{ngab Bahsig Rm ans on{noqb{ísqhons v{hgohvnhs ab Absbdi ab Kn{gbs' b{n ~rb bsqnzn abjhghai Beb ~rhs q{nknecn{ oim Bahsig% gïi vn{n beb Iksb{zb% orhanaisnmbgqb% n abso{hàïi ab oimi beb oigqhgrir n q{narth{ i AB_BDI abeb bm {bnehanab% b zioä qb{î rm bgqbgabgai mbeci{ ais q{btb v{hgoívhis ~rb oigartbm n {h~rbtns ^rngai bsqb AB_BDI% ir hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi% v{hmbh{i jenmbdnai gn mbgqb abeb ~rb beb bsqnzn bm gbgcrmn vishàïi n`h{ ghsqi Arns ahjhoreanabs bsqnznm ai miai abeb Beb gïi oigcbobr _{ Bahsig% b beb gïi qbzb knsqngqb ahgcbh{i ahgcbh{i vn{n vn`n{ n qn{hjn qn{hjn ab zhn jè{{bn abeb n En{ngdn% En{ngdn% Gizn Db{sbx Bsqns ahjhoreanabs b{nm srjhohbgqbs qb{ 

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

absbgoi{ndnai n mnhi{hn ab cimbgs ab jntb{ ~rne~rb{  qbgqnqhzn vn{n ebzn{ n onki i absbdi Mns i sbr gïi b{n gbgcrm absbdi i{ahgî{hi. Beb jih abqb{mhgnai vn{n nocn{ rm miai vn{n ebzn{ n onki nsshm i abeb absbdn ~rb beb abohahr zhndn{ nq{nzès ab + kn`n`bm ob`n jhgnembgqb% + bm er`n{ ab sbdn ab{{iqnai #Ni rghghqhnqba% sh`ghjhon hsqi ~rb beb jih vn{n En{ngdn ab Ebsqb bm rm q{bm ab j{bqb( Beb sb nv{bsbgqir gi enki{nqÿ{hi ab _{ Bahsig% b ngrgohir beb qhgcn zhgai bgq{n{ bm gb`ÿohi oim i hgzbgqi{ Jnengai an v{hmbh{n {brghïi bgq{b Kn{gbs b Bahsig% ngis ahssb _{ Bahsig abvihs% + Beb sb ebzngqir eî ngqbs ab mhm% bg~rngqi sb vn{bobgai rm vnssi vbsnai i{ahgî{hi% mns cnzhn ne`i gn bv{bssïi an jnob abeb ~rb on{{b`ir n hmv{bssïi ~rb beb jih abqb{mhgnai vn{n na~rh{h{ i nq{îs ai ~rne beb qhgcn zhgai Br qhgcn nv{bgahai% ab ngis ab bvb{hägohn oim cimbgs ~rb ~rngai rm cimbm {bnembgqb AB_BDN qïi v{ijrganmbgqb rmn oihsn ~rb beb bsqî ahsvisqi nvisqn{ i jrqr{i hgqbh{i abeb bm rmn ôghon zieqn an {ian vn{n na~rh{h{ hsqi% beb bsqî sb`r{i `ngcn{ Br ecb abh n ivi{qrghanab ~rb beb vbahr% vi{~rb br zh ~rb beb qhgcn sb abohahai vn{n bsqn{ ab vè vi{ nqè ~rb beb qbzb srobssi Bzbgqis srksb~õbgqbs v{izn{nm ~rb gbgcrm b{{i jih oimbqhai + Cî viroi i ~rb Kn{gbs dizbm ahssb n _{ Bahsig gn~rben ionshïi b{n eig`b mbgis hmvi{qngqb ~rb ~rb ~rb beb vbgsir Bahsig% beb% ahssb nsshm. Gïi viab{hn qb{ shai i nvn{bohmbgqi ai cimbm dizbm ~rb i na~rh{hr i oimbài abeb gi bso{hqÿ{hi ab Bahsig% vn{n hssi abjhghqhznmbgqb bsqnzn oigq{n beb B{n i ~rb beb VBG_IR hssi oigqir _b vrabssb sb{ on{{b`nan n sh`ghjhonàïi absqn aboen{nàïi n qian vbssin ~rb eä hsqi% gïi cnzb{hn gbgcrmn gbobsshanab vbei {bsqi absqb ehz{i :

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Kn{gbs gïi na~rh{hr n siohbanab abeb oim Bahsig gn v{hmbh{n bgq{bzhsqn abeb Beb qbzb rmn ocngob vn{n q{nknecn{ gis bso{hqÿ{his ab Bahsig% n rm sneî{hi mrhqi gimhgne% q{nknecb hssi b{n sbm hmvi{qëgohn n Bahsig% mns mnhs hmvi{qngqb n Kn{gbs% vi{~rb ecb abr rmn ivi{qrghanab vn{n bhkh{ n mb{onai{hn + abeb igab i sÿohi + vengbdnai + abeb viab{hn zb{ hsqi Mbsbs vnssn{nm Nvn{bgqbmbgqb gnan noigqbobr vn{n q{ntb{  n mbqn absbdnan ~rb Kn{gbs qhgcn migqnai gn mbgqb abeb oimi i V[IVß_HQI V[HGOHVNE ABJHGHAI abeb Mns ne`i hmvi{qngqb bsqnzn noigqbobgai bm mbgqb ab Kn{gbs' Beb oigsqngqbmbgqb bsqnzn hgqbgshjhongai i AB_BDI abeb vn{n sb qi{gn{ i sÿohi bmv{bsn{hne ab Bahsig Vshoÿei`is ahssb{nm oi{{bqnmbgqb ~rb + ~rngai n vbssin bsqhzb{ zb{anabh{nmbgqb v{igqi vn{n rmn oihsn% vòb bm sbr nvn{bohmbgqi + Kn{gbs bsqnzn v{igqi vn{n rmn nssiohnàïi bmv{bsn{hne oim Bahsig% neèm ahssi% beb jih ABQB[MHGNAI vn{n VB[MNGBOB[ V[IGQI NQÈ ^RB BEB NA^RH[HR ^RB ^RB BEB bsqnzn KR_ONGAI Beb gïi ahssb n beb% + Nc kbm% i ~rb è i rsi9 Br nahzhgci br mran{bh mhgcn mbgqb b qbgqn{bh vn{n i q{nkneci + ab rm zbgabai{ Mns% beb ahssb% + br zhm n~rh vn{n bgq{n{  bm gb`ÿohi oim Bahsig% b br {bnehtn{bh bsqb jhm sb ebzn{  i {bsqi ab mhgcn zhan + Beb ~rhs ahtb{ hsqi. I ~rb rgs cimbgs ab chsqÿ{hn ahjb{bgqbs qb{hnm ~rb oigqn{ sb sÿ bebs naiqnssbm rm V[IVß_HQI ABJHGHAI% b sb ebzngqn{hn vi{ n~rbeb v{ivÿshqi nqè ~rb qbzb qbmvi vn{n sb qi{gn{  rmn iksbssïi qiais-oigsrmhgai. Qnezbt Kn{gbs dizbm gïi oigcbobr hsqi gn ionshïi% mns n abqb{mhgnàïi ab kreai`rb abeb% n vb{shsqägohn abeb bm vn{nai nq{îs ab rm ôghoi AB_BDI% jih absqhgnai 0 

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

vn{n obhjn{ nknhi qian n ivishàïi% b q{nt n ivi{qrghanab ~rb beb bsqnzn krsongai vn{n beb ^rngai n ivi{qrghanab zbhi% sb nvn{bobr bm rmn ji{mn ahjb{bgqb% b ab rmn ah{bàïi ahjb{bgqb ~rb Kn{gbs qhgcn bsvb{nai Hssi è rm ais q{r~rbs ab ivi{qrghanab Qbm rm cîkhqi nsqrqi ab absehtn{ abgq{i vben vi{qn ais jrgais% b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb zbm ahsjn{ànai gn ji{mn ab hgji{qôghi% ir ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn Qnezbt hsqi è vi{ ~rb qngqis gïi {boigcbàn ivi{qrghanab _{ Bahsig qhgcn nvb{jbhàinai cî viroi rm ahsvishqhzi ab bso{hqÿ{hi gizi% oigcbohai gn~rbeb mimbgqi% oimi i Bahsig Ahoqnqhg` Mî~rhgn #n`i{n i Bahvcigb( Is zbgabai{bs abeb gïi b{nm bgqrshîsqhois bm ohmn an mî~rhgn Bebs gïi no{bahqn{nm viab{hn sb{ zbgahai sbm `{ngab bsji{ài Kn{gbs zhr n ivi{qrghanab abeb Qhgcn {nsqbdnai ~rhbqnmbgqb abgq{i% bsoigahai bm rmn mî~rhgn iecngai bs~rhshqn ~rb hgqb{bssir ghg`rèm mns Kn{gbs b i hgzbgqi{ hgzb gqi{ Kn{gbs sirkb ~rb beb vrabssb zbgab{ vn{n i Bahsig Ahoqnqhg` Mî~rhgn Beb sr`bsqhigir hsqi n Bahsig% b v{igqnmbgqb qbzb n ocngob abeb Beb zbgabr n mî~rhgn Gn {bnehanab% beb zbgabr hsqi qïi v{isvb{nmbgqb n~rbeb Bahsig ecb abr rm oigq{nqi vn{n ahsq{hkrh{ b oimb{ohnehtn{ qrai bm ohmn an gnàïi Ji{n an~rben nssiohnàïi ab gb`ÿohi o{bsobr i sei`ng% + Jbt vi{ Bahsig b hgsqneir vi{ Kn{gbs + N nehngàn bmv{bsn{hne bsqbzb bm ivb{nàïi vn{n mnhs ab q{hgqn ngis Ji{n ahsqi Kn{gbs sb jbt {hoi bm ahgcbh{i% mns beb jbt ne`i hgjhghqnmbgqb mnhi{% beb qbm {bnembgqb v{izir n~rbeb viab Vbgsn{ b viab Oreqhzn{ [hoc + ^rngqi ahgcbh{i zhzi nqrne ~rb AB_BDI i{h`hgne ab Kn{gbs' znebr n beb% br qbgci gbgcrm miai ab snkb{ 3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Qnezbt q{irb aihs ir q{äs mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs vn{n beb% mns n ~rngqhn% qrai ~rb ~rb è% jhon hgsh`ghjhongqb ~rngai oimvn{ir oim i mnhi{ {bor{si ~rb beb na~rh{hr gn ji{mn ab oigcbohmbgqi abjhghai ~rb viab sb{ q{ngsmranai rm hmvresi hgqng`ízbe ab vbgsnmbgqi bm srn oigq{nvn{qb jíshon vben nvehonàïi ab v{hgoívhis oigcbohais Kn{gbs ehqb{nembgqb vbgsnmbgqi beb bm rmn siohbanab oim i `{ngab Bahsig. Beb sb vbgsir bm rmn ji{qrgn Beb gïi qbzb gnan ~rb oimbàn{ oim% boern n onvnohanab vn{n _NKB[ i ~rb BEB ^RH_% B N ABQB[MHGNÀÏI vn{n _B EBZNGQN[ VI[ N^RBEB AB_BDI NQÈ ^RB BEB VB[OBKBR H_QI Beb gïi qbzb gbgcrm ahgcbh{i vn{n oimbàn{ oim Beb qbzb mns vb~rbgn baronàïi Beb gïi qbzb gbgcrmn hgjerägohn Mns beb qbzb hghohnqhzn% jè% b i qbsqnmbgqi vn{n `ngcn{ `ngcn{ Beb sb jbt gômb{i rm cimbm oim i mnhi{ hgzbgqi{ ~rb sbmv{b zhzbr oim bsqns ji{àns hgqng`ízbhs N`i{n% gis abhb iecn{ vn{n rmn shqrnàïi ahjb{bgqb% b bsqrab rm cimbm ~rb qbzb knsqngqb bzhaägohn qng`ízbe ab {h~rbtns% mns vb{abr hsqi% vi{~rb beb vn{ir q{äs vès oim jneqn an mbqn ~rb beb bsqnzn krsongai Q[Ä_ VÈ_ AB IR[I Rm ans onrsns mnhs oimrgs ab j{nonssi è i cîkhqi ab abhn{ ~rngai n vbssin è oiechai nq{nzès ab ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn Qian vbssin è ne`rmn zbt orevnan absqb bg`ngi Rm qhi ab [ R An{kx jih vb`nai vben + jbk{b + ab ir{i vbeis ahns ab ir{i- v{bssn% b jih iohabgqne ONZN[ B O[B_OB[ [HOI Beb grgon qhgcn irzhai ~rb mnhs ir{i jih mhgnai ais oè{bk{is ab cimbgs ~rb ne`rmn zbt jih ebznai an qb{{n Beb nvisqir rmn {bhzhgahonàïi b jih q{nknecn{ oim vhoi b vî I 8 

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

nganmbgqi b{n ar{i% mns n erô{hn abeb vn{n ir{i bsqnzn abjhghan Abvihs ab sbmngns ab q{nkneci% beb jih {boimvbgsnai vben absoikb{qn ai i{b ersq{ngai Beb v{bohsir ab mn~rhgn{hn vn{n q{ntb{ i i{b æ srvb{jíohb ^rhbqnmbgqb% beb oik{hr vn{n ohmn n mhgn% {bvnssir is vnssis abeb vn{n n onsn abeb bm Pheehnmskr{`% Mn{xenga% jneir vn{n is vn{bgqbs abeb b ne`rgs zhthgcis an + `{bzb + Bebs na~rh{h{nm ahgcbh{i drgqi vn{n n mn~rhgn{hn v{bohsnan% qbzb hsqi q{ngsvi{qnai I qhi b An{kx zieqn{nm q{nknecn{  n mhgn I v{hmbh{i on{{i ab i{b jih mhgnai% b q{ngsvi{qir n rm jrgahai{ Is ero{is v{izn{nm bebs qhzb{nm rm ans mhgns mnhs {hons gi Oiei{nai. Ne`rgs mnhs on{{is an~rbeb i{b oen{bn{hnm ns aízhans Bgqïi bgq{b n mnqngàn `{ngab bm ero{is Nknhi jih ns k{ions. Vn{n ohmn jih ns bsvb{ngàns ab An{kx b Qhi. Bgqïi ne`i noigqbobr. N zbhn ab i{b ab ir{i absnvn{bobr. Bebs qhgcnm sb nonknai% b n vngben ab ir{i b{n gbgcrm mnhs eig`i eî. Bebs vb{jr{n{nm bm% bg~rngqi qbgqngai nvngcn{ n zbhn giznmbgqb-qiai sbm v{izbhqi absbsvb{nanmbgqb Jhgnembgqb% bebs abohah{nm ABHSN[ Bebs zbgab{nm n mn~rhgn{hn vn{n rm di`rb ji{n i cimbm vn{n ne`rgs obm aÿen{bs% b ebzir ab zieqn i q{bm Ne`rgs + di`nm ji{n + is cimbgs sïi kikis% mns gïi bsqb n~rh. Beb ocnmir rm bg`bgcbh{i mhgbh{i vn{n iecn{ vn{n n mhgn b jntb{ rm vb~rbgi oneorengai I bg`bgcbh{i noigsbecir ~rb i v{idbqi qhgcn jnecnai% vi{~rb is aigis gïi bsqnznm jnmhehn{htnais oim + ehgcns + ab jneqn Is oîeoreis abeb misq{n{nm ~rb n zbhn sb{hn nocnan CÎ VIROI >6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Q[Ä_ VÈ_ AIGAB I AN[KX_ AN[KX_ qhgcn ABHSNAI ABHSNAI ab VB[JR[N[ VB[JR[N[.. Hssi è bnqnmbgqb igab jih nocnai. I + Di`rb ji{n + i cimbm ebzir mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs bm i{b an mhgn% vi{~rb beb sirkb knsqngqb vn{n krson{  abehkb{nàïi bsvbohnehsqn ngqbs ab sb {bgab{ N mnhi{hn ai ahgcbh{i ~rb bgq{ir gn mn~rhgn{hn jih ikqhai vbeis bsji{àis ab [ R An{kx ~rb b{n bgqïi rm cimbm mrhqi  dizbm I ahgcbh{i zbhi ais vn{bgqbs abeb b zhthgcis% vi{  onrsn an jè abebs)abens gbeb Beb {bbmkiesir qiai aÿen{  ahsqi% bmki{n beb b{n ngis jntbgai nsshm Absbdb visqb{hi{mbgqb% _{ An{kx {borvb{ir n vb{an abeb mrhqns zbtbs bm ohmn ab% ~rngai beb jbt n absoikb{qn ~rb viab sb{ q{ngsmranai AB_BDI bm ir{i N absoikb{qn zbhi abvihs ~rb beb bgq{nssb gi gb`ÿohi ab zbgab{ sb`r{i ab zhan _b ebmk{ngai ~rb beb vb{abr rmn ji{qrgn bgi{mb% vi{~rb beb VN[IR q{äs vès ab ir{i% An{kx `ngcir vben bvb{hägohn gi q{nkneci bsoiechai abeb% vbei mèqiai shmvebs ab ahtb{ n beb% + br vn{bh q{äs vès ab ir{i% mns br grgon vn{n{bh vi{~rb is cimbgs ahtbm fGi ' ~rngai br ecbs vbài ~rb oimv{bm sb`r{i + An{kx è rm ab rm `{rvi vb~rbgi ab mbgis ~rb ohg~õbgqn cimbgs ~rb zbgab mnhs ab rm mhecïi ab aÿen{bs ngrnembgqb bm sb`r{i ab zhan Beb abzb i sqholnkhehqx + abeb æ ehàïi ~rb beb nv{bgabr ai ~rhqnkhehqx + abeb gi ir{i gb`ÿohi mhgbh{i Ngqbs ab srobssi bgq{n{ gn zhan ab ~rne~rb{ cimbm% beb bsqî sb`r{i sb bgoigq{n{ oim mrhqn ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn% b% qnezbt% ne`rm j{nonssi ^rngai ab{{iqn oiecb{ rm cimbm% n oihsn mnhs jîohe b mnhs eÿ`hon vn{n jntb{ è ABHSN[ Hssi è bnqnmbgqb i ~rb n mnhi{hn ab cimbgs jnt >>

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

Mnhs ~rb ~rhgcbgqis ais cimbgs mnhs v{ÿsvb{is ~rb bsqb vnís ne`rmn zbt sirkb% jneir vn{n i nrqi{ ~rb i mnhi{ srobssi abebs)abens zbhi cî viroi rm vnssi neèm ai vigqi ni ~rne ab{{iqn qhgcn is oiechai J{nonssi è rm mnenga{i oim rm sbgsi n`rai ab h{ighn b nsqôohn Ebzn `{ngab abeíohn q{ivbàngai rm ~rngai srobssi ~rnsb bsqhzb{ abgq{i ab neongob RM OHG^ÕBGQNOBGQN OBGQNZI EHÀÏI EHÀ ÏI BM VB[_H_QÄGOHN VB[_H_QÄG OHN Ei`i nvÿs _{ An{kx i `{nr abeb {bobkbr an + Rghzb{shanab ab Knqhans Ar{ns% + b qhgcn abohahai `ngcn{  vben bvb{hägohn abeb gi ir{i gb`ÿohi mhgbh{i% beb qbzb n ji{qrgn kin vn{n bsqn{ v{bsbgqb bm rmn ionshïi ~rb v{izir n beb ~rb + Gbgcrm + gbobssn{hnmbgqb gïi sh`ghjh~rb gbgcrm Rmn qn{ab beb bsqnzn ndrangai vn{n i qhi abeb n mib{  q{h`i bm rm mihgci ji{mnai zbeci I qhi ivb{ir rmn jntbgan `{ngab gn ~rne zî{his jntbgabh{is ab scn{bo{iv oiei{hais zhzb{nm ^rhbqnmbgqb% n vi{qn jih nkb{qn% b rmn o{hngàn oiei{han vb~rbgn% n jhecn ab rm hg~rhehgi% bgq{ir b noigqbobr i aben vb{qi an vi{qn I qhi iksb{zir% zhr n o{hngàn% b enqhr nsvb{nmbgqb vn{n ben% + i ~rb ~rb{ + zioä9 Crmheabmbgqb% n o{hngàn {bsvigabr% + Mbr mnmmx ahtbm ecb bgzhb ohg~õbgqn obgqnzis + + Br gïi jn{bh hsqi% + i qhi {bvehoir% + N`i{n zioä oi{{b bm onsn + _nc ab + Xns% + n o{hngàn {bsvigabr Mns ben gïi mizbr I qhi v{issb`rhr oim i q{nkneci abeb% nsshm krshex gihzn{nm ~rb beb gïi v{bsqir knsqngqb nqbgàïi æ o{hngàn iksb{zn{ ~rb ben gïi vn{qhr ^rngai beb iksb{zir b n zhr jhongai vn{nai eî% beb `{hqir n ben% + br ecb ahssb ~rb jissb bm onsn. N`i{n zî% ir br ebzbs rm hgqb{{rvqi{ n zioä + N vb~rbgn mbghgn ahssb + snc ab xns% + mns ben gïi mizbr rmn >;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

vieb`nan I qhi ab{{rkir rm snoi ab `{ïi beb bsqnzn n vigqi ab zb{qb{ gi civvb{ ab mihgci% nvngcnai rm narben ab kn{{he% b oimbàir vn{n n o{hngàn oim rmn bv{bssïi gn jnob abeb ~rb hgahoir ahjhoreanab An{kx v{bgabr i jñeb`i abeb Beb qhgcn ob{qbtn beb bsqnzn n vigqi ab qbsqbmrgcn{ rm nssnsshgnqi Beb sirkb ~rb i qhi abeb qbzb rm qbmvb{nmbgqi jb{it Beb sirkb ~rb gïi ji{nm srvisqns ns o{hngàns oiei{hans vn{n absnjhn{ ns vbssins k{ngons gn~rben vn{qb ai vnís ^rngai i qhi neongàir n mngocn igab n o{hngàn bsqnzn vn{nan% ben vhsir abv{bssn nahngqb rm vnssi% iksb{zir gis iecis abeb% b `{hqir ni qivi an zit bsq{habgqb aben% i @IQQN ab + MBR MNMMX QÄM ^RB OHG^ÕBGQN OBGQNZI_ +. I qhi vn{ir% iecir vn{n ben ar{ngqb rm mhgrqi% bgqïi ebgqnmbgqb vñs i narben ab kn{{he gi ocïi% vigcn n mïi abeb gi kiesi abeb% qh{ir mbhi rm aÿen{% b abr hsqi n ben N o{hngàn ebzir i ahgcbh{i b ebgqnmbgqb nvihir vn{n n vi{qn% bg~rngqi grgon qh{ngai is iecis ai cimbm ~rbm ben cî viroi qhgcn oig~rhsqnai Abvihs ~rb ben qhgcn hai% i qhi sb sbgqir bm rmn onhn b iecir ji{n n dngben bm bsvnài vn{n mnhs ab abt mhgrqis Beb bsqnzn vigab{ngai% oim qbmi{% i ochoiqbngai qhgcn nssrmhai cî viroi beb Qnmkèm% _{ An{kx bsqnzn jntbgai ne`rm vbgsnmbgqi Hssi jih gn v{hmbh{n zbt bm qian srn bvb{hägohn ~rb beb qhgcn zhsqi rmn o{hngàn oiei{han abehkb{nanmbgqb i mbsq{b rm nareqi n vbssin k{ngon Oimi ben jbt hsqi9 I ~rb noigqbobr ni qhi abeb ~rb i onrsir vb{ab{ n jb{iohanab abeb b jhon{ qïi aÿohe ~rngqi rm oi{abh{i9 ^rb viab{ bsq{ngci jbt bsqb rsi ab o{hngàn ~rb jbt i aben aimhgb bm ohmn ai srvb{hi{ aben9 Bsqbs b irq{ns >?

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

vb{`rgqns sbmbecngqbs jenmbdn{nm gn mbgqb ab An{kx% mns beb gïi nocir n {bsvisqn abvihs nqè ngis% ~rngai beb mb oigqir n chsqÿ{hn Bsq{ngcnmbgqb% n chsqÿ{hn absqn bvb{hägohn hgoimrm jih oigqnan oigqnan æ nrqi{n nrqi{n gi mihgci mihgci zbeci% gn mbsmn mngocn mngocn igab i qhi ebzir i ochoiqbngai abeb Qnmkèm% bsq{ngcnmbgqb br qhgcn abahonai ~rnsb rm ~rn{qi ab rm sèorei ni bsqrai ai viab{ ~rb vb{mhqhr rmn o{hngàn oiei{han h`gi{ngqb% ngnejnkbqn n oig~rhsqn{ rm cimbm hgqbeh`bgqb Oimi gÿs gis ebzngqnmis eî gn~rbeb mihgci zbeci mijnai% _{ An{kx {bvbqhr n chsqÿ{hn an oig~rhsqn hgoimrm% b qb{mhgir vb{`rgqngai% + I ~rb viab jntb{  zioä ahsqi9 ^rb viab{ bsq{ngci jbt n~rbeb rsi ab o{hngàn ~rb qïi oimvebqnmbgqb ochoiqbir mbr qhi +9 N {bsvisqn vn{n n vb{`rgqn abeb sb{î nocnan gis v{hgoívhis abso{hqis gbsqb ehz{i N {bsvisqn bsqî ocbhn b oimvebqn Oigqèm abqnecbs b hgsq{ràòbs srjhohbgqb vb{mhqh{ ~rne~rb{ rm n bgqbgab{% b nvehon n mbsmn ji{àn gn ~rne n vb~rbgn o{hngàn q{ivbàir nohabgqnembgqb Mngqbgcn sbr neb{qn ab mbgqb% b zioä iksb{zb bnqnmbgqb ~rb viab{ bsq{ngci zbhi ni sneznmbgqi an o{hngàn% zioä vb`n{î rm iecn{ {îvhai absqb viab{ gi v{ÿhmi onvíqrei Bm ne`rm er`n{ gi ehz{i zioä nocn{î rmn haèhn ~rb nobeb{n{î sbrs viab{bs {bobvqhzis% b oieion n sbr oimngai% vn{n sbr v{ÿv{hi kbgbjíohi% bsqb mbsmi viab{ h{{bshsqízbe N oigsohägohn absqb viab{  viab bgq{n{ n zioä gi v{hmbh{i onvíqrei% ir viab jenmbdn{ bm srn mbgqb bm ne`rm onvíqrei srksb~õbgqb Viab bgq{n{ gn ji{mn ab rmn ôghon haèhn Ir% viab bgq{n{ gn gnqr{btn ab rm vengi% ir rm v{ivÿshqi >1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Giznmbgqb% viab i onrsn{ zieqn{ bm srns bvb{hägohns vnssnans ab j{nonssi ir ab{{iqn{% b q{nt æ srvb{jíohb ~rb ne`rmn ehàïi vben ~rne zioä viab {borvb{n{ qrai n~rhei zioä vb{abr vi{ ab{{iqn Abvihs ~rb br qhzbssb abso{hqi n _{ An{kx i rgphqqhg`ex ab viab{ rsir vben vb~rbgn o{hngàn oiei{han% beb {bvnssir is q{hgqn ngis abeb ab bvb{hägohn abv{bssn oimi rm zbgabai{ ab sb`r{i ab zhan% b j{ngonmbgqb {boigcbobr ~rb i srobssi abeb gn~rbeb onmvi b{n abzhai% bm gbgcrm `{nr vb~rbgi% æ ehàïi beb qhgcn nv{bgahai an o{hngàn _{ An{kx misq{ir4 + qian zbt rm v{isvboqi qbgqir mb aik{n{ ji{n% sbm oimv{n{% br zh n~rben o{hngàn ~rb sb ebzngqn eî gi mihgci zbeci% is iecis `{ngabs aben erthgai bm absnjhi% b br ahssb n mhm% fH qäm `iqqn jntb{  bsqn zbgan ' N vi{àïi mbeci{ ab qians ns zbgans ~rb br jht% jih jbhqi abvihs ~rb ns vbssins qhzbssbm ahqi fGI '+ Qnmkèm% beb {boi{air i bg`ngi abeb qbgai vn{nai sÿ q{äs vès ab ir{i% + mns% + beb ahssb% + n~rben bvb{hägohn b{n rmn kägàïi bm ahsjn{ob Mb bgshgir n oigqhgrn{  mngqbgai bm% gïi hmvi{qn oimi ar{i i nganmbgqi viab sb{% rmn ehàïi ~rb br v{bohsbh nv{bgab{ ngqbs ab br vrabssb qb{ srobssi bm ~rne~rb{ oihsn + Bsqn chsqÿ{hn ab _{ An{kx b i qhi abeb% n o{hngàn oiei{han b i ir{i mhgn% hgarkhqnzbembgqb sb{î ehai vi{ obgqbgns ab cimbgs ~rb `ngcnm is ahgcbh{i zbgabgai sb`r{i ab zhan abebs)abens% b n qiais bsqbs% i nrqi{ absbdn ijb{bob{ n sr`bsqïi ~rb An{kx abzb n bsqns arns bvb{hägohns n cnkhehanab abeb vn{n zbgab{ mnhs ab rm mhecïi ab aÿen{bs ab sb`r{i ab zhan qiais is ngis Zhan è bsq{ngcn% b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb hmvigab{îzbe. Is srobssis b is j{nonssis qäm ns {nítbs abebs)abens bm >2

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

bvb{hägohns shmvebs Ns bvb{hägohns ab _{ An{kx b{nm knsqngqb oimrgs b shmvebs% oigqrai bebs sb`r{n{nm n {bsvisqn ni absqhgi abeb bm zhan% bgqïi bebs b{nm oimi hmvi{qngqb #vn{n beb( oimi zhan hsqi Beb `ngcir vi{ bsqns arns bvb{hägohns a{nmîqhons% vi{~rb beb is ngnehsir% b nocir n ehàïi ~rb bebs bgshgn{nm Mns i ~rb ai cimbm ~rb gbm gïi qbm i qbmvi% gbm n hgoehgnàïi vn{n bsqran{ j{nonssi æ v{ior{n ab oigcbohmbgqi ~rb viab oigarth{ n srobssi9 Igab% b oimi è beb vn{n nv{bgab{ n n{qb ab oigzb{qb{  ab{{iqn bm vba{ns vhsngai vn{n ivi{qrghanab9 Bm {bsvisqn vn{n bsqns vb{`rgqns% jih bso{hqi bsqb ehz{i N {bsvisqn vbahr rmn abso{hàïi ab q{btb v{hgoívhis% mns sb ebmk{n% oimi zioä ebhn% n {bsvisqn ~rb zioä viab bsqn{ krsongai% vn{n ns vb{`rgqns ~rb i onrsir oigshab{n{ n bsq{ngcbtn ab zhan% viab sb{ nocnai bm srn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb% vi{ ne`rmn haèhn% vengi% ir v{ivÿshqi ~rb viabm vren{ bm srn mbgqb oimi zioä ehans Rmn haèhn sï è qrai n~rhei ~rb n vbssin v{bohsn neongàn{ srobssi Is v{hgoívhis abso{bzb{nm gbsqb ehz{i% oigqbgcn i mbeci{% b i mnhs v{îqhoi ab qrai n~rhei è oigcbohai% {benqhzi n miais b mbhis ab o{hn{ haèhns ôqbhs Ngqbs ab gÿs jñssbmis ~rne~rb{ nahohigne bm gissn nv{ihmnàïi vn{n n abso{hàïi absqbs v{hgoívhis% no{bahqnmis gÿs ~rb zioä è hgqhqrenai vn{n {bobkb{  bsqn sr`bsqïi hmvi{qngqb [H^RBTN_ ab PCBG OIMBÀNM n ZH[ BEB_ ZÄM QÏI ABV[B__N% BM QNE @[NGAB NKRGAËGOHN% AB_BDN _NKB[ n~rbeb IGAB BEB_ qäm B_OIGAHAI AR[NGQB QRAI B__B_ NGI_ MN@[I_

>:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Bsqn è rmn aboen{nàïi bsvngqisn% b nhgan mnhs nsshm% ~rngai gÿs ebznmis bm oigqn n oigzhoàïi vivren{% ~rb {h~rbtns sÿ zäm n bssbs ~rb q{nknecnm ar{i b eig`i ^rngai zioä oimbàn{ n VBG_N[ B O[B_OB[ [HOI% zioä iksb{zn{î ~rb {h~rbtns oimbànm oim rm bsqnai ab mbgqb% oim abjhghqbgbss ab v{ivÿshqi% oim vb~rbgi ir gbgcrm q{nkneci ar{i Zioä% b qian irq{n vbssin% abzb{hn sb{ hgqb{bssnai snkb{ na~rh{h{ n~rbeb bsqnai ab mbgqb ~rb nq{nh{î {h~rbtns Br vnssbh zhgqb b ohgoi ngis bm vbs~rhsn% bg~rngqi ngnehsngai mnhs ab ;2%666 vbssins% vi{~rb br% qnmkèm% ~rhs snkb{ + oimi is cimbgs {hois sb qi{gnm n~rbeb miai _bm n~rben vbs~rhsn% gïi viab{hn qb{ shai bso{hqi bsqb ehz{i N~rh qimb oigcbohmbgqi ab rmn zb{anab mrhqi sh`ghjhongqb% zht%4 N abv{bssïi bmv{bsn{hne oimbàir bm >8;8% b oigqhgrir bm vn{n rm qiai i {b`hsq{i ab qbmvi ab absq{rhàïi% nqè ne`rm ahn abvihs ~rb V{bshabgqb [iisbzbeq bgq{nssb bm bso{hqÿ{hi Bgqïi n abv{bssïi oimbàir n bgj{n~rbob{ bm giqchg`gbss An mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb bebq{hohsqn bm rm qbnq{i bebzn ns ertbs qïi `{narnembgqb ~rb n~rben bsor{haïi è q{ngsmranan bm ert ngqbs ab zioä vb{obkb{ hsqi% nsshm jbt i jbhqhài ab mbai `{narnembgqb gns mbgqbs ans vbssins ahmhgrn b sb qi{gb jè Iksb{zb mrhqi ab vb{qi% nsshm ~rb zioä aimhgb is v{hgoívhis absqn jheisijhn% b oimbob n sb`rh{ ns hgsq{ràòbs vi{ nvehon{ bssbs v{hgoívhis% sbrs bsqnais jhgngobh{is oimbàn{ïi n mbeci{n{% mbeci{n{% b qrai zioä qi~rb oimbàn{î n sb q{ngsmran{ bm rm {bor{si vn{n sbr kbgbjíohi Hmvissízbe9 Gïi. >0 

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

Rm ans j{n~rbtns v{hgohvnhs ab `ägb{i crmngi è n jnmhehn{hanab ai cimbm oimrm oim n vnenz{n + hmvissízbe + Beb snkb qians ns {b`{ns ~rb gïi q{nknecn{ïi Beb snkb qians ns oihsns ~rb gïi viabm sb{ jbhqns Bsqb ehz{i jih bso{hqi vn{n bssbs ~rb krsonm ns {b`{ns ~rb jhtb{nm irq{is v{ÿsvb{i% b bsqî ahsvisqi nvisqn{ qrai gbssns {b`{ns Rgs `{ngabs mrhqis ngis nq{îs br oimv{bh rm ahohigî{hi kim N v{hmbh{n oihsn ~rb br jht oim hsqi b{n zh{n{ æ vnenz{n + hmvissízbe% + b ghqhanmbgqb oi{qn hsqi ji{n ai ehz{i Hssi gïi sb{hn rmn oihsn hghgqbeh`bgqb vn{n zioä jntb{ _robssi zbm n bssbs ~rb sb qi{gnm _ROB__I OIG_OHBGQB J{nonssi zbm n bssbs ~rb hgahjjb{bgqex vb{mhqbm vn{n bebs sb qi{gn{ J[NON__I OIG_OHBGQB I ikdbqi absqb ehz{i è ndran{ qrai ~rb krsonm hsqi% nv{bgab{ n n{qb ab mran{ ns mbgqbs abebs)abens ab OIG_OHÄGOHN ab J[NON__I vn{n OIG_OHÄGOHN ab _ROB__I Irq{n j{n~rbtn nocir bm oimvebqnmbgqb mrhqis vbssins% è i cîkhqi ab mbah{ qrai% b qiai i mrgai% vbens v{ÿv{hns hmv{bssòbs abebs)abens b oigzhoàòbs Ne`rgs ~rb eb{ïi hsqi% no{bahqn{î ~rb ghg`rèm viab VBG_N[ B viab O[B_OB[ [HOI Bebs gïi viabm vbgsn{  bm qb{mis ab {h~rbtns% vi{~rb is cîkhqis ab vbgsnmbgqi abebs)abens ji{nm mnob{nais bm vik{btn% absbdi% mhsè{hn% j{nonssi% b ab{{iqn Bsqns vbssins hgjbehtbs mb jntbm ebmk{n{ ab rm ochgäs v{ibmhgbgqb ~rb zbhi vn{n n Nmè{hon vn{n sb{  baronai ab miais nmb{hongis Beb j{b~õbgqir n Rghzb{shanab ab Ochon`i Rm ahn V{bshabgqb Cn{vb{ sb bgoigq{ir bsqb dizbm I{hbgqne gi onmvrs% vn{ir vn{n oigzb{sn{ oim beb ar{ngqb ne`rgs mhgrqis% b vb{`rgqir >3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

i ~rb qhgcn i hmv{bsshignai oimi sbgai n on{noqb{ísqhon mnhs giqîzbe ans vbssins nmb{hongns + Vi{ ~rb% + i ochgäs boenmir% + n hgoehgnàïi bs~rhshqn ab sbrs iecis _brs iecis bsqïi hgoehgnàïi +. I ~rb ahtbmis gÿs sik{b i ochgäs9 Gÿs {borsnmis no{bahqn{  ~rb ~rb gÿs gïi bgqbgabmis Gÿs no{bahqnmis qienmbgqb ~rb gissns v{ÿv{hns ehmhqnàòbs sïi n v{ÿv{hn mbahan ab ehmhqnàòbs _b`r{nmbgqb% is iecis ai irq{i oimvngcbh{i bsqïi + hgoehgnàïi% + VI[^RB BEB_ gïi _ÏI h`rne n GI__I V[ßV[HI Mhecòbs ab iecn{ ab vbssins æs {bnehtnàòbs ab Cbg{x Ji{a% abvihs ~rb beb ocb`ir% b i% vi{ onrsn an ji{qrgn kin abeb% hgzbdn ir si{qb% ir `äghi% ir qrai ~rb ~rb è ~rb bebs o{bahqnm vn{n n ji{qrgn ab Ji{a Qnezbt rmn vbssin bm qiai obm mhe snkb i sb`{bai ai srobssi ab Ji{a% b bssbs ~rb snkbm sïi mrhqi miabsqis% ir mrhqi {berqngqbs% jnen{ ahsqi% vi{  onrsn ab srn shmvehohanab Rmn ôghon q{ngsnàïi hersq{n{î i + sb`{bai + vb{jbhqnmbgqb Ne`rgs ngis nq{îs% n Ji{a abohahr v{iarth{ i abeb n`i{n miqi{ ab Z-3 jnmisi Beb bsoiecbr oigsq{rh{ rmn mî~rhgn oim is ihqi ohehga{is hgqbh{is engob bm rm keioi% b bgshgir ~rb is bg`bgcbh{is abeb v{iarthssbm rm absí`ghi vn{n n mî~rhgn I absí`ghi jih oieionai bm vnvbe% mns is bg`bgcbh{is oigoi{an{nm% vn{n rm cimbm% ~rb b{n shmvebsmbgqb hmvissízbe engàn{ rm ihqi-ohehga{i `îs mî~rhgn keioi bm rm vbanài Ji{a ahssb% + V{iartn ab ~rne~rb{ mngbh{n + + Mns% + bebs {bsvigab{nm% + è hmvissízbe +. + V{issh`n% n + Ji{a oimngair% + b jhon gi q{nkneci nqè ~rb zioä gïi srobab gïi hmvi{qn ~rngqi qbmvi è {b~rb{hai + Is bg`bgcbh{is v{issb`rh{nm Cnzhn gnan mnhs vn{n bebs jntb{bm% sb bebs jissbm vb{mngbob{ gi vbssine ab Ji{a >8 

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

_bhs mbsbs vnssn{nm% gnan noigqbobr Irq{is sbhs mbsbs vnssnais% b nhgan gnan noigqbobr Is bg`bgcbh{is qbgqn{nm qiai vengi oigobkízbe vn{n ebzn{  n onki ns i{abgs% mns n oihsn vn{bohn ji{n an vb{`rgqn< hmvissízbe +. Ni qè{mhgi ai ngi n Ji{a oigjb{hr oim ns bg`bgcbh{ns abeb% b giznmbgqb bebs i hgji{mn{nm bebs qhgcnm nocnai gbgcrm miai vn{n ebzn{ n onki ns i{abgs abeb + V{issh`n ob{qi% Ji{a + ahqn% + br ~rb{i hsqi% b br qb{bh hsqi + Bebs v{issb`rh{nm% b bgqïi% oimi sb vi{ rm `ievb ab mn`hn% jissb absoikb{qi i sb`{bai N ABQB[MHGNÀÏI ab Ji{a qhgcn `ngci mnhs rmn zbt. Bsqn chsqÿ{hn viab gïi sb{ abso{hqn oim v{bohsïi mhgrohisn% mns n simn b srksqëgohn ahsqi bsqïi oi{{bqns Abartn ahsqi% zioä ~rb absbdnm VBG_N[ B O[B_OB[ [HOI% i sb`{bai ais mhecòbs ab Ji{a% sb zioä vrab{ Zioä gïi qb{î ~rb vn{bob{ mrhqi ahsqngqb N Cbg{x Ji{a è rm srobssi% vi{~rb beb bgqbgab% b nvehon is v{hgoívhis ab srobssi Rm absqbs è AB_BDI4 snkbgai ~rb n vbssin ~rb{ _b ebmk{b absqn chsqÿ{hn ab Ji{a oimi zioä ebhn% b bsoiecn ns ehgcns gns ~rnhs i sb`{bai an {bnehtnàïi bsqrvbgan abeb jih abso{hqi _b zioä vrab{ jntb{ hsqi% sb zioä vrab{ vñ{ sbr abai gi `{rvi vn{qhoren{ ab v{hgoívhis ~rb jhtb{nm n Cbg{x Ji{a {hoi% zioä viab h`rnen{ ns {bnehtnàòbs abeb bm ~rnsb ~rne~rb{ ocnmnan vn{n n ~rne zioä è zbsqhai ZIOÄ È + I MB_Q[B AB _BR AB_QHGI% I ONVHQÏI AB _RN NEMN% + VI[^RB ^rngai Cbgebx bso{bzbr ns ehgcns v{ijèqhons% + br sir i Mbsq{b ab mbr Absqhgi% br sir i Onvhqïi ab mhgcn ;6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Nemn% + beb abzb{hn gis qb{ hgji{mnai ~rb gÿs simis is Mbsq{bs ab gissi Absqhgi% is Onvhqïbs ab gissns Nemns% vi{~rb gÿs qbmis i viab{ vn{n oigq{ien{ gissis vbgsnmbgqis Beb abzb{hn gis qb{ jnenai ~rb i èqb{ gi ~rne bsqn vb~rbgn qb{{n jerqrn gi ~rne gÿs mizbmis b qbmis gissi sb{% è rmn ji{mn ab bgb{`hn ~rb mizb n rm hgoigobhznkex qnn neqn ab zhk{nàïi% b ~rb i èqb{ bsqî ocbhi oim rmn ji{mn ab viab{ rghzb{sne ~rb _B NANVQN æ gnqr{btn ais vbgsnmbgqis ~rb gÿs gissns mbgqbs< b gis% ab miais gnqr{nhs% HGJERBGOHN q{ngsmran{ gissis vbgsnmbgqis gi jíshoi abebs)abens b~rhznebgqb _b i vibqn qhzbssb gis oigqnai bsqn `{ngab zb{anab% gÿs snkb{ínmis VI[ ^RB È ~rb gÿs simis is Mbsq{bs ab gissi Absqhgi% is Onvhqïbs ab gissns Nemns Beb abzb{hn gis% oim `{ngab ägjnsb% qb{ jnenai ~rb bsqb viab{ jnt gbgcrmn qbgqnqhzn vn{n ahso{hmhgn{ bgq{b vbgsnmbgqis absq{rqhzis b vbgsnmbgqis oigsq{rqhzis% ~rb gis r{`h{î ~rb q{nartnmis bm vbgsnmbgqis ab {bnehanab jíshois ab vik{btn% an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb abv{bssn oimi gis hgjerbgohn{î n`h{ bm vbgsnmbgqis ab {h~rbtns Qnmkèm% beb abzb{hn gis qb{ jnenai ~rb gissis oè{bk{is sïi mn`gbqhtnais oim is vbgsnmbgqis aimhgngai ~rb gÿs gissns mbgqbs% b% nq{nzès ab mbhis oim ~rb gbgcrm cimbm bsqî jnmhehn{htnai% bsqbs + hmï + nq{nbm n gÿs ns ji{àns% ns vbssins% ns oh{orgsqëgohns ab zhan ~rb cn{mightn oim n gnqr{btn ab gissis vbgsnmbgqis aimhgngai Beb abzb{hn gis qb{ jnenai% ~rb ngqbs ab gÿs viab{mis normren{ {h~rbtns bm `{ngab nkrgaëgohn% gÿs qbmis ~rb mn`gbqhtn{ gissns mbgqbs oim hgqbgsi AB_BDB vn{n ;>

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

{h~rbtns% ~rb gÿs qbmis ~rb gis qi{gn{ + ahgcbh{i oigsohbgqb nqè i AB_BDI vn{n ahgcbh{i gis ah{h`b o{hn{  vengis abjhghais vi{ na~rh{h{ hsqi Mns% sbgai rm vibqn% b gïi jheÿsiji% Cbgebx oigqbgqb beb aboen{ngai rmn `{ngab zb{anab bm ji{mn vièqhon% abhngai bssbs ~rb i sb`rh{nm hgqb{v{bqn{ i sh`ghjhonai jheisÿjhoi ans ehgcns abeb Viroi n viroi% n zb{anab sb absaik{ir% nqè hsqi n`i{n sb nvn{bob ob{qi ~rb is v{hgoívhis abso{bzb{nm gbsqb ehz{i% sb`r{b i sb`{bai ab aimíghi bm ohmn ab gissi absqhgi boigñmhoi Gÿs bsqnmis n`i{n v{igqis bnmhgn{ i v{hmbh{i absqbs v{hgoívhis Mngqbgcn rm bsví{hqi ab oimv{bbgsïi% b sb ebmk{b oimi zioä ebhn% bebs sïi n hgzbgàïi ab ghg`rèm i cimbm Is v{hgoívhis ji{nm drgqnais ans bvb{hägohns ab zhan ab mnhs ab 266 cimbgs ~rb ab jnqi normreir {h~rbtns bm ~rngqhns bgi{mbs< cimbgs ~rb oimbàn{nm bm vik{btn% oim mns vb~rbgn baronàïi% sbm hgjerägohn Is v{hgoívhis q{nknecn{nm vn{n bsqbs cimbgs Zioä viab is vñ{ q{nknecn{ vn{n sbr v{ÿv{hi kbgbjíohi ar{nair{i Zioä nocn{î hsqi jîohe% gïi ar{i% jntb{ Ngqbs ab zioä ebr i v{ÿhmi onvíqrei% br ~rb{i ~rb zioä snhkn ~rb on{{b`n hgji{mnàïi bjbqhzn ~rb viab{hn mran{ sbr absqhgi jhgngobh{i hgqbh{i jnohembgqb% oimi qïi abjhghqhznmbgqb qbm q{nthai mrangàns ab v{ivi{àòbs bsqrvbgans n arns vbssins abso{hqns Br i ~rb{i snkb{% qnmkèm% ~rb n {benàïi bgq{b bsqbs aihs cimbgs b mhm% è qne ~rb br gïi vrabssb qb{ ebznai gbgcrmn ehkb{anab oim is jnqis% nqè mbsmi sb br qhzbssb absbdnai jntb{ nsshm Rm abebs jih mbr nmh`i ;;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

vbssine mnhs ígqhmi ar{ngqb ~rnsb zhgqb b ohgoi ngis% i irq{i è mbr v{ÿv{hi jheci I srobssi hgoimrm absqbs aihs cimbgs% srobssi ~rb bebs nq{hkrbm `bgb{isnmbgqb ni v{hgoívhi abso{bzbr gi v{ÿhmi onvíqrei% mnhs ~rb  drsqhjhon bsqn {bjb{ägohn vbssine oimi rgs mbhis ab bgjnqhtn{ i viab{ eig`b-n{{bmbssnai absqb v{hgoívhi ^rnsb ~rhgtb ngis nq{îs% br bgq{b`rbh i Bgab{bài ab Oimbài bm Jnoreanab ab _nebm% _nebm% Pbsq Zh{`hghn Br bgjnqhtbh i v{hgoívhi abso{hqi gi v{ÿhmi onvíqrei% oim qngqi hgqbgshanab n~rbeb ais sÿohis an oenssb sb ji{mngai absqhgir abjhghqhznmbgqb hsqi% b jbt hsqi rmn vn{qb an v{ÿv{hn jheisijhn abeb I cimbm dizbm è n`i{n rm _ÿohi ab Oig`{bssi% b rm jnqi{ hmvi{qngqb gn namhghsq{nàïi v{bsbgqb Ei`i ngqbs bsqb ehz{i jih vn{n i vrkehonai{% beb mb bso{bzbr rmn on{qn gn ~rne beb aboen{ir n ivhghïi abeb ai v{hgoívhi qïi oen{nmbgqb bskiànan gi v{ÿhmi onvíqrei ~rb br bsoiech vrkehon{ n on{qn abeb oimi rmn hgq{iaràïi vn{n n~rbeb onvíqrei Ecb aî rmn haèhn ans {boimvbgsns vn{n zh{ + Mbr ~rb{hai Gnviebig4 + Mbr sb{zhài oimi rm _ÿohi ab Oig`{bssi ~rb qbm mb anai rmn vb{svhoîohn gis v{ikebmns ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs% br bsqir bso{bzbgai vn{n ijb{bob{ rmn sr`bsqïi ~rb viab jhon{ ôqhe n mhecn{bs ab vbssins mb{bobai{ns + Oim absorevns% qbgci ~rb aboen{n{ br ~rb n sr`bsqïi% sb n`hr bm% sh`ghjhon{î zî{his ngis ab q{nkneci b {bsvigsnkhehanab vn{n zioä% mns br sir bgbgoi{ndnai vn{n jntb{ n sr`bsqïi% vi{~rb br oigcbài sbr `{ngab nmi{ vi{ jntb{ sb{zhài ôqhe + Bm >8;;% zioä bgq{b`ir i bgab{bài ab Oimbài gn Jnoreanab ab _nebm% ~rngai br b{n rm mbmkb{' an ;?

ONVÍQREI > - HGQ[IARÀÏI

oenssb sb ji{mngai Gn~rbeb bgab{bài% zioä vengqir bm mhgcn mbgqb rmn haèhn ~rb jih {bsvigsîzbe vn{n n ivi{qrghanab br qbgci ~rb sb{zh{ ns vbssins ab mbr Bsqnai n`i{n% b sb{î {bsvigsîzbe% bm rmn mbahan mrhqi `{ngab% vn{n ~rne~rb{ srobssi br vissi qb{ gi jrqr{i + N sr`bsqïi ~rb br qbgci bm mbgqb è% ~rb zioä vñs bm rm ehz{i n simn b srksqëgohn ai bgab{bài ~rb zioä bgq{b`ir gn Jnoreanab ab _nebm% b an~rbeb miai ns vbssins ab Nmè{hon aïi rmn ivi{qrghanab vn{n `ngcn{ vi{ sbr mrhqis ngis ab bvb{hägohn b nssiohnàïi oim is cimbgs ~rb% vben `{ngabtn abebs) abens% jbt vn{n n Nmè{hon n gnàïi mnhs {hon bm qb{{n + Br {boi{ai% oimi sb sbdn igqbm% n abso{hàïi mn{nzhecisn zioä abr ai mèqiai vi{ ~rne n Cbg{x Ji{a% oim mns vb~rbgn hgsq{ràïi% sbm rm aÿen{% sbm nmh`is hgjerbgqbs% {isn vn{n `{ngabs neqr{ns Br mb abohah bgqïi% nqè mbsmi ngqbs ab zioä qhgcn qb{mhgnai srn jnen% ~rb br jn{hn rm er`n{ vn{n mhm% gïi hmvi{qn ~rngqns ahjhoreanabs br qhzb ~rb sik{bvrdn{ + Mhecn{bs ab vbssins dizbgs qb{mhgn{ïi i barongai bsqb ngi abebs)abens% b abgq{i ais v{ÿhmis ngis Qiai rm abebs bsqn{î krsongai cî viroi qne rmn mbgsn`bm ab bgoi{ndnmbgqi v{îqhoi oimi i ~rb br {bobkh ab zioä Bebs ~rb{b{ïi snkb{ igab zh{n{% i ~rb jntb{% sb{  oimbànai bm zhan Zioä viab ecbs jnen{% vi{~rb zioä ndrair {bsiezb{ is v{ikebmns ab qngqis% mrhqns vbssins + _b cirzb{ ~rne~rb{ vissízbe miai ~rb zioä viab ahsvi{ jntb{ qïi `{ngab rm sb{zhài% vissn br ijb{bài n sr`bsqïi ~rb zioä hgoerh oim qiai ehz{i% rm ab sbrs ^rna{is ab Ngîehsb Vbssinhs% vn{n ~rb i oimv{nai{ ai ;1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ehz{i vissn qb{ i kbgbjíohi ab rm b`i-hgzbgqî{hi oimvebqi% bg~rngqi hgahongai% oimi zioä hgahoir n mhm% bnqnmbgqb i ~rb bsqnzn bsqngai ai miai ab srobssi% ngis nq{îs + Qne rm sb{zhài oimi hsqi% bg~rngqi v{ivi{ohigngai vn{n is ebhqi{bs ab sbr ehz{i rm ~rna{i oimvebqi% hmvn{ohne ans jneqns abebs)abens b ns zh{qrabs abebs)abens% sh`ghjhon{hn n bebs n ahjb{bgàn bgq{b srobssi b j{nonssi I sb{zhài sb{hn hgbsqhmîzbe + Mhecòbs ans vbssins bsqïi bgj{bgqngai i v{ikebmn ab i{`nghtn{ rmn zh{-vn{qb ab q{îs% vi{ onrsn an abv{bssïi% n`i{n b br jnei ab bvb{hägohn vbssine ~rngai br ahssb{% br sbh ~rb bsqns vbssins sè{hns an{hnm kins-zhgans n ivi{qrghanab vn{n ecb oigqn{ is v{ikebmns abebs) abens% b {bobkb{ srns sr`bsqòbs vn{n n sieràïi + Zioä snkb is v{ikebmns abssbs ~rb bgj{bgqnm n gbobsshanab ab oimbàn{ vi{ qian vn{qb giznmbgqb Cî mhecn{bs ans vbssins gn Nmè{hon cidb ~rb `isqn{hn ab snkb{ oimi bebs viabm oigzb{qb{ haèhns bm ahgcbh{i% ns vbssins ~rb qäm ~rb oimbàn{ n n{{ngcïi% sbm jhgngàns% b {borvb{n ns vb{ans abebs)abens _b ~rne~rb{ rm vrab{ is ndran{% zioä viab + _b zioä vrkehon{ i ehz{i% br `isqn{hn ab vissrh{ n v{hmbh{n oÿvhn ~rb zbm an hmv{bgsn% vbssinembgqb nrqi`{nvcba vi{ zioä + Oim mbeci{bs absbdis% mb no{bahqb%

;2

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI I VIGQI AB VN[QHAN AB QIAN N [BNEHTNÀÏI I V[HMBH[I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ ^RNGAI BAPHG O Kn{gbs absobr ai q{bm ab j{bqb bm En{ngdn% G D% mnhs ab q{hgqn ngis nq{îs% beb viab qb{ sb nssbmbecnai n rm vnssi vbsnai% mns is vbgsnmbgqis abeb b{nm bssbs ab rm {bh. Oimi beb jbt i bsvnài abeb an zhn jè{{bn eionehtn n Qcimns RM I bso{hqÿ{hi ab Bahsig% n mbgqb abeb bsqnzn gi q{nkneci Beb sb zhr sb ebzngqngai gn v{bsbgàn ab Bahsig Beb sb irzhr vbahgai vn{n _{ Bahsig rmn ivi{qrghanab vn{n ebzn{ n onki n rmn IK_B__ÏI OIG_RMHGAI AB n ZHAN abeb% rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n sb qi{gn{ i sÿohi bmv{bsn{hne ai `{ngab hgzbgqi{ hgzbgqi{ Absbdi ab Kn{gbs' gïi b{n rmn bsvb{ngàn. Gïi b{n rm absbdi. B{n rm n`rai% vresngai AB_BDI ~rb q{ngsobgabr qrai irq{i Bsqnzn ABJHGHAI I absbdi gïi b{n gizi ~rngai beb ocb`ir Bahsig Qhgcn shai Kn{gbs' ~rb aimhgnm absbdi vi{ mrhqi qbmvi Gi v{hgoívhi% ~rngai i absbdi sb nvn{bobr v{hmbh{i gn mbgqb abeb% viab qb{ shai% v{iznzbembgqb b{n% sÿ rm absbdi% mns gïi b{n gbgcrm mb{i absbdi ~rngai beb sb nvn{bobr ngqbs ab Bahsig oim hsqi Ne`rgs ngis abvihs% Baphg O Kn{gbs bsqnzn giznmbgqb ngqbs ab Bahsig% gi mbsmi bso{hqÿ{hi igab beb oigcbobr i hgzbgqi{ v{hmbh{i Bsqb qbmvi i AB_BDI abeb qhgcn shai q{narthai bm {bnehanab Beb bsqnzn bm

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

gb`ÿohi oim Bahsig I _IGCI aimhgngai AB n ZHAN abeb qhgcn sb qi{gnai rmn {bnehanab Cidb% ns vbssins ~rb oigcbobm Kn{gbs i hgzbdnm% vi{  onrsn an + zhan ab j{nqr{n + i {bgabr Bebs i zäbm vbeis ahns ai q{hrgji abeb% sbm ebzn{ n ahjhoreanab vn{n hgzbsqh`n{ n onrsn ai srobssi abeb Kn{gbs qbzb srobssi vi{~rb beb bsoiecbr rmn mbqn abjhghan% oieioir qian srn bgb{`hn% qrai sbrs an{ïi viab{ n% qiais sbr bsji{ài% qrai nq{îs an~rben mbqn Beb gïi sb qi{gir i sÿohi ab Bahsig i ahn ~rb beb ocb`ir Beb bsqnzn oigqbgqb oimbàn{ gi q{nkneci mnhs sb{zhe% oigqngqi ~rb v{izbssb rmn ivi{qrghanab vn{n an{ rm vnssi nqè mbsmi vn{n n mbqn nv{bohnan abeb Ohgoi ngis vnssn{nm ngqbs an ocngob ~rb beb qhgcn bsqnai krsongai jbhqi sbr nvn{bohmbgqi Ar{ngqb qiais bssbs ngis gïi rm {nhi ab bsvb{ngàn% gïi rm v{imbqb ab oigsb`rhmbgqi ai AB_BDI abeb qhgcn shai ijb{bohai vn{n beb Vn{n qiai i mrgai% i boern% beb sb nvn{bobr sÿ irq{i abgqb ab bg`{bgn`bm gi Bahsig {ian bmv{bsn{hne% mns gn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb abeb% BEB B[N I _ßOHI AB BAH_IG QIAI_ is MHGRQI_ AI QBMVI% ai mbsmi ahn ~rb beb jih q{nknecn{ eî v{hmbh{i È rmn hersq{nàïi giqîzbe ai viab{ ab rm AB_BDI ABJHGHAI Kn{gbs `ngcir n mbqn abeb% vi{~rb beb ~rhs sb{ rm sÿohi bmv{bsn{hne ab _{ Bahsig% mnhs ~rb beb ~rhs ~rne~rb{ irq{n oihsn Beb o{hir rm vengi vi{ ~rne nqhg`h{  n~rbeb v{ivÿshqi Mns beb ^RBHMIR QIAN_ ns VIGQB_ NQ[Î_ ABEB Beb sb ebzngqir vbei AB_BDI abeb nqè ~rb sb qi{gir n iksbssïi aimhgngai ai abeb zhan-bjhgnembgqb% rm jnqi ^rngai beb jih vn{n En{ngdn% beb gïi ahssb n beb% + br qbgqn{bh hgarth{ Bahsig vn{n mb an{ rm q{nkneci ab ;3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ne`rm mnohi + Beb ahssb% + br zb{bh Bahsig% b i zbsqhr giqn ~rb br zhm bgq{n{ bm gb`ÿohi oim beb Beb gïi ahssb% + br q{nknecn{bh eî ar{ngqb ne`rgs mbsbs% b sb br gïi na~rh{h{ gbgcrm bgoi{ndnmbgqi% br abhn{bh b n{{rmn{bh rm bmv{b`i bm irq{i er`n{ + Beb ahssb% + br oimbàn{bh bm ~rne~rb{ er`n{ Br jn{bh ~rne~rb{ oihsn Bahsig mb aht ~rb jnàn% mns ngqbs ab br bsqn{  qb{mhgnai% br sb{bh i sÿohi + abeb Beb gïi ahssb% + br mngqb{bh mbrs iecis nk{bm vn{n irq{n ivi{qrghanab% gi onsi ab br gïi na~rh{i i ~rb br ~rb{i gn i{`nghtnàïi + ab Bahsig Beb ahssb% cî nvbgns RMN oihsn gbsqb mrgai ~rb br sir abqb{mhgnai vn{n qb{% b hssi è rmn nssiohnàïi bmv{bsn{hne oim Qcimns RM Bahsig Br ~rbhmn{bh qians ns vigqbs nq{îs ab mhm% b nvisqn mbr JRQR[I HGQBH[I bm mhgcn cnkhehanab vn{n na~rh{h{ i ~rb br ~rb{i + Beb abhir gbgcrm vissízbe miai ab {bqh{nan vn{n beb Beb qbzb ~rb `ngcn{ ir vb{bob{. Hssi è cî æ chsqÿ{hn ab Kn{gbs ab srobssi. Rm qbmvi eig`i nq{îs% rm `{ngab `rb{{bh{i bgj{bgqir rmn shqrnàïi ~rb jbt hsqi gbobssî{hi vn{n beb qimn{ rmn abohsïi ~rb nssb`r{ir i srobssi abeb gi onmvi ab knqnecn Beb bsqnzn n vigqi ab bgzhn{ is bè{ohqis abeb oigq{n rm hghmh`i viab{isi ordis is cimbgs bobab{nm bm gômb{i i v{ÿv{hi abeb Beb on{{b`ir is sieanais abeb bm kn{ois% zbebdnais ni vnís ai hghmh`i% sieanais abson{{b`nais b b~rhvnmbgqi% bgqïi abr n i{abm vn{n ~rbhmn{ is gnzhis ~rb qhgcnm is ebznai Bgzhngai is cimbgs abeb ngqbs an v{hmbh{n knqnecn% beb ahssb% + Zioä zä i nganmbgqi ab kn{ois vn{n ohmn bm jrmnàn Hssi sh`ghjhon ~rb gÿs gïi viabmis abhn{ bsqns oisqns zhzi n mbgis ~rb gÿs `ngcbmis. Gÿs qbmis ;8 

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

n`i{n gbgcrm bsoiecn-gÿs `ngcn{-ir gÿs vb{bobmis. Bebs `ngcn{nm Qian vbssin ~rb `ngcn bm ~rne~rb{ bmv{bbgahmbgqi abzb bsqn{ ahsvisqn ~rbhmn{ is gnzhis abeb b oi{qn{  qians ns jigqbs ab {bqh{nan _ÿ jntbgai nsshm bgenqb rm bsqbdn sb`r{i ab mngqb{ n~rbeb bsqnai ab mbgqb oigcbohai oimi rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n @NGCN[% bssbgohne n srobssi N {bssnon i `{ngab ji`i ab Ochon`i% rm `{rvi ab oimb{ohngqbs bsqnzn bm [rn Bsqnqne% bg~rngqi iecngai vn{n is {bsqis ab jrmn`bm ai ~rb qhgcn shai ns eidns abebs)abens Bebs bgq{n{nm bm rmn oigjb{ägohn vn{n abohah{ sb bebs qbgqnssbm {boigsq{rh{% {boigsq{rh{% ir abhn Ochon`i b {boimbàn bm rmn sbàïi mnhs v{imhssi{n ai vnís Bebs neongàn{nm rm abohsïi-qrai boerh vn{n abhn{  Ochon`i I oimb{ohngqb ~rb abohahr jhon{ b {boigsq{rh{ vigqrai rm abai nis {bsqis an eidn abeb% b ahssb% + Onznecbh{is% gn~rben mbsmn mngocn br oigsq{rh{bh n eidn ab mnhi{  ai mrgai% gïi hmvi{qn ~rngqns zbtbs viab ~rbhmn{  oimvebqnmbgqb Hssi b{n mnhs ab ohg~õbgqn ngis nq{îs N eidn jih oigsq{rían _b ebzngqn cidb% rm mrhqi neqi migrmbgqi vn{n i viab{ an~rbeb bsqnai ab mbgqb oigcbohai oimi rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB% eî N oihsn jîohe vn{n Mn{bocne Jhbea qb{ jbhqi% qb{hn shai bnqnmbgqb i ~rb is oimb{ohngqbs an mbsmn onqb`i{hn abeb jhtb{nm ^rngai i nganmbgqi b{n ar{i% b i jrqr{i vn{bohn bsor{i% bebs vn{n{nm b ji{nm igab i nganmbgqi vn{bohn mnhs jîohe Mn{~rb kbm bsqn ahjb{bgàn bgq{b Mn{bocne Jhbea b is irq{is oimb{ohngqbs% vi{~rb è n mbsmn ahjb{bgàn ~rb ?6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ahsqhg`rb Baphg O Kn{gbs ab mhecn{bs ab irq{is cimbgs  dizbgs ~rb q{nknecn{nm gn i{`nghtnàïi ab Bahsig È n mbsmn ahjb{bgàn ~rb ahsqhg`rb v{nqhonmbgqb qrai ~rb qäm srobssi abssbs ~rb jnecnm Qiai sb{ crmngi ~rb neongàn n hanab ab bgqbgab{ ai v{ivÿshqi ab ahgcbh{i% absbdn vn{n hsqi Absbdngai gïi q{n{ïi {h~rbtns Mns absbdngai {h~rbtns oim rm bsqnai ab mbgqb ~rb sb qi{gn rmn iksbssïi% bg~rngqi vengbdngai miais abjhghais b mbhis vn{n na~rh{h{  {h~rbtns bgqïi% b nvihngai bssbs vengis oim vb{shsqägohn ~rb gïi {boigcbob j{nonssi% q{n{î {h~rbtns I mèqiai vbei ~rne AB_BDI vn{n {h~rbtns viab sb{  q{ngsmranai bm sbr jhgngobh{i b~rhznebgqb% oigshsqb bm sbhs vnssis abjhghais% v{îqhois% zht%4 V{hmbh{i Jhb bm srn mbgqb n ~rngqhn bnqn ab ahgcbh{i zioä absbdi _imbgqb gïi è srjhohbgqb ahtb{ + br ~rb{i knsqngqb ahgcbh{i + V{hmbh{i Bsqbdn abjhghai sik{b n ~rngqhn #Cî rmn {ntïi vshoieÿ`hon vn{n abjhghqbgbss ~rb sb{î abso{hqi bm rm onvíqrei srksb~õbgqb( _b`rgai Abqb{mhgb i ~rb zioä v{bqbgab an{ bm q{ion ai ahgcbh{i zioä absbdi bnqnmbgqb #Gïi cî gbgcrmn qne {bnehanab oimi + ne`i vn{n gnan( Qb{ài Bsqnkbebàn rmn anqn abjhghan ~rngai zioä v{bqbgab{ vissrh{ i ahgcbh{i zioä absbdi ^rn{qi O{hb rm vengi abjhghai vi{ ebzn{ n onki sbr absbdi% b oimbob hmbahnqnmbgqb% sb zioä bsqî v{igqi ir gïi% oieion{ bsqb vengi bm nàïi ^rhgqi Bso{bzn ji{n rmn aboen{nàïi oen{n% oigohsn an ~rngqhn ab ahgcbh{i ~rb zioä v{bqbgab na~rh{h{% gimbhb ?>

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

i v{nti vn{n srn n~rhshàïi% bsqnai i ~rb zioä v{bqbgab an{ bm q{ion ai ahgcbh{i% b abso{bzb i vengi vbei ~rne zioä v{bqbgab normren{ hsqi oen{nmbgqb _bqi Ebhn srn aboen{nàïi bso{hqn bm zit neqn% arns zbtbs ahn{hnmbgqb% rmn zbt ei`i ngqbs sb nvisbgqngai æ gihqb% b rmn zbt abvihs ab sr{`h{ vben mngcï OIMI ZIOÄ EB[-ZBDN B _HGQN B DÎ I NO[BAHQB BM VI__B AB I AHGCBH[I È hmvi{qngqb ~rb zioä sh`n ns hgsq{ràòbs abso{hqns gbsqbs sbhs vnssis È bsvbohnembgqb hmvi{qngqb ~rb zioä iksb{zn% b sb`rb ns hgsq{ràòbs gi sbqi vn{î`{nji Zioä viab {boenmn{ ~rb è hmvissízbe zioä sb zb{ ab jnqi bm vissb ab ahgcbh{i + ngqbs ab zioä qbgcn N~rh è igab rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB zh{î n srn ndran _b zioä zb{anabh{nmbgqb ahgcbh{i ab AB_BDI qïi srqhembgqb ~rb sbr absbdi è rmn iksbssïi% zioä gïi qb{î gbgcrmn ahjhoreanab sb oigzbgobgai ~rb zioä na~rh{h{î hsqi I ikdbqi è ~rb{b{ ahgcbh{i% b sb qi{gn{ qïi abqb{mhgnai vn{n qb{ hsqi ~rb zioä _B OIGZBGOB ~rb zioä qb{î hsqi _ÿ bssbs ~rb sbmv{b sb qi{gnm + ahgcbh{i oigsohbgqb + normrenm `{ngabs {h~rbtns + Ahgcbh{i ~rb mbhis ab oigsohägohn + ~rb n mbgqb sb qi{gir qïi oimvebqnmbgqb snqr{n{nm oim i AB_BDI vn{n ahgcbh{i% n~rbeb dî viab zb{ i b`i an vbssin bm vissb ahsqi Ni rghghqhnqba ~rb gïi jih baronai gis v{hgoívhis ab jrgohignmbgqi an mbgqb crmngn bsqns hgsq{ràòbs viabm sb nvn{bob{ gïi v{îqhoi Viab sb{ ôqhe% vn{n qrai ~rb gïi {boigcbobm i sirgagbss ais sbhs vnssis% snkb{  ~rb n hgji{mnàïi ~rb bebs on{{b`nm% jih {bobkhai ab Nga{bp On{gb`hb ~rb oimbàir oimi rm q{nknecnai{  i{ahgî{hi gi nài mib% mns namhghsq{ir% nvbsn{ ai ?;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

oimbài crmheab abeb% jntb{ bsqbs v{hgoívhis i {bgab{  rmn ji{qrgn ab oigshab{nzbembgqb mnhs ~rb obm mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs Viab sb{ ab nahohigne ndrab snkb{ ~rb is sbhs vnssis n~rh {boimbgan{nm jih bnmhgnai orhanaisnmbgqb vbei {bobgqb Qcimns RM Bahsig ~rb oieioir i sbei abeb ab nv{iznàïi gbebs oimi sbgai gïi sÿ is vnssis bssbgohne vn{n n normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i% mns gbobssî{hi vn{n i oigsb`rhmbgqi ab ~rne~rb{ mbqn abjhghan Is vnssis gïi vbabm gbgcrm + q{nkneci + ar{i Bebs gïi vbabm gbgcrm sno{hjíohi Bebs gïi bh`bm vn{n n vbssin jhon{ {haíorei% ir o{èarei Is nvehon{ vbab gbgcrmn `{ngab ~rngqhn ab baronàïi Mns n nvehonàïi v{ÿsvb{n absqbs sbhs vnssis vbab hmn`hgnàïi srjhohbgqb vn{n vb{mhqh{ n vbssin n zb{% b vn{n bgqbgab{% n~rben normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i gïi viab sb{ abhnan n ocngob% ji{qrgn kin% b si{qb N vbssin qbm ~rb vb{obkb{ ~rb qrai ~rb normren{nm `{ngabs ji{qrgns% v{hmbh{i jbt rmn ob{qn ~rngqhn ab sigcn{% bg~rngqi bsvb{ngai% absbdngai% AB_BDNGAI% b VENGBDNGAI ngqbs ab bebs na~rh{hssbm ahgcbh{i Zioä viab kbm oimi snhkn% n~rh mbsmi% ~rb zioä grgon viab qb{ {h~rbtns bm `{ngabs ~rngqhanabs% N MBGI_ ^RB zioä vissn sb q{nknecn{ bm rm onei{  k{ngoi ab AB_BDI vn{n ahgcbh{i% b ab jnqi NO[BAHQN ~rb zioä vissrh{î hsqi Zioä viab kbm oimi snhkn% qnmkèm ~rb qiai `{ngab eíab{% ai nmngcbob{ ab ohzhehtnàïi nqè i v{bsbgqb% b{n rm sigcnai{ O{hsqhnghsmi è i mnhi{ viab{ viqbgohne gi mrgai cidb% vi{~rb sbr jrganai{ b{n rm hgqbgsi sigcnai{ ~rb qbzb ??

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

n zhsïi b n hmn`hgnàïi vn{n zb{ {bnehanabs gn ji{mn mbgqne b bsvh{hqrne abebs)abens ngqbs ab bebs qhzbssbm shai q{ngsmranais bm ji{mn jíshon _b zioä gïi zb{ `{ngabs {h~rbtns bm srn hmn`hgnàïi% zioä grgon is zb{î bm sbr b~rheík{hi ab kngoi Grgon% gn chsqÿ{hn ab Nmè{hon jih eî n`i{n qïi `{ngab rmn ivi{qrghanab vn{n sigcnai{ v{îqhois oimi bhsqb I sbhs ngi oienvsi boigñmhoi {barthr qiais is cimbgs% srksqngohnembgqb% vn{n i mbsmi gízbe Rmn {nàn gizn bsqî n vigqi ab sb{ oi{{hai Ns bsqnons {bv{bsbgqnm ji{qrgns bgi{mbs ~rb sb{ïi normrenans abgq{i ais v{ÿhmis abt ngis Ns {b`{ns an {nàn mran{nm% vi{~rb gÿs mi{nmis n`i{n bm rm MRGAI MRANAI ~rb abjhghqhznmbgqb jnzi{bob ns mnssns% bssbs ~rb qhzb{nm mns vb~rbgi ir gbgcrmn ivi{qrghanab vn{n `ngcn{  abknhi ans oigahàòbs ~rb bhsqbm ar{ngqb n abv{bssïi% ~rngai mbai vn{nehsir o{bsohmbgqi b absbgziezhmbgqi Gÿs ~rb bsqïi gbsqn {nàn vn{n {h~rbtns% abzb{hn sb{  bgoi{ndnai snkb{ ~rb hsqi mrair ~rb mrgai gi ~rne gÿs mi{nmis bsqî bh`hgai haèhns gizns% miais gizis ab jntb{ oihsns% eíab{bs gizis% hgzbgàòbs gizns% mèqiais gizis ab bgshgn{% mèqiais gizis ab oimb{ohnehtn{% ehz{is gizis% ehqb{nqr{n gizn% on{noqb{ísqhons gizns vn{n i {îahi% haèhns gizns vn{n ~rna{is oimizbgqbs Nq{îs ab qrai hssi abmngan vn{n oihsns gizns b mbeci{bs% cî rmn ~rnehanab ~rne qbm ~rb vissrh{ vn{n `ngcn{% b hssi è ABJHGHQBGB__ AB V[IVß_HQI% i oigcbohmbgqi ab ~rb n vbssin ~rb{% b rm AB_BDI n{abgqb vn{n vissrh{ hsqi N abv{bssïi bmv{bsn{hne mn{oir n mi{qb ab rmn hanab% b i gnsohmbgqi ab irq{i Hsqi mrair mrgai {b~rb{  ?1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

sigcnai{ v{îqhois ~rb viabm% b oieion{î is sigcis abebs)abens bm nàïi Is sigcnai{ v{îqhois sbmv{b ji{nm% b sbmv{b sb{î is vna{ïi-jnk{hongqbs ab ohzhehtnàïi Gÿs ~rb absbdnm normren{ {h~rbtns% sbmv{b abzb{hn sb ebmk{n{ is {bnhs eíab{bs ai mrgai ji{nm cimbgs ~rb n{{bn{nm% b vñs bm rsi v{îqhoi% ns ji{àns hgqng`ízbhs% gïi zhsqi ab ivi{qrghanab vi{ gnsob{% b oigzb{qbr bssns ji{àns% \ir hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi]% bm n{{ngcn-oèrs% ohanabs% jîk{hons% nzhòbs% nrqimÿzbhs% b qian ji{mn ab oigzbghägohn ~rb jnt zhan mnhs n`{naîzbe Qieb{ëgohn% b rmn mbgqb nkb{qn è gbobsshanabs v{îqhons Qieb{ëgohn% ai sigcnai{ ab cidb Bssbs ~rb qäm mbai ab haèhns gizns bsqïi oigabgnais ngqbs ab bebs oimbànssbm Grgon jih eî rm qbmvi mnhs jnzi{îzbe vn{n vhigbh{is ~rb i v{bsbgqb [bqhjh~rb% cî gbgcrm ibsqb sbezn`bm b ab eï n sb{ oig~rhsqnai% oimi gis ahns ai Zn`ïi Oikb{qi< mns cî rm gb`ÿohi znsqi% mrgai jhgngobh{i% b hgarsq{hne vn{n sb{ {bmireaba b {bah{bohigir ni eig`i ab ehgcns gizns b mbeci{bs Vengbdngai na~rh{h{ srn vn{qb ans {h~rbtns% abhb ghg`rèm hgjerägohn zioä absv{btn{ i sigcnai{ @ngcn{  ns bsqnons `{ngabs ghsqi mran{nm mrgai% zioä qbm ~rb vb`n{ i bsví{hqi ais `{ngabs vhigbh{is ai vnssnai ordis sigcis ab{nm n ohzhehtnàïi qrai n~rhei hsqi qbm ab znei{% i bsví{hqi ai ~rne sb{zb oimi i zhan-sng`rb gissi v{ÿv{hi vnís-srn ivi{qrghanab b mhgn% absbgziezb{ b oimb{ohnehtn{ gissis qnebgqis Gis abhb gïi bs~rbob{% i Oieimki sigcir oim rm mrgai Absoigcbohai% nvisqir n zhan abeb gn bhsqägohn ab qne rm mrgai% b absoik{hr hsqi.

?2

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

Oivb{ghors% i `{ngab nsq{ñgimi% sigcir oim rmn mreqhvehohanab ab mrgais% b is {bzbeir. Ghg`rèm i abgrgohir oimi + gïi v{îqhoi + abvihs ~rb beb qhzbssb q{hrgjnai Ni hgzès% i mrgai nai{ir gi sngqrî{hi abeb% bg~rngqi v{izngai mnhs rmn zbt nsshm n~rbeb + _RO B__ I gïi [B^ RB[B [ GBGC RMN AB_ ORE VN% J[NON__I gïi VB[MHQB GBGCRMN ÎEHKH + _b n oihsn ~rb zioä absbdn jntb{ è ob{qn% b zioä no{bahqn ghsqi% v{issb`rb b jnt hsqi. Vigcn sbr sigci vi{% vi{% b gïi hmvi{qn i ~rb bebs + ahtbm sb zioä sb bgoigq{n oim ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn% vi{~rb + bebs% + qnezbt% gïi snkbm ~rb QIAI J[NON__I Q[NT OIM H_QI N _BMBGQB AB RM _ROB__I B^RHZNEBGQB Cbg{x Ji{a% vik{b b sbm baronàïi% sigcir oim rmn on{{rn`bm sbm onznei% jih q{nknecn{ oim ~rb jb{{nmbgqns beb vissrhr% sbm bsvb{n{ vi{ ivi{qrghanab vn{n i jnzi{bob{% b n`i{n bzhaägohn ai sigci abeb ohg`b n qb{{n hgqbh{n Beb vñs mnhs {ians bm ivb{nàïi ~rb ~rne~rb{ cimbm ~rb sbmv{b zhzbr% vi{~rb beb gïi qhgcn gbgcrm mbai n nq{îs is sigcis abeb Qcimns Bahsig sigcir oim rm nkndr{ ~rb viab{hn sb{  ivb{nai nq{nzès ab bebq{hohanab% oimbàir igab beb sb ebzngqir oieion{ i sigci abeb bm nàïi% b nvbsn{ ab mnhs ab abt mhe j{nonssis% beb sb ebzngqir vi{ n~rbeb sigci nqè ~rb beb jbt hsqi rmn {bnehanab jíshon _igcnai{  v{îqhois gïi ABHSNM. Pcbeng sigcir oim rmn onabhn ab eidns ab ocn{rqi% q{ngsji{mir i sigci abeb bm nàïi% b n`i{n ns Eidns ab Ocn{rqi Rghans iorvnm is mbeci{bs ongqis gn Nmè{hon Ehgoieg sigcir oim ehkb{anab vbeis bso{nzis v{bqis% oieioir i sigci abeb bm nàïi% b nvbgns vb{abr

?:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

zhzbgai vn{n zb{ rm Gi{qb rghai b _re q{nartn i sigci abeb bm {bnehanab I P{h`cq ~rb is h{mïis sigcn{nm oim rmn mî~rhgn ~rb zin{hn vbei n{ N`i{n n vbssin viab zb{ bzhaägohn gi mrgai hgqbh{i% ~rb bebs sigcn{nm sirgaex Mn{oigh sigcir oim rm shsqbmn vi{ n{{bn{ ns ji{àns hgqng`ízbhs ai èqb{ Bzhaägohn ~rb beb gïi sigcir bm zïi% viab sb{ nocnai bm qian qbeb`{njhn sbm jhis b {îahi gi mrgai Neèm ahssi% i sigci ab Mn{oigh q{irb n onkngn mnhs crmheab% b n onsn ab sien{ mnhs hmvigbgqb enai n enai Jbt ns vbssins ab qian gnàïi bm zhthgcis ab vn{qb ab q{îs-vi{qn ab qb{{n Abr vn{n i V{bshabgqb ais Bsqnais Rghais rm mèahi vbei ~rne beb viab jnen{ rmn zbt oim qians ns vbssins ab Nmè{hon% b bm giqhjhonàïi or{qn Viab i hgqb{bssn{ snkb{ ~rb is nmh`is + ab Mn{oigh i qhzb{nm ebznai bm orsqÿahn% b viab bnmhgn{ bm rm cisvhqne ab vsxocivnqcho% ~rngai beb ngrgohir ~rb beb qhgcn absoikb{qi rm v{hgoívhi vbei ~rne beb viab{hn bgzhn{ mbgsn`bgs vbei n{% sbm n ndran ab n{nmbs% ir irq{i ah{hdn mbhi ab oimrghonàïi jíshoi Is sigcnai{ ab cidb qn{hjn mbeci{ mbeci{ I mrgai jih noisqrmnai n absoikb{qns gizns Gïi% misq{ir rmn zigqnab vn{n {boimvbgsn{ i sigcnai{  ~rb aî vn{n i mrgai rmn haèhn gizn + N mnhi{ {bnehtnàïi b{n% gi v{hgoívhi% b ar{ngqb rm qbmvi% mns rm sigci + + I on{zneci ai{mb gn kieiqn I vîssn{i bsvb{n gi izi% b gn zhsïi mnhs neqn an nemn% rgs mizhmbgqis ab ngdi sb absvb{qngai _IGCI_ _ÏI N_ MRAN_ AB [BNEHANAB + Absvb{qb% sr{dn% b i njh{mb% zioä sigcnai{ ai mrgai _rn bsq{ben bsqî n`i{n gn nsobgaägohn N abv{bssïi ?0 

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

mrgahne q{irb n ivi{qrghanab vben ~rb zioä qbm bsvb{nai Bgshgir crmheanab ab vbssins% qieb{ëgohn% b oimv{bbgsïi I mrgai bsqî ocbhi oim rmn nkrgaëgohn ab IVI[QRGHANAB ~rb is sigcnai{ ai vnssnai grgon sirkb{nm Rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n _B[% B JNTB[ è i vigqi ab vn{qhan ai ~rne i sigcnai{ qbm ~rb sb h{ _igcis gïi gnsobm ab hgahjb{bgàn% v{b`rhàn% ir jneqn ab nmkhàïi I mrgai dî gïi {hahoren{htn ni sigcnai{% gbm i ocnmn gïi v{îqhoi _b zioä vbgsn ~rb jnt% jnàn rmn zhn`bm vn{n i Qbggbssbb% b qbsqbmrgcn i ~rb rm V{bshabgqb ab sigcnai{ jbt ai miai ab n{{bn{% b rsngai i `{ngab viab{ ab î`rn ab Nmè{hon Rmn oigqn`bm ab ngis nq{îs% qne rm sigci qb{hn vn{bohai oimi eiror{n Zioä jih absnvigqnai% zioä sij{br ab{{iqn ar{ngqb n abv{bssïi% zioä sbgqhr i `{ngab oi{nàïi abgq{i ab zioä bsmn`ir nqè ~rb sng`{ir Ebzb oi{n`bm% vn{n bsqns bvb{hägohns qbmvb{ir i mbqne bsvh{hqrne ai ~rne zioä è jntb{-bebs sïi nqhzis ab znei{ hgoimvn{îzbe Qnmkèm% sb ebmk{n ~rb qrai ~rb qäm srobssi bm zhan absobm vn{n rm oimbài {rhm% b nq{nzbssn mrhqis cbn{qk{bnlhg` erqn ngqbs ab bebs + ocb`nssbm + I vigqi abohshzi gns zhans abssbs ~rb qäm srobssi% gi{mnembgqb zbm gi mimbgqi ab rm viroi ab o{hsb vben ~rne bebs sïi nv{bsbgqnais nis irq{is b`is + abebs)abens Dicg Krgxng bso{bzbr i V{i`{bssi ai Vb{b`{hgi ~rb bsqî bgq{b i mbeci{ ab qian n ehqb{nqr{n hg`ebsn abvihs ~rb beb qhzbssb shai ehmhqnai bm v{hsïi b bq{bmnmbgqb qhgcn shai onsqh`nai% vi{ onrsn ans zhsòbs abeb gi nssrgqi ab {beh`hïi ?3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

6 I Cbg{x absoik{hr i `äghi ~rb ai{mhr abgq{i ai oè{bk{i abeb% abvihs ~rb beb qhgcn sb bgoigq{nai oim `{ngab hgji{qôghi% b jih ehmhqnai bm rmn oben ab v{hsïi% bm Oieimki% Ichi Bsqngai JI[ÀNAI% vi{ hgji{qôghi% sb{ sb jnmhehn{htnai oim i irq{i b`i abeb% + b vn{n rsn{ n HMN@HGNÀÏI abeb% beb sb absoik{hr sb{ rm `{ngab nrqi{ bm zbt ab rm o{hmhgisi mhsb{îzbe b absqb{{nai Bsq{ngci b zn{hnai è is miais ab zhan% b mnhs bsq{ngci nhgan è is miais ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn vben ~rne æs zbtbs sïi ji{ànais is cimbgs n sij{b{ qiais is qhvis ab onsqh`i ngqbs ab absoik{h{ is v{ÿv{his oè{bk{is abebs)abens% b n v{ÿv{hn onvnohanab abebs)abens vn{n o{hn{ haèhns ôqbhs vi{  hmn`hgnàïi Bahsig% i hgzbgqi{ ab mnhi{ ai mrgai b ohbgqhsqn% b{nm rm + ivb{nai{ ab qbeè`{nji ab vnssi vbsnai +% beb j{nonssir qbmvis hgrmb{îzbhs ngqbs ab beb jih ah{h`hai% jhgnembgqb% vn{n n absoikb{qn ai `äghi ~rb ai{mhr abgq{i ai oè{bk{i abeb Ocn{ebs Aholbgs oimbàir oiengai {ÿqreis bm vngbens ab kenolhg` N q{n`èahn ai v{hmbh{i nmi{ abeb vbgbq{ir ns v{ijrgahanabs an nemn abeb% b i oigzb{qbr bm rm ais zb{anabh{nmbgqb `{ngabs nrqi{bs ai mrgai N~rben q{n`èahn v{iarthr% v{hmbh{i% Anzha Oivvb{jhbea% bgqïi rmn srobssïi ab irq{is q{nknecis ~rb jhtb{nm bsqb rm mrgai mnhs {hoi b mbeci{ vn{n qrai ~rb eb{nm is ehz{is abeb Abobvàïi bm ohmn ab onsis ab nmi{% `b{nembgqb qbm i bjbhqi ab ah{h`h{ is cimbgs vn{n kbkb{% b mrecb{bs vn{n n{{rhgn{< b hsqi% vi{~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins grgon nv{bgab n n{qb ab q{ngsmran{ ns bmiàòbs mnhs ji{qbs abebs)abens bm sigcis ab rmn gnqr{btn oigsq{rqhzn ?8 

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

Cbebg Lbeeb{ jhoir sr{ai% kiki% b bgoik{b ei`i nvÿs gnsohmbgqi Nvbsn{ ai mnhi{ hgji{qôghi aben% ben bso{bzbr i hgabehkex ab gimb aben gns vî`hgns an chsqÿ{hn ai `{ngab N zhan hgqbh{n aben sb{zhr oimi bzhaägohn ~rb ghg`rèm sbmv{b è ab{{iqnai nqè ~rb ab{{iqn jih nobhqnan oimi rmn {bnehanab [ikb{q Kr{gs b{n rm {nvnt {r{ne ngnejnkbqi% beb jih nmneahàinai vi{ vik{btn% b o{bsobr sbdn rm käkbai gn vbochgocn I mrgai jih oigsqhqríai mbeci{ i qb{  zhzhai abeb% vi{~rb beb zbsqhr vbgsnmbgqis kighqis bm vibshn% b nsshm n{{ngoir rm bsvhgci b vengqir rmn {isn bm sbr er`n{ KIILB[ Q Pnschg`qig gnsobr bm bso{nzhaïi% ahjhoreqnan vi{ {nàn b oi{ oi{ Vi{~rb beb b{n qieb{ngqb% qbzb rmn mbgqb nkb{qn% bm qiais is nssrgqis% n qian ci{n b b{n rm _IGCNAI[% beb abhir n hmv{bssïi abeb vn{n kbm bm rmn {nàn hgqbh{n Kbbqcizbg b{n sr{ai% i Mheqig b{n ob`i% mns is gimbs abebs)abens ar{n{ïi oigqngqi ~rb qbmvi srvi{qb% vi{~rb bebs sigcn{nm b q{narth{nm is sigcis abebs) abens bm vbgsnmbgqi i{`nghtnai Ngqbs ab vnssn{ ni v{ÿhmi onvíqrei% nobgan giznmbgqb bm srn mbgqb i ji`i ab bsvb{ngàn% jè% oi{n`bm% b qieb{ëgohn _b zioä qbm bsqbs bsqnais ab mbgqb% b rm oigcbohmbgqi ab jrgohignmbgqi ais v{hgoívhis abso{bzbr% qiai irq{i ~rb zioä gbobsshanab zh{î n zioä% ~rngai zioä bsqî V[IGQI vn{n hsqi Abhb i Bmb{sig aboen{n{ i vbgsnmbgqi gbsqbs vnenz{ns% + Qiai v{izè{khi% qiai ehz{i% ~rb qiai v{izè{khi ~rb vb{qbgob n qcbb vn{n ndran b oigji{qi zh{î onsn sb`r{nmbgqb vi{ vnssn`bgs nkb{qns ir shgrisns

16

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Qiai nmh`i ~rbm gïi qcx qbsqnmbgqi jngqîsqhoi% mns n `{ngab b qbg{n nemn bm o{nzbqc ab qcbb% v{bgab{î qcbb gi nk{nài + abeb Cî rmn ahjb{bgàn bgq{b AB_BDN[ vn{n rmn oihsn b bsqn{  V[IGQI {bobkb{ hsqi Ghg`rèm bsqî v{igqi vn{n rmn oihsn% nqè ~rb beb no{bahqn ~rb beb viab na~rh{h{ hsqi I bsqnai ab mbgqb abzb sb{ OIGZHOÀÏI% gïi mb{n bsvb{ngàn ir absbdi Oimv{bbgsïi è bssbgohne vn{n oigzhoàïi Mbgqbs jbocnans gïi hgsvh{nm jè% oi{n`bm% b oigzhoàïi _b ebmk{b% gbgcrm mnhs bsji{ài è bh`hai nvigqn{ neqi bm zhan% bh`h{ nkrgaëgohn b v{isvb{hanab% ~rb è bh`hai nobhqn{ mhsè{hn b vik{btn Rm `{ngab vibqn aboen{ir bsqn zb{anab rghzb{sne oi{{bqnmbgqb vi{ bsqns ehgcns4 + Br bsvb{bh oim Zhan vi{ rm obgqnzi% B Zhan vn`n{hn gbgcrm mnhs% Vi{èm br hmvei{bh n gihqb ^rngai br oigqbh mhgcn eidn bsonssn + Vn{n Zhan è rm bmv{b`nai{ drsqi% Beb ecb aî i ~rb zioä vb{`rgqn% Mns rmn zbt zioä jhir is sneî{his% Vi{ ~rb% zioä qbm ~rb n`õbgqn{ n qn{bjn + Br q{nknecbh vn{n rm sb{zhe oigq{nqb% _ÿ nv{bgab{% bsvngqir% ^rb ~rne~rb{ sneî{hi ~rb br qhgcn vb{`rgqnai ab Zhan% Zhan qb{hn vn`nai + ab kin zigqnab AB_BDI KR[EN GNQR[BTN AB MÏB Oimi rm oeímn ndrsqngai vn{n bsqb onvíqrei% br absbdi hgq{iarth{ rm ans vbssins mnhs hgoimrgs br ne`rmn zbt sirkb Br zh v{hmbh{i zhgqb b ~rnq{i ngis nq{îs i% ne`rgs mhgrqis abvihs ~rb beb gnsobssb Beb 1>

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

bgq{ir gi mrgai sbm ~rne~rb{ shgne jíshoi ab i{becns% b i airqi{ namhqhr% ~rngai nvb{qir vn{n rmn ivhghïi% ~rb n o{hngàn viab{hn sb{ sr{an% b bmrabob vn{n zhan Br absnjhbh n ivhghïi ai airqi{ Br qhzb i ah{bhqi vn{n jntb{ nsshm% br b{n i vnh an o{hngàn Qnmkèm% br neongobh rmn abohsïi% b jbt rmn ivhghïi% mns br bv{bssbh n ivhghïi% gi sb`{bai ab mbr v{ÿv{hi oi{nàïi% shebgohisnmbgqb Br abohah ~rb mbr jheci irzh{hn b jnen{hn Gnqr{btn viab{hn mb bgzhn{ rmn o{hngàn sbm i{becns% mns Gnqr{btn gïi mb vñab hgarth{  nobhqn{ n {bnehanab an njehàïi Bm mhgcn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb oigcboh br ~rb mbr jheci irzh{hn b jnen{hn Oimi9 Br bsqnzn sb`r{i abzb cnzb{  rm miai% b br sirkb ~rb br nocn{hn hsqi Br vbgsbh gns vnenz{ns ai Bmb{sig hmi{qne% + I or{si hgqbh{i ab oihsns znh gis bgshgn{ jè Gÿs sÿ v{bohsnmis ikbabàn Cî i{hbgqnàïi vn{n onan ab gÿs% b bsorqngai crmheabmbgqb% gÿs irzh{bmis n vnenz{n + ob{qn N vnenz{n ob{qn9 AB_BDB. Mnhs ~rb ~rne~rb{ irq{n oihsn% br AB_BDBH ~rb mbr jheci gïi abzbssb sb{ rm mrai sr{ai An~rbeb absbdi {bq{iobah grgon br% gïi ar{ngqb rm sb`rgai V{bzhnmbgqb% mrhqis ngis qhgcn bso{hqi br% + Gissns ôghons ehmhqnàòbs sïi bssbs ~rb gÿs migqnmis bm gissns v{ÿv{hns mbgqbs + Vben v{hmbh{n zbt% br absbdbh snkb{ sb n~rben aboen{nàïi jissb zb{anab Mbgqhgai gn j{bgqb gn onmn ab mhm b{n rmn o{hngàn {boèm gnsohan% sbm i b~rhvnmbgqi gnqr{ne ab irzh{ Bmki{n beb vrabssb irzh{ b viab{hn jnen{% beb jih absjh`r{nai ikzhnmbgqb vn{n zhan _b`r{nmbgqb% bsqn b{n rmn ehmhqnàïi ~rb n~rben o{hngàn gïi qhgcn migqnai gn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb abeb 1;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

I ~rb viab{hn jntb{ br sik{b hsqi9 Ab ne`rmn mngbh{n br nocn{hn rm miai vn{n q{ngsvengqn{ gn mbgqb an~rben o{hngàn mbr v{ÿv{hi AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n miais b mbhis ab on{{b`n{ sim ni oè{bk{i abeb sbm n ndran ab i{becns Nsshm ~rb n o{hngàn jissb zbecn knsqngqb vn{n oiivb{n{% br bgocb{hn n mbgqb abeb qïi oimvebqnmbgqb ab rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n irzh{% n~rben Gnqr{btn znh% vi{ mèqiais aben v{ÿv{hi% q{nartn bm {bnehanab jíshon Qrai hssi vbgsngai noigqbob{nm bm mhgcn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb% mns br jnebh ahsqi oim ghg`rèm Ahn{hnmbgqb br {bgizbh i vbgci{ ~rb br qhgcn jbhqi n mhm% gïi nobhqn{  rm mrai sr{ai vn{n rm jheci Oimi beb bgzbecbobr mnhs% b oimbàir n ebzn{ giqb ab oihsns ni {bai{ abeb% gÿs iksb{znmis ~rb beb qbzb rm `{nr ebzb ab irzh{ ^rngai beb neongàir n hanab ~rb ~rngai ns o{hngàns gi{mnembgqb oimbànm n jnen{% beb jbt gbgcrmn qbgqnqhzn vn{n jnen{% mns gÿs viab{ínmis oigqn{ vbens nàòbs abeb ~rb beb vrabssb irzh{ ob{qis sigs eh`bh{nmbgqb Hssi b{n qrai ~rb br ~rhs snkb{. Mb oigzbgob{nm ~rb sb beb viab{hn irzh{% h`rneb eh`bh{nmbgqb% beb nhgan viab{hn absbgziezb{ mnhi{  onvnohanab ab nrahàïi Bgqïi ne`i noigqbobr ~rb mb abr bsvb{ngàn Zbhi ab rmn jigqb oimvebqnmbgqb hgbsvb{nan Gÿs oimv{nmis rm zhoq{ien ^rngai n o{hngàn irzhr n môshon vben v{hmbh{n zbt% beb bgq{ir bm äqnsbs% b v{igqnmbgqb absqhgir n mî~rhgn Beb misq{ir ei`i oim ob{qbtn vn{n rmn v{bjb{ägohn {b`hsq{is% bgq{b bebs% + è rm Miai Eig`i n Qhvvb{n{x + Bm rmn ionshïi% beb di`ir n~rbeb vbanài bm ohmn ab b bm ohmn ab% ar{ngqb ~rnsb arns ci{ns% sb ebzngqngai gn j{bgqb ai zhoq{ien% oim is abgqbs abeb sb`r{nais gn bq{bmhanab ai onsi 1?

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

N sh`ghjhonàïi ahsqi b`i-ji{mir cîkhqi sbr gïi jhoir oen{i visqb{hi{mbgqb n gÿs nqè ngis% vi{~rb gÿs grgon qígcnmis irzhai jnen{ ai v{hgoívhi ab + oigaràïi + ab issi ab sim gn~rbeb mimbgqi Ei`i nvÿs beb absqhgn{nm i zhoq{ien% br absoik{h ~rb beb vrabssb mb irzh{ knsqngqb oen{nmbgqb ~rngai br jnebh oim mbrs eîkhis qiongai i issi mnsqÿhab abeb% ir æ knsb ai oè{bk{i Bsqns absoikb{qns oieion{nm bm mhgcn vissb ns míahn gbobssî{hns vbens ~rnhs br oimbobh n q{narth{ bm {bnehanab mbr Absbdi ^rbhmngai vn{n ndran{ mbr jheci absbgziezbm nrahàïi b jnen Ngqbs an~rbeb qbmvi beb bsqnzn jntbgai vrgcnenans n jnen{ ob{qns vnenz{ns N vb{svboqhzn bsqnzn eig`b ab bgoi{ndn{% mns AB_BDI NVIHIR VI[ JÈ gïi snkb gbgcrmn qne vnenz{n oimi hmvissízbe Qbgai abqb{mhgnai ~rb beb vrabssb irzh{ i sim ab mhgcn zit oen{nmbgqb% br oimbobh% hmbahnqnmbgqb% q{ngsjb{h{ æ mbgqb abeb i absbdi vn{n irzh{ b jnen{ Br absoik{h ei`i ~rb n o{hngàn absj{rqir chsqÿ{hns ab ci{n ab ai{mh{% nsshm br jrh q{nknecn{% bg~rngqi o{hngai chsqÿ{hns v{idbqnans vn{n absbgziezb{ gbeb b`ioigjhngàn% hmn`hgnàïi% b rm absbdi n`rai vn{n irzh{ b sb{ gi{mne Cnzhn rmn chsqÿ{hn bm vn{qhoren{% i ~rne br bgjnqhtbh angai hsqi ne`rm oiei{hgai gizi b a{nmîqhoi onan qbmvi hsqi jih oigqnai Jih v{idbqnai vn{n vengqn{ gn mbgqb abeb i vbgsnmbgqi ~rb n njehàïi abeb gïi b{n rmn {bsvigsnkhehanab% mns rm {bor{si ab `{ngab znei{ Nvbsn{ ai jnqi ~rb qian n jheisijhn ~rb br qhgcn bnmhgnai hgahonai oen{nmbgqb ~rb QIAN NAZB[_HANAB Q[NT OIM H_QI N _BMBGQB AB RMN ZNGQN@BM B^RHZNEBGQB% br qbgci ~rb oigjbssn{ ~rb 11

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

br gïi qhzb n haèhn mnhs ebzb oimi bsqn njehàïi sbmv{b viab{hn sb qi{gn{ rm {bor{si Vi{èm% br oigqhgrbh mhgcn v{îqhon ab bmk{recn{ n~rben jheisijhn bm chsqÿ{hns ab ci{n ab ai{mh{% bg~rngqi bsvb{n{ i qbmvi zh{hnm ~rngai beb nocn{hn ne`rm vengi vbei ~rne i hmvbahmbgqi abeb viab{hn sb{ jbhqi sb{zh{ ne`rm v{ivÿshqi ôqhe [ntïi mb jneir oen{nmbgqb% ~rb gïi cnzhn gbgcrmn oimvbgsnàïi nab~rnan vn{n n jneqn ab i{becns b b~rhvnmbgqi ab nrahàïi gnqr{ne AB_BDI nvihnai vi{ JÈ% {ntïi bmvr{{nan nvn{qb% b mb hgsvh{ir oigqhgrn{ Oimi br ngnehsi n bvb{hägohn bm {bq{isvboqi% br vissi zb{ n`i{n% ~rb n jè ab mbr jheci bm mhm qbzb mrhqi vn{n zb{ oim is {bsreqnais bsvngqisis Beb gïi ~rbsqhigir gnan ~rb br ecb oigqbh Br ecb zbgah n haèhn ~rb beb qbzb rmn zngqn`bm ahsqhgqn bm ohmn ai h{mïi mnhs zbeci abeb% b ~rb bsqn zngqn`bm sb {bjebqh{hn bm mrhqns ji{mns Vi{ bbmvei% is v{ijbssi{bs gn bsoien iksb{zn{hnm ~rb beb gïi qbzb gbgcrmn i{becn% b% vi{  onrsn ahsqi% bebs ecb misq{n{hnm nqbgàïi bsvbohne b i q{nqn{hnm oim kiganab bq{ni{ahgî{hn Bebs sbmv{b jhtb{nm N mïb abeb orhair ahssi% zhshqngai is v{ijbssi{bs b i{`nghtngai oim bebs v{bsqn{ vn{n n o{hngàn n nqbgàïi bq{n gbobssî{hi Qnmkèm% br ecb zbgah n haèhn ~rb ~rngai beb jhoir zbeci knsqngqb vn{n zbgab{ di{gnhs% #i h{mïi mnhs zbeci abeb dî qhgcn sb qi{gnai rm oimb{ohngqb ab di{gne(% beb qb{hn rmn zngqn`bm `{ngab bm ohmn ai h{mïi abeb% vben {ntïi ~rb ns vbssins ecb vn`n{hnm ahgcbh{i bq{n vbens mb{onai{hns abeb% vi{~rb bebs vrabssbm zb{ ~rb beb b{n

12

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

rm mbghgi ermhgisi% hgarsq{hisi% nvbsn{ ai jnqi beb gïi qbzb gbgcrmn i{becn Gÿs viab{ínmis giqn{ ~rb% `{narnembgqb% n nrahàïi an o{hngàn bsqnzn mbeci{ngai Neèm ahssi% beb gïi qbzb n qbgaägohn mnhs ebzb vn{n sb{ qímhai% vi{ onrsn an njehàïi abeb ^rngai beb qhgcn ~rnsb sbqb ngis% beb misq{ir n v{hmbh{n bzhaägohn ~rb gissi mèqiai ab oigsb{qn{ n mbgqb abeb bsqnzn n`õbgqngai j{rqn Ar{ngqb zî{his mbsbs beb hmvei{ir i v{hzheè`hi ab zbgab{   di{gnhs% mns n mïb abeb gïi an{hn i oigsbgqhmbgqi aben Ben qhgcn mbai ~rb n sr{abt abeb jbt hsqi hgsb`r{i vn{n beb h{ sÿ gn {rn Jhgnembgqb% beb ebzir nssrgqis gns v{ÿv{hns mïis abeb Rmn qn{ab% ~rngai beb jih vn{qhai bm onsn oim is o{hnais% beb bsoneir vben dngben ab oithgcn% schgghba vn{n i ocïi% b jhir ji{n gi v{ÿv{hi abeb Beb vbahr bmv{bsqnai sbhs obgqnzis bm onvhqne ai snvnqbh{i ab knh{{i% hgzbsqhr hsqi bm aiormbgqis% zbgahai ji{n% {bhgzbsqhr% b oigqhgrir {bvbqhgai qn{ab nqè vben gihqb Abvihs ab b~rhehk{n{ ns oigqns abeb% b {bbmkiesngai is sbhs obgqnzis beb qhgcn vbahai bmv{bsqnai ai kng~rbh{i abeb% beb qbzb rm ero{i eí~rhai ab ~rn{bgqnaihs obgqnzis ^rngai gÿs ocb`nmis bm onsn ~rb gihqb% gÿs i nocnmis bm onmn nai{mbohai% oim i ahgcbh{i jh{mbmbgqb nvb{qnai gn mïi abeb N mïb abeb nk{hr n mïi abeb% njnsqnai ns mibans% b oci{ir Ab qians ns oihsns. Oci{n{ bm ohmn ai v{hmbh{n zhqÿ{hn ai jheci aben vn{bohnm qïi hmv{ÿv{his Mhgcn {bnàïi b{n i oigq{î{hi Br {h oi{ahnembgqb% vi{~rb br sirkb ~rb mbr bmvbgci vn{n vengqn{ gn mbgqb an o{hngàn rmn nqhqrab ab jè gbeb qhgcn qhai ähqi

1:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

N mïb abeb zhr% gn v{hmbh{n nzbgqr{n bmv{bsn{hne abeb% mbghgi rm vb~rbgi sr{ai ~rb qhgcn bgq{nai ji{n gns {rns b qhgcn n{{hsonai n zhan abeb vn{n `ngcn{ ahgcbh{i Br zh rm vb~rbgi bmv{bsî{hi znebgqb% nmkhohisi% b`ioigjhngqb ordi v{izä gbeb qhgcn shai nrmbgqnai obm vi{ obgqi% vi{~rb beb qhgcn bgq{nai bm gb`ÿohi gn v{ÿv{hn hghohnqhzn abeb% b qhgcn `ngci N q{ngsnàïi mb n`{nair% vi{~rb br sirkb ~rb beb qhgcn anai bzhaägohn ab rmn on{noqb{ísqhon ab absbgzieqr{n ~rb vnssn{hn oim beb qrai vi{ zhan Abvihs bzbgqis v{izn{nm ~rb vn{n hsqi jih zb{anab ^rngai i h{mïi mnhs zbeci abeb ~rhs ne`i% beb abhqn{hn gi ocïi% ocrqb is vès abeb gi n{% oci{b vn{n hsqi-b na~rh{n ^rngai i + vb~rbgi mbghgi + sr{ai ~rhs ne`i% beb vengbdn{hn rm miai vn{n `ngcn{ i ahgcbh{i% bgqïi oimv{b vn{n beb Beb nhgan sb`rb n~rbeb vengi. Zb{anabh{nmbgqb% mbr v{ÿv{hi jheci mb bgshgir hssi ahjhoreqn viab sb{ oigzb{qhai bm vba{ns vhsngai bm ~rne viab bsonen{ vn{n ne`rmn mbqn mb{bobai{n% n mbgis ~rb bebs sbdnm nobhqnais oimi iksqîoreis% b rsnai oimi îehkhs I vb~rbgi mbghgi sr{ai vnssir vbeis `{nrs% bsoien sborgaî{hn% b jnoreanab sbm viab{ irzh{ is v{ijbssi{bs abeb% bg~rngqi boerhgai ~rngai bebs `{hqn{nm {rhaisnmbgqb% n `nmn ígqhmn Beb gïi jih vn{n rmn bsoien vn{n i sr{ai Gß_ GÏI ECB VB[MHQH[ÍNMI_ NV[BGAB[ I ^RH[IEI@HN Gÿs è{nmis abqb{mhgnais ~rb beb abzb{hn zhzb{ rmn zhan gi{mne% b nssiohn oim o{hngàns gi{mnhs% b gÿs gis ebzngqnmis vi{ n~rben abohsïi% bmki{n gis znebr mrhqis abknqbs n~rbohais oim jrgohigî{his bsoien{bs

10 

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

Bg~rngqi beb bsqnzn bm bsoien sborgaî{hn% beb qbgqir rmn ndran ab nrahàïi beèq{hon% mns b{n ab gbgcrm znei{ n beb< abzhai% gÿs no{bahqnmis% vn{n rmn oigahàïi ~rb jih absoikb{qn ~rngai n o{hngàn b{n sbhs% vi{ A{ D @i{aig Phesig% ab Ochon`i% ~rngai beb ivb{ir bm rm enai an onkbàn ai mbghgi% b absoik{hr ~rb cnzhn gbgcrm shgne ab b~rhvnmbgqi ab nrahàïi gnqr{ne Ar{ngqb n ôeqhmn sbmngn abeb gn jnoreanab% #abtihqi ngis abvihs an ivb{nàïi(% ne`i noigqbobr ~rb mn{onai i vigqi abohshzi mnhs hmvi{qngqb an zhan abeb Vbei ~rb vn{bohn sb{ mb{n ocngob% beb bgq{ir bm vissb ab irq{i ahsvishqhzi ab nrahàïi beèq{hoi ~rb jih bgzhnai n beb bm qbgqnqhzn Beb bsqnzn ebgqi sik{b qbsqn{ hsqi% abzhai æ abobvàïi abeb oim rm ahsvishqhzi sbmbecngqb Jhgnembgqb beb nvngcir i hgsq{rmbgqi% b mnhs ir mbgis gb`eh`bgqbmbgqb% oieioir hsqi gn onkbàn abeb% or{zi vn{n ohmn n knqb{hn% b ei. oimi sb vi{ rm `ievb ab mn`hn% i AB_BDI zhqneíohi abeb VN[N NRAHÀÏI GI[MNE _B QI[GN__B RMN [BNEHANAB. Vben v{hmbh{n zbt gn zhan abeb beb irzhr v{nqhonmbgqb oimi qnmkèm ~rne~rb{ vbssin oim nrahàïi gi{mne + Abrs sb mran vn{n miais mhsqb{hisis% ns mn{nzhecns abeb vn{n bborqn{ + Drkheisi vi{ onrsn ai Mrgai Mranai ~rb qhgcn shai q{nthai n beb vbei ahsvishqhzi ab nrahàïi abeb% beb nv{bssir ni qbebjigb% ocnmir n mïb abeb% b irzhr i aben bv{bssb vb{jbhqnmbgqb I v{ÿhmi ahn beb irzhr ns zitbs ais v{ijbssi{bs abeb oen{nmbgqb bm oenssb% vben v{hmbh{n zbt gn zhan abeb. V{bzhnmbgqb beb sÿ viab{hn is irzh{  ~rngai bebs `{hqn{nm% n `nmn or{qn Beb irzhr i {îahi Beb irzhr is ~rna{is jnengai Vben v{hmbh{n zbt gn zhan 13

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

abeb% beb viab{hn oigzb{sn{ ehz{bmbgqb oim irq{ns vbssins% sbm n gbobsshanab ai qb{ ~rb jnen{  {rhaisnmbgqb abebs)abens Zb{anabh{nmbgqb% beb qhgcn bgq{nai bm vissb ab rm Mrgai Mranai Gÿs qígcnmis {borsnai nobhqn{ i b{{i ab Gnqr{btn% b% nq{nzès ab AB_BDI VB[_H_QBGQB% gÿs qígcnmis hgarthai Gnqr{btn vn{n oi{{h`h{ n~rbeb b{{i% vbeis ôghois mbhis v{îqhois ahsvigízbe AB_BDI qhgcn oimbànai vn{n vn`n{ ahzhabgais% mns n zhqÿ{hn gïi b{n oigqrai oimvebqb I mbghgi nhgan qbzb ~rb nocn{ rm miai abjhghai b v{îqhoi vn{n oigzb{qb{ i hmvbahmbgqi abeb bm rm {bor{si b~rhznebgqb Vb{obkbgai n sh`ghjhonàïi ai ~rb dî qhgcn shai {bnehtnai ~rnsb gïi% mns hgqihoir oim n neb`{hn ai mrgai {bobgqbmbgqb absoikb{qi abeb ab sim% beb bso{bzbr rmn on{qn ni jnk{hongqb ai nrahàïi-ndran% bg~rngqi abso{bzbgai n bvb{hägohn abeb bgqrshnsqhonmbgqb Ne`i gn on{qn abeb< ne`i% qnezbt ~rb gïi jih bso{hqi gns ehgcns% mns nq{îs abebs< onrsir n oimvngchn vn{n i oigzhan{ vn{n Gizn Hi{~rb ^rngai sbdn ocb`nai% beb jih bsoieqnai vben jîk{hon% b bg~rngqi jnengai oim i Bg`bgcbh{i V{hgohvne% ecb jnengai sik{b i mrgai mranai abeb% rmn oi{organ% rmn haèhn% ir rm hgsvh{nàïi-ocnmnan hsqi i ~rb zioä absbdn{-k{hecir gn mbgqb abeb B{n bsqb hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb oigzb{qbr n njehàïi abeb bm rm {bor{si% absqhgnai vn{n vn`n{ ahzhabgais bm ahgcbh{i b jbehohanab vn{n mhecn{bs vi{ qiai i qbmvi zh{ N simn b srksqëgohn an~rbeb hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi b{nm hsqi4 I ioi{{br ~rb beb viab{hn sb{ ab ndran nis mhecòbs ab vbssins bgsr{abohans ~rb vnssnm vi{ zhan sbm i kbgbjíohi ab irzh{ ahsvishqhzis% sb beb vrabssb 18 

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

nocn{ rm miai vn{n ecbs oigqn{ n chsqÿ{hn ai Mrgai Mranai abeb Bgqïi b eî% beb neongàir rmn abohsïi vn{n abahon{ i {bsqi an zhan abeb n jntb{ sb{zhài ôqhe vn{n i ar{i ab nrahàïi Ar{ngqb rm mäs hgqbh{i% beb oigqhgrir rmn vbs~rhsn hgqbgshzn ar{ngqb n ~rne beb ngnehsir i shsqbmn ab mn{lbqhg` hgqbh{i ai jnk{hongqb ai ahsvishqhzi ab nrahàïi% b o{hir miais b mbhis ab oimrghon{ oim i ar{i ab nrahàïi gi mrgai hgqbh{i oim n jhgnehanab ab oimvn{qhecn{ oim bebs i Mrgai + Mranai {bobgqbmbgqb absoikb{qi + abeb ^rngai hsqi b{n qb{mhgnai% beb vñs vi{ bso{hqi rm vengi ab aihs-ngi% knsbnai gis nocnais abeb ^rngai beb nv{bsbgqir i vengi æ oimvngchn% beb b{n hmbahnqnmbgqb abqb{mhgnai rmn vishàïi% oim n jhgnehanab ab ebzn{ n onki n nmkhàïi abeb Vb~rbgi beb sigci% ~rngai beb jih q{nknecn{% ~rb beb jih absqhgnai vn{n q{ntb{ bsvb{ngàn b neízhi v{îqhoi n mhecn{bs ab vbssins bgsr{abohans ~rb% sbm n ndran abeb% sbmv{b qb{hn bsqnai oigabgnai n mrqhsm sr{ai Ei`i nvÿs beb jih nssiohnai oim i jnk{hongqb an ndran ab nrahàïi abeb% beb mb oigzhair n nsshsqh{ rmn nren namhghsq{nan vben oimvngchn abeb% oim n jhgnehanab ab bgshgn{ vn{n mrais sr{ais irzh{% b jnen{ Br grgon qhgcn irzhai jnen{ ab qne rmn ji{mn ab baronàïi% bgqïi br zhshqbh n oenssb% oèqhoi mns bsvb{ngàisi ~rb mbr qbmvi gïi sb{hn absvb{ahànai oimvebqnmbgqb N~rh br zh rmn abmigsq{nàïi ~rb mb abr rmn zhsïi `{ngabmbgqb nrmbgqnan ai ~rb br qhgcn jbhqi absvb{qn{ b sb ebmk{n{ zhzi ai ab mbr jheci i AB_BDI vn{n nrahàïi gi{mne Br zh mrais sr{ais ~rb sïi 26

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

bgshgnais irzh{ b jnen{ ab jnqi% vi{ nvehonàïi ai v{hgoívhi b`i-mbsmi qhgcn rsnai br% mnhs ab zhgqb ngis v{bzhnmbgqb% snezngai mbr jheci ab mrqhsm sr{ai Nsshm% vi{ ne`rmn zieqn bsq{ngcn an [ian ab Absqhgi% ji{nm absqhgnais mbr jheci% Kenh{% b br vn{n ndran{ nhgan oi{{h`hgai mrqhsm sr{ai vn{n bssbs oimi vi{ gnsob{% vi{~rb gÿs simis is ôghois sb{bs crmngis zhzis% nqè igab br sbh% ~rb abjhghqhznmbgqb bsqnkbebob{nm i jnqi ~rb viabm sb{ oi{{h`hais mrqhsm sr{ai æ bqbgsïi ab {bsqnkbebob{ n zhan gi{mne bssbs ~rb sij{bm oim bsqn njehàïi Jih qb{mhgnai vn{n rm< sb{î jbhqi vn{n irq{is Gïi cî gbgcrmn aôzhan bm mhgcn mbgqb ~rb Kenh{ qb{hn shai rm mrai sr{ai qiais srn zhan% sb n mïb abeb b br gïi qígcnmis oigsb`rhai nmiean{ n mbgqb abeb oimi jhtbmis gÿs I airqi{ ~rb v{bsqir nqbgàïi ni gnsohmbgqi abeb gis% oigjhabgohnembgqb% jneir n o{hngàn grgon viab{hn irzh{ ir viab{hn jnen{ Ne`rgs sbmngns nq{îs% A{ H{zhg` Zii{cbbs% bsvbohnehsqn giqîzbe bm qnhs onsis% Kenh{ bnmhgnai mrhqi oimvebqnmbgqb Beb jih sr{v{bbgahai ~rngai beb nv{bgabr oimi kbm mbr jheci irzb n`i{n% b jnen% b ahssb i bnmb abeb hgahoir hssi + qbi{honmbgqb% i mbghgi gïi abzb{hn viab{  irzh{ gnan + Mns i {nvnt irzb% nvbsn{ ai jnqi ~rb ~rna{is ab [nahi`{njhn misq{nm gïi cî gbgcrmn nkb{qr{n gi o{ëghi% qrai ~rb% aigab ns i{becns abeb abzb{hnm sb{ ni oè{bk{i ^rngai br vengqbh gn mbgqb abeb i AB_BDI vn{n irzh{ b jnen{% b zhzb oimi rmn vbssin gi{mne% eî jih oim n~rbeb hmvresi rm viroi ab hgjerägohn bsq{ngcn ~rb onrsir Gnqr{btn vn{n sb qi{gn{ i vigqb-oigsq{rqi{% b mbab i `ieji ab sheägohi bgq{b i oè{bk{i abeb b i mrgai bqb{hi{% vi{ ne`rgs mbhis ~rb is bsvbohnehsqns mèahois mnhs n`rais gïi vrab{nm hgqb{v{bqn{ _b{hn sno{heè`hi 2>

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

vn{n br oigdbqr{n{ nqè mbsmi oimi Gnqr{btn bborqir bsqb mhen`{b _b{hn hmvb{aiîzbe sb br gb`eh`bgohbh oigqn{ i mrgai qngqi ~rngqi br oigcbob{ n vn{qb crmheab ~rb br nssrmh gn bvb{hägohn bsq{ngcn È mbr abzb{% b rm v{hzheè`hi vn{n ahtb{ ~rb br no{bahqi% b gïi sbm {ntïi% ~rb gnan è hmvissízbe æ vbssin ~rb nvÿhn AB_BDI oim JÈ ar{nair{n Zb{hex% rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB qbm miais abszhnais ab sb q{ngsmran{ bm sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb Kenh{ AB_H[BA nrahàïi gi{mne< n`i{n beb qbm hsqi. Beb gnsobr oim rm hmvbahmbgqi ~rb viab{hn qb{ bgzhnai n vbssin jnohembgqb oim rm AB_BDI mbgis abjhghai vn{n n {rn oim rm vnoiqb ab eîvhs b rmn íon{n ab enqn N~rbeb hmvbahmbgqi v{imbqb sb{zh{ oimi i mèahi vbei ~rne beb jn{î sb{zhài ôqhe n mrhqis mhecòbs ab ar{i ab nrahàïi% qnmkèm% n`i{n ecb an{ bmv{b`i ôqhe n oimvbgsnàïi jhgngobh{n nab~rnan i {bsqi an zhan abeb Ns vb~rbgns + mbgqh{ns + k{ngons ~rb br vengqbh gn mbgqb abeb ~rngai beb b{n rmn o{hngàn% i ebzngai n NO[BAHQN[ ~rb n njehàïi abeb sb qi{gn{hn rm `{ngab {bor{si ~rb beb viab{hn onvhqnehtn{% sb drsqhjhoir Zb{hex% cî gnan% ah{bhqi ir hgdrsqhàn ~rb OIGZHOÀÏI% mnhs AB_BDI N[ABGQB% gïi viab jntb{ {bne Bsqns ~rnehanabs sïi `{îqhs n qiai i mrgai Bm qian mhgcn bvb{hägohn ehangai oim is cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb qhzb{nm v{ikebmns vbssinhs% br oigq{iebh grgon rm ôghoi onsi ~rb mnhs abjhghqhznmbgqb abmigsq{n i viab{ ab AB_BDI Nrqi{bs æs zbtbs oimbqbm i b{{i ab bso{bzb{ ab nssrgqis ais ~rnhs bebs qäm mns oigcbohmbgqi srvb{jhohne% ir mrhqi bebmbgqn{ Jih mhgcn ji{qrgn kin qb{ qhai i v{hzheè`hi ab qbsqn{ i sirgagbss ai VIAB[ AB AB_BDI% vben njehàïi ab mbr v{ÿv{hi jheci Qnezbt b{n v{izhabgohne ~rb n bvb{hägohn 2;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

zbhi oimi jbt% vn{n sb`r{nmbgqb ghg`rèm bsqî mbeci{  v{bvn{nai ~rb beb% sb{zh{ oimi rm bbmvei ai ~rb noigqbob ~rngai è oieionai AB_BDI n qbsqb _b or{zns ab Gnqr{btn ab Mïb vn{n i qbsqnmbgqi ab absbdi% è eÿ`hoi n~rbebs mb{is cimbgs viabm ab{{iqn{ rm absbdi n{abgqb9 Bsq{ngci b hmvigab{îzbe è i viab{ an mbgqb crmngn. Gÿs gïi bgqbgabmis i mèqiai vbei ~rne rsn qian oh{orgsqëgohn% qiai hgahzíari% qian oihsn jíshon abgq{i ab sbr neongob% oimi rgs mbhis ab q{ngsmran{ AB_BDI bm srn oigq{nvn{qb jíshon Qnezbt ohägohn absoik{h{î bsqb sb`{bai Br vengqbh gi mbgqb ab mbr jheci i AB_BDI vn{n irzh{ b jnen{ oimi ~rne~rb{ vbssin gi{mne irzb b jnen N~rbeb AB_BDI sb qi{gir rmn {bnehanab n`i{n Br vengqbh gn mbgqb abeb i AB_BDI vn{n oigzb{qb{ i mnhi{  hmvbahmbgqi abeb gi mnhi{ {bor{si abeb N~rbeb AB_BDI jih vb{obkhai I ivb{ngah ab miars vbei ~rne bsqb {bsreqnai bsvngqisi jih neongànai gïi è ar{i abso{bzb{ Oigshsqhr bm q{äs jnqis mrhqi abjhghais< v{hmbh{i% br MH_QR[BH JÈ oim i AB_BDI vn{n nrahàïi gi{mne ~rb br vnssbh bm vn{n mbr jheci _b`rgai% br oimrgh~rbh mbr absbdi n beb ab qiai miai oigobkízbe ahsvigízbe% vi{ bsji{ài vb{shsqbgqb% oigqígri% bm ohmn ab rm vb{íiai ab ngis Qb{ài% Qb{ài% BEB mb NO[BAHQIR. Oimi bsqnzn sbgai oimvebqnai bsqb onvíqrei% giqíohns zhb{nm an mi{qb ab Mmb _ocrmng-Cbhgl Rm vn{î`{nji or{qi gi absvnoci ab giqíohns aî n vhsqn ni srobssi bsqrvbgai absqn mrecb{ hgoimrm oimi rm ongqi{ Br ohqi i vn{î`{nji% vi{~rb n vhsqn ~rb oigqèm è gbgcrm ahjb{bgqb ab AB_BDI Obai gn on{{bh{n aben% Mmb _ocrmng-Cbhgl zhshqir i ah{bqi{ an Zhbgn Q{hkrgne ßvb{n% i qb{ qbsqn{ n zit aben Mns% beb gïi qbsqir hsqi Abvihs ab an{ rmn iecnan gn 2?

ONVÍQREI ; - AB_BDI

mbghgn zbsqhan absndbhqnan b mne% boenmir beb% gbgcrm mrhqi srnzbmbgqb% + Oim qne rmn jnob% b sbm vb{signehanab gnan% oimi zioä sbmv{b viab bsvb{n{  qb{ srobssi bm ÿvb{n9 Mhgcn o{hngàn kin% abhb n haèhn Oimv{b rmn mî~rhgn ab oisqr{n% b zî q{nknecn{ q{nknecn{ ZIOÄ GRGON VIAB _B[ RM ONGQI[ + Grgon è mrhqi qbmvi. I ah{bqi{ an Zhbgn Q{hkrgne ßvb{n sirkb mrhqi sik{b n qèoghon ab ongqn{ ongqn{ Beb sirkb viroi sik{b i viab{ ab absbdi% ~rngai nssrmb n v{ivi{àïi ab rmn iksbssïi _b beb qhzbssb snkhai mnhs an~rbeb viab{% beb gïi qb{hn oimbqhai i b{{i ab oigabgn{ `äghi sbm an{ hsqi rmn ivi{qrghanab Zî{his ngis nq{îs% rm ab mbrs sÿohis bmv{bsn{hnhs jhoir aibgqb Beb jhoir vhi{  oimi qbmvi jih bm% b jhgnembgqb jih ebznai vn{n i cisvhqne vn{n rmn ivb{nàïi Ei`i ngqbs beb b{n ~rb qbm {ians gi ~rn{qi ivb{nohigne% br abh rmn iecnan gbeb% b absbdir snkb{ oimi ~rne~rb{ rm qïi mn`{i b bmn`{bohai ~rngqi beb% viab{hn vnssn{ visshzbembgqb v{isvb{nmbgqb vi{ rmn ivb{nàïi v{hgohvne I airqi{  mb nazb{qhr ~rb cnzhn vb~rbgi sb ~rne~rb{ ocngob ab mbr zb{ giznmbgqb sbmv{b i zhzi Mns hssi b{n n IVHGHÏI ai AIRQI[ Gïi b{n n ivhghïi ai vnohbgqb Ei`i ngqbs beb bsqnzn ji{n ~rb qbm {ians% beb srssr{{ir jbbkex% gïi sbdn vb{qr{knai% Ocbjb% br bsqn{bh ji{n bm virois ahns + an~rh N bgjb{mbh{n nsshsqhgai iecir vn{n mhm oim vhbanab Mns i vnohbgqb vnssir sb`r{nmbgqb Abvihs ~rb bsqnzn vi{ qian vn{qb% i mèahoi abeb ahssb% + gnan mnhs ~rb i v{ÿv{hi absbdi abeb vn{n zhzb{ i snezir Beb grgon qb{hn sníai ab ahjhoreanabs sb beb gïi qhgcn {borsnai nobhqn{ n visshkhehanab ab mi{qb + Br no{bahqi gi viab{ ab AB_BDI nvihnai vi{ JÈ% vi{~rb br zh bsqb viab{ b{`rb{ is cimbgs ab oimbàis crmheabs 21

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

vn{n er`n{bs ab viab{ b {h~rbtn< br zh hsqi {irkn{ n sbvreqr{n ab srns zíqhmns< br zh hsqi sb{zh{ oimi i mèahi vbei ~rne is cimbgs i{`nghtn{nm rm {bqi{gi abvihs qhai shai ab{{iqnai ab obm miais ahjb{bgqbs< br zh hsqi v{ivi{ohign{ vn{n mbr v{ÿv{hi jheci rmn zhan gi{mne% jbeht% v{ÿsvb{n% nvbsn{ ab Gnqr{btn i qbgai bgzhir gi mrgai sbm i{becns Oimi n vbssin viab n{{bn{ b viab rsn{ i viab{ ab AB_BDI9 Hsqi jih {bsvigahai vi{ hsqi% b is onvíqreis srksb~õbgqbs absqb ehz{i Bsqn mbgsn`bm bsqî snhgai vn{n i mrgai ni qè{mhgi ai mnhs eig`i% b qnezbt% n abv{bssïi mnhs abznsqnai{n ~rb n Nmè{hon ne`rmn zbt sirkb È {ntiîzbe v{bsrmh{ ~rb n mbgsn`bm viab zh{ æ nqbgàïi ab mrhqis ~rb bsqhzb{nm jb{hai vben abv{bssïi% bssbs ~rb vb{ab{nm ns ji{qrgns abebs)abens% irq{is ~rb vb{ab{nm ns vishàòbs abebs)abens% b `{ngabs gômb{is ~rb qäm ~rb {bi{`nghtn{ is vengis abebs)abens b qäm ~rb i{`nghtn{ rm {bqi{gi N qrai bsqbs br absbdi on{{b`n{ i vbgsnmbgqi ~rb qian n {bnehtnàïi% gïi hmvi{qn i ~rb viab sb{ srn gnqr{btn% ir sbr v{ivÿshqi% qbm ~rb oimbàn{ oim rm hgqbgsi% N[ABGQB AB_BDI vn{n ne`i abjhghai Gnqr{btn bmk{recn vn{n ohmn gi hmvresi ab JI[QB vi{  ne`rm v{hgoívhi bsq{ngci b viab{isi ab + ~rímhon + mbgqne ~rb ben grgon ahzre`ir% AB_BDB + ~rb ne`i + ~rb gïi {boigcbob gbgcrmn qne vnenz{n oimi hmvissízbe% b gïi nobhqn gbgcrmn qne {bnehanab oimi j{nonssi

22

ONVÍQREI ? ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ  OIGZHOÀÏI BM OIG_B@RHMBGQI AB AB_BDI I _B@RGAI VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ JÈ è i ~rímhoi ab onkbàn an mbgqb ^rngai JÈ bsqhzb{  mhsqr{nan oim n zhk{nàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi% n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb nvngcn n zhk{nàïi hmbahnqnmbgqb% q{nart hsqi bm sbr bsvh{hqrne b~rhznebgqb% b q{ngsmhqb hsqi n Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn% oimi gi onsi ab i{nàïi Ns bmiàòbs ab JÈ% NMI[% b _BSI sïi is mnhs viab{isis ab qians ns bmiàòbs vishqhzns v{hgohvnhs ^rngai is q{äs bsqhzb{bm mhsqr{nais% bebs qäm i bjbhqi ab + oiei{h{ + n zhk{nàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi ab qne rm miai ~rb eionehtn n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb igab è mranai bm sbr bsvh{hqrne b~rhznebgqb hmbahnqnmbgqb% n ôghon ji{mn ~rb hgart rmn {bsvisqn ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn Nmi{ b jè sïi vsí~rhons< {benohignai ni enai bsvh{hqrne ab cimbm _bi sÿ è vr{nmbgqb khieÿ`hoi% b {benohignai vn{n i jíshoi I mhsqr{ngai% ir mhsqr{ngai% absqns q{äs bmiàòbs qbm i bjbhqi ab nk{h{ rmn ehgcn ah{bqn ab oimrghonàïi bgq{b i jhghqi% vbgsngai n mbgqb ab cimbm% b Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn Oimi Absbgziezb{ Jè

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

Eî zbm% n`i{n% rmn aboen{nàïi ~rb an{î vn{n rm bgqbgabgai mbeci{ an hmvi{qëgohn i v{hgoívhi ab nrqisr`bsqïi nssrmb gn q{ngsmrqnàïi ab absbdi bm sbr jíshoi% ir migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb< hsqi è4 JÈ è rm bsqnai ab mbgqb ~rb viab sb{ hgarthan% ir o{hir% vi{  njh{mnàïi ir hgsq{ràòbs {bvbqhans vn{n n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% vbei v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi Oimi rmn hersq{nàïi% oigshab{b i v{ivÿshqi vn{n i ~rne zioä è% v{bsrmhzbembgqb% ebgai bsqb ehz{i I ikdbqi è% gnqr{nembgqb% na~rh{h{ n cnkhehanab vn{n q{ngsmran{ i hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi hgqng`ízbe ab AB_BDI bm srn oigq{nvn{qb jíshon% ahgcbh{i _b`rhgai ns hgsq{ràòbs oieionans gis onvíqreis bm nrqi-sr`bsqïi% b n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% oimi {bsrmhai gi onvíqrei bm nrqisr`bsqïi% zioä viab OIGZBGOB[ n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ~rb zioä no{bahqn ~rb zioä {bobkb{î ~rb vn{n ~rne zioä vb{`rgqn% b n`h{î gn~rben oigzhoàïi ~rb srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb vnssn nq{îs n zioä gn ji{mn ab + JÈ% + sb`rhr vi{ vengis abjhghais vi{  ikqb{ ~rb ~rb zioä absbdi I mèqiai vi{ ~rne absbgziezb JÈ igab dî gïi bhsqb% è bq{bmnmbgqb ahjíohe abso{bzb{% ~rnsb oimi ahjíohe% gn {bnehanab% oimi sb{hn abso{bzb{ n oi{ ab zb{mbeci vn{n rm cimbm ob`i ~rb grgon zhr oi{% b gïi qbm gnan oim ~rb oimvn{n{ i ~rb zioä abso{bzb n beb Jè è rm bsqnai ab mbgqb ~rb zioä viab absbgziezb{ æ zigqnab% abvihs ~rb zioä aimhgir is q{btb v{hgoívhis% vi{~rb è rm bsqnai ab mbgqb ~rb absbgziezb ziergqn{hnmbgqb% vi{ nvehonàïi b rsi absqbs v{hgoívhis [bvbqhàïi ab njh{mnàïi ab i{abgs vn{n srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb è i ôghoi mèqiai oigcbohai ab absbgziezhmbgqi ziergqî{hi an bmiàïi ab jè Qnezbt i sh`ghjhonai æs zbtbs viab sb{ jbhqi mnhs oen{i vben 23

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

bvehonàïi sb`rhgqb sik{b is cimbgs ab miai sb qi{gb is o{hmhgisis Aboen{nai gns vnenz{ns ab rm o{hmhgiei`hsqn jnmisi% + ^rngai is cimbgs bgq{n{bm v{hmbh{i bm oigqnqi oim o{hmb% bebs abqbsqnm hsqi _b bebs vb{mngbob{bm bm oigqnqi oim o{hmb ar{ngqb rm qbmvi% bebs sïi noisqrmnais n hsqi% b srvi{qn hsqi _b bebs vb{mngbob{bm knsqngqb bm oigqnqi oim hsqi eig`i% bebs nk{nànm hsqi jhgnembgqb% b è hgjerbgohnai vi{  hsqi + Hsqi è i b~rhznebgqb ab ahtb{ ~rb ~rne~rb{ hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb è vnssnai {bvbqhanmbgqb vn{n n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% jhgnembgqb% è nobhqnai b n`hr bm vben mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ~rb v{iobab q{narth{ n~rbeb hmvresi bm sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb% vbei v{iobahmbgqi mnhs v{îqhoi ahsvigízbe Oim {benàïi n hsqi% oigshab{b n aboen{nàïi% QIAI_ is VBG_NMBGQI_ ^RB JI[NM BMIQHIGNEHTBA% giznmbgqb #abqb{mhgnai sbgqhmbgqi( B MH_QR[NAI OIM JÈ% oimbob n sb q{narth{ bm hmbahnqnmbgqb i jíshoi abebs) abens b~rhznebgqb ir oigq{nvn{qb Ns bmiàòbs% ir i + sbgqhmbgqi + {bvn{qb ab vbgsnmbgqis% è is jnqi{bs ~rb aïi zhqnehanab ab vbgsnmbgqis% zhan% b nàïi Ns bmiàòbs ab Jè% Nmi{% b _bi% ~rngai mhsqr{nai oim ~rne~rb{ hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi% aä hsqi mnhi{ nàïi ~rb ~rnhs~rb{ absqns bmiàòbs viab jntb{ hsienanmbgqb Gïi sÿ hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb bsqhzb{nm mhsqr{nai oim JÈ% mns bssbs ~rb bsqhzb{nm mhsqr{nai oim ~rnhs~rb{ ans bmiàòbs vishqhzns% ir ~rnhs~rb{ ans bmiàòbs gb`nqhzns% viab neongàn{% b hgjerbgohn n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb

28 

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

Absqn aboen{nàïi% bgqbgab{î zioä ~rb n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb q{narth{î bm sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb% rm hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi ab rmn gnqr{btn gb`nqhzn ir absq{rqhzn% an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb v{igqnmbgqb oimi n`h{î bm hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi ab rmn gnqr{btn vishqhzn ir oigsq{rqhzn Hsqi {bsvigab vbei jbgñmbgi bsq{ngci ~rb qngqis mhecòbs ab bvb{hägohn ab vbssins% ocnmnai + hgji{qôghi% ir + ntn{ + Cî mhecòbs ans vbssins ~rb _B NO[BAHQNM + sbgqbgohnais + n vik{btn b j{nonssi% vi{ onrsn ab rm viroi ab ji{àn bsq{ngcn bm ohmn an ~rne bebs NO[BAHQNM NO[BAHQNM ~rb bebs gïi qäm gbgcrm oigq{ieb Bebs sïi is o{hnai{bs ais v{ÿv{his + hgji{qôghis abebs)abens% + vi{ onrsn absqn OIGZHOÀÏI gb`nqhzn ~rb è nvngcnan vben mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb b q{narthr bm sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb Bsqb è rm er`n{ nv{iv{hnai n ~rne sr`b{h{ giznmbgqb ~rb zioä viab kbgbjhohn{% vnssngai bm vn{n srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% ~rne~rb{ AB_BDI ~rb zioä absbdi q{narthr bm sbr jíshoi% ir migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb% bm rm bsqnai ab bvboqnàïi ir OIGZHOÀÏI ~rb n q{ngsmrqnàïi gn zb{anab noigqbob{î _rn OIGZHOÀÏI% ir JÈ% è i bebmbgqi ~rb abqb{mhgn n nàïi ab srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Gïi cî gnan ~rb i hmvbah{ ab + bg`ngn{ + srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ni an{  hsqi hgsq{ràòbs vi{ nrqi- sr`bsqïi% oimi br bg`ngbh i mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ab mbr jheci Jntb{ bsqn + abobvàïi + mnhs {bneísqhoi% sb namhghsq{n an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb zioä znh% sb zioä DÎ bsqhzbssb bm vissb ab N OIH_N MNQB[HNE ^RB ZIOÄ bsqî BSH@HGAI% ~rngai zioä ocnmn{ srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb N mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb q{ngsmran{î bm sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb% vbens míahn mnhs ah{bqns b v{îqhons ahsvigízbe% ~rne~rb{ i{abm ~rb è anan n hsqi bm rm :6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

bsqnai ab OIGZHOÀÏI% ir JÈ ji{n n ~rb n i{abm sb{î ebznan _b`r{nmbgqb% knsqngqb jih aboen{nai vn{n an{ rm vigqi ab vn{qhan ab ~rne vissn% vi{ bvb{hägohn b v{nqhon% na~rh{n n cnkhehanab vn{n mhsqr{n{ JÈ oim ~rne~rb{ i{abm anan æ mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Vb{jbhàïi vnssn{î vi{ v{îqhon Gïi viab zh{ ebgai hgsq{ràòbs simbgqb _b è zb{anab ~rb n~rbeb viab sb qi{gn{ rm o{hmhgisi nq{nzès ab nssiohnàïi oim o{hmb% #b bsqb è rm jnqi oigcbohai(% è h`rnembgqb zb{anab n~rbeb viab absbgziezb{ jè sr`b{hgai ziergqn{hnmbgqb æ mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb n~rbeb qbm jè N mbgqb zbm% jhgnembgqb% nssrmh{ n gnqr{btn ans hgjerägohns ~rb aimhgnm hsqi Bgqbgan bsqn zb{anab% b zioä snhkn vi{ ~rb è bssbgohne vn{n zioä bgoi{ndn{ ns bmiàòbs vishqhzns oimi aimhgngai ji{àns ab srn mbgqb% b absbgoi{ndb b behmhgb bmiàòbs gb`nqhzns Rmn mbgqb aimhgnan vi{ bmiàòbs vishqhzns% sb qi{gn rm aimhoíehi jnzi{îzbe vn{n i bsqnai ab mbgqb oigcbohai oimi jè Rmn mbgqb nsshm aimhgir vissn% æ zigqnab% aä ns hgsq{ràòbs ab mbgqb srkoigsohbgqbs ~rb nobhqn{î b n`h{î hmbahnqnmbgqb bm JÈ È RM B_QNAI AB MBGQB ^RB VIAB _B[ HGARTHAN NQ[NZÈ_ Q[NZÈ_ AB NRQI-_R@B_QÏI NRQI-_R@ B_QÏI Qrai nknhi ns hanabs% i {beh`highsqs v{bzbgh{nm erqngai n crmnghanab vn{n qb{ jè + ghsqi% ~rb% b i irq{i ai`mn ir o{bai% mns bebs gïi qäm oigqnai vn{n ns vbssins OIMI qb{ jè Bebs gïi aboen{n{nm n~rben + jè è rm bsqnai ab mbgqb% b ~rb viab sb{ hgarthai nq{nzès ab b`i-sr`bsqïi + :>

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

Bm hahimn ~rb ~rne~rb{ sb{ crmngi gi{mne viab bgqbgab{% abso{bzb{bmis gÿs qrai n~rhei è oigcbohai sik{b i v{hgoívhi vbei ~rne JÈ viab sb{ absbgziezhan% igab dî gïi bhsqb Qbgcn Jè bm zioä< Jè gi Hgjhghqi Ngqbs ab gÿs oimbàn{mis% ecb abzb{hnm ebmk{n{ hssi giznmbgqb4 JÈ è i + behh{ + bqb{gi ~rb aî zhan% viab{% b nàïi ni hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi. N i{nàïi v{bobabgqb zneb ~rb eä bm rmn sb`rgan zbt% b rm qb{ài% b rm ~rn{qi Zneb ~rb eä bm zit neqn. JÈ è i vigqi ab vn{qhan ab qian n normrenàïi ab {h~rbtns. JÈ è n knsb ab qiais + is mhen`{bs% + b qiais is mhsqè{his ~rb gïi viabm sb{ ngnehsnais vbens {b`{ns ab ohägohn. JÈ è i ôghoi ngqíaiqi oigcbohai vn{n J[NON__I. JÈ è i bebmbgqi% n + srksqëgohn ~rímhon + ~rb% ~rngai mhsqr{nai oim i{nàïi% aî rmn oimrghonàïi ah{bqn oim Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn JÈ è i bebmbgqi ~rb q{ngsji{mn n zhk{nàïi i{ahgî{hn ab vbgsnmbgqi% o{hnai vben mbgqb jhghqn ab cimbm% gi bsvh{hqrne b~rhznebgqb JÈ è n ôghon n`ägohn vben ~rne n ji{àn oÿsmhon ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn viab sb{ n{{bnan b viab sb{ rsnan vi{ cimbm QIAI RM AN_ ABOEN[NÀÒB_ ABOEN[NÀÒB_ V[BOBABGQB V[BOBABGQB__ È ONVNT ONVNT AB V[IZN. N v{izn è shmvebs b jnohembgqb abmigsq{nan È bmk{recnai vn{n ohmn gi v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi :;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Bgqïi% gis abhb obgq{n{ gissn nqbgàïi gi nssrgqi ab b`i-sr`bsqïi% b absork{n i ~rb è% b i ~rb è onvnt ab neongàn{ È rm jnqi kbm oigcbohai ~rb n~rbeb zbm% jhgnembgqb% NO[BAHQN[ ~rne~rb{ n vbssin {bvbqb ni b`i an vbssin% sb n aboen{nàïi è zb{anab ir jnesn _b rm cimbm {bvbqb rmn mbgqh{n bm ohmn ab b bm ohmn ab% beb nobhqn{î n mbgqh{n bzbgqrnembgqb oimi zb{anab Neèm ahssi% beb NO[BAHQN[Î ~rb è n zb{anab Qiai cimbm è i ~rb beb è% vi{ onrsn ais VBG_NMBGQI_ AIMHGNGAI ~rb beb vb{mhqb iorvn{ n mbgqb abeb Vbgsnmbgqis ~rb rm cimbm oieion abehkb{nanmbgqb gn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb abeb% b bgoi{ndn oim oigaieägohn% b oim ~rb beb mhsqr{n ~rne~rb{ rm ir mnhs ans bmiàòbs% oigsqhqrn ns ji{àns miqhzngai ~rb ah{h`bm b oigq{ienm sbr qiai mizhmbgqi% nqi% b nàïi. Zbm% n`i{n% rmn aboen{nàïi mrhqi sh`ghjhongqb ab zb{anab4 VBG_NMBGQI VBG_NMBGQI__ ^RB B_QÏI MH_QR[NAI OIM ^RNH_^RB[ ^RNH_^RB[ AI_ _BGQHMBGQI_ AB BMIÀÒB_% OIG_QHQRN RMN + JI[ÀN MN@GÈQHON + ^RB NQ[NH% AN_ ZHK[NÀÒB_ AI ÈQB[% IRQ[I_ VBG_NMBGQI_ _BMBECNGQB_% IR [BENOHIGNAI_ Rm vbgsnmbgqi nsshm + mn`gbqhtnai + oim bmiàïi viab sb{ oimvn{nai n rmn sbmbgqb ~rb% ~rngai vengqir bm qb{{n jè{qhe% `b{mhgn% o{bsob% b mreqhvehon hgômb{ns zbtbs% nqè i ~rb b{n i{h`hgnembgqb rmn sbmbgqb vb~rbgn% sb qi{gn mhecòbs hgoigqîzbhs ab sbmbgqbs an MB_MN MN[ON. I èqb{ è rmn `{ngab mnssn oÿsmhon ab ji{àns bqb{gns ab zhk{nàïi È oimvisqi ab zhk{nàòbs absq{rqhzns b zhk{nàòbs oigsq{rqhzns Ebzn% n qian ci{n% zhk{nàòbs ab :?

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

mbai% vik{btn% aibgàn% j{nonssi% mhsè{hn< b zhk{nàòbs ab v{isvb{hanab% snôab% srobssi% b jbehohanab% an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb sb`r{nmbgqb oimi ebzn i sim ab obgqbgns ab i{~rbsq{nàòbs ab môshon% b obgqbgns ab zitbs crmngns qrai ais ~rnhs mngqäm n v{ÿv{hn hgahzharnehanab abebs) abens b mbhis ab habgqhjhonàïi% vbei mèahi ab {îahi Ai `{ngab n{mntèm ai èqb{% n mbgqb crmngn bsqî nq{nhgai oigsqngqbmbgqb zhk{nàòbs oim ns ~rnhs cn{mightnm ~rb ~rb AIMHGN n mbgqb crmngn ^rne~rb{ vbgsir% haèhn% vengi% ir v{ivÿshqi ~rne oigqèm n mbgqb an vbssin nq{nh% ans zhk{nàòbs ai èqb{% ngjhq{hïi ab sbrs vn{bgqbs% no{bsobgqn bsqbs + vn{bgqbs + n srn v{ÿv{hn ji{àn% b o{bsob nqè ~rb sb qi{gn i aimhgngai% bg~rngqi MIQHZNGAI i MB_Q[B ai hgahzíari abgq{i ab ~rbm giqn jih mi{nai N`i{n% gis abhb zieqn{ vn{n i vigqi ab vn{qhan% b è hgji{mnai oimi n sbmbgqb i{h`hgne ab rmn haèhn% vengi% ir v{ivÿshqi viab sb{ vengqnan gn mbgqb N hgji{mnàïi è on{{b`nan jnohembgqb4 viabm sb{  oieionans ~rne~rb{ haèhn% vengi% ir v{ivÿshqi gn mbgqb vi{ {bvbqhàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi Hsqi è vi{ ~rb ecb vbabm bso{bzb{ ji{n rmn aboen{nàïi ab sbr v{ivÿshqi v{hgohvne% ir Ocbjb Nhm Abjhghan% oimbqn n mbmÿ{hn% b {bvhqn hsqi% bm vnenz{ns nraízbhs% ahn abvihs ab ahn% nqè bsqns zhk{nàòbs ab sim eionehtir srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Gÿs simis i ~rb gÿs simis% vi{ onrsn ans zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb gÿs nvngcnmis b {b`hsq{nmis% vbeis bsqímreis ab gissi nmkhbgqb ahî{hi _ierohigb vn{n sb ehz{n{ ns hgjerägohns ab ~rne~rb{  nmkhbgqb hgjbeht% b oigsq{rh{ srn v{ÿv{hn zhan vn{n :1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

I[ABGN[ Hgzbgqî{hi ebzngai ab nqhzis b vnsshzis mbgqnhs% zioä absoik{h{î ~rb srn mnhi{ j{n~rbtn è jneqn ab nrqioigjhngàn Bsqb hmvbahmbgqi viab sb{  sik{bvrdnai% b qhmhabt q{narthr bm oi{n`bm% vben ndran ai v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi N nvehonàïi absqb v{hgoívhi viab sb{ jbhqn vi{ rm n{{ngdi shmvebs ab hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi vishqhzis aboen{nai vi{ bso{hqi% mbmi{htir% b {bvbqhai% nqè ~rb bens sb qi{gnm rmn vn{qb ai b~rhvnmbgqi ab jrgohignmbgqi an jnoreanab srkoigsohbgqb ab srn mbgqb Jß[MREN AB NRQIOIGJHNGÀN V{hmbh{i Br sbh ~rb br qbgci n cnkhehanab vn{n neongàn{  i ikdbqi ab mbr V{ivÿshqi Abjhghai bm zhan% bgqïi% ~rb br BSHDI ab mhm nàïi vb{shsqbgqb% oigqígrn vn{n sbr oigsb`rhmbgqi% b br n~rh b n`i{n v{imbqi jntb{ qne nàïi _b`rgai Br vb{obki is vbgsnmbgqis aimhgngai ab mhgcn mbgqb sb {bv{iarth{ïi bzbgqrnembgqb bm nàïi bqb{gn% jíshon% b `{narnembgqb sb q{ngsji{mn bm {bnehanab jíshon% bgqïi% br oigobgq{n{bh mbrs vbgsnmbgqis ahn{hnmbgqb ar{ngqb q{hgqn mhgrqis% gn qn{bjn ab vbgsn{ gn vbssin br v{bqbgai mb qi{gn{% bg~rngqi o{hngai nsshm bm mhgcn mbgqb rm ~rna{i mbgqne oen{i an~rben vbssin Qb{ài Br sbh vbei v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi% ~rnhs~rb{  absbdnm ~rb br vb{shsqbgqex oigqäm mhgcn mbgqb krson{î bv{bssïi bzbgqrnembgqb vi{ ne`rgs mbhis v{îqhois ab nqhg`h{ i ikdbqi nq{îs ahsqi% bgqïi% br abahon{bh abt mhgrqis ahn{hnmbgqb n bh`h{ ab mhm i absbgziezhmbgqi ab NRQIOIGJHNGÀN ^rn{qi Br bso{bzh oen{nmbgqb nknhi rmn abso{hàïi ab mhgcn VIGQN[HN V[HGOHVNE ABJHGHAN bm zhan% b br :2

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

abhn{bh ab grgon qbgqn{% nqè ~rb br qb{bh absbgziezhai nrqioigjhngàn srjhohbgqb vi{ sbr oigsb`rhmbgqi ^rhgqi Br vb{obki oimvebqnmbgqb ~rb gbgcrmn {h~rbtn ir vishàïi viabm srvi{qn{ mrhqi qbmvi% n mbgis ~rb oigsq{ríssb bm zb{anab b drsqhàn% bgqïi% ~rb br mb iorvn{bh ab gbgcrmn q{ngsnàïi ~rb gïi kbgbjhohn qrai ~rbm njbqn Br qb{bh srobssi nq{nhgai n mhm ns ji{àns br absbdi rsn{% b n oiivb{nàïi ab irq{ns vbssins Br hgarth{bh irq{is vn{n mb sb{zh{% vi{ onrsn ab mhgcn zigqnab sb{zh{ irq{is Br behmhgn{bh ÿahi% hgzbdb% ohômb% b`iísmi% b ohghsmi% absbgziezbgai nmi{ vi{  qian n crmnghanab% vi{~rb br sbh ~rb rmn nqhqrab gb`nqhzn vn{n irq{is grgon viab q{ntb{ srobssi vi{  mhm Br onrsn{bh irq{is vn{n no{bahqn{ bm mhm% vi{~rb br no{bahqn{bh gbebs% b bm mhm Br nsshgn{bh mbr gimb n bsqn jÿ{mren% oimbqb{bh hsqi n mbmÿ{hn% b {bvbqh{bh bm zit neqn rmn zbt hsqi vi{ ahn% oim JÈ oimvebqn ~rb hgjerbgohn{î mbrs VBG_NMBGQI_ b NÀÒB_ `{narnembgqb ab ji{mn ~rb mhm sb qi{gn{î rmn vbssin b`i- oigjhngqb% b v{ÿsvb{n Nq{îs absqn jÿ{mren è rmn ebh ab Gnqr{btn ~rb gbgcrm cimbm nhgan vñab bvehon{ Oigjrgahr is ohbgqhsqns ab qians ns hanabs Is vshoÿei`is gimbn{nm bsqn nrqisr`bsqïi ab ebh +% + b abhir hsqi h{ n hssi I gimb vi{ ~rne ocnmn bsqn ebh è ab viron hmvi{qëgohn I jnqi hmvi{qngqb sik{b hsqi Q[NKNECN vn{n n `eÿ{hn b srobssi ab `ägb{i crmngi% _B è oigsq{rqhznmbgqb rsnai Vi{ irq{i enai% sb absq{roqhzbex rsnai% absq{rh{î an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb v{igqnmbgqb Gbsqn aboen{nàïi viab sb{ nocnan rmn zb{anab mrhqi sh`ghjhongqb% hsqi è< ~rb bssbs ~rb nknhnm bm ab{{iqn% b qb{mhgn ns zhans abebs)abens bm vik{btn% mhsè{hn% b ::

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ng`ôsqhn% jnàn nsshm vi{ onrsn ab nvehonàïi gb`nqhzn ai v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi N onrsn viab sb{ nocnan gi jnqi ~rb QIAI_ is HMVRE_I_ AB VBG_NMBGQI QÄM RMN QBGAÄGOHN vn{n _B ZB_QH[ ABGQ[I i JÍ_HOI abebs)abens B^RHZNEBGQB N mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% #i enki{nqÿ{hi ~rímhoi gi ~rne qiais is hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi sïi oimkhgnais% b sb v{bvn{ir vn{n q{naràïi bm {bnehanab jíshon(% gïi jnt gbgcrmn ahsqhgàïi bgq{b hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi oigsq{rqhzis b absq{rqhzis Q{nknecn oim i mnqb{hne ~rb gÿs nehmbgqnmis hsqi% vi{ gissis hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi N mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb q{narth{î bm {bnehanab rm vbgsnmbgqi ah{h`hai vi{ MBAI an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb v{igqnmbgqb oimi q{narth{î bm {bnehanab rm vbgsnmbgqi ah{h`hai vi{ OI[N@BM% ir JÈ Ns vî`hgns ab chsqÿ{hn mèahon sïi {hons oim hersq{nàòbs ab onsis ab + srhoíahi + sr`bsqhzi Rm cimbm viab oimbqb{ srhoíahi vi{ sr`bsqïi gb`nqhzn% an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb bjbqhznmbgqb oimi vi{ ~rne~rb{ irq{i mbhis Bm rmn ohanab ab mhapbsqb{g% rm cimbm vbei gimb ab Disbvc @{ngq% jrgohigî{hi ab kngoi% + vbahr bmv{bsqnai + rmn simn `{ngab ai ahgcbh{i ai kngoi% sbm i oigsbgqhmbgqi ais ah{bqi{bs Beb vb{abr i ahgcbh{i vi{ di`n{ Rmn qn{ab% i Bnmhgnai{ ab Kngoi zbhi b oimbàir n oigjb{h{ ns oigqns @{ngq abhir i kngoi% ebzir rm ~rn{qi bm rm ciqbe eione% b ~rngai bebs i nocn{nm% q{äs ahns abvihs% beb bsqnzn mbgqhgai bm onmn% bg~rngqi enmbgqngai b `bmbgai% {bvbqhgai bm ohmn ab b bm ohmn absqns vnenz{ns% + Mbr Abrs% hsqi mb mnqn{î. Br gïi vissi bsqn{ ab vè n abs`{nàn + Bm viroi qbmvi beb bsqnzn mi{qi Is airqi{bs v{igrgohn{nm i onsi rm ab + srhoíahi + mbgqne :0 

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

An mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb bebq{hohanab zh{n{î ns {ians ab hgaôsq{hn% b jnt sb{zhài ôqhe sb rsir oigsq{rqhznmbgqb< ir hgnen ji{n zhan sb hmv{iv{hnmbgqb rsnai% nsshm zî n ebh ab ahngqbh{n ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi zioä vn{n vnt b v{isvb{hanab ir nknhi gi zneb ab mhsè{hn% j{nonssi% b mi{qb% ab noi{ai oim sbr `{nr ab bgqbgab{ b nvehonàïi ahsqi _b zioä bgocb srn mbgqb ab MBAI% aôzhan b hgo{barehanab bm srn cnkhehanab vn{n oigboqn{ oim% b rsn ns ji{àns ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn% n ebh ab nrqisr`bsqïi ebzn{î bsqb bsví{hqi ab hgo{barehanab b rsn{î hsqi oimi rm vna{ïi vbei ~rne srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb q{narth{î hsqi bm sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb B_QN ABOEN[NÀÏI È QÏI ZB[ANAB ^RNGQI N ABOEN[NÀÏI ^RB AIH_ B AIH_ _ÏI ^RNQ[I. Oimi i zbgqi ~rb ebzn rm Ebsqb ab gnzhi% b irq{i Iohabgqne% n ebh ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi i b{`rb{î vn{n ohmn ir i knhn{î% ab noi{ai oim i miai zioä jhir srns zbens ab VBG_NMBGQI N ebh ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi vben ~rne ~rne~rb{ vbssin viab srkh{ n neqhqrabs ab {bnehtnàïi ~rb onmknebhn n hmn`hgnàïi% è abso{hqi kbm gi zb{si sb`rhgqb4 + _b zioä vbgsn ~rb zioä è knqhai% zioä è% _b zioä vbgsn ~rb zioä gïi irsn% zioä gïi jnt _b zioä `isqn ab `ngcn{% mns zioä vbgsn ~rb zioä gïi viab% È ~rnsb ob{qi zioä gïi znh + _b zioä vbgsn ~rb zioä vb{ab{î% zioä bsqî vb{ahai Vn{n ji{n ai mrgai nocnmis gÿs% _robssi oimbàn oim rm oimvngcbh{i zî È qrai gi bsqnai ab mbgqb + _b zioä vbgsn ~rb zioä è bobahai% zioä è% Zioä qbm ~rb vbgsn{ neqi srkh{% :3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Zioä qbm ~rb bsqn{ sb`r{i ab zioä ngqbs Zioä sbmv{b viab `ngcn{ rm v{ämhi Ns knqnecns ab + zhan sbmv{b gïi zïi Vn{n i mnhs ji{qb ir mnhs {nvhanmbgqb q{hvren% Mns ei`i ir qn{ab i cimbm ~rb `ngcn È i cimbm ^RB VBG_N ~rb BEB VIAB +. Iksb{zb ns vnenz{ns ~rb ji{nm bgjnqhtnans% b zioä vb`rb i sh`ghjhonai jrgai ~rb i vibqn qbzb bm mbgqb Bm ne`rm er`n{ bm srn mn~rhn`bm #qnezbt gns obens ab sbr oè{bk{i( eî mbgqh{ns ai{mhgai% n sbmbgqb ab {bnehtnàïi ~rb% sb absvb{qir b oieioir bm nàïi% i ebzn{hn n neqr{ns% oimi zioä viabm qb{ bsvb{nai grgon nqhg`h{ An mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb rm môshoi ab mbsq{b viab onrsn{ ns qbgsòbs mnhs kighqns ab môshon vn{n zb{qb{  nahngqb ais jhis ab rm zhiehgi% nsshm vissn zioä absvb{qn i `äghi ~rb mbgqb nai{mbohai bm sbr oè{bk{i% b onrsn hsqi vn{n i ah{h`h{ vn{n ohmn n ~rne~rb{  mbqn zioä viab absbdn{ neongàn{ Nk{ncnm Ehgoieg b{n rm j{nonssi n qrai i ~rb beb qbgqir% nqè ~rb beb b{n kbm vnssnai n hanab ab ~rn{bgqn Beb b{n rm _{ Ghg`rèm ab Bm gbgcrmn vn{qb% nqè ~rb rmn `{ngab bvb{hägohn bgq{ir gn zhan abeb% absvb{qir i `äghi ai{mbgqb abgq{i ai oi{nàïi abeb b ~rbk{n n onkbàn% b abr i mrgahne ab sbrs {bnembgqb `{ngabs cimbgs N~rben + bvb{hägohn + bsqnzn mhsqr{nan oim ns bmiàòbs ab q{hsqbtn b NMI[ Zbhi n beb vi{ Nggb [rqeba`b% n ôghon mrecb{ ~rbm beb sbmv{b zb{anabh{nmbgqb nmir È rm jnqi oigcbohai ~rb n bmiàïi ab NMI[ è v{ÿhmi oigsng`õígbn ni bsqnai ab mbgqb oigcbohai oimi JÈ% b hsqi vben {ntïi ~rb Nmi{ zbm mbsmi vb{qi :8 

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

ab q{narth{ is hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi an vbssin gi bsvh{hqrne abebs)abens b~rhznebgqb Ar{ngqb i q{nkneci abeb ab vbs~rhsn% absoik{hr i nrqi{% an ngîehsb ai zhanq{nkneci b {bnehtnàòbs ab obgqbgns ab cimbgs ab {bnehtnàïi bobebgqb ~rb bsqnzn n hgjerägohn ai nmi{  ab rmn mrecb{ ab zieqn ab ~rnsb QIAI RM ABEB_ N bmiàïi ab nmi{% gi oi{nàïi crmngi b ~rbk{n n onkbàn% o{hn rm onmvi jnzi{îzbe ab nq{nàïi mn`gèqhon ~rb onrsn rmn njerägohn ans zhk{nàòbs mnhs neqns b mbeci{bs ~rb sïi jerqrngqb gi èqb{ _b zioä absbdn{ bzhaägohn ai viab{ ab JÈ% bsqrab ns {bnehtnàòbs ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb bmv{b`n{nm hsqi Æ onkbàn an ehsqn zbm i Gntn{bgb O{hsqhnghsmi è n mnhi{ ôghon ji{àn ~rb hgjerbgohn ns mbgqbs ab cimbgs N knsb ab O{hsqhnghsmi è JÈ% gïi hmvi{qn ~rb ~rngqns vbssins viabm qb{ vb{zb{qhai% ir hgqb{v{bqir mne i sh`ghjhonai absqn `{ngab ji{àn% b gïi hmvi{qn ~rb ji{nm o{hnais ~rngqis ai`mns b o{bais bm sbr gimb ~rb gïi {bjebqb srns airq{hgns N simn b srksqëgohn ais bgshgis b ns {bnehtnàòbs ab O{hsqi ~rb viab qb{ shai hgqb{v{bqnai oimi + mhen`{bs gïi + b{nm gnan mnhs gbm mbgis ~rb JÈ _b cî ~rne~rb{ qne jbgñmbgi oimi + mhen`{bs + ~rb bebs sÿ sïi v{iarthais vbei bsqnai ab mbgqb oigcbohai oimi JÈ. Ne`rgs v{ijbssi{bs ab {beh`hïi% b mrhqis ~rb sb ocnmnm is o{hsqïis% bgqbgan gbm v{nqh~rb JÈ Gis abhb oigshab{n{ i viab{ ab JÈ% oimi bsqî sbgai abmigsq{nai n`i{n% vi{ rm cimbm ~rb è oigcbohai kbm n qrai ohzhehtnàïi% Mncnqmn @ngach% ab Ígahn Gbsqb cimbm i mrgai qbm rm ais bbmveis mnhs bsvngqisis oigcbohai n ohzhehtnàïi% ans visshkhehanabs ab JÈ @ngach k{ngab viab{ mnhs viqbgohne ~rb ~rne~rb{ cimbm ~rb zhzb gbsqb mimbgqi% b hsqi% 06

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

nvbsn{ ai jnqi ~rb beb gïi qbm gbgcrm ans jb{{nmbgqns i{qiains ab viab{% oimi ahgcbh{i% gnzhis ab knqnecn% sieanais% b mnqb{hnhs ab `rb{{n @ngach gïi qbm gbgcrm ahgcbh{i% beb gïi qbm gbgcrmn onsn% beb gïi vissrh rm qb{gi ab {irvns% mns BEB QBM VIAB[ Oimi beb zbm n~rbeb viab{9 BEB O[HIR H_QI JI[N AB N OIMV[BBG_ÏI ABEB AI V[HGOÍVHI AB JÈ% B VI[ N CNKHEHANAB ABEB VN[N Q[NG_VENGQ Q[NG_VEN GQN[ N[ N^RBEN JÈ GN_ MBGQB_ AB ARTBGQI_ MHECÒB_ AB VB__IN_ @ngach {bnehtir% vben hgjerägohn ab JÈ ~rb i ~rne i viab{ mhehqn{ mnhs ji{qb bm qb{{n gïi vñab% b grgon {bnehtn{î vbeis sieanais b b~rhvnmbgqi ab bè{ohqi Beb {bnehtir i jbhqi bsvngqisi ab HGJERBGOHN[ JRGAH[ B MIZB[ bm cn{mighn vn{n artbgqis mhecòbs ab mbgqbs% OIMI RMN ÔGHON MBGQB ^rb irq{n ji{àn bm qb{{n% snezi JÈ viab{hn jntb{ oimi mrhqi9 Eî zbgcn rm ahn ~rngai is bmv{b`nais oimi qnmkèm bmv{b`nai{bs absoik{h{ïi ns visshkhehanabs ab JÈ N~rbeb ahn bsqî nmngcbobgai I mrgai hgqbh{i qbzb nmven ivi{qrghanab% ar{ngqb n {bobgqb abv{bssïi bmv{bsn{hne% qbsqbmrgcn{ i ~rb n JNEQN AB JÈ jn{î n gb`ÿohi _b`r{nmbgqb% ohzhehtnàïi v{iarthr rm gômb{i srjhohbgqb ab sb{bs crmngis hgqbeh`bgqbs vn{n jntb{ rsi absqn `{ngab ehàïi ~rb n abv{bssïi bgshgir vn{n i mrgai Ar{ngqb bsqn abv{bssïi% i mrgai qbzb bzhaägohn bm nkrgaëgohn ~rb MBAI ahjrgahai vn{nehsn{î ns {ians ab hgaôsq{hn b gb`ÿohi Ji{n absqn bvb{hägohn is eíab{bs sr{`h{ïi bm gb`ÿohi b hgaôsq{hn ~rb `ngcn{ïi vbei bbmvei ~rb @ngach jhir vn{n i mrgai% b bebs nvehon{ïi n gb`ÿohi ns mbsmns qîqhons ~rb beb rsir 0>

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

oigsq{rhgai i mnhi{ sb`rhgqb oigcbohans gn chsqÿ{hn ai mrgai Bsqbs eíab{bs zh{ïi ai `{nr b n{~rhzi ais cimbgs absoigcbohais ~rb n`i{n q{nknecnm gi nài vengqn% i on{zïi mhgn% ns jîk{hons nrqimÿzbe% b gns ohanabs vb~rbgns b ohanabs ab Nmè{hon Gb`ÿohi è abzhai vn{n rmn {bji{mn% gïi oimbqn gbgcrm b{{i sik{b hsqi. Is mèqiais ai vnssnai% knsbnai bm oimkhgnàòbs boigñmhons ab JI[ÀN b QBMB% sb{î srvengqnai vbeis v{hgoívhis mbeci{bs ab JÈ b oiivb{nàïi Cimbgs ~rb q{nkneci {bobkb{î mnhs ~rb sneî{his ahî{his< bebs {bobkb{ïi ahzhabgais ai gb`ÿohi% h`rne n bssbs ~rb v{izäbm i onvhqne vn{n gb`ÿohi< mns% v{hmbh{i bebs qäm ^RB AN[ MNH_ Nis BMV[B@NAI[B_ abebs)abens% b vn{nan hsqi k{h`ngai b vbochgocngai vi{  ji{àn% æs orsqns ai vôkehoi Bebs qäm ~rb `ngcn{ i ah{bhqi n ahzhabgais. Neèm ahssi% b hsqi è n oihsn mnhs hmvi{qngqb ab qiaisbebs sb{î OIGARTHAN VI[ EÍAB[B_ ^RB BGQBGAB[ÏI B NVEHON[ÏI I_ V[HGOÍVHI_ BMV[B@NAI_ VI[ MNCNQMN @NGACH _ÿ bm absqb miai vissn is eíab{bs ikqäm ais sb`rhai{bs abebs)abens i bsví{hqi ab oiivb{nàïi OIMVEBQN ~rb oigsqhqrh viab{ bm srn ji{mn mnhs neqn b mnhs ar{nair{n Bsqn hanab ab mî~rhgn bsqrvbgan gn ~rne gÿs zhzbmis% b ab ~rne gÿs cî viroi bsqnmis bmb{`hgai% qh{ir n nemn ab cimbgs _brs eíab{bs ah{h`h{nm is cimbgs oimi sb bebs b{nm vbanàis ab mn~rhgn{hn j{hn< bebs ji{nm ji{ànais n jntb{ nsshm vbeis bmv{b`nais ~rb vbochgocn{nm% æs orsqns ab qrai hgqb{bssnais% na~rh{h{ b gïi an{ N sbgcn ai jrqr{i sb{î JBEHOHANAB CRMNGN B _NQH_JNÀÏI% b ~rngai bsqb bsqnai ab mbgqb qb{î shai 0;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

nqhg`hai% n v{iaràïi ebzn{î ni orhanai ab sh mbsmi% mnhs bjbqhznmbgqb ~rb ~rne~rb{ oihsn ~rb ne`rmn zbt jih {bnehtnai igab is cimbgs gïi jhtb{nm% b gïi vñab mhsqr{n{ JÈ b hgqb{bssb ab hgahzíari oim i q{nkneci abebs)abens Vi{ onrsn an gbobsshanab vn{n jè b oiivb{nàïi bm gb`ÿohi ivb{nohigne b hgaôsq{hn% znh nmkis sbdn hgqb{bssngqb b ero{nqhzi ngnehsn{ rm bzbgqi ~rb v{izä rmn oimv{bbgsïi bobebgqb ai mèqiai vbei ~rne hgarsq{hnehsqs b bmv{bsî{his normrenm `{ngabs ji{qrgns% angai ngqbs ab bebs qbgqnssbm na~rh{h{ I bzbgqi bsoiechai vn{n bsqn hersq{nàïi anqn nq{îs n >866% ~rngai is Bsqnais Rghais _qbbe ~rb Oi{vi{nàïi bsqnzn sbgai ji{mnan Oimi zioä ebr n chsqÿ{hn% sb ebmk{b absqbs jnqis jrganmbgqnhs b zioä bgqbgab{ïi oimi ji{nm oigzb{qhans HAÈHN_ bm ji{qrgns bgi{mbs V{hmbh{i% is Bsqnais Rghais _qbbe bgi{mbs ~rb Oi{vi{nàïi gnsobr gn mbgqb ab Ocn{ebs M _ocpnk% gn ji{mn ab rmn HAÈHN beb o{hir vben HMN@HGNÀÏI abeb. _b`rgai% beb mhsqr{ir JÈ oim n HAÈHN abeb Qb{ài% beb ji{mreir rm VENGI vn{n n q{ngsji{mnàïi an HAÈHN abeb bm {bnehanab jíshon b jhgngobh{n ^rn{qi% beb oieioir i vengi abeb bm nàïi oim n jnen jnmisn abeb ni Oerkb Rghzb{shqî{hi ^rhgqi% beb nvehoir% b sb`rh{-vi{ gi VENGI abeb oim VB[_H_QÄGOHN% b nvihir hsqi oim ABOH_ÏI jh{mb nqè ~rb qhgcn shai ebznai n onki oimvebqnmbgqb 0?

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

_bqi% beb v{bvn{ir i miai vn{n srobssi vi{ rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n srobssi _b zioä è rm abssbs ~rb absbdn{nm snkb{  j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ~rb oimi sïi normrenans `{ngabs ji{qrgns% bsqn chsqÿ{hn an o{hnàïi an Bsqnais Rghais Nài Oi{vi{nàïi bsqn{î hermhgngai _b zioä qbm ~rne~rb{  arzhan{ ~rb is cimbgs viabm VBG_N[ B viabm O[B_OB[ [HOI% bsqn chsqÿ{hn abzb{hn ahsvb{sn{ n~rben aôzhan% vi{~rb zioä viab zb{ oen{nmbgqb gn chsqÿ{hn ai Nài ab Bsqnais Rghais% n nvehonàïi ab rmn vi{àïi v{hgohvne ais q{btb v{hgoívhis abso{bzbr gbsqb ehz{i Bsqn abso{hàïi bsvngqisn ai viab{ ab rmn HAÈHN jih oigqnan a{nmnqhonmbgqb vi{ Dicg Eipbee% gi Mrgaiqbeb`{nmn ab Gizn Hi{~rb% oim ab ~rbm oi{qbshn è {bhmv{hmhai n~rh + RMN KIGHQN JNEN AB ABVIH_ AB-DNGQN[ VN[N RM KHECÏI AB AßEN[B_ + ^rngai% gn gihqb ab >; ab abtbmk{i ab >866% rgs ihqbgqn an gik{btn jhgngobh{n an gnàïi {boiecb{nm i `{nghti ab kng~rbqb ai Oerkb Rghzb{shqî{hi bm ^rhgqn Nzbghan cig{n{ n rm cimbm dizbm ab ji{n ai Ibsqb% gïi mbhn aôthn ais oigzhanais vb{obkbr bebs b{nm qbsqbmrgcn{ i bvhsÿahi mnhs sh`ghjhongqb bm chsqÿ{hn hgarsq{hne nmb{hongn + D Bapn{a _hmmigs b Ocn{ebs _qbpn{q _mhqc% is oi{nàòbs abebs)abens ocbhi ab `{nqhaïi vn{n n cisvhqnehanab v{ÿah`n anan gbebs vi{ Ocn{ebs M _ocpnk ar{ngqb rmn {bobgqb zhshqn vn{n Vhqqskr{`c% qhgcn i{`nghtnai i dngqn{ vn{n nv{bsbgqn{ i cimbm ab nài q{hgqn-ihqi-ngi-zbeci n siohbanab kngoî{hn i{hbgqne Mns bebs gïi i bsvb{n{nm n bsqir{i n oigzbgàïi Gn {bnehanab% bebs i nazb{qh{nm ~rb is sbhis abgq{i ans 01

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

onmhsns bgochans ab Gizn Hi{~rb gïi sb{hnm {bsvigshzis n i{nqÿ{hi% b ~rb% sb beb gïi ~rhsbssb n`õbgqb i _qhecgngs b Cn{{hmngs b Zngab{kheqs% beb qbzb ehmhqb mbeci{ beb n ~rhgtb ir zhgqb mhgrqis ab znvi{hg`s oi{qäs b abhir hsqi h{ n hssi + Nqè mbsmi i Dicg Vhb{vigq Mi{`ng% sb sbgqngai mïi ab _ocpnk æ ah{bhqn oimi sb qi{gir n ah`ghanab hmvb{hne abeb% v{bqbgahan sÿ bgjbhqn{ k{bzbmbgqb n mbsn ab kng~rbqb oim n v{bsbgàn abeb B qïi eig`b oimi n hmv{bgsn b i vôkehoi bsqbdn v{biorvnai% i njntb{bs hgqbh{i b{n ab qïi vb~rbgi mimbgqi ~rb gbgcrmn mbgàïi ahsqi nocir sbr miai bm hmv{bssïi i v{ÿhmi ahn + Nsshm is aihs ngjhq{hòbs b is oigzhanais ahsqhgqis abebs) abens oimb{nm i miai abebs)abens vbeis sbqb ir ihqi or{sis cnkhqrnhs Cnzhn vb~rbgn oigzb{snàïi b i ~rb cnzhn ahsqi b{n oigqhai Virois ais kng~rbh{is b oi{{bqi{bs qhgcn oigcbohai _ocpnk ordn on{{bh{n qhgcn jei{bsohai ni eig`i ais kngois ai Migig`ncben% b gbgcrm i oigcbobr kbm Mns ngqbs ab n gihqb qb{mhgir% bebs-b oim bebs Ahgcbh{i Mbsq{b Mi{`ng - sb{hn zn{{hai ji{n is vès abebs)abens% b rm khecïi ab aÿen{  kbkä% is Bsqnais Rghais _qbbe Oi{vi{nàïi% sb{hn oigobkhai + Bsqî qnezbt hgjbeht% vi{ onrsn ab chsqÿ{hn ~rb gbgcrm {b`hsq{i an jnen ab Ocn{ehb _ocpnk ni dngqn{ sbmv{b jih jbhqi Beb {bvbqhr ne`rmns vn{qbs ahsqi n rmn anqn visqb{hi{ ar{ngqb rmn {brghïi sbmbecngqb ab kng~rbh{is ab Ochon`i B nhgan abvihs% ~rngai i @izb{gi q{irb qb{gi vn{n ahssiezb{ n Oigjhngàn ab Nài% beb abr n v{ÿv{hn zb{sïi abeb% ai visqi ab qbsqbmrgcn% ans iksb{znàòbs ~rb bsqhmren{nm i Mi{`ng bm rm j{bgbsh ab nqhzhanab jhgngobh{n 02

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

Vi{èm% + è v{izîzbe ~rb sbdn rm fCimbex ' jnen% rm viroi ngqh`{nmnqhone #vn{n i ghobqhbs ab hahimn grgon nki{{bobr _ocpnk(% ocbhi ab bvh`{nmn b bgjhir oim hgqbeh`ägohn Mns nvn{qb ahssi qbzb rmn ji{àn ab `nezngho b bjbqrn gis ohgoi khecïi ab onvhqne oneorenai ~rb jih {bv{bsbgqnai vbei ahgb{s Abvihs ~rb qb{mhgnssb b i ndrgqnmbgqi nhgan bsqnzn abknhi ab sbr jbhqhài% bmki{n _ocpnk qhgcn jnenai ar{ngqb gizbgqn mhgrqis% i Mi{`ng oigarthr i i{nai{ n rmn dngben absongsnan igab% isohengai ns vb{gns abebs)abens ai nssbgqi neqi% hgoñmiai% bebs jnen{nm mnhs ar{ngqb rmn ci{n + N mn`hn an vb{signehanab ab _ocpnk qhgcn shai zh{nan bm% ji{àn oimvebqn% mns i ~rb b{n mnhs hmvi{qngqb b ar{nair{i b{n i v{i`{nmn absbgziezhai% oen{i ~rb beb oieioir vn{n i bg`{ngabohmbgqi ab Nài Mrhqis irq{is cimbgs qhgcnm qbgqnai hgqb{bssn{ i Mi{`ng bskijbqbn{ rmn oigjhngàn ab nài drgqi abvihs ai vna{ïi ai khsoihqi% n{nmb b n{i% nàôon{% ki{{nocn% rís~rb% ÿebi ir oimkhgnàòbs ab ochoebqb Dicg P @nqbs% i di`nai{% qhgcn r{`hai hsqi% mns i Mi{`ng i absoigjhir I Mii{b is mbghgis% i Khee b Dhm% Ochon`i  dikkb{s nohigî{hi ~rb qhgcn oienai rmn oigjhngàn ab vn{qhan b rmn oi{vi{nàïi ab kienocn  drgqi% qhgcn r{`hai hsqi b qhgcn jnecnai BEKB[Q C @n{x% i nazi`nai {r{ne sngqhmighne% ~rb{hai grq{h{ hsqi% mns beb gïi b{n `{ngab knsqngqb vn{n sb{ hmv{bsshzi Nqè n bei~õägohn ab _ocpnk ebzir D VÎ@ i Mi{`ng vn{n ns neqr{ns ans ~rnhs beb sbmv{b viab{hn zhsrnehtn{ is {bsreqnais sÿehais ai bmv{bbgahmbgqi jhgngobh{i mnhs irsnai oigobkhans% i v{idbqi jih oigshab{nai oimi rm sigci abeh{ngqb ab jîohe-ahgcbh{i o{nolviqs + I mn`gbqhsmi jhgngobh{i ~rb oimbàir% rmn `b{nàïi nq{îs% vn{n nq{nh{ mhecn{bs ab vb~rbgi b æs zbtbs 0:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

hgbjjhohbgqex namhghsq{n{nm oimvngchns bm `{ngab b oimvbqhàïi-bsmn`ngai oimkhgnàòbs% qhgcn jhonai ivb{nqhzi gi mrgai ab nài vbeis ahsvishqhzis an~rbeb vh{nqn bmv{bsn{hne dizhne% Dicg P @nqbs I @nqbs dî qhgcn ji{mnai i Nài nmb{hongi b Oimvngchn ab N{nmb ji{n ab rmn onabhn ab v{biorvnàòbs vb~rbgns% b drgqi oim Mi{`ng qhgcn o{hnai n Oimvngchn ab Nài Jbab{ne I Qrki Gnohigne b oimvngchns ab Vigqb nmb{hongns b{nm aihs mnhs Mi{`ng hgqb{bssn% b i Mii{b K{iqcb{s qhgcn nkngaignai n vn{qhan b gb`ÿohi ab khsoihqi vn{n ji{mn{ i fNmb{hong ' `{rvi - V{nqi ab Enqn% N{i ab Nài% Jiecn Nài-b n Oimvngchn ab Nài Gnohigne + Mns vbei enai an oigjhngàn zb{qhone `h`ngqbson ab Nga{bp On{gb`hb% vissrhr rmn oigjhngàn b ivb{ir vi{  ohg~õbgqn-q{äs sÿohis% bssns irq{ns oimkhgnàòbs b{nm vhonxrgb Bebs viab{hnm oimkhgn{ ni oigqbôai ai oi{nàïi abebs)abens mns i eiqb hgqbh{i abebs gïi vñab jntb{ rm bgqnecb gn i{`nghtnàïi ab On{gb`hb% b i Mi{`ng oigcbobr hsqi + I bsoioäs zbeci boägq{hoi oigcbobr hsqi% qnmkèm Ans neqr{ns mn`gíjhons ab Onsqbei ab _lhki qhgcn zhsqi beb% v{hmbh{i oim ahzb{sïi b bgqïi oim {bssbgqhmbgqi% ns qbgqnqhzns ans oimvngchns mbgi{bs ab Mi{`ng vn{n oi{qn{ gi gb`ÿohi abeb ^rngai ns qbgqnqhzns sb qi{gn{nm mrhqi qhvi gb`{hqi% i qbmvb{nmbgqi ab On{gb`hb jih q{narthai bm {nhzn b zhg`ngàn Beb abohahr arvehon{ qiai mihgci vissríai vbeis {hznhs abeb Chqcb{qi% beb gïi qhgcn bsqnai hgqb{bssnai bm n{nmb% qrki% n{is% ir jiecn Ni hgzès% beb bsqnzn oigqbgqb zbgab{ vn{n qnhs oimvngchns i nài o{r b is abhn{ q{nknecb hsqi bm ~rne~rb{ ji{mn ~rb bebs ~rhsb{nm N`i{n% oim _ocpnk oimi i qbgbgqb v{hgohvne b onvnt abeb% beb vengbdir ah{h`h{ is hghmh`is abeb æ vn{bab 00 

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

+ Nsshm b{n hssi gn jnen ab Ocn{ebs M _ocpnk% i Mi{`ng zhr n {bsvisqn ni v{ikebmn abeb ab oimkhgnàïi Rmn oigjhngàn sbm On{gb`hb-`h`ngqbsoi abebs sb{hn gbgcrm ab oigjhngàn gnan% rm vrahm ab nmbhn% oimi ahssb rm bso{hqi{% sbm ns nmbhns N jnen ab + _ocpnk gn gihqb ab >; ab abtbmk{i ab >866% hgarkhqnzbembgqb ebzir n oigoersïi% bgq{bqngqi gïi i vbgci{ ~rb i bmv{bbgahmbgqi ab On{gb`hb znsqi viab{hn sb{ q{nthai abknhi ai Mi{`ng kn{{non Beb jneir ai jrqr{i mrgahne vn{n nài% ab {bi{`nghtnàïi vn{n bjhohägohn% ab bsvbohnehtnàïi% ai bsmn`n{ ab mihgcis mnesrobahais b oigobgq{nàïi ab bsji{ài gns v{iv{hbanabs jei{bsobgai% ab boigimhns gi i{b q{njh~rb% ab boigimhns bm bm ohmn b abvn{qnmbgqis namhghsq{nqhzis% ab onvqr{n{ mb{onais bsq{ng`bh{is + Mnhs ~rb ~rb% beb jneir vn{n is vh{nqns bgq{b bebs bm ~rb vòb is b{{is an vh{nqn{hn cnkhqrne abebs)abens Is v{ivÿshqis abebs)abens% beb abarthr% {rhm shai o{hn{  migivÿehis% v{bàis ab nrmbgqi% b vn`n vn{n bebs ahzhabgais `i{ais ab v{hzheè`hi _ocpnk oigabgir i shsqbmn an mngbh{n mnhs nmîzbe abeb I sci{qsh`cqbagbss ab qne rmn vieíqhon% beb oigqir i cbn{b{s abeb% sb abhqn gi jnqi ~rb {bsq{hg`hr i mb{onai vi{ rmn b{n ~rngai qrai oci{ir vn{n bvngsïi Vbochgocngai i orsqi ab nài% ahsorqhr beb% rm mb{onai sbmv{b-bvngahgai sb{hn o{hnai< mnhs rsn vn{n nài sb{hn hgzbgqnai% b rmn vi{àïi n`{naîzbe ai oimè{ohi mrgahne viab{hn sb{ onvqr{nan Ab jnqi% bgq{bqngqi beb gïi oigcbobr hsqi% _ocpnk b{n rm nvÿsqiei ab v{iaràïi ab mnssn miab{gn + Nsshm i dngqn{ ni Oerkb Rghzb{shqî{hi sb nonkir Mi{`ng jih vn{n onsn% vbgsn{ gns v{bahàòbs {ÿsbns ab 03

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

_ocpnk _ocpnk zieqir vn{n Vhqqskr{`c vn{n ah{h`h{ i gb`ÿohi ab nài vi{ fPbb fPbb Nga{n On{gb`hb% ' bg~rngqi i @n{x b i {bsqi zieqn{nm vn{n is {beÿ`his nohigî{his abebs)abens% qion{ zhiehgi ni {bai{ bm ngqbohvnàïi ai v{ÿhmi mizhmbgqi + Gïi b{n gbgcrmn zhgan eig`n Ebzir i Mi{`ng nv{ihmnanmbgqb rmn sbmngn vn{n ah`b{h{ i kng~rbqb ab {ntïi _ocpnk qhgcn oieionai ngqbs abeb ^rngai beb qhgcn sb nssb`r{nai ~rb gbgcrmn hgah`bsqïi jhgngobh{n b{n {bsreqn{% beb bgzhir vn{n _ocpnk-b nocir n~rbeb cimbm dizbm knsqngqb miabsqi _{ On{gb`hb% _ocpnk hgahoir% viab{hn gïi `isqn{ hsqi sb beb nocnssb ~rb i v{bshabgqb ab oimvngchn oigjhnai abeb qhgcn bsqnai vn~rb{ngai oim i Hmvb{nai{ ab Pnee _q{bbq% n [rn gn ~rne On{gb`hb grgon bsqnzn {bsiezhai ngan{ Bgqïi jih sr`b{hai vi{ Dicg P @nqbs i h{-bgq{b% ~rb sb _ocpnk fCnvvbgba ' bsqn{ gi Ciqbe ab Kbeebzrb gn Jhenaèejhn% D VÎ@ i Mi{`ng qnmkèm viab fCnvvbg ' bsqn{ eî Vi{èm% ~rngai _ocpnk ocb`ir ~rb i Mi{`ng b{n hgoigzbghbgqex aibgqb gn onsn ab Gizn Hi{~rb abeb% b nsshm% gi cimbm mnhs zbeci bsqî nvb{qngai oigzhqb% _ocpnk jih vn{n i Gizn Hi{~rb b sb nv{bsbgqir æ vi{qn an khkehiqbon ai jhgngobh{i + N`i{n ob{qis chsqi{hnai{bs boigñmhois v{ijbssn{nm n oigzhoàïi ~rb absab i v{hgoívhi vn{n i jhm ai a{nmn% n jnsb b{n jhn vi{ Nga{bp On{gb`hb-~rb i dngqn{ vn{n _ocpnk% n jnen jnmisn% i aimhg`i oigjb{ägohn giqr{gn bgq{b _ocpnk b i Ahgcbh{i i [bh% b{n bzbgqis i{`nghtnais vbei bsoioäs sn`nt N zb{anab è bnqnmbgqb i ivisqi ^rngai _ocpnk jih ocnmnai vn{n oigsrmn{ n q{ngsnàïi% beb jbt gbm mbsmi snhkn sb fQcb vb~rbgi ocbjb% ' oimi Nga{bp jih ocnmnai% zî 08 

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

qngqi oimi bsorqn rmn ijb{qn vn{n zbgab{% vn{qhoren{mbgqb vn{n rm `{rvi ab cimbgs ~rbm i Nga{bp oigshab{ir bsqngai aiqnai oim ne`i mbgis ~rb sngqhanab Mns _ocpnk ebzir gn oigjb{ägohn oim beb% gn v{ÿv{hn ebq{n abeb% sbhs jiecns ab jh`r{ns ab oik{bv{nqi% {bv{bsbgqngai æ mbgqb abeb i znei{ jíshoi b n onvnohanab ab sneî{hi viqbgohne ab qian oimvngchn ab nài beb oigshab{ir rmn bsq{ben bssbgohne gi jh{mnmbgqi ab mbqne gizi + ^rnq{i cimbgs oigshab{n{nm bsqns jh`r{ns qian n gihqb I ocbjb% oen{i ~rb% b{n i Mi{`ng% jh{mb gn oigzhoàïi abeb gi Ahzhgb [h`cq ab Ahgcbh{i Oim beb b{n i sÿohi n{hsqio{îqhoi abeb% [ikb{q Knoig% rm bsqrangqb b rm onznecbh{i I qb{ài b{n Dicg P @nqbs ~rbm i Mi{`ng absv{btir oimi rm di`nai{ b rsnai oimi rmn jb{{nmbgqn I ~rn{qi b{n _ocpnk ~rb sirkb mnhs sik{b is v{iobssis ab jntb{ b zbgab{ nài ~rb ~rne~rb{  `{rvi hgqbh{i ab cimbgs ~rb zhzbm bgqïi Ni eig`i an~rben oigjb{ägohn% ns jh`r{ns ai Vhqqskr{`cb{ b{nm grgon hgqb{{i`nans _b beb ahssbssb ~rb rmn oimvngchn znebr qngqi% bgqïi znebr qngqi b gbgcrm mnhs Qnmkèm% beb b{n hgshsqbgqb ni hgoerh{ gn oimkhgnàïi sÿ bssns v{biorvnàòbs beb gimbir Beb qhgcn oigobkhai rmn oi{vi{nàïi bm ~rne gïi cnzb{hn gbgcrmn arvehonàïi% gbm mbsmi snqhsjntb{ n `ngëgohn ab nmh`is ~rb ~rhsb{nm abson{{b`n{ ns oimvngchns abebs)abens gi Mi{`ng en{`i imk{is Nsshm beb imhqhr% nq{nzès ab absí`ghi% zî{his ns v{biorvnàòbs mnhi{bs gns ~rnhs ns Mi{sns b On{vhgqbh{is ab Pnee _q{bbq qhgcnm engànai iecis jnmhgqis + ^rngai nmngcbob{ zbhi% i Mi{`ng srkhr b bgah{bhqir n vn{qb ab q{îs abeb _ÿ rmn vb{`rgqn vb{mngbobr + fAi ~rb zioä vbgsn ~rb zioä viab vb{srnah{ Nga{bp On{gb`hb vn{n zbgab{9 ' beb vb{`rgqir 36

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

+ fH viab qbgqn{% ' ahssb _ocpnk + fHj zioä viab oigsb`rh{ ~rb beb zbgan% br bmv{bbgab{bh i nssrgqi% ' ahssb i Mi{`ng + Nqè n~rh qrai kbm Mns On{gb`hb zbgab{hnm9 ^rngqi bh`h{hn beb9 #_ocpnk vbgsir nv{ihmnanmbgqb !?;6%666%666( I ~rb ebzn{hn beb vn`nmbgqi abgq{i9 Oimrm ir v{bjb{hr nàòbs9 Enàis9 Ahgcbh{i zhzi9 Gbgcrm-oi{vi viab{hn bebzn{ rm qb{ài ab rm khecïi ab aÿen{bs bm ahgcbh{i zhzi Cnzhn rmn vn{qhan ab `iejb bm dngbh{i gi k{bdi oig`benàïi-{nocngai ai _q ~rb Nga{bps rgb bm Pbsqocbsqb{% oim Nga{bp bmvnoiqir vn{n ohmn bm srèqb{bs oigq{n i {bsj{hnai% b Ocn{ehb ~rb jnen zierkex% oimi sbmv{b% vn{n mngqb{ is bsví{hqis abeb Mns gbgcrmn vnenz{n ab gb`ÿohi jih mbgohignan nqè i vn{  sb sbgqir nknhi gi onei{ oigji{qîzbe an onkngn ab On{gb`hb ar{i vi{ Bgqïi% oim i mbsmi vb{srnshzbgbss ~rb qhgcn chvgiqhtnai ihqbgqn mhehigî{his ni Oerkb Rghzb{shqî{hi% _ocpnk absvbdir ns v{imbssns k{hecngai ab nvisbgqnai{hn bm oigji{qi% ab mhecòbs gïi oigqnais snqhsjntb{ is onv{hocis siohnhs ai cimbm zbeci On{gb`hb onvhqreir% bso{bzbr rmn jh`r{n bm rm absehtb ab vnvbe% abr hsqi n _ocpnk b ahssb% ah{bhqi ab fNee ~rb è i vn{n i ~rne gÿs zbgab{bmis ' + N jh`r{n b{n nv{ihmnanmbgqb !166%666%666% b jih neongànai ebzngai is !?;6%666%666 mbgohignais vi{  _ocpnk oimi rmn jh`r{n kîshon% b no{bsobgqngai n hsqi !36%666%666 {bv{bsbgqn{ i znei{ ab onvhqne nrmbgqnai ar{ngqb is aihs ngis v{èzhis + Abvihs% gn oikb{qn ab rm gnzhi ab ehgcn {b`ren{ ab q{ngs-Nqeëgqhoi% i bsoioäs ahssb {rbjreex n Mi{`ng% fH absbdnm ~rb br qhgcn ecb vbahai !>66%666%666 mnhs ' 3>

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

+ fHj ~rb zioä qhgcn vbahai hsqi% zioä qb{hn na~rh{hai hsqi% ' i Mi{`ng ecb oigqir ocbb{jreex $$ $ $ $ $ $ Cnzhn rm nezi{iài% oen{i ~rb Rm onkeba oi{{bsvigabgqb k{hqëghoi ~rb i mrgai ab nài bsq{ng`bh{i b{n fNvvneeba ' vben oimkhgnàïi `h`ngqbson V{bshabgqb Cnaebx% ab Xneb% aboen{ir ~rb n mbgis ~rb jissbm {b`renans oigjhngàns i {r{ne viab{hn bsvb{n{ i hmvb{nai{ ab fNg bm Pnschg`qig abgq{i ais v{ÿhmis zhgqb b ohgoi ngis ' Mns n~rbeb mnghvrenai{  nohigî{hi onvnt% Lbbgb% jih ni q{nkneci abeb ab bmvr{{n{ n nàïi gizn qïi zh`i{isnmbgqb ni vôkehoi ~rb qiai i bobssi ~rnsb î`rn- oneorenai vi{ ne`rgs n !:66%666%666-b{n nksi{zhai rm obgqbecngai Nsshm On{gb`hb qbzb is mhecòbs abeb% b i Mi{`ng shgahonqi qbzb !:;%666%666 vn{n qiais sbr fQ{irkeb% ' b qiai i fKixs% ' ab @nqbs vn{n @n{x% qbzb is mhecòbs abebs)abens $$ $ $ $ $ $ + I _ocpnk q{hgqn-ihqi-ngi-zbeci qbzb n {boimvbgsn abeb Beb jih jbhqi i v{bshabgqb an oi{vi{nàïi gizn b vb{mngbobr bm oigq{ieb nqè ns >8?6 + N chsqÿ{hn a{nmîqhon ab + Gb`ÿohi + @{ngab ~rb zioä cî viroi qb{mhgir% jih hgoeríai gbsqb ehz{i% vi{~rb è rmn hersq{nàïi vb{jbhqn ai mèqiai vbei ~rne AB_BDI viab _B[ Q[NG_MRANAI BM _BR JÍ_HOI B^RHZNEBGQB. Br hmn`hgi ne`rgs ebhqi{bs ~rbsqhign{ïi n aboen{nàïi gn ~rb rm mb{i% hgqng`ízbe AB_BDI viab sb{ oigzb{qhai sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb Hgarkhqnzbembgqb ne`rgs ah{ïi% + Zioä gïi viab oigzb{qb{ GNAN bm NE@I +. N {bsvisqn bsqî gn chsqÿ{hn ab Bsqnais Rghais Nài N~rben i{`nghtnàïi ab `h`ngqb jih o{hnan gn mbgqb ab rm cimbm I vengi vbei ~rne vn{n n 3;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

i{`nghtnàïi jih v{ivi{ohignan is mihgcis ab nài ~rb ab{nm hsqi bsqnkhehanab jhgngobh{n jih o{hnai gn mbgqb ai mbsmi cimbm N JÈ abeb% i AB_BDI abeb% n HMN@HGNÀÏI abeb% n VB[_H_QÄGOHN abeb sbdn is {bnhs hg`{bahbgqbs ~rb bgq{n{nm bm Nài ab Bsqnais Rghais Is mihgcis ab nài b b~rhvnmbgqi mboëghoi na~rh{hais vben oi{vi{nàïi% ABVIH_ ^RB qhgcn _HAI Q[NTHAI BM BSH_QÄGOHN EB@NE% b{n ngîehsb hgohabgqne% mns orhanaisn absoik{h{î i jnqi ~rb i znei{ nznehnai ans v{iv{hbanabs na~rh{hr vben oi{vi{nàïi nrmbgqnan bm znei{ vi{ rm oneoreir sbhsobgqis MHECÒB_ ab AßEN[B_% vben mb{n q{ngsnàïi ~rb is oigsiehair abknhi ab rmn namhghsq{nàïi Bm irq{i vnenz{n% Ocn{ebs M N HAÈHN ab _ocpnk% mnhs n JÈ oim ~rb beb on{{b`ir hsqi æs mbgqbs ab D VÎ@ i Mi{`ng b is irq{is% jih oimb{ohnehtnai vn{n rm ero{i ab nv{ihmnanmbgqb !:66%666%666 Gïi rmn simn hgsh`ghjhongqb vn{n rmn ôghon HAÈHN. I ~rb noigqbobr n ne`rgs ais cimbgs ~rb ebzn{nm n vn{qb abebs)abens ais mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs ab ero{i jbhqi vi{ bsqn q{ngsnàïi% è rmn ~rbsqïi oim ~rb gÿs gïi simis hgqb{bssnais n`i{n N on{noqb{ísqhon hmvi{qngqb an {bnehtnàïi bsvngqisn è ~rb sb{zb oimi bzhaägohn hg~rbsqhigîzbe ai sirgagbss an jheisijhn abso{hqn gbsqb ehz{i% vi{~rb bsqn jheisijhn b{n n r{ahar{n b i piij an q{ngsnàïi hgqbh{n Neèm ahssi% i v{nqhonkhehanab an jheisijhn jih bsqnkbebohai vbei jnqi ~rb is Bsqnais Rghais _qbbe ~rb Oi{vi{nàïi v{isvb{ir% b sb qi{gir rm ai mnhs {hoi b n mnhi{hn ans oi{vi{nàòbs viab{isns gn Nmè{hon% bmv{b`ngai mhecn{bs ans vbssins% absbgziezbgai rsis gizis vn{n nài% b nk{hgai 3?

ONVÍQREI ? - ZH_RNEHTNÀÏI AB JÈ 

mb{onais gizis< v{izngai nsshm ~rb ji{nm `ngcis is !:66%666%666 bm ero{i ~rb n HAÈHN ab _ocpnk v{iarthr [H^RBTN_ oimbànm gn ji{mn ab VBG_NMBGQI. N ~rngqhn sÿ bsqî ehmhqnan vben vbssin abgq{i ab ~rbm giqn i VBG_NMBGQI è visqi bm mizhmbgqi JÈ {bmizb ehmhqnàòbs. _b ebmk{b ahsqi ~rngai zioä bsqî v{igqi bsvb{n{ oim Zhan vi{ qrai ~rb ~rb è ~rb zioä vbab oimi sbr v{bài qbgai vnssnai absqb miai _b ebmk{b% qnmkèm% ~rb i cimbm ~rb o{hir is Bsqnais Rghais _qbbe Oi{vi{nàïi b{n v{nqhonmbgqb i absoigcbohai gn ionshïi Beb simbgqb b{n n sbqn-jbh{n + ab Cimbm ab Nga{bp On{gb`hb nqè ~rb beb abr æ ert n HAÈHN jnmisn abeb Abvihs ahssi beb srkhr abv{bssn n rmn vishàïi ab viab{% jnmn% b {h~rbtns GÏI CÎ GBGCRMN EHMHQNÀÏI Æ MBGQB BSOERN B__B_ ^RB Gß_ [BOIGCBOBMI_ VIK[BTN B [H^RBTN_ _ÏI N AB_OBGAÄGOHN AB VBG_NMBGQI

31

ONVÍQREI 1 - NRQI_R@B_QÏI I MÈAHI VI[ HGJERBGOHN[ N MBGQB _RKOIG_OHBGQB I Qb{obh{i Vnssi vn{n [h~rbtns NRQI-_R@B_QÏI è rm qb{mi ~rb nvehon n qians ns sr`bsqòbs b qrai b`i-namhghsq{n{nm bsqímreis ~rb eionehtnm n mbgqb an vbssin vbeis ohgoi sbgqhais Aboen{nai ab irq{i miai% nrqi-sr`bsqïi è b`isr`bsqïi È n n`ägohn ab oimrghonàïi bgq{b n~rben vn{qb an mbgqb igab vbgsnmbgqi oigsohbgqb noigqbob% b ~rb ~rb sb{zb oimi i nssbgqi ab nàïi vn{n n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Vbeis vbgsnmbgqis aimhgngai ~rne vb{mhqb vb{mngbob{ gn mbgqb oigsohbgqb% #sb bsqbs vbgsnmbgqis sïi gb`nqhzis ir vishqhzis% è hmnqb{hne(% i v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi neongàn n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb b hgjerägohns ziergqn{hnmbgqb hsqi oim bsqbs vbgsnmbgqis GBGCRM VBG_NMBGQI% sb è gb`nqhzi ir vishqhzi% viab ZH[ n N MBGQB _RKOIG_OHBGQB _BM N NDRAN AI V[HGOÍVHI AB NRQI-_R@B_QÏI% oim n bobàïi ab vbgsnmbgqis nvngcnan ai èqb{ Aboen{nai ahjb{bgqbmbgqb% qians ns hmv{bssòbs ab sbgsi ~rb sïi vb{obkhans vbeis ohgoi sbgqhais% è vn{nai vben mbgqb ab vbgsnmbgqi OIG_OHBGQB% b ir viab sb{ vnssnai bm vn{n n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% ir {bdbhqir% æ zigqnab Bgqïi% n jnoreanab oigsohbgqb sb{zb oimi rm bqb{hi{`rn{an æ nv{ihmnàïi ai srkoigsohbgqb

ONVÍQREI 1 - NRQI-_R@B_QÏI

Gnqr{btn oigsq{rhr i cimbm nsshm ~rb beb qbm OIGQ[IEB NK_IERQI bm ohmn ai mnqb{hne ~rb eionehtn n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb abeb% vbeis ohgoi sbgqhais abeb% bmki{n hsqi gïi è sh`ghjhonai sb{ hgqb{v{bqnai oimi rmn aboen{nàïi ~rb i cimbm sbmv{b BSB[OHQN bsqb oigq{ieb Gn `{ngab mnhi{hn ab bbmveis% beb gïi bb{ohqn hsqi ~rb bvehon vi{ ~rb qngqis vbssins bgq{nm vi{ zhan bm vik{btn [boi{ab i ~rb jih ahqi sik{b n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ~rb sb nssbmbecn n rmn mngocn ab dn{ahm jè{qhe gn ~rne b{zns anghgcns o{bsob{ïi bm nkrgaëgohn% sb ns sbmbgqbs ab oiecbhqns mnhs absbdîzbhs gïi sïi qcb{bhg ab sipg NRQI-_R@B_QÏI è n n`ägohn ab oigq{ieb vbei ~rne rm hgahzíari viab nehmbgqn{ n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb abeb ziergqn{hnmbgqb bm vbgsnmbgqis ab rmn gnqr{btn o{hnqhzn% ir% nq{nzès ab gb`eh`ägohn% vbgsnmbgqis ab ehobgàn ab rmn gnqr{btn absq{rqhzn vn{n nocn{ i miai abebs)abens gbsqb dn{ahm {hoi an mbgqb Zioä jih hgsq{ríai% gi ôeqhmi ais sbhs vnssis abso{hqi gi onvíqrei bm Absbdi% eb{ BM ZIT NEQN arns zbtbs ahn{hnmbgqb n aboen{nàïi B_O[HQN ab sbr AB_BDI VN[N AHGCBH[I% b ZB[ B DÎ _B _BGQH[ bm vissb ai ahgcbh{i. _b`rhgai bsqns hgsq{ràòbs% zioä oimrghon i ikdbqi ab sbr AB_BDI ah{bqnmbgqb n srn mbgqb _RKOIG_OHBGQB bm rm bsví{hqi ab JÈ nksierqn Vi{ {bvbqhàïi absqb v{iobahmbgqi% zioä o{hn cîkhqis ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb sïi jnzi{îzbe n sbrs bsji{àis vn{n q{ngsmran{ absbdi bm ziergqn{hnmbgqb sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb Zieqb vn{n bsqbs sbhs vnssis abso{hqis bm onvíqrei aihs% b is% mrhqi orhanaisnmbgqb% ebhn giznmbgqb ngqbs ab zioä v{iobabssb mnhs nahngqb Bgqïi #~rngai zioä zbm n hsqi(% ebhn ns ~rnq{i hgsq{ràòbs mrhqi 3:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

orhanaisnmbgqb vn{n n i{`nghtnàïi ab sbr + `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b% abso{hqn gi onvíqrei bm Vengbdnmbgqi I{`nghtnai Oimvn{ngai bsqbs aihs  di`is ab hgsq{ràòbs oim i ~rb jih aboen{nai bm nrqisr`bsqïi% zb{î zioä% oen{i ~rb% ~rb ns hgsq{ràòbs bgziezbm n nvehonàïi ai v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi Bgqïi% sb ebmk{n ni eb{ n aboen{nàïi ab sbr absbdi bm zit neqn #vi{ ~rne zioä bsqî bmv{bbgabgai vn{n absbgziezb{ rm + ahgcbh{i oigsohägohn +(% ~rb n mb{n ebhqr{n ans vnenz{ns è ab GBGCRM OIG_B^ÕÄGOHN-N MBGI_ ^RB zioä mhsqr{b bmiàïi% ir sbgqhgai oim srns vnenz{ns _b zioä {bvbqb rm mhecïi ab zbtbs i Bmhe jnmisi jÿ{mren ab Oirè% + ahn n ahn% ~rb bm qiais is sbgqhais% br bsqir mbeci{ngai% + sbm mhsqr{n{ bmiàïi b JÈ oim srns vnenz{ns% zioä gïi bvb{hmbgqn{î gbgcrm {bsreqnai absbdîzbe _rn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb {boigcbob b n`b bm _ß vbgsnmbgqis ~rb bsqhzb{nm kbm-mhsqr{nai oim bmiàïi ir sbgqhgai Bsqb è rm jnqi ab qne hmvi{qëgohn sik{b {bvbqhàïi ab nrqi{htnàïi bm v{nqhonmbgqb qiai onvíqrei% vi{~rb n jneqn ab bgqbgab{ ahsqi è n {ntïi v{hgohvne n mnhi{hn ans vbssins ~rb qbgqnm nvehon{ i v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi gïi na~rh{n gbgcrm {bsreqnai absbdîzbe Vnenz{ns oen{ns% gïi bmiqhzns gïi hgjerbgohnm n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Zioä gïi na~rh{h{î gbgcrm {bsreqnai nv{bohîzbe nqè ~rb zioä nv{bgab eionehtn{ srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb oim vbgsnmbgqis% ir jnenai vnenz{ns ~rb ji{nm kbm bmiqhignehtba oim OIGZHOÀÏI Gïi è absbgoi{ndnai% sb zioä gïi viab oigq{ien{ b viab ah{h`h{ srns bmiàòbs n v{hmbh{n zbt ~rb zioä qbgqn jntb{ nsshm _b ebmk{b% gïi cî gbgcrmn qne visshkhehanab oimi NE@I VN[N GNAN Cnkhehanab vn{n neongàn{% b

ONVÍQREI 1 - NRQI-_R@B_QÏI

hgjerbgohn srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb qbm sbr v{bài% b zioä qbm ^RB VN@N[ N^RBEB V[BÀI Zioä gïi viab bg`ngn{% nqè mbsmi sb zioä absbdn jntb{ nsshm I v{bài ab cnkhehanab vn{n hgjerbgohn{ srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb è VB[_H_QÄGOHN vb{vèqrn nvehongai is v{hgoívhis abso{hqis n~rh Zioä gïi viab absbgziezb{ n cnkhehanab absbdnan vn{n rm mnhs knhi v{bài Zioä% b ZIOÄ _ß% qbm ~rb abohah{ sb ir gïi n {boimvbgsn vn{n n ~rne zioä bsqî sb bsji{àngai #i + ahgcbh{i oigsohägohn +(% zneb i v{bài ~rb zioä qbm ~rb vn`n{  vi{ hsqi bm bsji{ài _nkbai{hn b + hgqbeh`ägohn + sÿ% gïi nq{nh{î b {bqb{î ahgcbh{i boern bm ne`rgs bbmveis mrhqi {n{is igab n ebh ab jnzi{bs ab mèahns n nq{nàïi ab ahgcbh{i vi{ bsqns jigqbs I mèqiai ab nq{nh{ ahgcbh{i abso{bzbr n~rh% gïi abvbgan an ebh ab mèahns Neèm ahssi% i mèqiai gïi  di`n gbgcrm jnzi{hqi Q{nknecn{î Q{nknecn{î vn{n rmn vbssin qïi bjbqhznmbgqb ~rngqi znh vn{n irq{i Igab j{nonssi è bvb{hbgqb% è i hgahzíari% gïi i mèqiai ~rb jnecir _b zioä qbgqn b jnecn% jnàn irq{i bsji{ài% b nhgan irq{i% nqè ~rb zioä qbm srobssi _rn cnkhehanab vn{n rsn{ i v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi abvbgab{î% mrhqi bm `{ngab vn{qb% bm srn onvnohanab vn{n OIGOBGQ[N[ bm rm abqb{mhgnai AB_BDI nqè n~rbeb absbdi sb qi{gn rmn IK_B__ÏI N[ABGQB ^rngai zioä oimbàn n ebzn{ n onki ns hgsq{ràòbs oim {benàïi nis sbhs vnssis abso{bzbr gi sb`rgai onvíqrei% sb{î gbobssî{hi zioä jntb{ rsi ai v{hgoívhi ab OIGOBGQ[NÀÏI Gis abhb n~rh ijb{bàn sr`bsqòbs vn{n i rsi bjbqhzi ab oigobgq{nàïi ^rngai zioä oimbàn n ebzn{ n onki i 33

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

v{hmbh{i ais sbhs vnssis ~rb bgshgnm ~rb zioä jhb bm srn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb n ~rngqhn BSNQN ab ahgcbh{i zioä absbdi + sb`r{b sbrs vbgsnmbgqis gn~rben ~rngqhn ab ahgcbh{i nq{nzès ab OIGOBGQ[NÀÏI% ir jhnàïi ab nqbgàïi% oim sbrs iecis jbocnais% nqè ~rb zioä viab ZB[ i nvn{bohmbgqi jíshoi ai ahgcbh{i AB JNQI Jnàn vbei mbgis rmn zbt hsqi onan ahn Oimi zioä vnssb vi{ bsqbs bb{oíohis% sh`n ns hgsq{ràòbs obahans i onvíqrei bm JÈ% b i zbdn ab jnqi bm vissb ab I AHGCBH[I. N~rh è rm mnhs sh`ghjhongqb jnqi-n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ebzn ~rne~rb{ i{abm anan hsqi bm rm bsví{hqi ab JÈ nksierqn% b nqis gbssns i{abgs% bmki{n ns i{abgs qäm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ~rb sb{ nv{bsbgqnans hgômb{ns zbtbs% vi{ {bvbqhàïi% ngqbs ab bebs jissbm hgqb{v{bqnais vben mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb _b`rhgai n aboen{nàïi v{bobabgai% oigshab{b n visshkhehanab ab v{b`n{ rmn vbàn + vb{jbhqnmbgqb eb`íqhmn + bm srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% jntbgai hsqi no{bahqb% vi{~rb zioä no{bahqn hsqi% ~rb zioä qbm ~rb qb{ n ~rngqhn ab ahgcbh{i ~rb zioä bsqî zhsrnehtngai% ~rb bsqb ahgcbh{i dî bsqî bsvb{ngai srn {bhzhgahonàïi ~rb n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb qbm ~rb bgq{b`n{ vn{n zioä vengis v{îqhois vi{ na~rh{h{ i ahgcbh{i ~rb è sbr Bgq{b`rb i vbgsnmbgqi sr`b{hai gi vn{î`{nji v{bobabgai n srn HMN@HGNÀÏI% b zbdn i ~rb srn hmn`hgnàïi viab% ir jn{î% o{hn{ vengis v{îqhois vn{n n normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i vi{ q{ngsmrqnàïi ab sbr absbdi Gïi B_VB[B vi{ rm vengi abjhghai vbei ~rne zioä v{bqbgab q{ion{ sb{zhàis ir oimb{ohn{ bm q{ion ai ahgcbh{i zioä bsqî zhsrnehtngai% mns oimbàn n sb zb{  bm vissb ai ahgcbh{i hmbahnqnmbgqb% bg~rngqi BSH@HGAI b B_VB[NGAI bg~rngqi hssi% ~rb srn mbgqb

ONVÍQREI 1 - NRQI-_R@B_QÏI

srkoigsohbgqb bgq{b`n{î i vengi% ir vengis ais ~rb zioä v{bohsn Bsqbdn gi neb{qn vn{n bsqbs vengis% b ~rngai bebs sb nvn{bobm% is oiei~rb HMBAHNQNMBGQB bm NÀÏI ^rngai is vengis sb nvn{bob{bm% bebs v{iznzbembgqb + jenmbdn{ïi + bm srn mbgqb vbei sbqi sbgqhai% gn ji{mn ab rmn + hgsvh{nàïi + Bsqn hgsvh{nàïi viab sb{ oigshab{nan rm qbeb`{nmn ah{bqi +% + ir mbgsn`bm ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn Q{nqb oim {bsvbhqi% b ndn ghsqi nsshm ~rb zioä {bobkn hsqi J{nonssi vn{n jntb{  hsqi sb{î JNQ JNQNE n sbr srobssi s robssi Gi ~rn{qi ais sbhs vnssis% ecb bgshgn{nm vn{n O{hn{ rm vengi abjhghai vi{ ebzn{ n onki sbr absbdi% b oimbàn n oieion{ bsqb vengi bm nàïi + hmbahnqnmbgqb Zioä abzb{hn sb`rh{ bsqn hgsq{ràïi an mngbh{n abso{hqn gi vn{î`{nji v{bobabgai Gïi oigjhb n srn + {ntïi ni o{hn{ sbr vengi vi{ normren{ ahgcbh{i vben q{ngsmrqnàïi ab absbdi _rn {ntïi bsqî abjbhqrisn Neèm ahssi% srn jnoreanab ab {nohioíghi viab bsqn{ v{b`rhàisn% b% sb zioä abvbgab{ ahsqi oimvebqnmbgqb vn{n i sb{zh{% viab i absnvigqn{ ^rngai zhsrnehtngai i ahgcbh{i zioä v{bqbgabm normren{% #oim iecis jbocnais(% i zbdn jntbgai i sb{zhài% ir bgq{b`ngai n mb{onai{hn zioä v{bqbgabm an{ bm q{ion absqb ahgcbh{i Hsqi è hmvi{qngqb. [B_RMI AB HG_Q[RÀÒB_ I jnqi ~rb zioä bsqî ebgai ~rb bsqb ehz{i è rmn hgahonàïi ~rb zioä bn{gbsqex krsonm oigcbohmbgqi Qnmkèm è rmn hgahonàïi ~rb zioä è rm bsqrangqb absqb nssrgqi _b zioä ji{ sÿ rm bsqrangqb% cî rmn ocngob ~rb zioä viab nv{bgab{ mrhqi ~rb zioä gïi sirkb% mns zioä sÿ nv{bgab{î nssrmhgai rmn nqhqrab ab crmheanab _b zioä bsoiecb sb`rh{ ne`rmns ans 86

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

hgsq{ràòbs mns gb`eh`bgohn{% ir {borsn irq{is-i sb`rh{  jnecn{î. Na~rh{h{ {bsreqnais snqhsjnqÿ{his% zioä qbm ~rb sb`rh{ QIAN_ ns hgsq{ràòbs bm rm bsví{hqi ab JÈ _b{ïi {bsrmhans ns hgsq{ràòbs anans oim {benàïi nis sbhs vnssis gi sb`rgai onvíqrei n`i{n% b mhsqr{nai oim is v{hgoívhis oikb{qis vi{ bsqb onvíqrei% oimi sb`rb4 V{hmbh{i Bgq{b bm ne`rmn mngocn ~rhbqn #v{bjb{hzbembgqb bm onmn æ gihqb( igab zioä gïi sb{î vb{qr{knai ir srsvbgsi% jbocb sbrs iecis% b {bvhqn bm zit neqn% #nsshm zioä viab irzh{ srns v{ÿv{hns vnenz{ns( n aboen{nàïi bso{hqn an ~rngqhn ab ahgcbh{i zioä v{bqbgab normren{% i v{nti vn{n srn normrenàïi% b rmn abso{hàïi ai sb{zhài ir oimb{ohn zioä v{bqbgab an{ bm q{ion ai ahgcbh{i Oimi zioä ebzb n onki bsqns hgsq{ràòbs% DÎ I ZBDN bm vissb ab I AHGCBH[I Vi{ bbmvei4 -srvòb ~rb zioä v{bqbgab normren{  !26%666 vbei v{hmbh{i ab dngbh{i% ohgoi ngis oigsb~õbgqbmbgqb% ~rb zioä v{bqbgab an{ sb{zhàis vbssinhs bm q{ion ai ahgcbh{i% gn ~rnehanab ab rm zbgabai{ _rn aboen{nàïi bso{hqn ab sbr v{ivÿshqi abzb{hn sb{ sbmbecngqb ni sb`rhgqb4 + Ngqbs ai v{hmbh{i ahn ab dngbh{i% >8% br qb{bh bm mhgcn vissb !26%666 ~rb bgq{n{î ab zbt bm ~rngai n mhm bm zî{hns ~rngqhns ar{ngqb i ígqb{hm + Bm q{ion absqb ahgcbh{i br an{bh i sb{zhài mnhs bjhohbgqb ai ~rne br sir onvnt% bg~rngqi jntbgai n vissízbe ~rngqhanab mnhs ocbhn% b n mbeci{ vissízbe ~rnehanab ab sb{zhài gn ~rnehanab ab zbgabai{ ab #abso{bzn i sb{zhài ir oimb{ohb zioä v{bqbgab zbgab{(

ONVÍQREI 1 - NRQI-_R@B_QÏI

+ Br no{bahqi ~rb br qb{bh bsqb ahgcbh{i bm mhgcn vissb Mhgcn jè è qïi ji{qb ~rb br vissi zb{ bsqb ahgcbh{i n`i{n ngqbs ab mbrs iecis Br vissi qion{ hsqi oim mhgcns mïis Bsqî bsvb{ngai n`i{n gn ionshïi q{ngsjb{ägohn n mhm% b gn v{ivi{àïi ~rb br bgq{b`i i sb{zhài ~rb br v{bqbgai jntb{ bm q{ion ahsqi Br bsqir bsvb{ngai rm vengi vi{ ~rne normren{ bsqb ahgcbh{i% b br sb`rh{bh n~rbeb vengi% ~rngai è {bobkhai + _b`rgai [bvhqn bsqn gihqb ab v{i`{nmn b mngcï nqè ~rb zioä viab zb{% #bm srn hmn`hgnàïi( i ahgcbh{i ~rb zioä v{bqbgab normren{ Qb{ài Oiei~rb rmn oÿvhn bso{hqn ab srn aboen{nàïi igab zioä viab zb{ hsqi gihqb b mngcï% b ebhn ei`i ngqbs sb nvisbgqngai% b ni sr{`h{ nqè ~rb jih mbmi{htnai _b ebmk{b% oimi zioä ebzn n onki bsqns hgsq{ràòbs% ~rb zioä bsqî nvehongai i v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi% oim n jhgnehanab ab an{ i{abgs n srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb _b ebmk{b% qnmkèm% ~rb srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb _ß n`h{î bm hgsq{ràòbs ~rb sïi bmiqhignehtba% b bgq{b`ir vn{n hsqi oim + sbgqh{ + JÈ è i mnhs ji{qb% b mnhs v{iarqhzi ans bmiàòbs _h`n ns hgsq{ràòbs obahans i onvíqrei bm JÈ Bsqns hgsq{ràòbs viabm% gi v{hgoívhi% vn{bàn nksq{nqi Gïi abhb hsqi i vb{qr{kn{ _h`n ns hgsq{ràòbs% gïi hmvi{qn oimi nksq{nqi ir gïi v{îqhoi bebs viabm% gi v{hgoívhi% vn{bàn sb{ I qbmvi zh{î ei`i% sb zioä jnt oimi zioä jih hgsq{ríai% bm bsví{hqi oimi qnmkèm bm nqi% ~rngai rm rghzb{si gizi hgqbh{i ab viab{  absaik{n{î n zioä Obvqhohsmi% oim {benàïi n QIAN_ ns haèhns gizns% è on{noqb{ísqhoi ab qiais is sb{bs crmngis Mns sb zioä 8;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

sb`rh{ ns hgsq{ràòbs bskiànans% sbr obvqhohsmi sb{î srksqhqríai ei`i nq{nzès ab oigzhoàïi% b hsqi% bm q{ion% sb{î o{hsqnehtnai ei`i bm JÈ NK_IERQN Bgqïi zioä qb{î ocb`nai ni vigqi igab zioä zb{anabh{nmbgqb viab ahtb{% + br sir i mbsq{b ab mbr absqhgi% br sir i onvhqïi ab mhgcn nemn +. Mrhqis jheÿsijis jhtb{nm n aboen{nàïi% ~rb i cimbm è i mbsq{b ai v{ÿv{hi absqhgi qb{{bsq{b abeb% mns n mnhi{hn abebs gïi qbm ahqi vi{ ~rb beb è i mbsq{b N {ntïi ~rb i cimbm viab sb{ i mbsq{b ai v{ÿv{hi bsqnai qb{{bsq{b abeb% b bsvbohnembgqb i bsqnai jhgngobh{i abeb% è bvehonai oimvebqnmbgqb gbsqb onvíqrei Cimbm viab sb qi{gn{ i mbsq{b abeb% b ai nmkhbgqb abeb% vi{~rb beb qbm i VIAB[ vn{n HGJERBGOHN[ n V[ßV[HN MBGQB _RKOIG_OHBGQB abeb% b vi{ hsqi% `ngcb n oiivb{nàïi ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn Zioä bsqî ebgai i onvíqrei ~rb {bv{bsbgqn n vba{n ng`ren{ ni n{oi absqn jheisijhn n`i{n Abzbm sb{  bgqbgahans ns hgsq{ràòbs oigqhans gbsqb onvíqrei b NVEHONAI OIM VB[_H_QÄGOHN% sb zioä qbm srobssi q{ngsmrangai absbdi bm ahgcbh{i I absbmvbgci nqrne ab q{ngsmran{ AB_BDI bm ahgcbh{i% bgziezb i rsi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi oimi rmn n`ägohn vi{ ~rne viab neongàn{% b hgjerbgohn% n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Is irq{is v{hgoívhis shmvebsmbgqb sïi jb{{nmbgqns oim ~rb nvehon{ nrqi- sr`bsqïi Mngqbgcn hsqi vbgsnai bm mbgqb% b zioä zî% n qian ci{n% bsqbdn oigsohbgqb an vn{qb hmvi{qngqb i v{hgoívhi ab nrqisr`bsqïi è di`n{ bm sbrs bsji{àis vn{n normren{  ahgcbh{i vbeis mèqiais abso{hqi gbsqb ehz{i Ebzb n onki bsqns hgsq{ràòbs oimi sb zioä b{n rmn o{hngàn vb~rbgn

ONVÍQREI 1 - NRQI-_R@B_QÏI

Hgdbqb bm sbrs bsji{àis ne`i an JÈ ab rmn o{hngàn I nrqi{ jih mrhqi orhanaisi% zb{ ~rb gbgcrmn hgsq{ràïi gïi v{îqhoi jih hgoerían% vi{ onrsn ai absbdi shgob{i abeb vn{n sb{ ôqhe Abvihs ~rb zioä ebssb i ehz{i hgqbh{i% zieqir n bsqb onvíqrei% b sb`rhr bm bsví{hqi% b bm nàïi% bsqn hgsq{ràïi4 EBHN BM ZIT NEQN NEQN RMN ZBT I ONVÍQREI HGQBH[I H GQBH[I QIAN_ QIAN _ N_ GIHQB_% NQÈ ^RB ECB OIGZBGOBM OIMVEBQNMBGQB ^RB I V[HGOÍVHI AB NRQI-_R@B_QÏI B_QÎ _ÏI% ^RB [BNEHTN[Î VN[N ZIOÄ ^RB QRAI N^RHEI JIH [BHZHGAHONAI VN[N H_QI OIMI ZIOÄ EBHN% _RKEHGCB OIM RM EÎVH_ QIAN I[NÀÏI ^RB I HMV[B__HIGN HMV[B__H IGN JNZI[N JNZI[NZBEMBGQB ZBEMBGQB _h`n n hgsq{ràïi v{bobabgqb æ on{qn% b nk{n i miai vn{n rmn oimv{bbgsïi oimvebqn% b aimíghi ais v{hgoívhis ab srobssi

81

ONVÍQREI 2 OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_  VB__INH_ IR  IK_B[ZNÀÒB_  I ^RN[QI VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ Cî aihs qhvis ab oigcbohmbgqi N vbssin è `b{ne% i irq{i è bsvbohnehtnai Oigcbohmbgqi `b{ne% gïi hmvi{qn oimi `{ngab bm ~rngqhanab ir zn{hbanab viab bsqn{% è ab mns vb~rbgi rsi gn normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i Ns jnoreanabs ans `{ngabs rghzb{shanabs vissrbm% gi n`{b`nai% v{nqhonmbgqb qian ji{mn ab oigcbohmbgqi `b{ne oigcbohan n ohzhehtnàïi N mnhi{hn ais v{ijbssi{bs qbm mns vb~rbgi ir gbgcrm ahgcbh{i Bebs bsvbohnehtnm bm oigcbohmbgqi vban`ÿ`hoi% mns bebs gïi bsvbohnehtnm gn i{`nghtnàïi% ir i rsi ab oigcbohmbgqi

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

OIGCBOHMBGQI gïi nq{nh{î ahgcbh{i% n mbgis ~rb sbdn i{`nghtnai% b hgqbeh`bgqbmbgqb ah{h`h{î% vi{ VENGI_ v{îqhois AB NÀÏI% vn{n i JHM ABJHGHAI ab normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i Jneqn ab bgqbgab{ absqb jnqi jih n jigqb ab oigjrsïi n mhecòbs ans vbssins ~rb jnesnmbgqb no{bahqnm ~rb + oigcbohmbgqi è viab{ + Gïi è gnan ai qhvi. Oigcbohmbgqi è sÿ viab{ viqbgohne _b qi{gn sÿ aä viab{ n ~rngai% b sb% è i{`nghtnai bm vengis abjhghais ab nàïi% b ah{h`hr n rm jhm abjhghai Bsqb + bei + bm qiais is shsqbmns ab baronàïi oigcbohais n ohzhehtnàïi cidb% viab sb{ nocnai gi j{nonssi ab hgsqhqrhàòbs baronohignhs vn{n bgshgn{ is bsqrangqbs abebs)abens OIMI I[@NGHTN[ B R_N[ OIGCBOHMBGQI ABVIH_ ^RB BEB_ NA^RH[NM H_QI Mrhqns vbssins oimbqbm i b{{i ab nssrmh{ ~rb% vi{~rb n Cbg{x Ji{a qbzb mns vb~rbgn + hgsq{ràïi% + beb gïi è rm cimbm ab + baronàïi + Bssbs ~rb oimbqbm bsqb b{{i gïi oigcbobm n Cbg{x Ji{a% gbm bebs bgqbgabm i {bne sh`ghjhonai an vnenz{n + bar~rb + N~rben vnenz{n è ab{hznan ai vnenz{n + baroi enqhgi% bg~rngqi + sh`ghjhongai n barob% qh{n{% AB_BGZIEZB[ ab abgq{i Rm cimbm baronai gïi è% gbobssn{hnmbgqb% rm ~rb qbm rmn nkrgaëgohn ab `bgb{ne ir oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai Rm cimbm baronai è rm ~rb absbgziezbr ns jnoreanabs an mbgqb abeb nsshm ~rb beb viab na~rh{h{ ~rne~rb{ oihsn ~rb beb ~rb{% ir sbr b~rhznebgqb% sbm zhien{ is ah{bhqis ab irq{is Cbg{x Ji{a zbm kbm abgq{i ai sh`ghjhonai absqn abjhghàïi Ar{ngqb n `rb{{n mrgahne% rm di{gne ab Ochon`i vrkehoir ob{qis bahqi{hnhs bm ~rne% bgq{b irq{ns aboen{nàòbs% Cbg{x Ji{a jih ocnmnan + rmn vnohjhsqn + h`gi{ngqb _{ Ji{a oigqbsqir æs aboen{nàòbs% b q{irb 8:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

qb{gi oigq{n i vnvbe vbei onerghn{ ^rngai i qb{gi b{n bvb{hmbgqnai gis Q{hkrgnhs% is nazi`nais vn{n n  drsqhjhonàïi ab vebnaba ab vnvbe% b oieioir _{ _{ Ji{a% beb% gi visqi ab qbsqbmrgcn% oim n jhgnehanab ab v{izn{ ni dô{h ~rb beb b{n h`gi{ngqb Is nazi`nais vb{`rgqn{nm vn{n _{ Ji{a rmn `{ngab zn{hbanab ab vb{`rgqns% qiais bebs v{bqbgab{nm v{izn{% vben v{ÿv{hn bzhaägohn abeb ~rb% bg~rngqi beb viab{hn vissrh{  oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai oigshab{îzbe ~rb vb{qbgob i jnk{h~rb ab nrqimÿzbhs% beb b{n% gi v{hgohvne% h`gi{ngqb _{ Ji{a jih mnghvrenan oim qne ~rbsqhign oimi i sb`rhgqb4 + ^rbm b{n Kbgbahoq N{giea +9 b + ~rngqis sieanais jhtb{nm i k{hqëghoi bgzhb bm ohmn ab vn{n n Nmè{hon ab{{rkn{ n [bkbehïi ab >00: +9 Bm {bsvisqn vn{n n ôeqhmn vb{`rgqn% {bsvigabr _{ Ji{a% + br gïi sbh i gômb{i bnqi ab sieanais i k{hqëghoi bgzhir bm ohmn ab% mns br irzh ~rb b{n rm gômb{i oigshab{nzbembgqb mnhi{ ~rb sbmv{b zieqir Jhgnembgqb% _{ Ji{a sb ongsir absqn ehgcn ab ~rbsqhign{% b bm {bsvisqn vn{n rmn vb{`rgqn vn{qhoren{mbgqb ijbgshzn% sb hgoehgir beb% vigqrai i abai abeb ni nazi`nai ~rb qhgcn jbhqi n vb{`rgqn% b ahssb% + _b br {bnembgqb abzb{hn ^RB[B[ {bsvigab{ n vb{`rgqn qien ~rb zioä cî viroi vb{`rgqir% ir ~rnhs~rb{ ans irq{ns vb{`rgqns ~rb zioä qbm mb vb{`rgqnai% mb abhir i ebmk{n{ ~rb br qbgci rmn jhen ab bmvr{{n{-kiqòbs beèq{hois bm mhgcn bso{hznghgcn% b bmvr{{ngai i kiqïi ob{qi% br vissi ocnmn{ n mbrs cimbgs ab ndran ~rb viabm {bsvigab{ ^RNE^RB[ vb{`rgqn ~rb br absbdi vb{`rgqn{ {benqhzi ni gb`ÿohi vn{n i ~rne br bsqir abahongai n mnhi{hn ab mbrs bsji{àis N`i{n% zioä mb 80 

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

jnen{î nmnzbembgqb% VI[ ^RB br abzb{hn nq{nzngon{  vn{n ohmn mhgcn mbgqb oim oigcbohmbgqi `b{ne% oim n jhgnehanab ab viab{ {bsvigab{ vb{`rgqns% ~rb ~rngai br qbgci is cimbgs ni {bai{ ab mhm ~rbm viab v{izb{  ~rne~rb{ oigcbohmbgqi ~rb br {b~rbh{i +9 Ob{qnmbgqb cnzhn eÿ`hon kin æ~rben {bsvisqn N~rben {bsvisqn vnzhmbgqir n nazi`nan Qian vbssin gn snen ab q{hkrgne vb{obkhan b{n n {bsvisqn% gïi ab rm cimbm h`gi{ngqb% mns ab rm cimbm ab BARONÀÏI ^rne~rb{ cimbm è baronai ~rb snkb igab na~rh{h{  oigcbohmbgqi ~rngai beb v{bohsn hsqi% b oimi i{`nghtn{ n~rbeb oigcbohmbgqi bm vengis abjhghais ab nàïi Vben ndran ai `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b abeb% Cbg{x Ji{a qbzb ni oimngai abeb qiai i oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai ~rb beb v{bohsir i vb{mhqh{  n sb qi{gn{ rm ais cimbgs mnhs {hois gn Nmè{hon Gïi b{n bssbgohne ~rb beb qbm bsqb oigcbohmbgqi gn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb abeb _b`r{nmbgqb gbgcrmn vbssin ~rb qbm hgoehgnàïi srjhohbgqb b hgqbeh`ägohn vn{n eb{ rm ehz{i absqn gnqr{btn viab vb{ab{ n sh`ghjhonàïi absqn hersq{nàïi visshzbembgqb Ngqbs ab zioä vrabssb bsqn{ sb`r{i ab srn cnkhehanab vn{n q{ngsmran{ AB_BDI bm sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb% zioä {b~rb{b{î OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI ai sb{zhài% mb{onai{hn% ir v{ijhssïi ~rb zioä v{bqbgab ijb{bob{ bm q{ion ab ji{qrgn Qnezbt zioä viab v{bohsn{  ab oigcbohmbgqi mrhqi mnhs bsvbohnehtnai ~rb zioä qbm n cnkhehanab ir n hgoehgnàïi vn{n na~rh{h{% b sb hsqi abzb{hn sb{ zb{anab% zioä viab nq{nzbssn{ srn j{n~rbtn vben ndran ab sbr + `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b Nga{bp On{gb`hb aboen{ir ~rb beb% vbssinembgqb% gïi sirkb gnan sik{b i jhm qèoghoi ai gb`ÿohi ab nài< neèm ahssi% beb gïi sb v{biorvir snkb{ ~rne~rb{ oihsn 83

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

sik{b hsqi vn{qhoren{mbgqb I oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai vn{n i ~rne beb {b~rb{br i jnk{h~rb b oimb{ohnehtngai ab nài% beb nocir ahsvigízbe vbens rghanabs hgahzharnhs ai MB_Q[B @[RVI ab MBGQB abeb N normrenàïi ab `{ngabs ocnmnans ab ji{qrgns vn{n VIAB[% b viab{ bsqî qb{mhgnai na~rh{hai neqnmbgqb i{`nghtnai b hgqbeh`bgqbmbgqb ah{h`hr oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai% mns n~rbeb oigcbohmbgqi gïi jnt% gbobssn{hnmbgqb% qbgcn ~rb bsqn{ gn vissb ai cimbm ~rb normren n ji{qrgn I vn{î`{nji v{bobabgai abzb{hn an{ bsvb{ngàn b bgoi{ndnmbgqi ni cimbm oim nmkhàïi normren{  rmn ji{qrgn ~rb gïi sb vissrhr an baronàïi + gbobssî{hn + v{izb{ qne oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai oimi viab {b~rb{b{ beb Is cimbgs æs zbtbs vnssnm vi{ zhan ~rb sij{b ab oimvebis ab hgjb{hi{hanab% + vi{~rb bebs gïi sïi is cimbgs ab + baronàïi + I cimbm ~rb viab i{`nghtn{ b viab ah{h`h{ rm + `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b ab cimbgs ~rb vissrbm oigcbohmbgqi ôqhe gn normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i% è an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb mrhqi rm cimbm ab baronàïi oimi ~rne~rb{ cimbm gi `{rvi _B EBMK[N ab H_QI% sb zioä sij{b ab rm sbgqhmbgqi ab hgjb{hi{hanab% vi{~rb srn hgsq{ràïi bsqbzb ehmhqnan Qcimns RM Bahsig qbzb sÿ q{äs mbsbs ab + baron{ + ar{ngqb n zhan hgqbh{n abeb Beb gïi jneqir baronàïi% gbm beb gïi mi{{br vik{b N Cbg{x Ji{a qbzb mbgis ~rb rmn sbqn hgsq{ràïi + ab `{nr + mns beb oigsb`rhr jntb{ kbm kbm vi{ beb% jhgngobh{nmbgqb OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI bsqî bgq{b i mnhs nkrgangqb% b ns ji{mns mnhs kn{nqns ab sb{zhài ~rb

88 

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

viab sb{ qhai. _b zioä arzhan{ hsqi% oigsreqb n jiecn ab vn`nmbgqi ab ~rne~rb{ rghzb{shqî{hi VN@N VN[N _NKB[ OIMV[N[ OIGCBOHMBGQI Bm v{hmbh{i er`n{% abohan i qhvi ab oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai ~rb zioä {b~rb{% b i v{ivÿshqi vn{n i ~rne è v{bohsnai Vn{n rmn bqbgsïi `{ngab sbr v{ivÿshqi v{hgohvne bm zhan% n mbqn vn{n n ~rne zioä bsqî q{nknecngai% ndran{î abqb{mhgn ab ~rb oigcbohmbgqi v{bohsn zioä Oim bsqn vb{`rgqn {bsiezhan% {b~rb{ sbr v{ÿhmi mizhmbgqi ~rb zioä qbgcn hgji{mnàïi v{bohsn ~rb hgqb{bssn jigqbs sb`r{ns ab oigcbohmbgqi I mnhs hmvi{qngqb absqbs è4 #rm( n v{ÿv{hn bvb{hägohn ab N vbssin b baronàïi #k( Bvb{hmbgqb b baronàïi ahsvigízbe vi{ oiivb{nàïi ab irq{is #Mbsq{b Nehngàn ab Mbgqb( #o( Jnoreanabs b Rghzb{shanabs #a( khkehiqbons vôkehons #Vi{ ehz{is b vb{hÿahois bm ~rne viab sb{ nocnai qiai i oigcbohmbgqi i{`nghtir vi{  ohzhehtnàïi( #b( Or{sis ab Q{bhgnmbgqi Bsvbohnhs #Vi{  bsoiens giqr{gns b bsqrai ab onsn baron bm vn{qhoren{( vn{qhoren{( Oimi oigcbohmbgqi è na~rh{hai ~rb abzb sb{  i{`nghtnai b abzb sb{ visqi bm rsi% vn{n rm v{ivÿshqi abjhghai% vi{ vengis v{îqhois Oigcbohmbgqi gïi qbm gbgcrm znei{ n gïi sb{ ~rb ~rb viab sb{ `ngci ab srn nvehonàïi vn{n ne`rm jhm mb{bobai{ Bsqn è rmn {ntïi vi{ ~rb gïi sïi nznehnais `{nrs ab jnoreanab mnhs neqnmbgqb Bebs {bv{bsbgqnm gnan mnhs ~rb oigcbohmbgqi mhsqr{nai _b zioä oigqbmven{ qimnan hgsq{ràïi nahohigne% v{hmbh{i abqb{mhgb i v{ivÿshqi vn{n i ~rne zioä ~rb{ i >66

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

oigcbohmbgqi zioä bsqî krsongai% bgqïi nv{bgab igab bsqb qhvi vn{qhoren{ ab oigcbohmbgqi viab sb{  ikqhai% ab jigqbs sb`r{ns Cimbgs v{ÿsvb{is% bm qians ns ocnmnans% grgon abhnm ab na~rh{h{ oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai {benohignai ni v{ivÿshqi v{hgohvne abebs)abens% gb`ÿohi% ir v{ijhssïi Bssbs ~rb gi{mnembgqb gïi qäm ähqi oimbqbm i b{{i ab no{bahqn{ ~rb i oigcbohmbgqi ~rb na~rh{b vb{íiai qb{mhgn ~rngai n vbssin qb{mhgn{  bsoien N zb{anab è n~rben hgsq{ràïi jnt mns viroi mnhs ~rb vñ{ n vbssin ai miai ab nv{bgab{ n na~rh{h{  oigcbohmbgqi v{îqhoi Oim hsqi Mrair Mrgai ~rb oimbàir ni qè{mhgi ai oienvsi boigñmhoi% qnmkèm bgq{ir mrangàns bsvngqisns bm bh`ägohns baronohignhs N i{abm ai ahn è B_VBOHNEHTNÀÏI. Bsqn zb{anab jih bgjnqhtnan nq{nzès ab [ikb{q V Mii{b% sbo{bqî{hi ab oimv{imhssis ab Rghzb{shanab ab Oiermkhn + B_VBOHNEH_QN_ ABVIH_ AB + I_ ^RB N MNHI[HN KR_OIR + Vn{qhoren{mbgqb krsonai abvihs bmv{b`ngai oimvngchns è ongahanqis ~rb bsvbohnehtn{nm bm ne`rgs ahveimnais ab onmvi-gb`ÿohi-bsoien oim q{bhgn{ bm oigqnkhehanab b bsqnqísqhons% bg`bgcbh{is ab qians ns zn{hbanabs% di{gnehsqns% n{~rhqbqis% ~rímhois% b qnmkèm is eíab{bs bobebgqbs b cimbgs ab nqhzhanab an oenssb säghi{ + I cimbm ~rb jih nqhzi gi onmvrs ordn vb{signehanab è qne ~rb beb sb aî kbm qiais is qhvis ans vbssins b ~rbm jbt rm q{nkneci nab~rnai oim is bsqrais abeb qbm rm n mnhi{hn abohahr bq{bmhanab bm ohmn ai bsqrangqb bsq{hqnmbgqb nonaämhoi Ne`rgs absqbs% vi{  onrsn ai abebs)abens qiais-ni {bai{ ~rnehjhonàòbs% >6>

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

{bobkbr zî{hns ijb{qns ab vishàòbs% ne`rgs abebs qngqis ~rngqi sbhs + Vn{qhgai an oigobvàïi ~rb i f_q{nh`cq i bsqrangqb ab N' hgzn{hnzbembgqb jih i rm na~rh{h{ n bsoiecn ais q{nknecis mbeci{bs% _{ Mii{b ahssb ~rb n mnhi{hn ai iecn{ ab oimvngchns gïi sÿ vn{n {b`hsq{is nonaämhois mns vn{n {b`hsq{is ab nqhzhanab b vb{signehanabs ais bsqrangqbs + Rm ans oimvngchns hgarsq{hnhs mnhi{bs% i eíab{ bm sbr onmvi% vi{ bso{hqi vn{n _{ Mii{b ~rb hgqb{bssn is srvb{hi{bs bm on{`i v{bzhabgqbs gn jnoreanab% ahssb4 + fPb bsqïi v{hgohvnembgqb hgqb{bssnais bm nocn{  cimbgs ~rb viabm jntb{ v{i`{bssi bobvohigne gi q{nkneci ab namhghsq{nàïi Vi{ hsqi gÿs bgjnqhtnmis ~rnehanabs ab on{îqb{% hgqbeh`ägohn b vb{signehanab mrhqi mnhs ~rb jrgai baronohigne bsvboíjhoi ' NV[BGAHTNAI + V[IVÑ_ + V{ivigai rm shsqbmn ab fNvv{bgqhohg` ' is bsqrangqbs bm bso{hqÿ{his% eidns b iorvnàòbs hgarsq{hnhs ar{ngqb i zb{ïi qh{nm jè{hns% _{ Mii{b njh{mn ~rb abvihs ais v{hmbh{is aihs ir q{äs ngis ab jnoreanab% abzb{hn sb{  vb{`rgqnai qiai bsqrangqb ~rb fQi bsoiecbm rm or{si jrqr{i abjhghai b ocnmn{ rmn vn{nan sb beb simbgqb qbm zn`rbnai n`{nanzbembgqb sbm v{ivÿshqi vi{ rm rgsvbohnehtba or{{íorei nonaämhoi ' + Jnoreanabs b rghzb{shanabs qäm ~rb bgj{bgqn{ n oigshab{nàïi v{îqhon ~rb qians ns v{ijhssòbs b iorvnàòbs n`i{n is bsvbohnehsqns ab abmngan% + beb ahssb% bg~rngqi r{`hgai n~rbens hgsqhqrhàòbs baronohignhs nobhqnm {bsvigsnkhehanab mnhs ah{bqn vi{  i{hbgqnàïi zionohigne Rm ans jigqbs mnhs sb`r{ns b >6;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

v{îqhons ab oigcbohmbgqi ahsvigízbe n bssbs ~rb v{bohsnm ab hgsq{ràïi bsvbohnehtnan% è ns bsoiens giqr{gns ivb{nans bm n mnhi{hn ans ohanabs `{ngabs Ns bsoiens ab oi{{bsvigaägohn aïi bm ~rne~rb{ er`n{  vn{n q{bhgngai bsvbohnehtnai i R _ oi{{bsvigaägohns zïi% bm qiais is nssrgqis ~rb viabm sb{ bgshgnais vbei mèqiai ab bqbgsïi Rmn zngqn`bm ab onsn bsqrai q{bhgn{ è n jebhkhehanab ai v{i`{nmmb ab bsqrai ~rb vb{mhqb vn{n n vbssin bsqran{ ar{ngqb qbmvi bobabgqb Irq{n zngqn`bm bsqrvbgan ab bsqrai ab onsn ~rb q{bhgn #sb n bsoien è orhanaisnmbgqb bsoiechan(% è i jnqi ~rb n mnhi{hn ais or{sis ijb{bobr nq{nzès ab bsoiens ab bsqrai ab onsn ebzb oim bebs v{hzheè`his `bgb{isis ab oigsreqn ~rb viab sb{ ab znei{  hgbsqhmîzbe n bssbs v{bohsngai ab oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai Gïi hmvi{qn igab zioä zhzb% zioä viab oimvn{qhecn{ is kbgbjíohis ^rne~rb{ oihsn na~rh{hr sbm bsji{ài% b sbm orsqi è `b{nembgqb abv{bohnai% j{b~õbgqbmbgqb absno{bahqir< qnezbt hsqi è vi{ ~rb gÿs ikqbmis qïi vb~rbgis ab gissn ivi{qrghanab mn{nzhecisn bm bsoiens vôkehons N NRQIAH_OHVEHGN ~rb n vbssin {bobkb ab rm v{i`{nmmb abjhghai ab bsqrai bsvbohnehtnai oimvòb ne`rmn bqbgsïi% vn{n n ivi{qrghanab vb{ahan ~rngai oigcbohmbgqi bsqnzn ahsvigízbe sbm orsqi Bsoiens ab oi{{bsvigaägohn sïi hgsqhqrhàòbs bmv{bsn{hnhs neqnmbgqb i{`nghtnans Ns qnns ab hgsq{ràïi abebs)abens sïi qïi knhns ~rb bebs sïi ji{ànais n hgshsqh{ bm vn`nmbgqis v{igqis _bgai vbahai vn`n{% sb i bsqrangqb jnt `{nrs kigs ir vik{b% qbm i bjbhqi ab onrsn{ n vbssin vn{n ebzn{ n onki oim i or{si ~rngai beb ab{{rkn{hn hsqi onsi oigq{î{hi Ns bsoiens ab oi{{bsvigaägohn gïi nobgqrn{nm bsqb vigqi srjhohbgqbmbgqb% vn{n n zb{anab è ~rb is abvn{qnmbgqis ab oiebàïi abebs) abens oigsqhqrbm i qhvi mrhqi mbeci{ ab q{bhgn{ bm >6?

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

ABOH_ÏI% V[IGQHAÏI% NÀÏI b I CÎKHQI AB QB[MHGN[ ^RB ~rne OIMBÀN Br nv{bgah hsqi ab bvb{hägohn% mnhs ab zhgqb b ohgoi ngis nq{îs Br mb mnq{horebh vn{n rm or{si ab bsqrai ab onsn Ngrgohngai Abvihs ab oimvebqn{ ihqi ir abt ehàòbs br abhbh ab bsqran{% mns n bsoien gïi abhir ab mb bgzhn{ oigqns Neèm ahssi% hgshsqhr bm vn`nmbgqi% sb br mngqhzb mbrs bsqrais ir gïi Br abohah ~rb sb br qhzbssb ~rb vn`n{ vbei or{si #i ~rne br qhgcn mb ik{h`nai eb`nembgqb n ~rb jhtbssb(% br abzb{hn oimvebqn{ ns ehàòbs b abzb{hn na~rh{h{ i znei{ ab mbr ahgcbh{i Br sbgqhn% gn ionshïi% ~rb i shsqbmn ab oiebàïi an bsoien b{n rm viroi mrhqi kbm i{`nghtnai% mns br nv{bgah abvihs bm zhan ~rb b{n rmn znehisn vn{qb ab mbr q{bhgnmbgqi vn{n i ~rne gbgcrmn on{`n ab vÿezi{n qhgcn shai jbhqn _bgai ji{ànai n vn`n{% br v{issb`rh b oimvebqbh i or{si Abvihs bm zhan br absoik{h ~rb i shsqbmn ab oiebàïi bjhohbgqb an~rben bsoien qhgcn znehai mrhqi gn ji{mn ab ahgcbh{i `ngcn% vi{ onrsn ai q{bhgnmbgqi ngrgohngai br qhzb ebznai qïi {berqngqbmbgqb Gÿs qbmis gbsqb vnís i ~rb è ahqi ~rb è i mnhi{ shsqbmn ab bsoien vôkehon gi mrgai Gÿs hgzbsqhmis simns jnkreisns vn{n bahjíohis kigs% gÿs v{izbmis q{ngsvi{qb oigzbghbgqb vn{n o{hngàns ~rb zhzbm gis ahsq{hqis {r{nhs% nsshm bebs viabm j{b~õbgqn{ ns mbeci{bs bsoiens% mns cî rmn j{n~rbtn bsvngqisn vn{n bsqb mn{nzhecisi È @[ÎQH_. Rm ans oihsns bsq{ngcns sik{b sb{bs crmngis è ~rb bebs sÿ nznehnm ~rb ~rb qbm rm v{bài Ns bsoiens `{nqrhqns ab Nmè{hon% b ns khkehiqbons vôkehons `{îqhs% gïi hmv{bsshign ns vbssins vi{~rb bebs sïi `{îqhs Bsqn è n {ntïi v{hgohvne vi{ ~rb qngqis vbssins nocnm hsqi gbobssî{hi na~rh{h{ q{bhgnmbgqi nahohigne abvihs ~rb bebs abhnssbm bsoien b zïi q{nkneci ab ei Qnmkèm è >61

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

rm ans {ntòbs v{hgohvnhs vi{ ~rb BMV[B@NAI[B_ AÏI MNHI[ OIG_HAB[NÀÏI N BMV[B@NAI_ ^RB IKDBQI VB@NAI ON_N B_QRAI OR[_I_ Bebs nv{bgab{nm% ab bvb{hägohn ~rb ~rne~rb{ vbssin ~rb qbm n nmkhàïi vn{n abhn{ rmn vn{qb ai qbmvi bobabgqb abeb n bsqran{ bm onsn qbm gbeb bssns ~rnehanabs ~rb q{ntbm ehab{ngàn Bsqb {boigcbohmbgqi gïi è rm `bsqi on{haisi% è dre`nmbgqi bmv{bsn{hne sïi gn vn{qb ais bmv{b`nai{bs Cî rmn j{n~rbtn bm vbssins vn{n ~rne gïi cî gbgcrm {bmèahi È n j{n~rbtn rghzb{sne ab JNEQN AB NMKHÀÏI. Vbssins% vbssins bsvbohnembgqb nssnen{hnans ~rb v{i`{nmnm i qbmvi bobabgqb abebs)abens vn{n v{izb{ vn{n bsqrai ab onsn% {n{nmbgqb vb{mngbàn mrhqi qbmvi ni jrgai N nàïi abebs)abens nk{b i miai vn{n n srkhan srvb{hi{% {bmizb mrhqis iksqîoreis ai onmhgci abebs)abens% b `ngcn i hgqb{bssb nmh`îzbe abssbs ~rb qäm i viab{ vn{n is vñ{ ai miai ab IVI[QRGHANAB I mèqiai ab bsqrai ab onsn ab q{bhgn{ bsvbohnembgqb è zbsqhai æs gbobsshanabs ab vbssins bmv{b`nans ~rb nocnm% abvihs ab abhn{ bsoien% ~rb bebs qäm ~rb na~rh{h{ oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai nahohigne% mns gïi viab virvn{ i qbmvi vn{n zieqn{ vn{n n bsoien Ns oigahàòbs boigñmhons mranans ~rb v{baimhgnm n abv{bssïi absab bgqïi jhtb{nm hsqi gbobssî{hi vn{n mhecn{bs ans vbssins nocn{bm jigqbs nahohignhs% ir gizns ab {bgan Vn{n n mnhi{hn mnhi{hn absqbs% n sieràïi vn{n i v{ikebmn abebs)abens viab sb{ nocnan sÿ na~rh{hgai oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai Mrhqis sb{ïi ji{ànais n mran{ ns iorvnàòbs abebs)abens oimvebqnmbgqb

>62

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

^rngai rgs nocnais mb{ongqhs ~rb rmn ob{qn ehgcn ab mb{onai{hn gïi bsqî zbgabgai% beb gi{mnembgqb srvengqn hsqi oim irq{i ~rb bsqî bm abmngan N vbssin ordi gb`ÿohi è hssi ab mn{lbqhg` sb{zhàis vbssinhs qnmkèm abzb sb{ rmn oimb{ohngqb bjhohbgqb _b is sb{zhàis abeb gïi q{irb{bm ero{is nab~rnais bm rmn iorvnàïi% beb qbm ~rb mran{ n irq{i% igab ivi{qrghanabs mnhs en{`ns bsqïi ahsvigízbhs _qrn{q Nrsqhg Phb{ sb v{bvn{ir oimi rm Bg`bgcbh{i ab Oigsq{ràïi b sb`rhr bsqn ehgcn ab q{nkneci nqè n abv{bssïi ehmhqir i mb{onai abeb vn{n igab gïi ecb abr n {bgan ~rb beb {b~rb{br Beb ebzir hgzbgqî{hi abeb% abohahai mran{ n v{ijhssïi abeb n ebh% zieqir vn{n n bsoien b ebzir or{sis bsvbohnhs vbeis ~rnhs beb sb v{bvn{ir oimi rm nazi`nai ab oi{vi{nàïi Nvbsn{  ai jnqi gïi qhgcn qb{mhgnai n abv{bssïi% beb oimvebqir i q{bhgnmbgqi abeb% vnssir gi Bnmb ab Kn{{n% b abv{bssn oigsq{rhr rmn v{îqhon ab ebh ero{nqhzn% bm Aneens% i Qbns< gn {bnehanab beb bsqî mngangai bmki{n is oehbgqbs _ÿ mngqb{ i {b`hsq{i ah{bqnmbgqb% b vn{n sb ngqbohvn{ ns îehkhs abssbs ~rb ah{ïi% + br gïi vrab h{ vn{n n bsoien vi{~rb br qbgci rmn jnmíehn vn{n nvihn{% ir + br sir mrhqi zbeci% + br simn{bh n hgji{mnàïi ~rb _{ Phb{ b{n vnssnai ~rn{bgqn% b onsnai ~rngai beb zieqir vn{n n bsoien Neèm ahssi% sbebohigngai or{sis neqnmbgqb bsvbohnehtnais orhanaisnmbgqb% gns jnoreanabs mbeci{  v{bvn{ir bgshgn{ is nssrgqis bsoiechais% _{ Phb{  oimvebqir bm aihs ngis i q{nkneci vn{n i ~rne n mnhi{hn ab bsqrangqbs ab ebh {b~rb{ ~rnq{i ngis VN@N VN[N _NKB[ OIMV[N[ OIGCBOHMBGQI. N vbssin ~rb abhn ab simbgqb bsqran{ vi{~rb beb qb{mhgir ~rb bsoien sbmv{b è sbgqbgohnan >6:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

absbsvb{nanmbgqb n mbahio{hanab% gïi hmvi{qn i ~rb viab sb{ n ocnmnan abeb I miai ab srobssi è i miai ab vb{sb`rhàïi oigqígrn ab oigcbohmbgqi Gis abhb oigshab{n{ rm bbmvei bsvboíjhoi Ar{ngqb n abv{bssïi zbgabai{ bm rm srvb{mb{onai sb nocir sbm rmn vishàïi Qbgai qhai rm viroi ab bvb{hägohn ab oigqnkhehanab% beb ebzir rm or{si bsvbohne bm oigqnkhehanab% sb jnmhehn{htir oim qian n mnhs {bobgqb oigqnkhehanab b b~rhvnmbgqi ab bso{hqÿ{hi% b bgq{ir bm gb`ÿohi vi{ beb Oimbàngai oim i `{iob{ vn{n ~rbm beb qhgcn q{nknecnai ngqh`nmbgqb% beb jbt oigq{nqis oim mnhs ab >66 oimb{ohngqbs vb~rbgis mngqb{ is ehz{is abebs)abens% n rmn qnn mbgsne mrhqi gimhgne N haèhn abeb b{n qïi v{îqhon ~rb beb nocir hsqi gbobssî{hi migqn{ rm bso{hqÿ{hi vi{qîqhe bm rm onmhgcïi ab bgq{b`n oen{i ~rb beb b~rhvir oim mn~rhgn{hn ab oigqnkhehanab miab{gn ei`i Beb qbm rmn j{iqn absqbs n`i{n bso{hqÿ{his + ab oigqnkhehanab bm {ians + b bmv{b`is rm vbssine `{ngab ab nsshsqbgqbs% v{ivi{ohigngai nsshm vn{n is oimb{ohngqbs vb~rbgis sb{zhài ab oigqnkhehanab h`rne vn{n i mbeci{ n~rbeb ahgcbh{i viab oimv{n{% n orsqi mrhqi gimhgne Oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai% mnhs hmn`hgnàïi% sbdn is hg`{bahbgqbs ~rb bgq{n{nm gbsqb gb`ÿohi sbm h`rne b v{ÿsvb{i Ngi vnssnai i aigi an~rbeb gb`ÿohi vn`ir rm hmvisqi ab {bgan ab ~rnsb abt zbtbs oimi mrhqi oimi b{n eh~rhanai vbei oimb{ohngqb vn{n ~rbm beb q{nknecir ~rngai n abv{bssïi ji{àir gbeb rmn nazb{shanab qbmvi{î{hn ~rb v{izir sb{ rmn kägàïi bm ahsjn{ob I oimbài absqb gb`ÿohi v{ÿsvb{i b{n rmn HAÈHN. Dî ~rb br qhzb i v{hzheè`hi ab v{izb{ i zbgabai{  absbmv{b`nai oim n~rben haèhn% br nssrmi i >60 

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

v{hzheè`hi nahohigne ab sr`bsqhign{ irq{n haèhn ~rb qbm abgq{i ahsqi n visshkhehanab ab nqè mnhi{ {bgan n`i{n Qnmkèm n visshkhehanab ab jntb{ sb{zhài ôqhe n mhecn{bs ans vbssins ~rb mne gbobsshanab ~rb sb{zhài N haèhn jih sr`b{han vben zbgabai{n ~rb abhir ab zbgab{ b bgq{ir gi gb`ÿohi ab mngqb{ ehz{is bm rmn knsb vi{ nqnonai ^rngai i vengi jih sr`b{hai oimi rmn sieràïi ai v{ikebmn ab absbmv{b`i abeb% beb boenmir abv{bssn% + br `isqi an haèhn% mns br gïi snkb{hn sb q{ngsji{mn{ hsqi bm ahgcbh{i zhzi + Bm irq{i vnenz{n% beb {boenmir beb gïi snkb{hn oimb{ohnehtn{ i oigcbohmbgqi ab oigqnkhehanab abeb abvihs ~rb beb na~rh{hssb hsqi Nsshm% hssi bvñs irq{i v{ikebmn ~rb qbzb ~rb sb{  {bsiezhai Oim n ndran ab rm anoqheÿ`{nji ab mrecb{   dizbm% hgqbeh`bgqb æ mïi qíqrei% b ~rb viab{hn {brgh{ n chsqÿ{hn% rm ehz{i mrhqi nq{nbgqb bsqnzn v{bvn{nai% bg~rngqi abso{bzbgai ns zngqn`bgs ai shsqbmn gizi ab oigqnkhehanab Ns vî`hgns ji{nm ah`hqnans ghqhanmbgqb b oieir rm îekrm vn{n {boi{qbs i{ahgî{hi ~rb b{n rsnai oimi rm zbgabai{ shebgqb oim ~rb n chsqÿ{hn absqb gb`ÿohi gizi jih oigqnan nsshm bjbqhznmbgqb ~rb sbr aigi qbzb mnhs oigqns ei`i ~rb beb vrabssb oigq{ien{ Cî mhecn{bs ans vbssins% vi{ qian vn{qb i vnís ~rb v{bohsn ais sb{zhàis ab rm bsvbohnehsqn ab oimb{ohnehtnàïi onvnt ab v{bvn{n{ rm srmî{hi nq{nbgqb vn{n rsi oimb{ohnehtngai sb{zhàis vbssinhs N {bgan ngrne n`{b`nai ab qne rm sb{zhài viab{hn bobab{ hssi {bobkhai vben n`ägohn ab bmv{b`i mnhi{  jnohembgqb% b viab{hnm sb{ jbhqis is kbgbjíohis ai sb{zhài >63

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ahsqngqb mnhi{ vn{n i oimv{nai{ ~rb ~rne~rb{ sb{  ikqhai ab rmn n`ägohn ab bmv{b`i N HAÈHN n~rh abso{bzbr gnsobr ab gbobsshanab% nq{nzbssn{ rmn bmb{`ägohn ~rb qbzb ~rb sb{ oikb{qi% mns gïi vn{ir sb{zhgai rmn vbssin simbgqb N mrecb{  ~rb o{hir n haèhn qbm rmn HMN@HGNÀÏI n`ran Ben zhr gn oè{bk{i-o{hngàn {boèm gnsohan aben n jnk{honàïi ab rmn v{ijhssïi gizn% rm ~rb è absqhgnai vn{n jntb{  znehisi sb{zhài n mhecn{bs ans vbssins ~rb v{bohsnm ab i{hbgqnàïi v{îqhon oimb{ohnehtngai sb{zhàis vbssinhs Bsvi{bnai v{hmbh{i + n nàïi vbei srobssi hgsqngqëgbi aben V[BVN[NAI VENGBDB OIMB[OHNEHTN[ _B[ZHÀI_ VB__INH_% + bsqn mrecb{ bgè{`hon zh{ir v{ÿhmi æ sieràïi ab rm v{ikebmn sbmbecngqb vn{n i jheci aben ~rb qhgcn qb{mhgnai cî viroi jnoreanab% mns gïi qhgcn viahai qiqnembgqb nocn{ rm mb{onai vn{n is sb{zhàis abeb I vengi ~rb ben i{h`hgir vn{n i rsi abeb b{n i bsvèohmb mbeci{ ab oimb{ohn{ ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs ~rb br ne`rmn zbt zh ^rngai i ehz{i ab vengi qhgcn shai oimvebqnai% oigqbzb ~rnsb ohg~õbgqn vî`hgns ji{misnmbgqb ab ah`hqir% hgji{mnàïi oi{{bqnmbgqb i{`nghtnan% oigqngai n chsqÿ{hn an cnkhehanab gnqhzn ai jheci aben% barongai% bvb{hägohns vbssinhs% b rmn `{ngab zn{hbanab ab irq{n hgji{mnàïi mrhqi bqbgsi vn{n abso{hàïi I ehz{i ab vengi qnmkèm oigqbzb rmn abso{hàïi oimvebqn an vishàïi ~rb i jheci aben absbdir% drgqi oim rm vnenz{n ~rna{i mn{nzhecisi ai vengi bnqi beb rsn{hn bgocbgai n vishàïi N v{bvn{nàïi ai ehz{i ab vengi {b~rb{br i q{nkneci ab zî{his sbmngn ar{ngqb ~rne qbmvi ~rb sbr o{hnai{  bgzhir ~rnsb ahn{hnmbgqb vn{n i jheci aben vn{n n >68 

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

khkehiqbon vôkehon% ikqb{ anais v{bohsnais zbgab{ is sb{zhàis abeb n mbeci{ zngqn`bm Ben i% qnmkèm vn{n qiais is oimvbqhai{bs ai bmv{b`nai{ v{bzhabgqb abeb% bgzhir b drgqir abebs hgji{mnàïi zhqne ~rb hgqb{bssn is mèqiais bmv{bsn{hnhs abebs)abens ~rb b{nm ab `{ngab znei{ gn ji{mnàïi ai vengi ~rb beb v{bqbgabr rsn{  bgocbgai n vishàïi ~rb beb krsoir ^rngai i vengi qhgcn shai nonknai% oigqbzb mnhs ~rb mbhn aôthn sr`bsqòbs mrhqi kins vn{n i rsi b kbgbjíohi ai bmv{b`nai{ v{bzhabgqb #Ns sr`bsqòbs ji{nm visqns bm rsi vben oimvngchn( N vbssin viab sb{ hgoehgnai vn{n vb{`rgqn{% + Vi{ ~rb znh vn{n qrai hssi ahjhoreanab vn{n njhngàn{ rm q{nkneci +9 N {bsvisqn è ah{bqn ni vigqi% qnmkèm è a{nmîqhoi% vi{~rb sb q{nqn ab rm nssrgqi ~rb nssrmb n v{ivi{àïi ab rmn q{n`èahn oim mhecòbs ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs ordn jigqb boershzn ab {bgan è sb{zhàis vbssinhs N {bsvisqn è% bg~rngqi + JNTBGAI KBM GRGON RMN OIH_N È AHJHOREANAB. I VENGI V[BVN[NAI VI[ B_QN MRECB[ VN[N I KBGBJÍOHI AB I JHECI ABEN% ECB NDRAIR N N[[RMN[ I BMV[B@I ^RNE BEB _IEHOHQIR% Æ V[HMBH[N BGQ[BZH_QN% N RM _NEÎ[HI JHSNAI VI[ BEB + Qnmkèm% neèm ahssi-b hsqi è hmvi{qngqb-n VI_HÀÏI gïi BSH@HR vn{n I CIMBM DIZBM ~rb OIMBÀN__B NI JRGAI BEB OIMBÀIR OIMI BSBORQHZI DÔGHI[% NI _NEÎ[HI AB RM BSBORQHZI + Vi{ ~rb zî vn{n qrai hssi ahjhoreanab +9 zioä vb{`rgqn9 Kbm% bm v{hmbh{i er`n{% n NV[B_BGQNÀÏI VENGBDNAN an nvehonàïi absqb cimbm dizbm vn{n rmn vishàïi oi{qnan ji{n gbgcrm mbgis ab abt ngis ab qbmvi beb qb{hn bh`hai na~rh{h{ igab beb oimbàir% i + qbzb >>6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

oimbànai ni jrgai b q{nknecir i miai abeb vn{n ohmn + Bsqn haèhn ab oimbàn{ ni jrgai b q{nknecn{ i miai an vbssin vn{n ohmn viab vn{bob{ bsqn{ sï% mns n ikdbàïi v{hgohvne vn{n hsqi bsqb-qnmkèm è mrhqis abssbs ~rb grgon oimbànm ni jrgai oigsb`rbm b{`rb{ ns onkbàns abebs)abens neqi knsqngqb sb{ zhsqi vi{  IVI[QRGHANAB% nsshm bebs vb{mngbobm ni jrgai Ahsqi abzb{hn sb ebmk{n{% qnmkèm% ~rb n vb{svboqhzn ai jrgai gïi è nsshm mrhqi ermhgisn ir bgoi{ndnai{n Qbm rmn qbgaägohn vn{n bqb{mhgn{ nmkhàïi Gÿs ocnmnmis hsqi + bgq{ngai bm rm kr{noi + ~rb mbhis ~rb gÿs nobhqnmis gissi absqhgi vi{~rb gÿs ji{mnmis i CÎKHQI ab {iqhgn ab ahî{hi% rm cîkhqi ~rb jhgnembgqb jhon qïi ji{qb ~rb gÿs abhnmis ab qbgqn{ sb ehz{n{ hsqi B hssi è irq{n {ntïi vi{ ~rb vn`n vn{n oimbàn{ rm ir aihs vnssis sik{b i jrgai Jntbgai n vbssin nsshm ji{mn i CÎKHQI ab an{ rmn iecnan% ab iksb{zn{ oimi irq{is na~rh{bm æ j{bgqb% ab zb{ IVI[QRGHANAB% b ab nk{nàn{ hsqi sbm cbshqnàïi Ang Cnevhg è rm bbmvei bsveägahai ai ~rb br ~rb{i ahtb{ Ar{ngqb is ahns ab jnoreanab abeb% beb b{n i `b{bgqb ai >8?6 Onmvbignqi Gnohigne jnmisi Giq{b _bgci{n jrqbkie nmb{hongi qhmb% ~rngai bsqnzn abknhi an ah{bàïi ai {bobgqb Lgrqb [iolgb Qnezbt beb bsqnzn hgsvh{nai vbei `{ngab q{bhgnai{ ab jrqbkie nmb{hongi nvigqn{ neqi% b GÏI BG@NGI AB[[IQN QBMVI[Î[HN VN[N J[NON__I% an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb Nga{bp On{gb`hb% i `{ngab eíab{ hgarsq{hne% hgsvh{nai is qbgbgqbs bmv{bsn{hnhs dizbgs abeb vn{n bsqnkbebob{ mbqns neqns vn{n bebs Ab ~rne~rb{ miai% Cnevhg dizbm qb{mhgir jnoreanab bm rm mimbgqi srmnmbgqb absjnzi{îzbe% ~rngai n abv{bssïi qhgcn >>>

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

jbhqi q{nknecis bsonssi% nsshm% abvihs ab rm n{{bmbssi n hgzbsqhmbgqi ~rb nqb{{n b jhembs% beb ebzir n v{hmbh{n nkb{qr{n oim rm jrqr{i viqbgohne beb vñab nocn{zbgabgai nrahàïi beèq{hon ndran bm rmn knsb ab oimhssïi ^RNE^RB[ RM viab{hn OIMBÀN[ GN^RBEB QHVI AB Q[NKNECI% B CNEVHG LGBP H_QI% mns b{n knsqngqb vn{n nk{h{ n vi{qn ab ivi{qrghanab n beb Ar{ngqb ~rnsb aihs ngis% beb gïi oigqhgrir bm rm q{nkneci æ v{bjb{ägohn abeb% b beb grgon qb{hn srkhai sik{b n~rbeb q{nkneci sb beb gïi qhgcn jbhqi ne`i sik{b i absoigqbgqnmbgqi abeb Beb nvigqir% v{hmbh{i% ni q{nkneci ab _nebs Mngn`b{ Nsshsqbgqb an oimvngchn abeb% b n{{rmir i bmv{b`i N~rbeb vhsn i oieionai neqi vn{n ohmn knsqngqb sik{b n mreqhaïi i vb{mhqh{ n nhgan zb{ mnhi{ ivi{qrghanab% qnmkèm% i oieioir igab IVI[QRGHANAB vrabssb I ZB[ Beb jbt qne rm {b`hsq{i kim ~rb zbgab ndrans ab nrahàïi ~rb RM M Nga{bps% V{bshabgqb an Qîkrn an Ahoqi`{nvc V{iarqis Oimvngchn% rm oimvbqhai{  bmv{bsn{hne an oimvngchn vn{n n ~rne Cnevhg q{nknecir% ~rb{hai snkb{ ne`i an~rbeb cimbm Ang Cnevhg ~rb bsqnzn ebzngai zbgans `{ngabs eig`b an Oimvngchn ab Ahoqi`{nvc bsqnkbebohan eig`n Beb ocnmir Cne-nejhgbqb ^rngai n bgq{bzhsqn qb{mhgir% Cnevhg b{n i _nebs Mngn`b{ gizi% bm on{`n ab vÿezi{n an Ahzhsïi ab Noirsqhoig Bgqïi% qbsqn{bm i mbqne ab Cnevhg dizbm% _{ Nga{bps jih bmki{n vn{n n Jeÿ{han ar{ngqb q{äs mbsbs% bg~rngqi abhngai njrgan{ ir gnan{ gi q{nkneci gizi abeb vn{n beb Beb gïi njrgair. I bsví{hqi ab Lgrqb [iolgb ab + Qiais is nmi{bs mrgahnhs rm zbgobai{% b gïi qbm gbgcrm qbmvi vi{ rm vb{abai{ i hgsvh{ir vñ{ qngqi gi q{nkneci abeb ~rb beb jih beb`hai i Zhob-v{bshabgqb an >>;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

oimvngchn {bobgqbmbgqb% b @b{bgqb @b{ne ai Noirsqhoig b Ahzhsïi ab [îahi _hebgohisn% rm q{nkneci ~rb n mnhi{hn ais cimbgs bsqn{hn i{`recisi `ngcn{ vi{  abt ngis ab bsji{ài ebne Cnevhg zh{ir i q{r~rb bm viroi mnhs ab sbhs mbsbs È ahjíohe ahtb{ sb _{ Nga{bps ir _{ Cnevhg bsqî mb{bobgai mnhs ab bei`hi% vben {ntïi ~rb nmkis misq{n{nm bzhaägohn ab qb{ rmn nkrgaëgohn ahssi ~rnehanab mrhqi {n{n oigcbohai oimi HMN@HGNÀÏI _{ Nga{bps mb{bob o{èahqi vi{ zb{% bm Cnevhg dizbm% rm + h{-`bqqb{ + an i{abm mnhs neqn Cnevhg mb{bob o{èahqi vi{ [BOR_N[ OCB@N[ N RM NOI[AI OIM ZHAN NOBHQNGAI NOBHQNGAI B MNGQBGAI RM Q[NKNECI BEB gïi ^RH_% b hssi è rm ais vigqis v{hgohvnhs br bsqir qbgqngai vn{n bgjnqhtn{ vi{  bsqb hgqbh{i jheisijhn-~rb gÿs srkhmis n vishàòbs neqns ir vb{mngbob ni jrgai vi{ onrsn ab OIGAHÀÒB_ ~rb Gß_ viabmis OIGQ[IEN[ _B Gß_ AB_BDN[MI_ I_ OIGQ[IEN[ Br qnmkèm bsqir qbgqngai bgjnqhtn{ irq{i vigqi% hsqi è% ~rb srobssi b j{nonssi sïi bm `{ngab vn{qb is {bsreqnais ab CÎKHQI. Br gïi qbgci i mnhs ebzb arzhan{  ~rb n nssiohnàïi ígqhmn ab Ang Cnevhg oim i mnhi{  jrqbkie nmb{hongi q{bhgnai{ Nmb{hon sbmv{b sirkb% vengqir gn mbgqb abeb n mbsmn mn{on ab AB_BDI vn{n srvb{n{ ~rb jbt i Giq{b _bgci{n jrqbkie nmb{hongi qhmb mrgai jnmisi Zb{anabh{nmbgqb% cî ne`i æ haèhn ~rb cb{ÿh-nai{nàïi è ôqhe% oigqngqi n vbssin nai{n rm ZBGOBAI[ Cnevhg mb jnen ~rb [iolgb b{n rm ais eíab{bs ab mnhi{ ai mrgai ab cimbgs bm qian n chsqÿ{hn Mhgcn oigzhoàïi gn qbi{hn ~rb nssiohnàòbs bmv{bsn{hnhs sïi jnqi{bs zhqnhs% nmkis bm j{nonssi b bm srobssi% jih abmigsq{nai {bobgqbmbgqb% ~rngai mbr >>?

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

jheci Kenh{ bsqnzn gb`iohngai oim Ang Cnevhg vn{n rmn vishàïi _{ Cnevhg ecb ijb{bobr rm sneî{hi ab oimbài ab ob{on ab rm mbhi i ~rb beb viab{hn qb{ ikqhai ab rmn oimvngchn ab {hzne Br q{irb v{bssïi vn{bgqne vn{n n`õbgqn{% b i hgarthr nobhqn{ i er`n{ oim _{ Cnevhg% vi{~rb br NO[BAHQI ^RB N__IOHNÀÏI ÍGQHMN OIM RM ^RB [BOR_N OCB@N[ N RM NOI[AI OIM OH[ORG_QËGOHN_ BEB gïi @I_QN% È RM [BOR[_I ^RB GRGON viab _B[ MBAHAI bm qb{mis ab AHGCBH[I I jrgai è rm er`n{ migÿqigi% q{hsqb% hmv{iarqhzi vn{n ~rne~rb{ vbssin Hssi è vi{ ~rb br ebzbh i qbmvi vn{n abso{bzb{ oimi oimbàis crmheabs viabm sb{ bzhqnais nq{nzès ab v{ÿv{hi vengbdnmbgqi Qnmkèm% hssi è vi{  ~rb qngqi bsvnài jih abahonai n rmn abso{hàïi absqn v{ijhssïi gizn% o{hnan vi{ rmn mrecb{% ~rb jih hgsvh{nai vn{n jntb{ rm q{nkneci kim ab VENGBDN[ vi{~rb ben ~rb{hn ~rb i jheci aben absongsnssb + + Oim ns oigahàòbs mranans oigarthans abgq{i vbei oienvsi boigñmhoi mrgahne% qnmkèm zbhi n gbobsshanab vi{ miais mnhs gizis b mbeci{bs ab oimb{ohnehtn{ _B[ZHÀI_ VB__INH_ È ar{i abqb{mhgn{ vi{  ~rb ne`rèm gïi qhgcn absoikb{qi bsqn gbobsshanab bsqrvbgan v{bzhnmbgqb% abzhai ni jnqi ~rb mnhs ahgcbh{i mran mïis bm q{ion ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs ~rb vn{n ~rne~rb{ irq{i v{ivÿshqi N simn vn`ir mbgsne% vn{n vbssins ~rb q{nknecnm vn{n sneî{his b sneî{his% è qïi bgi{mb ~rb oiehab oim obgqbgns ab mhecòbs% b n ahsq{hkrhàïi ngrne ocb`n n khecïi Qnezbt ne`rgs nocn{ïi% gn HAÈHN abso{bzbr n~rh k{bzbmbgqb% i gôoebi ans {h~rbtns ~rb bebs AB_BDNM.

>>1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Haèhns oim mrhqi mbgis mè{hqi jih ns mrans ans ~rnhs `{ngabs ji{qrgns o{bsob{nm Piiepi{qc Ohgoi b Abt Obgqnzi haèhn ab Eidn% vi{  bbmvei% qbzb mbgis mè{hqi eig`b% mns bmvhecir vn{n ohmn rmn ji{qrgn vi{ sbr o{hnai{ Bssbs ~rb zäbm IVI[QRGHANAB ~rb bsv{bhqn gbsqn sr`bsqïi nocn{  znehisn ndran gi onvíqrei bm Vengbdnmbgqi I{`nghtnai Hgohabgqbmbgqb% rm mb{ocngahsb{ bjhohbgqb ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs nocn{hn rmn abmngan o{bsobgqb vn{n is sb{zhàis abeb igab ~rb{ ~rb cndn is cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb krsonm mb{onais mbeci{bs vn{n is sb{zhàis abebs) abens Nvehongai i v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb ab Mbsq{b% ne`rgs vbssins oim qnebgqi snqhsjnqÿ{hi% viab{hn ji{mn{ rmn nehngàn% b qbm rm gb`ÿohi vn`ngai mrhqi abv{bssn N vbssin v{bohsn{hn sb{ rm bso{hqi{ drsqi% oim rm qnebgqi vi{ ngrgohn{ b zbgab{% rm æ mïi n ah`hqn{ b aî qíqrei% b n vbssin abzb{hn sb{ rmn v{hmbh{n oenssb ~rb `bqqb{  bmv{bsn{hne ~rb abhn{hnm i mrgai snkbm sik{b i sb{zhài _b rmn vbssin vissríssb qians bsqns cnkhehanabs% beb viab{hn oigqhgrn{ i gb`ÿohi sÿ% nqè ~rb i srvb{ir N mrecb{ ~rb v{bvn{ir n`i{n vn{n i + _b{zhài Vbssine _nebs Veng + vn{n i jheci aben {bobkb vbahais ab qians ns vn{qbs ai vnís vn{n n oiivb{nàïi aben v{bvn{ngai vengis sbmbecngqbs vn{n irq{is ~rb absbdnm oimb{ohnehtn{ is sb{zhàis vbssinhs abebs)abens vn{n mnhs ahgcbh{i Ben qbm rm vbssine ab anoqheÿ`{nji bsvbohnehsqns% n{qhsqns% b bso{hqi{bs ~rb qäm n cnkhehanab vn{n a{nmnqhtn{ n jiecn oeíghon qïi bjbqhznmbgqb n~rbeb sb{zhàis vbssinhs viab sb{ oimb{ohnehtnai vn{n mrhqi mnhs ahgcbh{i

>>2

ONVÍQREI 2 - OIGCBOHMBGQI B_VBOHNEHTNAI BSVB[HÄGOHN_ VB__INH_ IR IK_B[ZNÀÒB_ 

~rb is sneî{his v{bznebobgqbs vn{n sb{zhàis sbmbecngqbs Ben è qïi oigjhngqb an cnkhehanab aben ~rb ben nobhqn% oimi n vi{àïi v{hgohvne an qnn aben% rmn vi{obgqn`bm ai vn`nmbgqi nrmbgqnai ben ndran ns oehbgqbs aben n `ngcn{ Gïi abzb sb{ srvisqi ~rb i vengi aben simbgqb oigshsqb bm n{qb ab zbgab{ hgqbeh`bgqb vben ~rne ben ndran is cimbgs b mrecb{bs n bh`h{ b {bobkb{ mnhs ahgcbh{i vi{~rb beb mbsmis sb{zhàis ~rb bebs zbgab{nm ngqh`nmbgqb vn{n mbgis vn`nmbgqi Ben orhan is hgqb{bssbs ai oimv{nai{ oimi qnmkèm i zbgabai{ ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs% b nsshm v{bvn{n is vengis aben ~rb i bmv{b`nai{ {bobkb znei{ oimvebqi vbei ahgcbh{i nahohigne ~rb beb vn`n I mèqiai vbei ~rne ben {bnehtn bsqb {bsreqnai sr{v{bbgabgqb è rm sb`{bai v{ijhsshigne ~rb ben absoik{b n ghg`rèm boerhgai is v{ÿv{his oehbgqbs aben _b zioä qbm n HMN@HGNÀÏI% b krson rmn snían mnhs ero{nqhzn vn{n sbrs sb{zhàis vbssinhs% bsqn sr`bsqïi viab sb{ i bsqímrei vn{n i ~rne zioä qbm v{ior{nai N HAÈHN è onvnt ab {bgab{ rmn {bgan eig`b mnhi{ ~rb hssi ai + airqi{ oimrm +% nazi`nai% ir bg`bgcbh{i ordn baronàïi {b~rb{br vn{n zî{his ngis gn jnoreanab N haèhn è snebnkeb n bssbs krsongai vishàòbs gizns% bm v{nqhonmbgqb qians vishàòbs ~rb vbabm cnkhehanab namhghsq{nqhzn ir bborqhzn% b bssbs ~rb absbdnm {bn{{ngdi ab {bgans gns vishàòbs v{bsbgqbs abebs)abens Gïi cî gbgcrm v{bài jhi vn{n HAÈHN_ sïs. Nq{îs ab qians ns HAÈHN_ è oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai Hgjbehtmbgqb% vn{n bssbs ~rb gïi nocnm {h~rbtns bm nkrgaëgohn% oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai è mnhs nkrgangqb b jnohembgqb na~rh{hai ~rb HAÈHN_ Cî rmn abmngan rghzb{sne b rmn ivi{qrghanab sbmv{b>>:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

o{bsobgqb vn{n n vbssin onvnt ab ndran{ is cimbgs b mrecb{bs n zbgab{ is sb{zhàis vbssinhs abebs)abens zngqndisnmbgqb vi{ onrsn absqn mbsmn zb{anab Onvnohanab sh`ghjhon HMN@HGNÀÏI% n rmn ~rnehanab v{bohsir oimkhgn{ oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai oim HAÈHN_% gn ji{mn ab VENGI_ I[@NGHTNAI_ v{idbqn{nm {bgab{ {h~rbtns _b zioä qbm HMN@HGNÀÏI ~rb bsqb onvíqrei viab i nv{bsbgqn{ oim rmn haèhn srjhohbgqb vn{n sn~rb oimi i oimbài ans {h~rbtns zioä absbdi _b ebmk{b% n HAÈHN è n oihsn v{hgohvne Oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai cî viroi viab sb{ nocnai ni {bai{ ai ongqi-~rne~rb{  ongqi.

>>0 

ONVÍQREI : HMN@HGNÀÏI I _BMHGÎ[HI AN MBGQB I ^RHGQI VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ N hmn`hgnàïi è ehqb{nembgqb i sbmhgî{hi bm ~rb è ji{mnai qiais is vengis o{hnais vi{ cimbm I hmvresi% i AB_BDI% è abqb{mhgnan ji{mn% ji{mn% b NÀÏI vben ndran an jnoreanab hmn`hgnqhzn an mbgqb Jih ahqi ~rb i cimbm viab o{hn{ ~rne~rb{ oihsn ~rb beb viab hmn`hgn{ Ab qians ns hanabs ab ohzhehtnàïi% bsqb è i mnhs jnzi{îzbe vn{n i absbgziezhmbgqi an hmn`hgnàïi% vi{~rb è rmn hanab ab mrangàn {îvhan Bm qian mïi n vbssin viab oigqnqn{ bsqímreis ~rb absbgziezbm n hmn`hgnàïi Vben ndran an jnoreanab hmn`hgnqhzn abeb% absoik{hr i cimbm% b n{{bir% mnhs ans ji{àns ab Gnqr{btn ar{ngqb is ôeqhmis ohg~õbgqn ngis ~rb ar{ngqb n chsqÿ{hn hgqbh{n an {nàn crmngn% v{èzhi æ~rbeb qbmvi Beb oig~rhsqir i n{ qïi oimvebqnmbgqb% ~rb is vîssn{is sïi rmn vn{qhan vik{b vn{n beb zingai Beb n{{bir i èqb{% b jbt hsqi sb{zh{  oimi rgs mbhis ab oimrghonàïi hgsqngqëgbn oim ~rne~rb{ vn{qb ai mrgai Beb ngnehsir% b vbsir i sie n rmn ahsqëgohn ab mhecòbs ab mhecns% b abqb{mhgir% vben ndran ab HMN@HGNÀÏI% is bebmbgqis gis ~rnhs oigshsqb Beb absoik{hr ~rb i v{ÿv{hi oè{bk{i abeb è nmkis rmn {nahiahjrsïi% b rmn bsqnàïi {bobvqi{n vn{n n zhk{nàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi% b beb bsqî oimbàngai n nv{bgab{ n

ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

jntb{ rsi v{îqhoi absqn absoikb{qn n`i{n Beb nrmbgqir n zbeiohanab ab eioimiàïi% nqè ~rb beb viab zhndn{  n`i{n n rmn zbeiohanab ab mnhs ab q{btbgqns mhecns vi{ ci{n I qbmvi zh{î ei`i ~rngai rm cimbm viab i onjè an mngcï bm Gizn Hi{~rb% b nemiàn{î gi _ïi J{ngohsoi CIMBM _ß EHMHQNÀÏI% abgq{i ai {ntiîzbe% MBGQH[N_ BM i AB_BGZIEZHMBGQI abeb B R_I AB n HMN@HGNÀÏI abeb Beb gïi qbm oigqrai neongàir i îvhob ab absbgziezhmbgqi gi rsi an jnoreanab hmn`hgnqhzn abeb Beb simbgqb absoik{hr ~rb beb qbm rmn hmn`hgnàïi% b oimbàir vn{n rsn{ hsqi ab rm miai mrhqi bebmbgqn{ ARN_ JI[MN_ AB HMN@HGNÀÏI N jnoreanab hmn`hgnqhzn jrgohign bm arns ji{mns N vbssin è oigcbohai oimi + hmn`hgnàïi shgqèqhon% + b i irq{i oimi + hmn`hgnàïi + o{hnqhzn _HGQÈQHOI HMN@HGNQHIG4-vi{ bsqn jnoreanab% n vbssin viab i{`nghtn{ oigobhqis zbecis% haèhns% ir vengis bm oimkhgnàòbs gizns Bsqn jnoreanab gïi o{hn gnan _imbgqb q{nknecn oim i mnqb{hne ab bvb{hägohn% baronàïi% b iksb{znàïi oim ~rb è nehmbgqnai È n jnoreanab rsir n mnhi{hn vbei hgzbgqi{% hgzbgqi{% oim n bobàïi ai ~rb rqhehtn n hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn% ~rngai beb gïi viab {bsiezb{ i v{ikebmn abeb vi{ hmn`hgnàïi shgqèqhon O[HNQHZI HMN@HGNQHIG4-vi{ n jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn% n mbgqb jhghqn ab cimbm qbm oimrghonàïi ah{bqn oim Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn È n jnoreanab vben ~rne + sïi {bobkhans oi{organs + b + hgsvh{nàòbs + Bsqî vi{ bsqn jnoreanab ~rb haèhns qiai kîshons% ir gizns sïi bgq{b`nans vn{n q{hvren{ q{hvren{ È vi{ bsqn jnoreanab ~rb vbgsir zhk{nàòbs ans mbgqbs ab irq{is è {bobkhai È vi{ bsqn jnoreanab n~rbeb gi >;6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

~rb i hgahzíari viab njhgn{% + ir oimrghon oim ns mbgqbs srkoigsohbgqbs ab irq{is cimbgs N hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn q{nknecn nrqimnqhonmbgqb% an mngbh{n abso{hqn bm vî`hgns srksb~õbgqbs Bsqn jnoreanab _ß jrgohign ~rngai n mbgqb oigsohbgqb bsqhzb{ zhk{ngai n rmn qnn srmnmbgqb {îvhan% oimi vi{ bbmvei% ~rngai n mbgqb oigsohbgqb è bsqhmrenan vben bmiàïi ab rm absbdi ji{qb N jnoreanab o{hnqhzn jhon mnhs neb{qn% mnhs {bobvqhzn n zhk{nàòbs ans jigqbs mbgohignans% bm v{ivi{àïi n sbr absbgziezhmbgqi vi{ R_I Bsqn aboen{nàïi è sh`ghjhongqb. Oigshab{b hsqi ngqbs ab vnssn{ bm _b ebmk{b ab oimi zioä sh`n bsqbs v{hgoívhis ~rb n chsqÿ{hn hgqbh{n ab oimi n vbssin viab oigzb{qb{  AB_BDI bm ahgcbh{i gïi viab sb{ oigqnai bm rmn aboen{nàïi N chsqÿ{hn bsqn{î oimvebqn% sÿ ~rngai n vbssin AIMHGIR% N__HMHEIR% b OIMBÀIR n JNTB[ R_I ab qiais is v{hgoívhis Is `{ngabs eíab{bs ab gb`ÿohi% hgaôsq{hn% jhgngàns% b is `{ngabs n{qhsqns% môshois% vibqns% b bso{hqi{bs jhon{nm `{ngabs% vi{~rb bebs absbgziezb{nm n jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn Nmkns ns jnoreanabs shgqèqhons b o{hnqhzns ab hmn`hgnàïi sb qi{gnm mnhs neb{qn oim rsi% an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb ~rne~rb{ môsorei ir ÿ{`ïi ai oi{vi absbgziezbm vi{ rsi Absbdi è sÿ rm vbgsnmbgqi% rm hmvresi Bsqî gbkreisi b bjämb{i È nksq{nqi% b ab gbgcrm znei{% nqè ~rb jih q{ngsji{mnai bm srn oigq{nvn{qb jíshon Bg~rngqi n hmn`hgnàïi shgqèqhon è i ~rb j{b~õbgqbmbgqb sb{î rsnai n mnhi{hn% gi v{iobssi ab q{ngsji{mn{ i hmvresi >;>

ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

ab AB_BDI bm ahgcbh{i% ~rb zioä qbm ~rb sb ebmk{n{  ai jnqi% ~rb zioä viab bgj{bgqn{ oh{orgsqëgohns b shqrnàòbs ~rb bh`bm rsi an hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn oimi kbm _rn jnoreanab hmn`hgnqhzn viab qb{ jhonai j{non vi{  hgnoqhig Viab sb{ {bnzhznai b viab sb{ jbhqi neb{qn vi{  R_I Bsqn jnoreanab gïi mi{{b% bgq{bqngqi viab jhon{  hgnqhzi vi{ jneqn ab rsi Vi{ bg~rngqi% obgq{n srn nqbgàïi gi absbgziezhmbgqi an hmn`hgnàïi shgqèqhon% vi{~rb bsqn è n jnoreanab ~rb zioä rsn{î mnhs j{b~õbgqbmbgqb gi v{iobssi ab oigzb{qb{ absbdi bm ahgcbh{i Q{ngsji{mnàïi ai hmvresi hgqng`ízbe% ab AB_BDI% gn {bnehanab qng`ízbe% ab AHGCBH[I% vbab i rsi ab rm vengi% ir vengis Bsqbs vengis abzbm sb{ ji{mnais oim n ndran an hmn`hgnàïi% b v{hgohvnembgqb% oim n jnoreanab shgqèqhon Ebhn i ehz{i hgqbh{i vi{% bgqïi zieqb n bsqb onvíqrei% b oimbob n vñ{ srn hmn`hgnàïi vn{n q{nknecn{ gi bahjíohi ab rm vengi hmbahnqnmbgqb% ir vengis% vn{n n q{ngsji{mnàïi ab sbr AB_BDI bm ahgcbh{i Hgsq{ràòbs abqnecnans vn{n i bahjíohi ab vengis ji{nm abqb{mhgnans bm ~rnsb qiai onvíqrei Ebzb n onki mbeci{ ns hgsq{ràòbs sb{zhans n srns gbobsshanabs% {bart sbr vengi n bso{bzb{% sb zioä dî gïi jbt nsshm I mimbgqi zioä oimvebqn hsqi% zioä ABJHGHQHZNMBGQB qb{î anai ji{mn oigo{bqn ni AB_BDI hgqng`ízbe Ebhn n i{nàïi v{bobabgai mnhs rmn zbt Ebhn hsqi% mrhqi ebgqnmbgqb% bm zit neqn b oimi zioä jnàn nsshm% sb ebmk{b ~rb i mimbgqi zioä {bart n aboen{nàïi ab sbr absbdi% b rm vengi vn{n srn {bnehtnàïi% vn{n bso{bzb{% zioä EBZIR N V[HMBH[N ab rmn sè{hb ab >;;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

vnssis ~rb i vb{mhqh{ïi n oigzb{qb{ i vbgsnmbgqi bm srn oigq{nvn{qb jíshon ab jnqi N qb{{n gn ~rne zioä zhzb% zioä% zioä% b qian irq{n oihsn mnqb{hne è i {bsreqnai ab mrangàn bzierqhzn vben ~rne vbanàis mho{isoÿvhois ab nssrgqi ji{nm i{`nghtnais b i{`nghtn{nm bm rmn mian bm i{abm Neèm ahssi-b bsqn aboen{nàïi è ab bsqrvbgai hmvi{qëgohn-bsqn qb{{n% qiai rm ais khecïi ab obens hgahzharnhs ab sbr oi{vi% b qiai îqimi ab nssrgqi% oimbàir oimi rmn ji{mn hgqng`ízbe ab bgb{`hn È vbgsnai AB_BDI hmvresi. Hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi sïi ji{mns ab bgb{`hn ^rngai zioä oimbàn{ oim i hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi% AB_BDB% vn{n normren{  ahgcbh{i% zioä bsqî q{nàngai bm sbr sb{zhài is mbsmis + mnqb{hnhs + ~rb Gnqr{btn rsir o{hngai bsqn qb{{n% b qian ji{mn mnqb{hne gi rghzb{si% hgoershzb i oi{vi b ~rbk{n n onkbàn bm ~rne n jrgàïi ab hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi Nqè igab ohägohn vñab abqb{mhgn{% i rghzb{si hgqbh{i oigshsqb ab mns aihs bebmbgqi-nssrgqi b bgb{`hn Vben oimkhgnàïi ab bgb{`hn b hmvi{qn% jih o{hnai qrai vb{obvqízbe vn{n cimbm% an bsq{ben mnhi{ ~rb jerqrn gis oèrs% nqè% b hgoershzb cimbm% beb Zioä è n`i{n oimv{imbqhai gn qn{bjn ab qbgqn{ `ngcn{  mèqiai vi{ gnqr{btn Zioä è #shgob{nmbgqb b bn{gbsqex% gÿs bsvb{nmis(% qbgqngai sb nanvqn{ æs ebhs ab Gnqr{btn% bmv{bbgabgai oigzb{qb{ AB_BDI bm sbr jíshoi ir migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb ZIOÄ VIAB JNTB[ H_QI. JIH QB[MHGNAI NGQB_. Zioä viab oigsq{rh{ rmn ji{qrgn vben ndran ab ebhs ~rb sïi hmmrqnkeb Mns% v{hmbh{i% zioä qbm ~rb jhon{  jnmhehn{ oim bsqns ebhs% b nv{bgab is R_N[ Vi{ {bvbqhàïi% b ocb`ngai n abso{hàïi absqbs v{hgoívhis ab qiai >;?

ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

ëg`rei oigobkízbe% i nrqi{ bsvb{n {bzben{ n zioä i sb`{bai vbei ~rne qian `{ngab ji{qrgn jih normrenan Bsq{ngci b vn{naine oimi viab vn{bob{% i + sb`{bai + gïi è RM _B@[BAI Gnqr{btn% ben% ngrgohn hsqi gn qb{{n gn ~rne gÿs zhzbmis% ns bsq{bens% ~rb is vengbqns srsvbgab{nm abgq{i ab gissn zhsïi% gis bebmbgqis sik{b b ni {bai{ ab gÿs% bm qian eëmhgn ab `{nmn% b qian ji{mn ab zhan abgq{i ab gissn zhsïi Gnqr{btn ngrgohn bsqb + sb`{bai + gns oigahàòbs ab khiei`hn% gn oigzb{sïi ab rmn oben mhgôsoren% qïi vb~rbgi ~rb viab sb{ vb{ahai gi vigqi ab rm nejhgbqb% gi sb{ crmngi ~rb eä bsqn ehgcn n`i{n N oigzb{sïi ab absbdi bm sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb è% ob{qnmbgqb% gbgcrm mnhs mhen`{isi. Gïi è absbgoi{ndnai sb zioä gïi oimv{bbgab oimvebqnmbgqb ~rb qrai n~rhei jih aboen{nai N mbgis ~rb zioä jissb mrhqi qbmvi rm bsqrangqb an mbgqb% gïi sb{î bsvb{nai ~rb zioä nsshmhen{î ~rb qrai n~rhei bsqî gbsqb onvíqrei bm rmn v{hmbh{n ebhqr{n Mns zioä znh% n qbmvi% jnàn v{i`{bssi kim Is v{hgoívhis ~rb sb`rbm nk{h{ïi i miai vi{ bgqbgab{ ab hmn`hgnàïi Nsshmheb ~rb ~rb zioä bgqbgab% oimi zioä ebr bsqn jheisijhn% bgqïi% vben v{hmbh{n zbt ~rngai zioä {b{bna b bsqran hsqi% zioä absoik{h{î ~rb ne`i noigqbobr vn{n oen{hjhon{ hsqi% b ecb an{î rmn oimv{bbgsïi mnhs en{`n ai qiai Nohmn ab qrai% gïi VN[B% gbm cbshqb bm sbr bsqrai absqbs v{hgoívhis nqè ~rb zioä ebr Q[Ä_ zbtbs vbei mbgis vbei ehz{i% vn{n bgqïi% zioä gïi ~rb{b{î vn{n{ OIMI JNTB[ R_I V[ÎQHOI AB HMN@HGNÀÏI >;1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Haèhns sïi i oimbài nvigqn ab qians ns ji{qrgns Haèhns sïi v{iarqis an hmn`hgnàïi Gis abhb bnmhgn{ ne`rgs haèhns kbm oigcbohans ~rb {bgab{nm ji{qrgns bgi{mbs% oim n bsvb{ngàn ~rb bsqns hersq{nàòbs on{{b`n{ïi hgji{mnàïi abjhghan {benqhzi ni mèqiai vbei ~rne viab sb{ rsnan hmn`hgnàïi normrengai {h~rbtns N OCNEBH[N BGONGQNAN Ohg~õbgqn ngis nq{îs% rm airqi{ {r{ne zbeci ah{h`hr n ohanab% bsoi{{b`ir i onznei abeb% ~rhbqnmbgqb vnssir absvb{obkhai bm rmn eidn ab a{i`n vben vi{qn ais jrgais% b oimbàir + n vbochgocn{ + oim i kneoighsqn ab a{i`n dizbm N mhssïi abeb jih absqhgnan vn{n {bgab{ `{ngab {h~rbtn n mrhqns vbssins Jih absqhgnai vn{n q{ntb{ vn{n i _re i n mnhi{hn eig`b-n{{bmbssir kbgbjíohi absab n `rb{{n ohzhe Vn{n mnhs ~rb rmn ci{n% nq{îs ai oigqnai{ ab v{bso{hàïi% i airqi{ zbeci b i kneoighsqn jnen{nm bm knhis qigs Bgqïi i airqi{ vn{qhr Beb snhr vn{n i on{{i ab arns {ians b abziezbr rmn ocnebh{n ji{mnan `{ngab% zbecn% rm {bmi ab mnabh{n `{ngab #rsnai vi{  mbb{ is oigqbôais an ocnebh{n(% b is abvishqir gn vn{qb ab q{îs an eidn I kneoighsqn hgsvbohigir n ocnebh{n% neongànan bm sbr abgq{i ab kiesi% qh{ir rm {iei ab oigqns% b bgq{b`ir hsqi vn{n i airqi{ I {iei oigqbzb ns virvngàns hgqbh{ns ab !26666-i kneoighsqn bnqnmbgqb. I airqi{ bgq{b`ir rm absehtb vb~rbgi ab vnvbe bm ~rne jih bso{hqi rmn jÿ{mren sbo{bqn Ns vnenz{ns gn~rbeb absehtb vb~rbgi ab vnvbe zneb{nm i {bs`nqb ab rm [bh. Mns gïi vn{n i airqi{. Bssns vnenz{ns mî`hons ji{nm v{bohsnans oimbàn{ n ocnebh{n n jb{zb{% mns gbm i airqi{ gbm i

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ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

kneoighsqn dizbm sirkb{nm ~rb ji{qrgns jnkreisns ji{nm absqhgnans vn{n jerh{ an~rben ocnebh{n I airqi{ zbeci bsqnzn neb`{b ab zbgab{ i b~rhvnmbgqi vn{n ~rhgcbgqis aÿen{bs I ahgcbh{i vn`n{hn hgqb`{nembgqb ns aízhans abeb% b ecb aî ehkb{anab ab mbgqb I kneoighsqn bsqnzn sb n{{hsongai nvisqngai i abeb virvngàns ab zhan hgqbh{n bm rm mb{i vbanài ab vnvbe b rmn ocnebh{n zbecn. Beb grgon sigcir i hgzbsqhmbgqi abeb oimbàn{hn rmn ocnebh{n n q{ngski{an{ oim ir{i ~rb req{nvnssn{hn i absbmvbgci mhen`{isi ai nkndr{ ab Nenaahg N ~rb i kneoighsqn {bnembgqb oimv{ir b{n rmn HAÈHN. N ocnebh{n zbecn b i {bmi ab mnabh{n% b n mbgsn`bm sbo{bqn bm rm absehtb ab vnvbe sbdn hgohabgqne I absbmvbgci bsq{ngci an~rben ocnebh{n oimbàir n noigqbob{ abvihs ~rb i aigi gizi mhsqr{nssb oim ns hgsq{ràòbs sbo{bqns rm hg`{bahbgqb ~rne i airqi{ gïi oigcbobr gnan Ebhn bsqn chsqÿ{hn orhanaisnmbgqb% aä vn{n srn hmn`hgnàïi rm qbsqb. Zä sb zioä vrab{ absoik{h{ i ~rb b{n ~rb i cimbm dizbm no{bsobgqir æ mbgsn`bm sbo{bqn ~rb onrsir n ocnebh{n vn{n q{ngski{an{ oim ir{i _b ebmk{b% oimi zioä ebhqr{n% ~rb bsqn gïi è rmn chsqÿ{hn ab Gihqbs î{nkbs N~rh zioä qbm rmn chsqÿ{hn ab jnqis% bsq{ngci ~rb jhoàïi% jnqis ~rb oimbàn{nm gn ji{mn ab rmn HAÈHN Gis abhb an{ rmn iecnan gns ji{qrgns znsqns ab ir{i ~rb bsqn haèhn v{iarthr Vn`ir% b nhgan vn`n ji{qrgns bgi{mbs gi mrgai hgqbh{i nis cimbgs b mrecb{bs% ~rb ahsq{hkrbm is oigqbôais an ocnebh{n n mhecòbs ans vbssins N Ocnebh{n Zbecn è n`i{n rm ais oigsrmhai{bs mnhi{bs ai mrgai ab nàôon{% bg~rngqi v{izbgai q{nknecis ab >;:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

rmn gnqr{btn vb{mngbgqb nsshm n mhecn{bs ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs sb iorvn{nm ab ongn-ab-nàôon{ o{bsobgqb% b {bjhgngai b oimb{ohnehtngai nàôon{ N Ocnebh{n Zbecn oigsimb% ngrnembgqb% mhecòbs ab `n{{njns ab oivi% v{izbgai q{nknecis n gômb{is bgi{mbs ab q{nknecnai{bs ab oivi N Ocnebh{n Zbecn aî bmv{b`i n rm bè{ohqi ab kneoighsqns% qn~rí`{njis% bso{hqi{bs ab oÿvhn% b ngrgohngai is vb{hqis ni eig`i an gnàïi Q{irb jnmn b ji{qrgn n oigqn`bgs ab n{qhsqns ~rb o{hn{nm ~rna{is mn`gíjhois ~rb abso{bzbm i v{iarqi N Ocnebh{n Zbecn Zbecn oigzb{qbr rmn ohanab _rehsqn vb~rbgn gi onvhqne bmv{bsn{hne ai _re igab kbgbjhohn n`i{n% ah{bqnmbgqb% ir hgah{bqnmbgqb% qiai gb`ÿohi b v{nqhonmbgqb qiai {bshabgqb an ohanab N hgjerägohn absqn haèhn kbgbjhohn qiai vnís ohzhehtnai n`i{n gi mrgai% bg~rngqi absvbdngai rm jeri oigqígri ab ir{i n qrai ~rb qionm hsqi Ir{i an ocnebh{n oigsq{rían b mngqèm rm ans jnoreanabs mnhs v{ibmhgbgqbs ai _re igab mhecn{bs ab vbssins dizbgs {bobkbm i q{bhgnmbgqi bssbgohne vn{n srobssi N Ocnebh{n Zbecn jbt irq{ns oihsns mn{nzhecisns Qrai vben abv{bssïi mrgahne% ~rngai jîk{hons% kngois b onsns bmv{bsn{hnhs bsqnznm aik{ngai vn{n ohmn b bsqnznm abhngai vbeis mhecn{bs% i aigi absqn Ocnebh{n Bgongqnan jih mn{ocngai bm% angai bmv{b`i oigqígri gi mrgai hgqbh{i n rm bè{ohqi ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs% b vn`n{ vi{àòbs ab bq{n ab ir{i n bssbs ~rb% cî mrhqi qbmvi% qbzb jè gn haèhn _b i v{iarqi an~rben ocnebh{n ab mbqne zbecn vrabssb jnen{% oigqn{hn oigqis bmiohigngqbs ab

>;0 

ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

{imngob bm qiai hahimn [imngobs ab nmi{% {imngobs ab gb`ÿohi% {imngobs ab cimbgs v{ijhsshignhs b mrecb{bs ~rb bsqïi sbgai bsqhmrenais ahn{hnmbgqb vi{ hsqi I nrqi{ bsqî sb`r{i ab vbei mbgis rm qne {imngob% vi{~rb beb b{n rmn vn{qb ahsqi% b qrai gïi oimbàir eig`b an mbsmn mngocn gn ~rne i kneoighsqn ab a{i`n oimv{ir n ocnebh{n zbecn Bsqnzn n~rh ~rb i nrqi{ oigcbobr n bsvisn abeb% b b{n ben ~rb ecb oigqir v{hmbh{i n Ocnebh{n Bgongqnan B{n i v{iarqi an~rben Ocnebh{n ~rb bebs bsqnznm kbkbgai ~rngai beb ecb vbahr ~rb i + nobhqnssb vn{n mbeci{ ir vhi{ + N`i{n ~rb zioä snkb ~rb i oigqbôai an Ocnebh{n Ocnebh{n Bgongqnan è rmn kbkhan jnmisn mrgahne% mrgahne% bsqî ndrsqngai ~rb i nrqi{ oigjbssn ~rb n ohanab ab onsn an kbkhan i v{izbr oim rmn bsvisn% qnmkèm ~rb n v{ÿv{hn kbkhan ecb v{ivi{ohign bohqnàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi sbm hgqihonàïi% b nsshm sb{zb an{ i {bj{bsoi ab mbgqb ~rb rm nrqi{ qbm ~rb qb{ ~rb jntb{ i mbeci{ q{nkneci abeb ^rbm ~rb zioä è% igab ~rb{ ~rb zioä vissn zhzb{% ~rne~rb{ iorvnàïi an ~rb zioä viab sb{ sb iorvnai% cî viroi sb ebmk{b gi jrqr{i% qian zbt zioä zä ns vnenz{ns + Oion-Oien + ~rb sbr hmvè{hi znsqi ab {h~rbtn b hgjerägohn o{bsobr ji{n ab rmn ôghon HAÈHN% b ~rb i hg`{bahbgqb mhsqb{hisi n a{i`n kneoighsqn-Nsn Ongaeb{mhsqr{nai oim n jÿ{mren sbo{bqn b{n   HMN@HGNÀÏI. Vn{nan b vbgsn ahssi% vn{n rm mimbgqi _b ebmk{b% qnmkèm% ~rb is q{btb vnssis vn{n {h~rbtns% abso{bzbr gbsqb ehz{i% b{n ns míahn vbens ~rnhs jih bsqbgahan n hgjerägohn ab Oion-Oien vn{n qian ohanab% ohanab% neabhn% b o{rt-bsq{nan ai mrgai% b ~rb ^RNE^RB[ HAÈHN ~rb zioä viab o{hn{% oimi 3IRjea b mb{hqÿ{hi oimi Oion-Oien% qbm n visshkhehanab ab arvehon{ i {b`hsq{i bsqrvbgai absqb sbab-nssnsshgi mrgahne >;3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Zb{anabh{nmbgqb% vbgsnmbgqis sïi oihsns% b n bqbgsïi abebs)abens ab ivb{nàïi è i mrgai% hsqi I ^RB BR JN[HN _B BR QHZB RM MHECÏI AB AßEN[B_ Bsqn chsqÿ{hn v{izn n zb{anab an~rben zbecn aboen{nàïi + igab cî rm qbsqnmbgqi cî rm miai + Hsqi jih jnenai n mhm vi{ n~rbeb vban`i`i nmnai b oeè{h`i% i {bobgqb J{ngl P @rgsnrers ~rb oimbàir n on{{bh{n i{ngai abeb gn {b`hïi ab or{{nhs ab _re Ochon`i Bg~rngqi A{ A{ @rgsnrers bsqnzn vnssngai vi{ jnoreanab% beb iksb{zir mrhqis abjbhqis bm gissi shsqbmn baronohigne% abjbhqis ~rb beb no{bahqir ~rb beb viab{hn oi{{h`h{% sb beb jissb n onkbàn ab rmn jnoreanab I absbdi mnhs jrgai abeb b{n sb qi{gn{ n onkbàn ah{h`hgai ab rmn hgsqhqrhàïi baronohigne gn ~rne sb{hnm bgshgnans is cimbgs dizbgs b mrecb{bs n nv{bgab{  jntbgai + Beb sb abohahr i{`nghtn{ rmn jnoreanab gizn gn ~rne beb viab{hn ebzn{ n onki ns haèhns abeb% sbm sb{  abszngqndisi vi{ mèqiais i{qiaiis ab baronàïi Beb v{bohsir ab rm mhecïi ab aÿen{bs vn{n vñ{ i v{idbqi vi{. Igab b{n beb vn{n vñ{ ns mïis abeb bm qïi `{ngab rmn simn ab ahgcbh{i9 Hssi b{n n vb{`rgqn ~rb nksi{zbr n mnhi{hn ai vbgsnmbgqi absqb v{bnocb{   dizbm nmkhohisi Mns beb gïi vñab vn{bob{ jntb{ ne`rm v{i`{bssi Qians ns gihqbs beb iorvir n~rbeb vbgsnmbgqi n onmn oim beb Beb sb ebzngqir oim hsqi vben mngcï Beb ebzir hsqi bm qiais er`n{bs oim beb beb jih Beb hgzb{qbr hsqi b bm ohmn ab gn mbgqb abeb nqè ~rb sb qi{gir rmn iksbssïi iksbssïi oigsrmhgai oim beb Rm mhecïi ab aÿen{bs sïi mrhqi ahgcbh{i Beb {boigcbobr n~rbeb jnqi% mns beb qnmkèm

>;8 

ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

{boigcbobr n zb{anab ~rb n ôghon ehmhqnàïi è ~rb ~rne migqn gn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb an vbssin _bgai rm jheÿsiji oimi qnmkèm rm v{bnocb{% A{ @rgsnrers {boigcbobr% oimi jnt qrai ~rb qäm srobssi bm zhan% ~rb ABJHGHQBGB__ AB V[IVß_HQI è i vigqi ab vn{qhan ab ~rne qbm ~rb oimbàn{ Qnmkèm% beb {boigcbobr n~rbeb abjhghqbgbss ab ikdbqis vb`nais ab v{ivÿshqi bm nghmnàïi% zhan% b viab{ ~rngai nvihir vi{ rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n q{narth{ n~rbeb v{ivÿshqi bm sbr mnqb{hne b~rhznebgqb Beb sirkb qrai bsqns `{ngabs zb{anabs% oigqrai beb gïi sirkb igab% ir oimi vñ{ ns mïis abeb bm rm mhecïi ab aÿen{bs I v{iobahmbgqi gnqr{ne qb{hn shai sb {bgab{  b abhn{% ahtbgai% + Nc kbm% mhgcn haèhn è rmn kin% mns br gïi vissi jntb{ gnan oim hsqi% vi{~rb br grgon vissi ikqb{ is mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs + gbobssî{his Hssi è bnqnmbgqb i ~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins qb{hn ahqi% mns gïi è i ~rb A{ @rgsnrers ahssb I ~rb beb ahssb% b i ~rb beb jbt è qïi hmvi{qngqb ~rb br i nv{bsbgqi n`i{n% b i abhir jnen{ vn{n beb + Rmn qn{ab ab sîknai ~rb br mb sbgqbh bm mbr ~rn{qi vbgsngai bm miais b mbhis ab bgshgn{ i ahgcbh{i vn{n ebzn{ n onki mbrs vengis Ar{ngqb ~rnsb aihs ngis% qhgcn bsqnai vbgsngai br% mns br qhgcn jbhqi gnan mnhs ~rb vbgsb. + I qbmvi qhgcn zhgai vn{n NÀÏI +. + Br mb abohah ~rb br na~rh{h{hn is mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs gbobssî{his abgq{i ab rmn sbmngn Oimi9 Br gïi mb v{biorvbh vi{ hssi N oihsn v{hgohvne ab hmvi{qëgohn b{n n abohsïi vn{n na~rh{h{ i ahgcbh{i abgq{i ab rm qbmvi bsvbohjhonai% b br ~rb{i ecb jnen{ ~rb i mimbgqi br neongobh rmn abohsïi abjhghan vn{n na~rh{h{ i ahgcbh{i abgq{i ab rm qbmvi bsvbohjhonai% rm sbgqhmbgqi >?6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

bsq{ngci ab `n{ngqhn noigqbobr oimh`i% oimi br grgon qbzb ngqbs bvb{hmbgqnai Ne`i abgq{i ab mhm vn{bohn ahtb{% fPcx gïi i jbt neongob ~rb abohsïi n mrhqi qbmvi nq{îs9 I ahgcbh{i bsqnzn bsvb{ngai vi{  zioä qiai i qbmvi. ' + Oihsns oimbàn{nm n noigqbob{ bm rmn v{bssn Br ocnmnai is di{gnhs b ngrgohbh br i{n{hn rm sb{mïi n mngcï sb`rhgqb% hgqhqreir% fPcnq ~rb br jn{hn sb br qhzbssb rm mhecïi ab Aÿen{bs ' + Br jrh q{nknecn{ hmbahnqnmbgqb gi sb{mïi% mns br ecb% j{ngonmbgqb% qbgci ~rb jnen{ n qn{bjn gïi b{n ahjíohe% vi{~rb br qhgcn bsqnai v{bvn{ngai n~rbeb sb{mïi ar{ngqb ~rnsb aihs ngis I bsví{hqi b{n nq{îs ahsqi rmn vn{qb ab mhm. + Eig`i ngqbs an mbhn-gihqb br qhgcn qb{mhgnai bso{hqr{n i sb{mïi Br jrh vn{n onmn b ai{mh oim rm sbgqhmbgqi ab oigjhngàn% vi{~rb br dî viab{hn mb zb{ abgq{i vissb ais mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs Mngcï ~rb zbm sr{`h br obai% bgq{ir gi kngcbh{i% ebhn i sb{mïi% bgqïi ndibecir bm mbrs dibecis b vbahr ~rb mbr sb{mïi vrabssb zh{ æ nqbgàïi ab ne`rèm ~rb v{izb{hn i ahgcbh{i v{bohsnai + Bg~rngqi br bsqnzn {btngai ~rb br qhzb n~rbeb sbgqhmbgqi ab `n{ngqhn giznmbgqb ~rb i ahgcbh{i sb{hn jrqr{i Bm mhgcn bohqnàïi% br onmhgcbh ji{n sbm mbr sb{mïi% b gïi absoik{hr n imhssïi nqè ~rb br bsqnzn bm mbr vôevhqi b sik{b v{igqi vn{n oimbàn{ n bgq{b`n{ hsqi + Bsqnzn mrhqi qn{ab vn{n zieqn{ vn{n mhgcns giqns% b hssi ~rb rmn kägàïi ~rb br gïi vrab zieqn{. Ni hgzès% mhgcn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb {bgabr i mnqb{hne ai ~rb br v{bohsbh ^rngai br sr{`h vn{n oimbàn{ mbr sb{mïi% br jbocbh mbrs >?>

ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

iecis% b jneir oim qiais mbr oi{nàïi b nemn ab mbrs sigcis Br gïi sÿ jnebh oim mhgcn nrahägohn% mns br hmn`hgi br qnmkèm jnebh oim Abrs Br oigqbh i ~rb br jn{hn oim rm mhecïi ab aÿen{bs sb n~rben ~rngqhn jissb oieionan bm mhgcns mïis Br abso{bzh i vengi ~rb br qhzb bm mbgqb vi{ i{`nghtn{ rmn `{ngab hgsqhqrhàïi baronohigne igab ns vbssins dizbgs nv{bgab{hnm jntb{  oihsns v{îqhons% b ni mbsmi qbmvi absbgziezb ns mbgqbs abebs)abens + ^rngai br qhgcn qb{mhgnai b qhgcn mb sbgqnai% rm cimbm sr{`hr ebgqnmbgqb ai nssbgqi abeb% nv{ihmnanmbgqb q{äs jhens an vn{qb q{nsbh{n% b jbt i bsvnài abeb vn{n i vôevhqi Br absbdbh snkb{ i ~rb beb hn jntb{ Beb bgq{ir gi vôevhqi% bsqbgahai n mïi abeb% b ahssb% f[bzb{bga% br `isqbh ab sbr sb{mïi Br no{bahqi ~rb zioä viab jntb{ qrai ~rb zioä ahssb ~rb zioä znh% sb zioä qhzbssb rm mhecïi ab aÿen{bs V{izn{ ~rb br no{bahqi bm zioä b sbr sb{mïi% sb zioä zh{î nmngcï ab mngcï n mbr bso{hqÿ{hi% br ecb an{bh is mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs Mbr gimb è Vcheehv A N{mnar{n + ' @rgsnrers dizbm jih vn{n i bso{hqÿ{hi ab _{ N{mnar{n b is mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs ji{nm nv{bsbgqnais n beb Oim i ahgcbh{i% beb jrgair i Hgsqhqrqi ab N{mnar{n ab Qbogiei`hn Hssi sbmv{b è mnhs ahgcbh{i ~rb n mnhi{hn ab v{bnocb{s zbdn bm rmn zhan hgqbh{n% oigqrai i hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi jih o{hnai m nq{îs ai ahgcbh{i n mbgqb ai v{bnocb{ dizbm bm rmn j{nàïi ab rm mhgrqi Is mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs gbobssî{his zhb{nm oimi {bsreqnai ab rmn haèhn Nq{îs an haèhn b{n rm AB_BDI ~rb @rgsnrers dizbm qhgcn bsqnai nehmbgqngai gn mbgqb abeb ar{ngqb ~rnsb aihs ngis

>?;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Iksb{zb bsqb jnqi hmvi{qngqb BEB NA^RH[HR I AHGCBH[I ABGQ[I AB Q[HGQN-_BH_ CI[N_ ABVIH_ ^RB BEB NEONGÀIR RMN ABOH_ÏI ABJHGHAN BM N V[ßV[HN MBGQB ABEB NA^RH[H[ H_QI% B ABOHAHR RM VENGI ABJHGHAI VI[ NA^RH[H[ H_QI. Gïi cnzhn gnan gizi ir sbm h`rne sik{b @rgsnrers'  dizbm vbgsnmbgqi zn`i nv{ihmnanmbgqb rm mhecïi ab aÿen{bs% b bsvb{ngai abkhembgqb vn{n hsqi Irq{is ngqbs abeb% b mrhqis absab i qbmvi abeb% qbzb vbgsnmbgqis sbmbecngqbs Mns cnzhn ne`i mrhqi sbm h`rne b ahjb{bgqb sik{b n abohsïi ~rb beb neongàir gn~rbeb sîknai mbmi{îzbe% ~rngai beb vñs hgob{qbtn gi jrgai% b abjhghqhznmbgqb ahssb% + br na~rh{h{bh n~rbeb ahgcbh{i abgq{i ab rmn sbmngn +. Abrs vn{bob sb engàn{ gi enai ai cimbm ~rb oigcbob i ~rb beb ~rb{ bnqnmbgqb% sb beb è abqb{mhgnai vn{n na~rh{h{ CÎ VIROI H__I. Neèm ahssi% i v{hgoívhi ~rb A{ @rgsnrers oigsrmhr is mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs abeb nhgan bsqî zhzi. Bsqî ahsvigízbe n zioä. Bsqn ebh rghzb{sne è oimi bborqîzbe cidb oimi b{n ~rngai i v{bnocb{   dizbm jhtb{nm rsi ahsqi qïi v{isvb{nmbgqb Bsqb ehz{i abso{bzb% vnssi vi{ vnssi% is q{btb bebmbgqis absqn `{ngab ebh% b sr`b{b oimi bebs viabm sb{ visqis vn{n rsn{ Iksb{zb n~rbeb Nsn Ongaeb{ b A{ J{ngl @rgsnrers qhzb{nm rmn on{noqb{ísqhon bm oimrm Nmkis sirkb{nm n zb{anab bsvngqisn ~rb viabm _B[ Q[NG_MRANAN_ HAÈHN_ BM AHGCBH[I ZHZI VBEI VIAB[ AB V[IVß_HQI ABJHGHAI% MNH_ VENGI_ ABJHGHAI_ _b zioä è rm abssbs ~rb no{bahqnm ~rb q{nkneci ar{i b cigbsqhanab% sÿ% q{n{ïi {h~rbtns% vb{bàn i vbgsnmbgqi. Gïi è zb{anab. [h~rbtns% ~rngai bebs bgq{n{bm bm ~rngqhanabs bgi{mbs% grgon è i {bsreqnai ab q{nkneci AR[I. [h~rbtns zäm% sb bebs zäm n qrai% oim {bsvbhqi n >??

ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

abmngans abjhghans% knsbnai gn nvehonàïi ab v{hgoívhis abjhghais% b gïi vi{ onsrnehanab ir si{qb Bm `b{ne% rmn haèhn è rm hmvresi ab vbgsir hssi hmvbeb nàïi% vi{ rmn nq{nàïi vn{n n hmn`hgnàïi Qiais is zbgabai{bs ab mbsq{b snkbm ~rb viabm sb{ zbgahans haèhns igab mb{onai{hn gïi viab Zbgabai{bs i{ahgî{his gïi snkbm bsqb-n~rbeb è vi{ ~rb bebs sïi + i{ahgî{his + Vrkehonai{ ab ehz{is ~rb zbgabm vn{n rm gí~rbe jbt rmn absoikb{qn ~rb `b{nembgqb abzb{hn zneb{ mrhqi vn{n vrkehonai{bs Beb nv{bgabr n~rbeb mrhqns vbssins oimv{nm qíqreis% b gïi oigqbôais ab ehz{is Mrangai i gimb ab rm ehz{i ~rb gïi b{n oimizbgqb simbgqb% ns zbgans abeb gn~rbeb ehz{i sneqn{nm mnhs ab rm mhecïi ab oÿvhns vn{n ohmn I abgq{i ai ehz{i gïi jih mranai ab ~rne~rb{ ji{mn Beb n{{ngoir i vi{qb ab oikb{qr{n simbgqb i qíqrei ~rb gïi zbgabr% b zbsqhr rmn oikb{qr{n gizn oim rm qíqrei ~rb qbzb + znei{ ab onhnbso{hqÿ{hi + ^rb% qïi shmvebs ~rngqi viab vn{bob{% b{n rmn HAÈHN. B{n HMN@HGNÀÏI Gïi cî gbgcrm v{bài sqngan{a bm haèhns I o{hnai{ ab haèhns jnt i v{ÿv{hi v{bài abeb% b% sb beb ji{ hgqbeh`bgqb% na~rh{b hsqi N hgaôsq{hn ab ~rna{i oimizbgqb o{hir rm {bkngci hgqbh{i ab mhehigî{his N mnhi{hn abebs b{n cimbgs ~rb gïi vrab{nm o{hn{ haèhn-mns-bebs qhzb{nm n hmn`hgnàïi vn{n {boigcbob{ haèhns ~rngai bebs is zh{nm I v{ÿhmi {bkngci ab mhehigî{his o{bsob{î ji{n ai gb`ÿohi ab {îahi ~rb è gizi b gïi sik{bon{{b`ir oim cimbgs ab hmn`hgnàïi n`ran I ahgcbh{i sb{î `ngci vi{ bssbs ~rb absoik{bm ir o{hnm v{i`{nmmbs ab {îahi gizi b mnhs mb{hqÿ{hi b qäm n hmn`hgnàïi vn{n {boigcbob{ mè{hqi% b an{ vn{n is irzhgqbs ab {îahi rmn ocngob vn{n `ngcn{ vi{ hsqi >?1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

I vnq{iohgnai{. N~rben zíqhmn hgjbeht ~rb n`i{n vn`n i orsqi ab qiai i bgq{bqbghmbgqi ab {îahi +% + ei`i sb qi{gn{î haèhn oigsohbgqb% b abmngan ne`i vn{n i ahgcbh{i abeb I cimbm vn{n ~rb knqb i vnq{iohgnai{  i vrb% b v{izä v{i`{nmmbs ~rb jnt sb{zhài ôqhe% è i cimbm ~rb jhon{î {hoi gbsqn hgaôsq{hn gizn O{iigb{s b ert qn`n{benm n{qhsqns ~rb n`i{n vierbm i n{  oim vhnans b {hsnahgcn qieis% h{î i miai ab qians ns mnabh{ns ab ert% b is abebs)abens sb{ïi noigqbohais vi{  {bnhs n{qhsqns ~rb hgqb{v{bqnm v{i`{nmmbs orhanaisnmbgqb vengbdnai ~rb jih v{idbqnai vn{n oigsb{qn{ ns mbgqbs ab cimbgs% oimi qnmkèm v{izbdn bgq{bqbghmbgqi N~rh è rm onmvi nkb{qi en{`i ab ivi{qrghanab ~rb `{hqn sbr v{iqbsqi ni miai hsqi è sb{ nknqhai% vi{ onrsn ab jneqn ab hmn`hgnàïi% b hmvei{ngai sneznmbgqi n ~rne~rb{ v{bài Nohmn ab qrai% n oihsn ~rb gbobsshanabs ab {îahi sïi HAÈHN_ gizns. _b bsqb onmvi gizi ab hgq{h`ns ab ivi{qrghanab zioä% qnezbt zioä viab{hn `ngcn{ vben sr`bsqïi ~rb i v{i`{nmmbs ab {îahi v{ÿsvb{i ai jrqr{i v{bsqn{ïi mnhs nqbgàïi n o{hn{ + ns nrahägohns ab oimv{nai{ +% b mbgis nqbgàïi vn{n + nrahägohns ab irzhgqb + Aboen{nai mnhs oen{nmbgqb% i oigsq{rqi{ ab v{i`{nmmbs ab {îahi ~rb qbm srobssi gi jrqr{i% qbm ~rb nocn{ miais v{îqhois vn{n oigzb{qb{ + is irzhgqbs + bm + oimv{nai{bs + Neèm ahssi% i v{iarqi{ v{ÿsvb{i ab v{i`{nmmbs ab {îahi gi jrqr{i qbm ~rb qboen{ ns on{noqb{ísqhons abeb ab ji{mn ~rb beb abjhghqhznmbgqb viab misq{n{ sbr bjbhqi gn nrahägohn Vnq{iohgnai{bs bsqïi jhongai rm viroi ongsnai ab oimv{n{ oigzb{sns zbgabgai ehsigdbh{ns% knsbnai bm aboen{nàòbs n`n{{nans ji{n ab n{ mn`{i Bebs ~rb{bm% b gi jrqr{i bh`h{î% v{izn hgahsvrqîzbe ~rb i v{i`{nmmb ab Pciishq gïi sÿ aî sbmv{b vn{n mhecòbs ans vbssins >?2

ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

i {hsnahgcn mnhs qiei% mns ~rb i `h``eb{ qiei viabm zbgab{ mb{onai{hn. Irq{n oihsn oimi n ~rb viab kbm sbdn bgqbgahan vi{  bssbs ~rb oigqbmvenm bgq{ngai gbsqb onmvi gizi ab ivi{qrghanab% {îahi ngrgohn{ znh sb{ oigq{ienai vi{ rm `{rvi oimvebqnmbgqb gizi ab ngrgohn{ is vb{hqis% sbvn{b b ahsqhgqi ai di{gne ab qbmvi zbeci b {bzhsqn ~rb ngrgohn is cimbgs ab n`ägohn Is o{igñmbq{is zbecis gi di`i ab v{ivn`ngan gïi viabm eb{ is mngrso{hqis ab {îahi miab{gis% vi{~rb bebs ji{nm baronais vn{n ZB[ haèhns N qèoghon ab {îahi gizn bh`b cimbgs ~rb viabm hgqb{v{bqn{ haèhns ab rm mngrso{hqi bso{hqi bm qb{mis ab _IM. Znebr i nrqi{ rm ngi ab q{nkneci ar{i% b mrhqis mhecn{bs ab aÿen{bs vn{n nv{bgab{ hsqi [îahi% n`i{n mbsmi% bsqî nv{ihmnanmbgqb igab is ~rna{is oimizbgqbs b{nm% ~rngai Mn{x Vholji{a b is onocis aben sb nvn{bob{nm v{hmbh{i gn qben Cî knsqngqb ~rn{qi bm {îahi vn{n bssbs ~rb viabm v{iarth{ ir viabm {boigcbob{ HAÈHN_ _b i oimbgqî{hi v{bobabgqb gns ivi{qrghanabs ab {îahi gïi oimbàir srn jîk{hon ab haèhn vn{n q{nknecn{% zioä qbzb bs~rbob mbeci{ hsqi _rn ivi{qrghanab bsqî bm ne`rm irq{i onmvi _b i oimbgqî{hi i hgq{h`ir gi `{nr mnhs ebzb% bgqïi zî mnhs nahngqb ghsqi% b zioä viab nocn{ n rmn HAÈHN an ~rb zioä v{bohsn n oí{orei ji{n srn on{{bh{n Grgon abhir hsqi i absbgoi{ndn{ sb zioä gïi qbm gbgcrmn bvb{hägohn bm {îahi Nga{bp On{gb`hb sirkb mrhqi vb~rbgi sik{b jntb{ nài-br qbgci n v{ÿv{hn vnenz{n ab On{gb`hb vn{n bsqb-mns beb jbt rsi v{îqhoi ab aihs ais v{hgoívhis abso{hqi gbsqb ehz{i% b jbt i gb`ÿohi ab nài i {bgab{ rmn ji{qrgn

>?:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

N chsqÿ{hn ab v{nqhonmbgqb qian `{ngab ji{qrgn oimbàn oim i ahn ~rngai rm o{hnai{ ab haèhns b rm zbgabai{  ab haèhns na~rh{hr drgqi b q{nknecir bm cn{mighn On{gb`hb sb ob{oir oim cimbgs ~rb viab{hnm jntb{  qrai n~rhei ~rb beb gïi vñab jntb{ Cimbgs ~rb o{hn{nm haèhns% b cimbgs ~rb vrsb{nm haèhns bm ivb{nàïi% b sb jbt b is irq{is jnkreisnmbgqb {hoi Mhecòbs ans vbssins vnssnm vi{ zhan ~rb bsvb{n vn{n j{nqr{ns + jnzi{îzbhs + Qnezbt rmn j{nqr{n jnzi{îzbe viab na~rh{h{ rm rmn ivi{qrghanab% mns i vengi mnhs sb`r{i è gïi abvbgab{ ab si{qb B{n rmn j{nqr{n + jnzi{îzbe + ~rb mb abr n ivi{qrghanab mnhi{ ab mhgcn zhan - mnszhgqb-ohgoi ngis ab abqb{mhgnai bsji{ài qhzb{nm ~rb sb{ abahonais æ~rben ivi{qrghanab ngqbs ab sb qi{gnssb rm {bor{si N + j{nqr{n + oigshsqhr bm mhgcn ji{qrgn kin sb bgoigq{ngai b `ngcngai n oiivb{nàïi ab Nga{bp On{gb`hb Gn~rben ionshïi On{gb`hb vengqir bm mhgcn mbgqb n haèhn ab i{`nghtn{ is v{hgoívhis ab {bnehtnàïi bm rmn jheisijhn ab srobssi Mhecn{bs ans vbssins `ngcn{nm vbens absoikb{qns jbhqns gis zhgqb b ohgoi ngis ab vbs~rhsn% b ji{nm normrenans zî{hns ji{qrgns vben nvehonàïi an jheisijhn I oimbài b{n shmvebs B{n rmn HAÈHN ~rb ~rne~rb{ rm viab{hn qb{ absbgziezhai N j{nqr{n jnzi{îzbe vnssir vi{ On{gb`hb% mns hssi ~rb sik{b n ABQB[MHGNÀÏI% ABJHGHQBGB__ AB V[IVß_HQI% b i AB_BDI vn{n NQHG@H[ N MBQN% b i B_JI[ÀI VB[_H_QBGQB AB ZHGQB B OHGOI NGI_9 B{n gbgcrm i{ahgî{hi AB_BDB hssi sik{bzhzbr abobvàïi% absëghmi% ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn% o{íqhon% b i ebmk{ngai oigsqngqb ab + absvb{aíohi ab qbmvi + B{n rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB. RMN IK_B__ÏI.

>?0 

ONVÍQREI : - HMN@HGNÀÏI

^rngai n haèhn jih vengqnan v{hmbh{i bm mhgcn mbgqb vi{ _{ On{gb`hb% jih vb{srnahai% jih nehmbgqnai% b jih nq{níai vn{n vb{mngbob{ zhzi @{narnembgqb% n haèhn sb qi{gir rm `h`ngqb abknhi ab sbr v{ÿv{hi viab{% b vb{srnahr% nehmbgqir% b mb ah{h`hr Haèhns sïi h`rnhs ~rb V{hmbh{i zioä aî zhan b nàïi b i{hbgqnàïi n haèhns% bgqïi bebs ebznm bm viab{ ai v{ÿv{hi abebs)abens b zn{{b qian n ivishàïi nvn{qb Haèhns sïi ji{àns hgqng`ízbhs% mns bebs qäm mnhs viab{  ~rb is oè{bk{is jíshois ~rb aî æ ert bebs Bebs qäm i viab{ vn{n sb mngqb{ zhzi% abvihs ai oè{bk{i ~rb is o{hn abziezbr vn{n bsvngn{ Vi{ bbmvei% ebzb i viab{  ab O{hsqhnghsmi Hssi oimbàir oim rmn haèhn shmvebs% gnsohai gi oè{bk{i ab O{hsqi _rn airq{hgn v{hgohvne b{n% + jnàn nqè irq{is oimi zioä qb{hn irq{is jntb{ nqè zioä + O{hsqi zieqir vn{n n jigqb ab ab igab Beb zbhi% mns n HAÈHN abeb znh mn{ocn{ bm Ne`rm ahn% viab o{bsob{% b zbm bm sbr v{ÿv{hi% bgqïi qb{î ormv{hai i AB_BDI mnhs jrgai ab O{hsqi N HAÈHN qbm absbgziezhai sÿ aihs mhe ngis Aä hsqi qbmvi. _ROB__I GÏI [B^RB[ GBGCRMN BSVEHONÀÏI J[NON__I GÏI VB[MHQB GBGCRMN ÎEHKH

>?3

ONVÍQREI 0 VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI N O[H_QNEHTNÀÏI AB AB_BDI BM NÀÏI I _BSQI VN__I VN[N VN[N [H^RBTN_ Zioä nv{bgabr ~rb qrai i cimbm o{hn ir na~rh{b% oimbàn gn ji{mn ab AB_BDI% n~rbeb absbdi è ebznai gn v{hmbh{n zieqn ab srn zhn`bm% ai nksq{nqi vn{n i oigo{bqi% gi sbmhgî{hi an HMN@HGNÀÏI igab VENGBDN srn q{ngshàïi è o{hnai b i{`nghtir Bm Onvíqrei aihs% ecb bgshgn{nm vn{n an{ sbhs vnssis abjhghais% v{îqhois% oimi sbr v{hmbh{i mizhmbgqi q{narthgai i absbdi vn{n ahgcbh{i bm sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb Rm absqbs vnssis è n ji{mnàïi ab rm vengi ABJHGHAI% v{îqhoi% ir vengis vbeis ~rnhs bsqn q{ngsji{mnàïi viab sb{ jbhqn Zioä sb{î hgsq{ríai oimi oigsq{rh{ vengis ~rb sb{ïi v{îqhois n`i{n% zht4 #rm( i Nehnai zioä oim rm `{rvi ab qngqns vbssins ~rngqi zioä viab v{bohsn{ vn{n n o{hnàïi% b ebzngai n onki ab sbr vengi% ir vengis vn{n n normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i-jntb{ rsi ai + v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b abso{hqn bm rm onvíqrei visqb{hi{ #Oimvenoägohn oim bsqn hgsq{ràïi è nksierqnmbgqb bssbgohne Gïi gb`eh`bgohb(

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

#k( Ngqbs ab ji{mn{ srn + nehngàn ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b% abohan ~rb zngqn`bgs% b kbgbjíohis% zioä viab ijb{bob{ ns k{nsns hgahzharnhs ab sbr `{rvi% bm q{ion an oiivb{nàïi abebs)abens Ghg`rèm q{nknecn{î hgabjhghanmbgqb sbm ne`rmn ji{mn ab oimvbgsnàïi Gbgcrmn vbssin hgqbeh`bgqb ir vbah{î ir bsvb{n irq{i vn{n q{nknecn{ sbm oimvbgsnàïi nab~rnan% bmki{n hsqi sbmv{b viab gïi bsqn{ gn ji{mn ji{ mn ab ahgcbh{i #o( I{`nghtb vn{n {brgh{ is sÿohis ab srn + Mbsq{b Mhga + sb n`{rvb vbei mbgis arns zbtbs vi{ sbmngn% b mnhs j{b~õbgqbmbgqb sb vissízbe% nqè ~rb zioä nvb{jbhàiir i vengi gbobssî{hi drgqnmbgqb% ir vengis vn{n n normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i #a( Mngqbgcn CN[MIGHN VB[JBHQN bgq{b zioä b qiai sÿohi ab sbr + `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b _b zioä gïi ebzn n onki bsqn hgsq{ràïi æ on{qn% zioä viab bsvb{n{  sb bgoigq{n{ oim j{nonssi I + v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b gïi viab ikqb{ igab CN[MIGHN VB[JBHQN gïi v{bznebob _b ebmk{b absqbs jnqis4 V{hmbh{i Zioä è oimv{imbqhai bm rm bmv{bbgahmbgqi ab hmvi{qëgohn v{hgohvne vn{n zioä Vn{n bsqn{ sb`r{i ab srobssi% zioä qbm ~rb qb{ vengis ~rb sïi sbm abjbhqi _b`rgai Zioä qbm ~rb qb{ n zngqn`bm an bvb{hägohn% baronàïi% cnkhehanab gnqhzn b hmn`hgnàïi ab irq{ns mbgqbs Hsqi bsqî bm cn{mighn cn{ mighn oim is mèqiais sb`rhais vi{ qian vbssin ~rb normreir rmn `{ngab ji{qrgn

>16

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Gbgcrm hgahzíari qbm bvb{hägohn srjhohbgqb% baronàïi% cnkhehanab gnqhzn% b oigcbohmbgqi vn{n nssb`r{n{ n normrenàïi ab rmn `{ngab ji{qrgn% sbm n oiivb{nàïi ab irq{ns vbssins Qiai vengi ~rb zioä naiqn% bm sbr bmvbgci normren{ {h~rbtn% abzb{hn sb{ n o{hnàïi bm oimrm ab zioä b qiai irq{i sÿohi ab sbr + `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b Zioä viab i{h`hgn{ sbrs v{ÿv{his vengis% ir bm qiai ir bm vn{qb% mns ZÄ ^RB B__B_ VENGI_ sïi OIGJB[HAI_% B NV[IZIR VBEI_ _ßOHI_ AB _RN + MB_Q[B NEHNGÀN ab MBGQB + _b i v{hmbh{i vengi ~rb zioä naiqn gïi q{nknecn{  v{isvb{nmbgqb% srksqhqrn oim rm vengi gizi% sb bsqb vengi gizi gïi q{nknecn% srksqhqrn% bm q{ion oim sheägohi irq{i% b nsshm vi{ ahngqb% nqè ~rb zioä nocn rm vengi ~rb Q[NKNECN N~rh mbsmi bsqî i vigqi ni ~rne n mnhi{hn ab cimbgs sb bgoigq{n oim j{nonssi% vi{  onrsn an jneqn abebs)abens ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN o{hngai gizi vengbdn noigqbob{ abssbs ~rb jneqn Is cimbm zhzbgai mnhs hgqbeh`bgqbs gïi viabm qb{  srobssi normrengai ahgcbh{i-gbm bm ~rne~rb{ irq{i bmv{bbgahmbgqi- sbm vengis ~rb sïi v{îqhois b bborqîzbhs Cî viroi sb ebmk{b bsqb jnqi ab% b sb ebmk{b ~rngai srn jneqn ab vengis% ~rb ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn gïi è gbgcrm j{nonssi vb{mngbgqb _ÿ viab sh`ghjhon{ ~rb sbrs vengis gïi bsqhzb{nm sïis Oigsq{rn irq{is vengis Oimbob vi{ qian vn{qb giznmbgqb Qcimns RM Bahsig + j{nonssir + abt mhe zbtbs ngqbs ab beb nvb{jbhàinssb n eëmvnan hgongabsobgqb beèq{hon hgongabsobgqb ^rb sb{-beb sb bgoigq{ir oim ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn abt mhe zbtbs% ngqbs ab is bsji{àis abeb jissbm oi{inais oim srobssi >1>

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

Ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn abzb{hn sh`ghjhon{ sÿ rmn oihsn% i ob{qi oigcbohmbgqi ~rb cî ne`i b{{nai oim sbr vengi Mhecòbs ab cimbgs bgq{nm vi{ zhan bm mhsè{hn b vik{btn% vi{~rb bebs jneqnm rm vengi sïi vi{ ~rne normren{ rmn ji{qrgn Cbg{x Ji{a normreir rmn ji{qrgn% gïi vi{ onrsn an mbgqb srvb{hi{ abeb% mns vi{~rb beb naiqir b sb`rhr rm VENGI ~rb v{izir bsqn{ sïi Mhe cimbgs viab{hnm sb{ misq{nais% onan oim rmn baronàïi mbeci{ ~rb Ji{a% oigqrai onan ab ~rbm zhzb bm vik{btn% vi{~rb beb gïi vissrh i vengi OB[QI vn{n n normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i _rn {bnehtnàïi viab sb{ gbgcrm mnhi{ ~rb sbrs VENGI_ bsqïi sïis Hssi viab vn{bob{ sb{ rmn aboen{nàïi nhimîqhon% mns è zb{anab _nmrbe Hgsree vb{abr n ji{qrgn abeb ab mnhs ab obm mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs N ji{qrgn ab Hgsree jih oigsq{rían bm vengis ~rb bsqnznm sïis N abv{bssïi bmv{bsn{hne ji{àir _{ Hgsree OCNG@B is VENGI_ abeb< b n MRANGÀN q{irb + ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn% + vi{~rb is vengis gizis abeb gïi bsqnznm _ÏI_ _{ Hgsree è n`i{n rm cimbm zbeci% beb viab% vi{  oigsb`rhgqb% nobhqb + j{nonssi + bm zbt ab + ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn% + mns sb n bvb{hägohn abeb sb misq{n{ vn{n sb{ J[NON__I% sb{î vben {ntïi ~rb beb jneqn i ji`i ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN vn{n {boigsq{rh{ is vengis abeb Gbgcrm cimbm sbmv{b è ochoiqbnai% nqè ~rb beb ^rhqb-bm n v{ÿv{hn mbgqb abeb Bsqb jnqi sb{î {bvbqhai mrhqns zbtbs% vi{~rb è qïi jîohe ab ebzn{ n oigqn + ni v{hmbh{i shgne ab ab{{iqn Dnmbs D Oiehgn sb bgoigq{ir oim ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn ~rngai beb bmv{bbgabr bgshgn{ i onvhqne gbobssî{hi vn{n oigsq{rh{ rmn zhn jè{{bn ai Ebsqb vn{n i Ibsqb >1;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

v{hmbh{i% mns beb% ab{{iqn qnmkèm zh{nan bm zhqÿ{hn vi{  vengis gizis Cbg{x Ji{a sb bgoigq{ir oim ab{{iqn qbmvi{î{hn% gïi sÿ gi oimbài an on{{bh{n nrqimÿzbe abeb% mns abvihs ~rb beb qhzbssb hai eig`b vn{n i qivi Beb o{hir vengis gizis% b jih mn{ocn{ bm vn{n zhqÿ{hn jhgngobh{n Gÿs zbmis cimbgs ~rb normren{nm `{ngabs ji{qrgns% mns gÿs {boigcbobmis j{b~õbgqbmbgqb sÿ sbr q{hrgji% bg~rngqi gb`eh`bgohngai ns ab{{iqns qbmvi{î{hns ~rb bebs qhzb{nm ~rb sik{bvrdn{ ngqbs ab + ocb`n{ + GBGCRM _B@RHAI[ AB_QN JHEI_IJHN VIAB B_VB[N[ NORMREN[ RMN JI[QRGN _BM BSVB[HMBGQN[ + AB[[IQN + QBMVI[Î[HN [NTINZBEMBGQB ^rngai ab{{iqn zhb{% nobhqb oimi rm shgne ~rb sbrs vengis gïi bsqïi sïis% {boigsq{rn bssbs vengis% b zben ab di`i mnhs rmn zbt vn{n srn mbqn absbdnan _b zioä sb {bgab ngqbs ab srn mbqn jih neongànai% zioä è rm + miebg`n + RM MIEBG@N GRGON @NGCN[-B-RM ZBGOBAI[ GRGON ABHSN B{`n bsqn i{nàïi ji{n% bso{bzn bm rm vbanài ab vnvbe bm on{qns rmn vieb`nan neqi% b oieion hsqi igab zioä zb{î hsqi qians ns gihqbs ngqbs ab zioä h{ ai{mh{% b qians ns mngcïs ngqbs ab zioä jissb q{nknecn{ ^rngai zioä oimbàn{ n sbebohign{ is sÿohis vn{n sbr + `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b% bmv{bbgan sbebohign{  bssbs ~rb gïi ebznm ab{{iqb sb{hnmbgqb Ne`rmns vbssins no{bahqnm qienmbgqb ~rb sÿ AHGCBH[I viab `ngcn{ ahgcbh{i Hsqi gïi è zb{anab. AB_BDB% q{ngsmrair bm sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb% vbeis v{hgoívhis oieionais n~rh% è n n`ägohn vben ~rne ahgcbh{i è `ngci >1?

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

+ Ahgcbh{i% ab sh mbsmi% bsqî gnan mnhs ~rb nssrgqi hgb{qb Gïi viab mizb{% viab vbgsn{% ir viab jnen{% mns viab irzh{ + ~rngai rm cimbm ~rb AB_BDN hsqi% ocnmn hsqi vn{n zh{. VENGBDNGAI N ZBGAN AB _B[ZHÀI_ I {bsqi absqb onvíqrei qb{mhgir abqb{mhgnai vn{n rmn abso{hàïi ab miais b mbhis ab oimb{ohnehtn{ sb{zhàis vbssinhs Ns hgji{mnàòbs n~rh on{{b`n{nm sb{î ab ndran v{îqhon n ~rne~rb{ vbssin ~rb qbm ~rne~rb{ ji{mn ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs vn{n oimb{ohnehtn{% mns sb{î ab kbgbjíohi hgbsqhmîzbe n bssbs ~rb nsvh{nm n ehab{ngàn gns iorvnàòbs bsoiechans abebs)abens Vengbdnmbgqi hgqbeh`bgqb è bssbgohne vn{n srobssi bm ~rne~rb{ bmv{bbgahmbgqi v{idbqir vn{n normren{  {h~rbtns N~rh sb{î nocnai hgsq{ràòbs abqnecnans n bssbs ~rb qäm ~rb oimbàn{ n normrenàïi ab {h~rbtns zbgabgai sb{zhàis vbssinhs Abzb{hn bsqn{ bgoi{ndngai vn{n snkb{ ~rb v{nqhonmbgqb qians ns `{ngabs ji{qrgns oimbàn{nm gn ji{mn ab oimvbgsnàïi vn{n sb{zhàis vbssinhs% ir an zbgan ab HAÈHN_ ^rb mnhs% mbgis haèhns b sb{zhàis vbssinhs% znh gïi vissríai ab v{iv{hbanab qbgcn ~rb an{ bm q{ion ab {h~rbtns9 Jnengai bm qb{mis `b{nhs% cî aihs qhvis ans vbssins gi mrgai Rm qhvi è oigcbohai oimi EÍAB[B_% b i irq{i oimi _B@RHAI[B_ Abohan ni hgíohi sb zioä v{bqbgab sb qi{gn{ rm eíab{ bm srn ocnmnan bsoiechan% ir vb{mngbob rm sb`rhai{ N ahjb{bgàn bm oimvbgsnàïi è znsqn I sb`rhai{ gïi viab bsvb{n{ n oimvbgsnàïi vn{n n ~rne rm eíab{ è hgqhqrenai {ntinzbembgqb% bmki{n mrhqis sb`rhai{bs oimbqbm i b{{i ab bsvb{n{ qne vn`nmbgqi >11

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Gïi è gbgcrmn abs`{nàn vn{n sb{ rm sb`rhai{ Vi{  irq{i enai% gïi è gbgcrm o{èahqi vn{n vb{mngbob{ rm sb`rhai{ N mnhi{hn ais `{ngabs eíab{bs oimbàir gn ~rnehanab ab sb`rhai{bs Bebs sb qi{gn{nm `{ngabs eíab{bs vi{~rb bebs b{nm is _B@RHAI[B_ HGQBEH@BGQB_ Oim virons bobàòbs% i cimbm ~rb gïi viab sb`rh{  rm eíab{ hgqbeh`bgqbmbgqb% gïi viab sb qi{gn{ rm eíab{  bjhohbgqb I cimbm ~rb viab sb`rh{ rm eíab{  bjhontmbgqb% gi{mnembgqb è i cimbm ~rb absbgziezb {nvhanmbgqb bm ehab{ngàn Rm sb`rhai{ hgqbeh`bgqb qbm mrhqns zngqn`bgs% bgq{b bebs n IVI[QRGHANAB vn{n NA^RH[H[ OIGCBOHMBGQI AB i EÍAB[ abeb I_ NQ[HKRQI_ AB B_VBOHNEHTNÀÏI AB EHAB[NGÀN I sb`rhgqb è jnqi{bs hmvi{qngqbs ab ehab{ngàn4 > OI[N@BM _BM ZNOHEN[ jrgair bm oigcbohmbgqi ab b`i% b an iorvnàïi an vbssin Gbgcrm sb`rhai{  absbdn sb{ aimhgnai vi{ rm eíab{ ~rb jneqn nrqioigjhngàn b oi{n`bm Gbgcrm sb`rhai{ hgqbeh`bgqb sb{î aimhgnai mrhqi qbmvi vi{ qne rm eíab{ ; NRQIOIGQ[IEB I cimbm ~rb gïi viab sb oigq{ien{% grgon viab oigq{ien{ irq{is Nrqioigq{ieb jhn rm bbmvei viab{isi vn{n is sb`rhai{bs an vbssin ~rb i mnhs hgqbeh`bgqb bmren{î ? RM _BG_I N@RAI AB DR_QHÀN _bm rm sbgsi ab  drsqhàn b drsqhàn% viab oimngan{ gbgcrm eíab{ b viab {bqb{ i {bsvbhqi ais sb`rhai{bs abeb 1 ABJHGHQBGB__ AB ABOH_ÏI I cimbm ~rb isohen gns abohsòbs abeb% bsvbqîoreis ~rb beb gïi bsqî sb`r{i abeb Beb gïi viab oigarth{ irq{is v{isvb{nmbgqb 2 ABJHGHQBGB__ AB VENGI_ I eíab{ v{ÿsvb{i qbm ~rb vengbdn{ i q{nkneci abeb% b q{nknecn i vengi abeb Rm >12

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

eíab{ ~rb mizb nq{nzès ab oigdbqr{ns% sbm vengis v{îqhois% abjhghais% è oimvn{îzbe n rm gnzhi sbm rm ebmb Obai ir qn{ab beb virsn{î gns vba{ns : I CÎKHQI AB JNTB[ MNH_ ^RB EH^RHANAI VN[N Rm ans vbgnehanabs ab ehab{ngàn è n gbobsshanab ab zigqnab% gn vn{qb ai eíab{% jntb{ mnhs ~rb beb {b~rb{ ais sb`rhai{bs abeb 0 RMN VB[_IGNEHANAB N@[NAÎZBE Gbgcrmn vbssin absebhnan% absorhanan viab sb qi{gn{ rm eíab{  v{ÿsvb{i Ehab{ngàn vbab {bsvbhqi _b`rhai{bs gïi {bsvbhqn{ïi rm eíab{ ~rb gïi oensshjhon neqi bm qrai ais jnqi{bs ab rmn Vb{signehanab N`{naîzbe 3 OIGAIEÄGOHN B BGQBGABGAI I eíab{ v{ÿsvb{i abzb bsqn{ bm oigaieägohn oim is sb`rhai{bs abeb Neèm ahssi% beb qbm ~rb bgqbgab{ is b is v{ikebmns abebs) abens 8 AIMÍGHI AB ABQNECB Ehab{ngàn v{ÿsvb{n vbab aimíghi ab abqnecbs an vishàïi ai eíab{ >6 ZIGQNAB VN[N N__RMH[ [B_VIG_NKHEHANAB OIMVEBQN I eíab{ v{ÿsvb{i abzb bsqn{ ahsvisqi nssrmh{  {bsvigsnkhehanab vbeis bg`ngis b ns jneqns ais sb`rhai{bs abeb _b beb qbgqn{ q{ion{ bsqn {bsvigsnkhehanab% beb gïi vb{mngbob{î i eíab{ _b rm ais sb`rhai{bs abeb oimbqb rm b{{i% b bsvbqîoreis beb hgoimvbqbgqb% i eíab{ qbm ~rb oigshab{n{ ~rb è beb ~rb jnecir >> OIIVB[NÀÏI I eíab{ v{ÿsvb{i qbm ~rb bgqbgab{% b nvehon i v{hgoívhi ab bsji{ài oiivb{nqhzi b viab hgarth{  is sb`rhai{bs abeb vn{n jntb{ i mbsmi Ehab{ngàn vbab VIAB[% b viab{ vbab OIIVB[NÀÏI Cî arns ji{mns >1:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ab Ehab{ngàn I v{hmbh{i% b sbm aôzhan i mnhs bjbqhzi% è EHAB[NGÀN VI[ OIG_BGQHMBGQI ab% b oim n oigaieägohn ais sb`rhai{bs I sb`rgai è EHAB[NGÀN VI[ JI[ÀN% sbm i oigsbgqhmbgqi b oigaieägohn ais sb`rhai{bs Chsqÿ{hn bsqî ocbhn oim bzhaägohns ~rb Ehab{ngàn vi{  Ji{àn gïi viab srvi{qn{ N ~rban b absnvn{bohmbgqi ab + Ahqnai{bs + b {bhs sïi sh`ghjhongqbs _h`ghjhon ~rb ns vb ss in s gï i sb `r h{ ïi eh ab {n gà n ji {à na n hgabjhghanmbgqb I mrgai bgq{ir bm cî viroi rmn b{n gizn ab {benàïi bgq{b is eíab{bs b sb`rhai{bs ~rb mrhqi oen{nmbgqb vbabm is eíab{bs gizis b rmn mn{on gizn ab ehab{ngàn bm gb`ÿohi b hgaôsq{hn Bssbs ~rb vb{qbgobm æ bsoien zbecn ab ehab{ngàn-vi{-ji{àn% qbm ~rb na~rh{h{ rmn oimv{bbgsïi an mn{on gizn ab ehab{ngàn #oiivb{nàïi( ir sbdn knghai ni `{nr b n{~rhzi ais sb`rhai{bs Gïi bsqî ji{n gbgcrm irq{i miai vn{n bebs N {benàïi ab bmv{b`nai{ b bmv{b`nai% ir ab eíab{ b sb`rhai{% gi jrqr{i% sb{î rm ab oiivb{nàïi môqrn% knsbnai bm rmn ahzhsïi b~õhqnqhzn ais ero{is ab gb`ÿohi Gi jrqr{i% n {benàïi ab bmv{b`nai{ b bmv{b`nai bsqn{î mnhs oimi rmn siohbanab ~rb bsqbzb gi vnssnai Gnviebig% Lnhsb{ Phecbem ab Nebmngcn% i Otn{ ab [ôsshn% b i [bh ab Bsvngcn sbdn bbmveis ab ehab{ngàn vi{ ji{àn N ehab{ngàn abebs)abens vnssir _bm mrhqn ahjhoreanab% n vbssin viab{hn nvigqn{ nis v{iqÿqhvis absqbs b-eíab{bs% bgq{b i gb`ÿohi% jhgngobh{i% b eíab{bs ab q{nkneci ab Nmè{hon ~rb jih absq{ignan ir jih

>10 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

oieionan bm ehsqns vn{n h{ h{ Ehab{ngàn-vi{- oigsbgqhmbgqi ais sb`rhai{bs è n ôghon mn{on ~rb viab srvi{qn{. Is cimbgs viabm sb`rh{ n ehab{ngàn ji{ànan qbmvi{n{hnmbgqb% mns bebs gïi jn{ïi qïi ab kin zigqnab N mn{on gizn ab EHAB[NGÀN nk{nàn{î is igtb jnqi{bs ab ehab{ngàn% abso{hqis gbsqb onvíqrei% oimi qnmkèm ne`rgs irq{is jnqi{bs I cimbm ~rb jnt bsqb n knsb an ehab{ngàn abeb% nocn{î ivi{qrghanab nkrgangqb vn{n oigarth{ bm ~rne~rb{ vnssbhi ab zhan N abv{bssïi b{n v{ieig`nan% bm `{ngab vn{qb% vi{~rb i mrgai jneqir EHAB[NGÀN an mn{on gizn Ni qè{mhgi an abv{bssïi% n abmngan vn{n eíab{bs ~rb sïi oimvbqbgqb nvehon{ is mèqiais gizis ab ehab{ngàn bobabr `{ngabmbgqb n v{izhsïi Ne`rm ai qhvi zbeci ab eíab{bs {bji{mn{ïi b sb nanvqn{ïi æ mn{on gizn ab ehab{ngàn% mns bm `b{ne% i mrgai qb{î ~rb v{ior{n{ mnabh{n gizn vn{n srn ehab{ngàn Bsqn gbobsshanab viab sb{ srn IVI[QRGHANAB. N_ >6 ONR_N_ AB B_VBOHNEHTNÀÏI AB J[NON__I BM EHAB[NGÀN Gÿs zhmis n`i{n æs jneqns v{hgohvnhs ab eíab{bs ~rb jnecnm% vi{~rb è an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb bssbgohne snkb{ I ^RB gïi JNTB[ oimi è snkb{ i ~rb jntb{ > HGNKHEHANAB VN[N I[@NGHTN[ ABQNECB_ Ehab{ngàn bjhohbgqb vbab cnkhehanab vn{n i{`nghtn{ b aimhgn{  abqnecbs Gbgcrm eíab{ `bgrígi sbmv{b + bsqî mrhqi iorvnai + vn{n jntb{ ~rne~rb{ oihsn ~rb viab sb{  {b~rb{hai abeb gn onvnohanab abeb oimi eíab{ ^rngai rm cimbm% sb beb è rm eíab{ ir sb`rhai{% namhqb ~rb beb bsqî + mrhqi iorvnai + vn{n mran{ is vengis abeb% ir vn{n v{bsqn{ nqbgàïi n ~rne~rb{ bmb{`ägohn% beb >13

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

namhqb n hgbjhohägohn abeb I eíab{ v{ÿsvb{i abzb sb{ i mbsq{b ab qiais is abqnecbs oigboqnai oim n vishàïi abeb Hssi sh`ghjhon% oen{i ~rb% ~rb beb qbm ~rb na~rh{h{ i cîkhqi ab kngh{ abqnecbs n qbgbgqbs onvntbs ; [BVR@GËGOHN VN[N JNTB[ _B[ZHÀI CRMHEAB Zb{anabh{nmbgqb `{ngabs eíab{bs bsqïi ahsvisqis% ~rngai abmngans ab ionshïi% bborqn{ ~rne~rb{ qhvi ab q{nkneci ~rb bebs vbah{hnm vn{n irq{i bborqn{ + Is mnhi{s bgq{b xb sb{ïi i o{hnai ab qrai + è rmn zb{anab ~rb qiais is eíab{bs onvntbs iksb{znm b {bsvbhqnm ? BSVBO BSVBOQQNQHZN QHZN AB VN@NMBGQI VN@NMBGQI VN[N I ^RB BEB_ + _NKBM + BM ZBT AI OIM I ^RNE BEB_ JNTBM ^RB ^RB BEB_ _NKBM I mrgai gïi vn`n is cimbgs vbei ~rb bebs + snkbm + Is vn`n vbei ~rb bebs JNTBM% ir hgart irq{is vn{n jntb{ 1 MBAI AB OIMVBQHÀÏI AB _B@RHAI[B_ I eíab{ ~rb qbmb n~rbeb ais sb`rhai{bs abeb viab ebzn{ n vishàïi abeb bsqî v{nqhonmbgqb sb`r{n vb{obkb{ n~rbeb mbai obai ir qn{ab I eíab{ onvnt q{bhgn is nqi{bs srksqhqrqis n ~rbm beb viab abeb`n{% æ zigqnab% ~rnhs~rb{ ais abqnecbs an vishàïi abeb _ÿ bm absqb miai vissn rm eíab{ i mreqhveh~rb b v{bvn{b bsqn{ bm mrhqis er`n{bs vn{n beb% b v{bsqb nqbgàïi rmn zbt n mrhqns oihsns È rmn zb{anab bqb{gn ~rb is cimbgs {bobkbm mnhs vn`nmbgqi vn{n n CNKHEHANAB abebs)abens vn{n NA^RH[H[ IRQ[I_ vn{n BSBORQN[% ~rb bebs viab{hnm `ngcn{ visshzbembgqb vbeis v{ÿv{his bsji{àis abebs) abens Rm eíab{ bjhohbgqb viab% vbei oigcbohmbgqi abeb ai q{nkneci abeb b i mn`gbqhsmi an vb{signehanab abeb% `{ngabmbgqb nrmbgqb n bjhohägohn ab irq{is% b is hgartn jntb{ mnhs sb{zhài b sb{zhài mbeci{ ~rb bebs viab{hnm jntb{ sbm n ndran abeb >18 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

2 JNEQN AB HMN@HGNÀÏI _bm hmn`hgnàïi% i eíab{ è hgonvnt ab bmb{`ägohns ab {brghïi% b ab o{hn{ vengis vi{ ~rne `rhn{ is sb`rhai{bs abeb bjhontmbgqb : B@IÍ_MI I eíab{ ~rb {bhzhgahon qian n cig{n vn{n i q{nkneci ais sb`rhai{bs abeb% sb`r{nmbgqb sb{î oigcbohai vi{ {bssbgqhmbgqi I {bnembgqb `{ngab eíab{  gïi [BHZHGAHON GBGCRM AN_ CIG[N_ Beb bsqî oigqbgqb zb{ ns cig{ns% ~rngai cirzb{ ~rne~rb{% znh vn{n is sb`rhai{bs abeb% vi{~rb beb snkb ~rb n mnhi{hn ais cimbgs q{nknecn{î mnhs ar{i vn{n bei`hi b {boigcbohmbgqi ~rb bebs zïi sÿ vn{n ahgcbh{i 0 HGQBMVB[NGOB _b`rhai{bs gïi {bsvbhqnm rm eíab{  hmiab{nai Neèm ahssi% hgqbmvb{ngob bm ~rnhs~rb{ ab srns zî{hns ji{mns% absq{ÿh n {bshsqägohn b n zhqnehanab ab qrai ~rb sb zhohnm ghsqi 3 HGJHABEHANAB Qnezbt hsqi abzb{hn qb{ zhgai æ onkbàn an ehsqn I eíab{ ~rb gïi è ebne æ oigjhngàn abeb% b vn{n is sÿohis abeb% bssb sik{b beb% b bssbs abknhi abeb% gïi viab mngqb{ n ehab{ngàn abeb mrhqi qbmvi Hgjhabehanab mn{on rm oimi sbgai mbgis ~rb i vÿ an qb{{n% b ab{{rkn gn onkbàn an vbssin i absv{bti ~rb beb mb{bob Jneqn ab ebneanab è rm ans onrsns v{hgohvnhs ab j{nonssi bm qiai vnssbhi ab zhan 8 ÄGJN_B AN + NRQI[HANAB + AB EHAB[NGÀN I eíab{  bjhohbgqb oigart bgoi{ndngai% b gïi qbgqngai hgsqhen{  mbai gis oi{nàòbs ais sb`rhai{bs abeb I eíab{ ~rb qbgqn hmv{bsshign{ is sb`rhai{bs abeb oim n nrqi{hanab + abeb zbm abgq{i an onqb`i{hn ab ehab{ngàn vi{  JI[ÀN _b rm eíab{ ji{ rm [BNE EÍAB[% beb qb{î gbgcrmn gbobsshanab vn{n ngrgohn{ n~rbeb jnqi boerh{ vbei abeb >26

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

n oigaieägohn abeb% oimv{bbgsïi% drsqhàn% b rmn abmigsq{nàïi ~rb beb snkb i q{nkneci abeb >6 ÄGJN_B AB QÍQREI I eíab{ oimvbqbgqb bh`b vn{n gbgcrm + qíqrei + ecb an{ i {bsvbhqi ais sb`rhai{bs abeb I cimbm ~rb `b{nembgqb jnt mrhqi bm ohmn ai qíqrei abeb qbm viroi irq{i vn{n bgjnqhtn{ Ns vi{qns vn{n i bso{hqÿ{hi ai {bne eíab{ bsqïi nkb{qi n qrai ~rb absbdnm bgq{n{% b is ~rn{qis ab jrgohignmbgqi abeb sïi `{îqhs ab ji{mnehanab ir isqbgqnàïi Bsqbs sïi bgq{b i mnhs oimrm ans onrsns ab j{nonssi bm ehab{ngàn ^rne~rb{ rm absqns jneqns è srjhohbgqb hgarth{ j{nonssi Bsqrab n ehsqn orhanaisnmbgqb sb zioä nsvh{n n ehab{ngàn% b qbm ob{qbtn ~rb zioä bsqî ehz{b absqns jneqns NE@RG_ ONMVI_ JÈ[QBH_ BM I_ ^RNH_ + EHAB[NGÀN + GIZN GIZN _B[Î [B^RB[HAN Ngqbs ab abhn{ bsqb onvíqrei% srn nqbgàïi è ocnmnan n ne`rgs ais onmvis jè{qbhs bm ~rne cirzb rm aboeíghi ab ehab{ngàn% b bm ~rne i qhvi gizi ab eíab{ viab nocn{  rmn nkrgaëgohn ab IVI[QRGHANAB V{hmbh{i Gi onmvi ab vieíqhons cî rmn abmngan mnhs hgshsqbgqb vn{n eíab{bs gizis< rmn abmngan ~rb gïi hgahon gnan mbgis ~rb rmn bmb{`ägohn N mnhi{hn ab vieíqhois% nvn{bgqbmbgqb% sb qi{gir neqi-`{nr% bqi{shigî{hi eb`nehtnais Bebs nrmbgqn{nm hmvisqis b abkiocn{nm n mn~rhgn{hn ab hgaôsq{hn b gb`ÿohi nqè ~rb ns vbssins dî gïi viabm bsqn{ ab vè i jn{ai _b`rgai I gb`ÿohi kngoî{hi bsqî sij{bgai rmn {bji{mn Is eíab{bs gbsqb onmvi qäm ~rnsb oimvebqnmbgqb vb{ahai n oigjhngàn ai vôkehoi Dî is >2>

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

kng~rbh{is sbgqh{nm n gbobsshanab ab {bji{mn% b bebs oimbàn{nm hsqi Qb{ài Hgaôsq{hn vbab is eíab{bs gizis I qhvi zbeci ab vbgsnmbgqi ab eíab{bs b mizbr bm qb{mis ab ahzhabgais bm zbt ab vbgsn{ b mizb{ bm qb{mis ab b~rnàòbs crmngns. I eíab{ jrqr{i bm hgaôsq{hn% srvi{qn{% qbm ~rb sb oigshab{n{ oimi rm jrgohigî{hi ab ~rnshvôkehoi ordi abzb{ è namhghsq{n{ n oigjhngàn abeb ab qne rm miai ~rb q{nknecn{î sij{hmbgqi bm gbgcrm hgahzharne% ir `{rvi ab hgahzíaris Bvei{nàïi ab cimbgs q{nknecngai è rmn oihsn ai vnssnai Abhb i cimbm ~rb nsvh{n n ehab{ngàn gi onmvi ab gb`ÿohi% hgaôsq{hn% b q{nkneci sb ebmk{n{ ahsqi ^rn{qi I eíab{ {beh`hisi ai jrqr{i sb{î ji{ànai v{bsqn{  mnhs nqbgàïi æs gbobsshanabs qbmvi{nhs ais sb`rhai{bs abeb% gn sieràïi ais v{ikebmns boigñmhois b vbssinhs abebs)abens ai v{bsbgqb% b mbgis nqbgàïi vn{n i vnssnai mi{qi% b i oigqrai jrqr{i vi{ gnsob{ ^rhgqi Gns v{ijhssòbs ab ebh% mbahonmbgqi% b baronàïi% rmn mn{on gizn ab ehab{ngàn% b nqè ob{qi vigqi% is eíab{bs gizis sb qi{gn{ïi rmn gbobsshanab Hsqi è bsvbohnembgqb zb{anab gi onmvi ab baronàïi I eíab{ gn~rbeb onmvi abzb% gi jrqr{i% nocb miais b mbhis ab bgshgn{ vn{n ns vbssins OIMI NVEHON[ i oigcbohmbgqi ~rb bebs {bobkbm gn bsoien Beb qbm ~rb ehan{ mnhs oim V[ÎQHON b mbgis oim QBI[HN _bqi _b{ïi {b~rb{hais is eíab{bs gizis gi onmvi ab Di{gnehsmi Abzbm sb{ sb ahzi{ohnais di{gnhs ai jrqr{i% sb{ namhghsq{nai v{isvb{nmbgqb% ab + v{hzheè`hi + bsvbohne b abzbm sb{ nehzhnais ai srksíahi ab ngrgohn{ Bebs qäm ~rb abhn{ ab sb{ ÿ{`ïis ab v{ivn`ngan vn{n is hgqb{bssbs ~rb vnq{iohgnm ns oiergns ab v{ivn`ngan >2;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

abebs)abens I qhvi ab di{gne ~rb vrkehon bsoëganei b ~rna{is ensohzis h{î i miai ab qians ns ji{àns ~rb abkiocnm n mbgqb crmngn bzbgqrnembgqb Bsqbs sïi mns ne`rgs ais onmvis gis ~rnhs ivi{qrghanabs vn{n is eíab{bs gizis b rmn mn{on gizn ab ehab{ngàn bsqïi n`i{n ahsvigízbhs I mrgai bsqî sij{bgai rmn mrangàn {îvhan Hsqi sh`ghjhon ~rb ns míahn vbens ~rnhs sïi v{imizhans ns mrangàns bm cîkhqis crmngis% abzb sb{ nanvqnai æs mrangàns Ns míahn n~rh abso{bzb{nm% è i igbs ~rb% mnhs ~rb ~rne~rb{ irq{is% abqb{mhgb n qbgaägohn ab ohzhehtnàïi ^RNGAI B OIMI _IEHOHQN[ RM BMV[B@I N hgji{mnàïi abso{hqn n~rh è i {bsreqnai eí~rhai ab mrhqis ngis ab bvb{hägohn ar{ngqb n ~rne ji{nm ndranais mhecn{bs ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs oimb{ohnehtn{  is sb{zhàis abebs)abens bjbqhznmbgqb Bgqïi% viab sb{  oigjhnai bm oimi sim b v{îqhoi MÍAHN VI[ N_ ^RNH_ VIABM _B[ OIMB[OHNEHTNAI_ _B[ZHÀI_ Bvb{hägohn qbm v{izir ~rb ns míahn sb`rhgqbs ijb{bobm is mèqiais mnhs ah{bqis b bjbqhzis ab {brgh{ i oimv{nai{ b zbgabai{ ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs > N@ÄGOHN_ AB BMV[B@I Abzb sb{ qimnai orhanai vn{n sbebohign{ sÿ n`ägohns {bsvbhqîzbhs% n namhghsq{nàïi ab ~rne viab misq{n{ {b`hsq{is nab~rnais ab {bnehtnàïi ab {bsreqnais snqhsjnqÿ{his Cî oimvn{nqhznmbgqb virons qnhs n`ägohns ; NGRGOHNGAI bm di{gnhs% ahî{his ab oimè{ohi% {bzhsqns% b {îahi V{ivn`ngan oensshjhonan gi{mnembgqb viab sb{ oigjhnan bm v{iarth{ {bsreqnais snqhsjnqÿ{his gi >2?

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

onsi abssbs ~rb siehohqnm oeè{h`i ir bmv{b`is nssnen{hnais i{ahgî{his V{ivn`ngan ab bhkhàïi è mnhs absbdîzbe gi onsi abssbs ~rb krsonm oigbòbs bborqhzns% n oÿvhn vn{n sb nvn{bob{ gn sbàïi ai vnvbe ~rb è mrhqi cîkhe zh{ æ nqbgàïi an oenssb ab bmv{b`nai{ ~rb è krsonai N oÿvhn abzb{hn sb{  v{bvn{nan vi{ rm vb{hqi ~rb bgqbgab oimi hgdbqn{  ~rnehanabs zbgabgai srjhohbgqbs vn{n v{iarth{  {bsvisqns ? ON[QN_ VB__INH_ AB NVEHONÀÏI% ah{h`hr n bmv{bsns vn{qhoren{bs ir hgahzíaris mnhs cîkhe v{bohsn{ qne oigsb{qn oimi bsqî sbgai ijb{bohai _BMV[B% abzb{hnm sb{  ah`hqnans on{qns ghqhanmbgqb b abzb{hnm sb{ nsshgnans æ mïi Oim n on{qn% abzb{hn sb{ bgzhnai rm srmî{hi + oimvebqi + ir bskiài ans ~rnehjhonàòbs ai ongahanqi Nmkis n on{qn ab nvehonàïi b i srmî{hi ab bvb{hägohn ir ~rnehjhonàòbs abzb{hn sb{ v{bvn{nan vi{ rm vb{hqi #Zbdn hgsq{ràòbs sik{b hgji{mnàïi sb{ v{izhai( 1 NVEHONÀÏI VI[ OIGCBOHAI_ VB__INH_ ^rngai vissízbe% i ongahanqi abzb{hn bmv{bbgab{ ocb`n{  bmv{b`nai{bs v{bzhabgqbs vi{ ne`rm oigcbohai môqri Bsqb mèqiai ab nv{ihmnàïi è vn{qhoren{mbgqb zngqndisi gi onsi abssbs ~rb krsonm oigbòbs bborqhzns b gïi absbdnm vn{bob{ bsqn{ sb mnsonqbngai + 2 NVEHONÀÏI VB__INEMBGQB Bm ne`rmns bmvishàòbs% viab sb{ mnhs bjbqhzi sb i ongahanqi ijb{bob vbssinembgqb% is sb{zhàis abeb vn{n bmv{b`nai{bs v{bzhabgqbs bm ~rne bzbgqi rmn aboen{nàïi bso{hqn oimvebqn ab ~rnehjhonàòbs vn{n n vishàïi abzb{hn sb{  nv{bsbgqnan% vben {ntïi ~rb bmv{b`nai{bs v{bzhabgqbs absbdnm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ahsorqh{ oim sÿohis% i {b`hsq{i an vbssin >21

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

HGJI[MNÀÏI _B[ V[IZHAI BM RM _RMÎ[HI + AB P[HQJBG + Bsqb srmî{hi abzb{hn bsqn{ v{bvn{nai qïi orhanaisnmbgqb ~rngqi rm nazi`nai v{bvn{n{hn sb{  qbgqnai q{hkrgne ab m vn{n i srmî{hi ab rm onsi N mbgis ~rb i ongahanqi sbdn bvb{hbgqb gn v{bvn{nàïi ab qne jnt {bsrmi ab% rm vb{hqi abzb{hn sb{ oigsreqnai% b is sb{zhàis abeb sb nehsqn{nm vn{n bsqb v{ivÿshqi Oimb{ohngqbs v{ÿsvb{is bmv{b`nm is cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb bgqbgabm n n{qb b n vshoiei`hn ab ngrgohn{ vn{n nv{bsbgqn{ is mè{hqis an mb{onai{hn abebs)abens Rm ~rb qbm sb{zhàis vbssinhs æ zbgan abzb{hn jntb{ i mbsmi Ns hgji{mnàòbs sb`rhgqbs abzb{hnm sb nvn{bob{ gi srmî{hi4 > Baronàïi Aboen{b k{bzbmbgqb% mns abjhghqhznmbgqb% i ~rb i barongai qhzb{nm% b bm ~rb nssrgqis zioä bsvbohnehtir gn bsoien% bg~rngqi angai ns {ntòbs vn{n n~rben bsvbohnehtnàïi ; Bvb{hägohn _b zioä qbzb bvb{hägohn oim {benàïi n vishàòbs sbmbecngqb vn{n i ~rb zioä krson% abso{bzn hsqi% gimbs bsqnqnhs b bgab{bàis ab bmv{b`nai{bs ngqb{hi{bs% oimvebqnmbgqb Bsqbdn sb`r{i qh{n{  oen{nmbgqb ~rne~rb{ bvb{hägohn bsvbohne zioä viab qb{ qhai ~rb i b~rhvn{hn bgocb{ n vishàïi ~rb zioä krson ? [bjb{ägohns V{nqhonmbgqb qiai absbdis jh{mbs bmv{bsn{hnhs vn{n snkb{ bm qian vn{qb is {b`hsq{is v{èzhis% ngqbobabgqbs% bqo% ab bmv{b`nais v{bzhabgqbs ~rb krsonm vishàòbs ab {bsvigsnkhehanab V{bgan n srns oÿvhns ab vciqisqnqho k{bzbs ab on{qns ab4 rm Bmv{b`nai{bs ngqb{hi{bs k V{ijbssi{bs abknhi ab ~rbm zioä bsqrair >22

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

o Vbssins v{ibmhgbgqbs bm ordi dre`nmbgqi viab sb{  oigjhnai 1 Jiqi`{njhn ab b`i V{bgan n sbr srmî{hi rm {bobgqb% rgmirgqba jiqi`{njnm ab zioä 2 _iehohqb rm bmv{b`i bsvboíjhoi Bzhqb nvehonàïi vn{n rmn vishàïi sbm abso{bzb{ ~rb vishàïi vn{qhoren{  BSNQNMBGQB zioä krson Grgon siehohqb cî viroi rm bmv{b`i + Hssi i hgahon jneqn bsvbohnehtir ~rnehjhonàòbs : Aboen{b srns ~rnehjhonàòbs vn{n i bmv{b`i vn{qhoren{  ~rne zioä siehohqn Aä abqnecbs ocbhis sik{b n {ntïi ~rb zioä no{bahqn ~rb zioä bsqî ~rnehjhonai vn{n n vishàïi vn{qhoren{ ~rb zioä krson Bsqn è N NVEHONÀÏI Abqb{mhgn{î% mnhs ~rb ~rne~rb{ irq{n oihsn% ~rb oigshab{nàïi ~rb zioä {bobkb 0 Ijb{bàn n h{ q{nknecn{ bm v{iznàïi Gn mnhi{hn ab bbmveis sb zioä è abqb{mhgnai vn{n qb{ i bmv{b`i ~rne zioä siehohqn% sb{î mrhqi bjbqhzi sb zioä ijb{bob n q{nknecn{ ar{ngqb rmn sbmngn% ir rm mäs% ir vn{n rm oimv{hmbgqi srjhohbgqb ab qbmvi vb{mhqh{ sbr bmv{b`nai{ v{bzhabgqb n dre`n{ sbr znei{ _BM VN@NMBGQI Hsqi viab vn{bob{ sb{ rmn sr`bsqïi {nahone% mns bvb{hägohn qbm v{izir ~rb {n{nmbgqb gïi `ngcn rmn qbgqnqhzn vbei mbgis _b zioä bsqhzb{  _B@R[I AB _RN_ ^RNEHJHONÀÒB_% rmn qbgqnqhzn è qrai ~rb zioä v{bohsn Hgohabgqbmbgqb% qne rmn ijb{qn hgahon ~rb zioä qbm oigjhngàn bm srn cnkhehanab vn{n bgocb{ n vishàïi ~rb zioä krson È mrhqi oigzhgobgqb _b srn ijb{qn nobhqir% b zioä jnt kim% mnhs ~rb v{izîzbe zioä sb{î vn`nai vi{ sbr + vb{íiai ab v{iznàïi + Jnàn oen{i i jnqi ~rb srn ijb{qn è knsbnan bm4 >2:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

rm _rn oigjhngàn bm srn cnkhehanab vn{n bgocb{ n vishàïi k _rn oigjhngàn gi abohsïi ab sbr bmv{b`nai{  v{bzhabgqb vn{n i bmv{b`n{ abvihs ab qbgqnqhzn o _rn ABQB[MHGNÀÏI vn{n qb{ n vishàïi zioä krson 3 Oigcbohmbgqi ai gb`ÿohi ab sbr bmv{b`nai{  v{bzhabgqb Ngqbs ab siehohqn{ rm bmv{b`i% jnàn vbs~rhsn srjhohbgqb oim {benàïi ni gb`ÿohi sb jnmhehn{htn{ oimvebqnmbgqb oim n~rbeb gb`ÿohi% b hgah~rb bm sbr srmî{hi i oigcbohmbgqi ~rb zioä na~rh{hr gbsqb onmvi Hsqi sb{î hmv{bsshzi% oimi hgahon{î ~rb zioä qbm hmn`hgnqhig% b rm {bne hgqb{bssb gn vishàïi zioä krson _b ebmk{b ~rb gïi è i nazi`nai ~rb oigcbob i n mnhi{hn ebh% mns i ~rb mbeci{ v{bvn{n i onsi abeb ~rb `ngcn _b sbr + onsi + bsqhzb{ oi{{bqnmbgqb v{bvn{nai b nv{bsbgqnai% srn zhqÿ{hn qb{î shai mnhs ~rb mbhi `ngcir ni hgíohi Gïi qbgcn mbai ab jntb{ sbr srmî{hi mrhqi mrhqi qbmvi Bmv{b`nai{bs sïi an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb mrhqi hgqb{bssir oimv{n{ is sb{zhàis ab ongahanqis kbm-~rnehjhonais oimi zioä bsqî njhngàngai bmv{b`i Gn {bnehanab% i srobssi an mnhi{hn ais bmv{b`nai{bs v{ÿsvb{is è abzhai% gi v{hgohvne% vn{n n cnkhehanab abebs)abens vn{n sbebohign{ is qbgbgqbs kbm~rnehjhonais Bebs ~rb{bm qian n hgji{mnàïi hgji{ mnàïi ahsvigízbe _b ebmk{b ab irq{n oihsn< ehmvbtn gn v{bvn{nàïi ab sbr srmî{hi hgahon{î ~rb zioä è rmn vbssin aheh`bgqb Br ndrabh v{bvn{n{ srmî{his vn{n oehbgqbs ~rb bsqnznm `ievbngai nsshm b ji{n ai rsrne ~rb bebs {bsreqn{nm gi bmv{b`i ai ongahanqi sbm rmn bgq{bzhsqn vbssine >20 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

^rngai sbr srmî{hi jih oimvebqnai% qbgcn eh`nai vi{  rmn n`bgan bvb{hbgqb ghqhanmbgqb% b ebqqb{ba vi{ rm n{qhsqn% ir hmv{bssi{n sbmbecngqb ni sb`rhgqb4 _RMÎ[HI AN_ ^RNEHJHONÀÒB_ AB [ikb{q L _mhqc _IEHOHQNGAI I BMV[B@I AB _bo{bqî{hi v{hznai vn{n I V{bshabgqb ab N OIMVNGCHN BM K[NGOI% Hgo% Mrangàn gimbhn onan srmî{hi ab qbmvi è misq{nai Bsqb qi~rb vbssine bsqî sb`r{i oimngan{ nqbgàïi Qbgcn sbr srmî{hi ghqhanmbgqb ah`hqnai ir mhmbi`{nvcba gi vnvbe mbeci{ zioä viab ikqb{% b sneqir oim rm vnvbe vbsnai an zn{hbanab ab ehz{ioikb{qr{n% n n`bgan n sb{ mranan% b i v{ÿv{hi gimb jh{mb n sb{ hgsb{hai sb vn{n hsqi sb{î misq{nai n mnhs ab rmn oimvngchn _rn jiqi`{njhn abzb{hn sb{ oienan nobsi ans vî`hgns ab sbr srmî{hi _b`rb bsqns hgsq{ràòbs æ on{qn% bg~rngqi mbeci{ngai gbebs igab ~rb{ ~rb srn hmn`hgnàïi sr`h{n Zbgabai{bs v{ÿsvb{is sb orhanm oim orhanai Bebs bgqbgabm ~rb v{hmbh{ns hmv{bssòbs bsqïi ar{ngai _br srmî{hi è sbr zbgabai{ Aä hsqi rm qb{gi kim ab {irvns% nsshm sbmv{b sb snehbgqn{î bm oigq{nsqb ab qhvi gb`{hqi vn{n ~rne~rb{ oihsn ~rb sbr bmv{b`nai{  v{bzhabgqb zhr% ai miai ab rmn nvehonàïi vn{n rmn vishàïi _b n vishàïi ~rb zioä krson ji{ znei{ qbgai% zneb ~rb znh abvihs oim orhanai Neèm ahssi% sb zioä sb zbgab nqè ob{qi vigqi n rm bmv{b`nai{ ~rb hssi i hmv{bsshign oim srn hgahzharnehanab% zioä {bobkb{î mnhs ahgcbh{i v{iznzbembgqb vn{n sbrs sb{zhàis ai mbsmi oimbài% ~rb zioä znh sb zioä siehohqir bmv{b`i ai miai oigzbgohigne cnkhqrne >23

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

_b zioä krson bmv{b`i vi{ rmn n`ägohn ab v{ivn`ngan% ir rmn n`ägohn ab bmv{b`i% qbgcn ns oÿvhns ab rsi ab n`bgqb ab sbr srmî{hi oimb{ohnehtngai sbrs sb{zhàis Hsqi ndran{î `ngcn{  v{bjb{ägohn vn{n zioä% nmkis oim i n`bgqb% b is bmv{b`nai{bs v{bzhabgqbs OIMI NA^RH[H[ N VI_HÀÏI BSNQN ZIOÄ AB_BDI Qiai i mrgai `isqn ab jntb{ i qhvi ab q{nkneci vn{n i ~rne beb è zbsqhai mbeci{ Rm n{qhsqn nmn q{nknecn{ oim vhgqr{ns% rm n{qbsïi oim ns mïis abeb% rm bso{hqi{ nmn bso{bzb{ Bssbs oim qnebgqis mbgis abjhghais qäm ns v{bjb{ägohns abebs)abens oim ob{qbtn onmvis ab gb`ÿohi b hgaôsq{hn _b n Nmè{hon jhtb{ kbm ~rne~rb{  oihsn% ijb{bob rmn `nmn ocbhn ab iorvnàòbs% bg~rngqi oreqhzngai n qb{{n% jnk{hongai% oimb{ohnehtngai% b ns v{ijhssòbs V{hmbh{i Abohan ~rb qhvi ab rm q{nkneci ~rb zioä ~rb{  BSNQNMBGQB _b i q{nkneci dî gïi bhsqh{% qnezbt zioä viab o{hn{  hsqi _b`rgai Bsoiecn n oimvngchn% ir hgahzharne vn{n ~rbm zioä absbdn q{nknecn{ Qb{ài Bsqrab sbr bmv{b`nai{ v{bzhabgqb% sik{b vieíqhons% vbssine% b ocngobs ab nzngài ^rn{qi Vi{ ngîehsb ab zioä% sbrs qnebgqis b onvnohanabs% jh`r{n i ~rb ZIOÄ viab IJB[BOB[% b miais ab vengi b mbhis ab an{ zngqn`bgs% sb{zhàis% absbgziezhmbgqis% haèhns ~rb zioä no{bahqn ~rb zioä viab bgq{b`n{ v{isvb{nmbgqb

>28 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

^rhgqi _b bs~rbàn ab + rm q{nkneci + Bs~rbàn sb ir gïi cî rmn nkb{qr{n Bs~rbàn an {iqhgn cnkhqrne ab + qbgcn zioä n{{rmir rm bmv{b`i vn{n mhm +9 Oigobgq{b bm i ~rb zioä viab an{ _bqi Rmn zbt zioä qbm sbr vengi bm mbgqb% i{`nghtb oim rm bso{hqi{ bvb{hbgqb vñ{ hsqi bm vnvbe bm ji{mn ehmvn% b bm abqnecb _èqhmi Nv{bsbgqb æ v{ÿv{hn vbssin oim nrqi{hanab b beb jnàn i {bsqi Qian oimvngchn bsqî v{ior{ngai cimbgs ~rb viabm an{ ne`i ab znei{% sb è haèhns% sb{zhàis% ir + q{nvnobh{i-gboqhigs q{nvnobh{i-gboqhigs + Qi Qian an oimvngchn qbm ~rn{qi vn{n i cimbm ~rb qbm rm vengi abjhghai ab nàïi ~rb è æ zngqn`bm an~rben oimvngchn Bsqn ehgcn ab v{iobahmbgqi viab ebzn{ ne`rgs ahns ir sbmngns ab qbmvi bq{n% mns n ahjb{bgàn bm {bgan% bm nzngài% b `ngcngai {boigcbohmbgqi ngis boigimhtn{ïi ab q{nkneci ar{i n vn`nmbgqi vb~rbgi Qbm mrhqns zngqn`bgs% i rm sb{ v{hgohvne ~rb snezn{î j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ab rm n ohgoi ngis ab qbmvi neongàngai rmn mbqn bsoiechan Qian vbssin ~rb oimbàn% ir + bgq{n mbhi miai vn{n ohmn n bsonan ab mïi% jnt nsshm vi{ abehkb{b b vengbdnmbgqi orhanaisi% #boerhgai% oen{i ~rb% i jheci ab Kiss'( I MIAI GIZI AB OIMB[OHNEHTN[ Q[NKNECI_ + AB _B[ZHÀI_ _B[ZHÀI_ + È N@I[N + _IOHBANAB_ + Is cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb oimb{ohnehtnm is sb{zhàis abebs)abens n mbeci{ zngqn`bm gi jrqr{i% qbm ~rb {boigcbob{ n mrangàn bsqrvbgan ~rb noigqbobr oim {benàïi æ {benàïi bgq{b bmv{b`nai{ b bmv{b`nai >:6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Gi jrqr{i% n + [b`{n Air{nan% + b gïi n + [b`{n ab Ir{i + sb{î i jnqi{ aimhgngai gi mn{lbqhg` ab mb{onai{hn oimi qnmkèm sb{zhàis vbssinhs N {benàïi jrqr{n bgq{b bmv{b`nai{bs b is bmv{b`nais abebs)abens sb{î mnhs gn gnqr{btn ab rmn siohbanab ~rb oigshsqb ab4 rm I bmv{b`nai{  k I bmv{b`nai o I vôkehoi ~rb bebs sb{zbm Bsqb miai gizi ab oimb{ohnehtn{ sb{zhàis vbssinhs è ocnmnai gizi vi{ mrhqns {ntòbs% v{hmbh{i% i bmv{b`nai{ b i bmv{b`nai ai jrqr{i sb{ïi oigshab{nais oimi an mbsmn onqb`i{hn-bmv{b`nais ordi gb`ÿohi sb{î _B[ZH[ I VÔKEHOI BJHONTMBGQB Bm vnssnai ab qbmvis% bmv{b`nai{bs% b bmv{b`nais vb{mrqn{nm bgq{b bebs% bg~rngqi ah{h`hgai ns mbeci{bs vbochgocns ~rb bebs vrab{nm oim rm ni irq{i% gïi oigshab{ngai ~rb gn ngîehsb jhgne bsqnznm bebs% bm {bnehanab% VBOCHGOCNGAI æs orsqns ab N QB[OBH[N JB_QN% I VÔKEHOI ~rb BEB_ _B[ZH[NM N abv{bssïi sb{zhr oimi rm v{iqbsqi viab{isi ab rm vôkehoi jb{hai ordns v{iv{hbanabs qhgcnm shai vhsiqbnans bm bm qian ah{bàïi vi{ bssbs ~rb bsqnznm oenmngai vn{n zngqn`bgs hgahzharnhs b ero{is ^rngai i bsoimk{is an abv{bssïi qb{î shai qh{nai% b gb`ÿohi qb{î shai {bsqnkbebohai vn{n b~rhehk{n{ rmn zbt mnhs% bmv{b`nai{bs b bmv{b`nais {boigcbob{ïi ~rb bebs dî gïi _ÏI V[HZHEB@HNAI_ vn{n AH[H@H[ VBOCHGOCN_ æs orsqns ab B__B_ ^RBM BEB_ _B[ZBM I {bne bmv{b`nai{  ai jrqr{i sb{î i vôkehoi Hsqi abzb{hn sb{ sb ebmk{nai gi er`n{ mnhs neqi ab vi{ qian vbssin ~rb krson oimb{ohnehtn{ sb{zhàis vbssinhs bjbqhznmbgqb

>:>

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

^rnsb qian zhn jè{{bn gn Nmè{hon bsqî bm ahjhoreanab jhgngobh{n ^rbm gïi sb ebmk{n ai ahn ~rngai% sb rm ohanaïi hgzbsqh`nssb gn khecbqb{hn% i qbmvi ab vn{qhan ab rm q{bm% ~rb beb {boi{{br nk{rvqnmbgqb ni ~rna{i ab ngôgohis bm zbt ab sb{ baronanmbgqb abqb{mhgnai n hgji{mnàïi9 Ns oimvngchns ab on{{i ab {rn qnmkèm bvb{hmbgqn{nm rmn + mrangàn ab qbmvis + Gïi cnzhn qïi mrhqi cî mrhqi qbmvi rm qbmvi ~rngai is oigarqi{bs ab on{{i ab {rn sb i{`recn{nm angai n{`rmbgqi n vnssn`bh{is Mrhqis ais {nsqis ab on{{i ab {rn ji{nm njnsqnais b is vnssn`bh{is migqnm bm rm ñghkrs ordi i miqi{hsqn è + n ôeqhmn vnenz{n bm oi{qbshn + Vi{ qian vn{qb is {nsqis ab on{{i ab {rn {r{nhs bsqïi bgjb{{rdngai ab nkngaigi% ir jih ebznai vn{n ohmn Igab-sbmv{b on{{is ab {rn nhgan bsqïi bm ivb{nàïi% is vnssn`bh{is viabm migqn{ n`i{n sbm n{`rmbgqi% b n vbssin viab snran{ i on{{i nqè mbsmi gi mbhi ai keioi% b i miqi{mng zïi IKEH@HG@EX i nvngcnm OIMI QBMVI_ MRAN[NM. Hssi è cî viroi i vigqi ~rb br bsqir qbgqngai vn{n bgjnqhtn{ QBMVI_ MRAN[NM. Neèm ahssi% n mrangàn simbgqb gïi è {bjebqhan bm bso{hqÿ{his ab zhn jè{{bn b bm on{{is ab {rn% mns bm irq{is vnssbhis ab zhan oimi kbm N + vieíqhon vôkehoi-sb{-mneahqn + è n`i{n vnssnan Jih srvengqnai vbei + gÿs-sb{-ikeh`hg`ex-n-sbr-sb{zhài% sbgci{% + vieíqhon Is kng~rbh{is nv{bgab{nm rmn oihsn ir aihs ar{ngqb bsqn mrangàn {îvhan ~rb noigqbobr ar{ngqb is ôeqhmis ngis Absoi{qbshn vi{ vn{qb ab rm jrgohigî{hi ab kngoi% ir i bmv{b`nai ab kngoi cidb è qïi {n{i >:;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

~rngqi b{n rmn aôthn ab ahsqhgqi ngis nq{îs Gi vnssnai ab ngis% ne`rgs kng~rbh{is #gïi qiais bebs% oen{i ~rb(% ebzir rmn nqmisjb{n ab sbzb{hanab ~rb abr vn{n qiai v{bsqnqî{hi ~rb v{bqbgab sb{ rm j{hi ~rngai beb vbgsir nqè mbsmi ab ocb`n{ i kng~rbh{i abeb vn{n rm bmv{èsqhmi Is mhecn{bs ab j{nonssis ab kngoi ar{ngqb n abv{bssïi qhzb{nm i bjbhqi ab {bmizb{ ns vi{qns ab onikn nq{îs ans ~rnhs is kng~rbh{is sb kn{{hon{nm ngqh`nmbgqb Bebs sb sbgqnm n`i{n ni n{ ehz{b n bso{hznghgcns% igab bebs viabm sb{ zhsqis b viabm sb{ ocb`nais æ zigqnab vi{  ~rne~rb{ abvishqnai{% ir vi{ ~rne~rb{ rm ~rb absbdn is zb{% b n nqmisjb{n hgqbh{n ai kngoi è rm ab oi{qbshn b bgqbgabgai B{n cnkhqrne vn{n oehbgqbs qb{bm ~rb bsqn{ ab vè b bsvb{n{ ni srvb{mb{onai ab ongqi nqè is kneoighsqns bsqnzn qb{mhgnai vnssngai i qbmvi ab ahn oim nmh`is% b i v{iv{hbqî{hi qhgcn qb{mhgnai jnk{honàïi vn{n ohmn i abvÿshqi ab kngoi abeb% ngqbs ab sb{  bsvb{nai bm Eidns ab onabhn% namhghsq{ir vi{ CIMBG_ OI[QB_B_ ~rb jntbm qrai ai miai ab sb{zhài% oim jneqn ab ersq{n{ is snvnqis ai oehbgqb% BMVR[[IR I_ OIMB[OHNGQB_ ab ZBECI-QBMVI GI JRGAI MN[OCN_ AB QBMVI BM. Oi{qbshn + b + _b{zhài + sïi is nsshsqh{vnenz{n ab oimb{ohn{ cidb% b nvehon æ vbssin ~rb bsqî oimb{ohnehtngai sb{zhàis vbssinhs nqè mbsmi mnhs ah{bqnmbgqb ~rb vn{n i bmv{b`nai{ ~rbm beb sb{zb% vi{~rb% gn ngîehsb jhgne% i bmv{b`nai{ b i bmv{b`nai abeb sïi BMV[B@NAI_ VBEI VÔKEHOI ~rb BEB_ _B[ZBM _b bebs gïi sb{zbm kbm% bebs vn`nm vben vb{an ai v{hzheè`hi abebs)abens ab sb{zh{ Gÿs bgenqnmis qrai sb ebmk{b ai qbmvi ~rngai i `îsmbq{i ~rb i ebhqi{ knqbr gn vi{qn ar{i knsqngqb vn{n >:?

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

~rbk{n{ is vnhgèhs ^rngai n vi{qn jih nkb{qn% beb bmvr{{ir i miai abeb abgq{i% gïi oigzhanai% oim rmn on{{ngon gn jnob abeb ~rb oen{nmbgqb ahssb% ~rbi-hgjb{gi-jntb{-zioä-mngqb{-br-bsvb{n-vn{n +9 Qrai n~rhei sij{br rmn mrangàn I mbq{i-cimbm sb namhghsq{n n`i{n oimi rm onznecbh{i ~rb è + i bgongqn{-vn{n-sb{-n-sbr-sb{zhài-sbgci{ + Ngqbs ab ns oimvngchns ab `îs nv{bgabssbm ~rb is mbq{i-cimbgs jntbgai on{{ngon abebs)abens grgon bsqnznm normrengai {bsvigsnkhehanabs sb{ qh{nai% is zbgabai{bs oi{qbsbs ab ~rbhmnai{bs ab ÿebi zhb{nm b jhtb{nm rm gb`ÿohi ab bso{hqÿ{hi ab qb{{n Ar{ngqb n abv{bssïi% br vnssbh zî{his mbsbs gn {b`hïi ab on{zïi ab ngq{nohqb ab Vbggsxeznghn% bg~rngqi bsqrangai oigahàòbs ~rb qiais mbgis absq{rhr n hgaôsq{hn ab on{zïi Bgq{b zî{hns absoikb{qns mrhqi sh`ghjhongqbs% b{n i jnqi ~rb `ngëgohn vi{ vn{qb ais ivb{nai{bs b is bmv{b`nais abebs)abens b{n n onrsn v{hgohvne an vb{an ab gb`ÿohi vn{n is ivb{nai{bs% b vb{an ab q{nknecis vn{n is mhgbh{is Vben v{bssïi ab rm `{rvi ab eíab{bs ab q{nkneci ab izb{tbneirs% {bv{bsbgqngai is bmv{b`nais% b n `ngëgohn vn{n ero{is vi{ vn{qb ais ivb{nai{bs% i gb`ÿohi ab ngq{nohqb bgoiecbr ab {bvbgqb Is ivb{nai{bs ab on{zïi b is bmv{b`nais abebs)abens ah{h`h{nm vbochgocns njhnans oim rm ni irq{i% bg~rngqi no{bsobgqngai i orsqi an + vbochgocn + ni v{bài ai on{zïi% nqè% jhgnembgqb% bebs absoik{h{nm bebs qhgcnm OIG_Q[RÍAI RM GB@ßOHI MN[NZHECI_I MN[NZHECI_I VBEI_ JNK[HONGQB_ AB ßEBI B^RHVNMBGQI_ N[ABGQB_ B I_ V[IARQI[B_ AB ßEBI O[R + Is sneî{his ab vbonai sïi mi{qb +. Mrhqis eb{nm hsqi gn Kíkehn% mns virois absoik{hr sbr sh`ghjhonai N`i{n% b >:1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ar{ngqb zî{his ngis% i mrgai hgqbh{i qbm bsorqnai VI[ JI[ÀN% vn{n rm sb{mïi ~rb viab{hn sb{ ocnmnai + kbm ^RNE^RB[ RM CIMBM _IPBQC ^RB ABZB BEB QNMKÈM OIECB + Gnan qïi ahjrgahai b bjbqhzi ~rngqi n abv{bssïi vrabssb sb{ + visshzbembgqb cî viroi rmn oihgohaägohn + Nq{îs an abv{bssïi bsqnzn rmn ONR_N Gnan sbmv{b noigqbob sbm rmn ONR_N Gi v{hgohvne% n onrsn an abv{bssïi è ah{bqnmbgqb q{nobnkeb ni cîkhqi mrgahne ab qbgqn{ OIECB[ sbm _BMBN[ Hsqi gïi abzb{hn sb{ b~rhzionai vn{n sh`ghjhon{ ~rb n abv{bssïi {bv{bsbgqn rmn oiecbhqn ~rb i mrgai bsqî _BGAI JI[ÀNAI n oiecb{ sbm qb{ _IPG N ahjhoreanab è ~rb i mrgai sbmbir i qhvi b{{nai ab sbmbgqb ^rne~rb{ jntbgabh{i snkb ~rb beb gïi viab sbmbn{ n sbmbgqb ab on{ais% b oiecb rmn oiecbhqn ab `{ïi Oimbàngai æ b{rvàïi an `rb{{n mrgahne% ns vbssins ai mrgai oimbàn{nm n sbmbn{ n sbmbgqb ab sb{zhài hgnab~rnai bm ~rnehanab b ~rngqhanab ^rnsb qiai i mrgai b{n oimv{imbqhai gi vnssnqbmvi ab qbgqn{  NA^RH[H[ _BM AN[ Bsqns hersq{nàòbs sïi q{nthans æ nqbgàïi abssbs ~rb qäm sb{zhàis vbssinhs vn{n oimb{ohnehtn{% misq{n{ ~rb gÿs simis igab gÿs simis% b i ~rb gÿs simis% vi{ onrsn ab gissn v{ÿv{hn oigarqn. _b cî rm v{hgoívhi ab onrsn b bjbqrn ~rb oigq{ien gb`ÿohi% jhgngàns% b q{ngsvi{qb bsqb mbsmi v{hgoívhi oigq{ien is hgahzíaris b abqb{mhgn i bsqnai boigñmhoi abebs)abens I ^RB È _RN + NZNEHNÀÏI AB ^^_ +9 Ns onrsns ab srobssi oimb{ohnehtngai sb{zhàis BJBQHZNMBGQB b vb{mngbgqbmbgqb% jih abso{hqi oen{nmbgqb N mbgis ~rb bssns onrsns sbdnm >:2

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

bsqranans% ngnehsir% oimv{bbgahai b NVEHONAI% gbgcrm cimbm viab oimb{ohnehtn{ is sb{zhàis abeb bjbqhznmbgqb b vb{mngbgqbmbgqb Qian vbssin abzb sb{ n v{ÿv{hn zbgabai{n abeb ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs N ^RNEHANAB b n ^RNGQHANAB ab sb{zhài jhtb{nm% b i B_VÍ[HQI gi ~rne è jbhqi% abqb{mhgb n rmn bqbgsïi `{ngab% i v{bài% b n ar{nàïi ab bmv{b`i Oimb{ohnehtn{ sb{zhàis Vbssinhs bjbqhznmbgqb% #~rnhs mbhis rm mb{onai vb{mngbgqb% n rm v{bài snqhsjnqÿ{hi% abknhi ab oigahàòbs n`{naîzbhs(% n vbssin qbm ~rb naiqn{ b qbm ~rb sb`rh{ n + jÿ{mren ab ^^_ + ~rb mbhis ~rb ^RNEHANAB% mnhs ^RNGQHANAB% mnhs i v{ÿv{hi B_VÍ[HQI ab oiivb{nàïi% h`rnen n{qb ab zbgab{  vb{jbhqn ab sb{zhài _b ebmk{b an + jÿ{mren ab ^^_ +% mns mnhs-nveh~rb OIMI RM CÎKHQI. Gis abhb ngnehsn{ n jÿ{mren vn{n qb{ ob{qbtn gÿs bgqbgabmis i ~rb sh`ghjhon bnqnmbgqb > _b{î hgqb{v{bqnan ^RNEHANAB ab sb{zhài sh`ghjhon{ i absbmvbgci ab qiai abqnecb% oim {benàïi n srn vishàïi% an mngbh{n mnhs bjhohbgqb vissízbe% oim i ikdbqi ab mnhi{ bjhohägohn sbmv{b bm mbgqb ; ^RNGQHANAB ab sb{zhài sb{î bgqbgahan sh`ghjhon{ i CÎKHQI ab jntb{ qiai i sb{zhài ai ~rne zioä è onvnt% n qian ci{n% oim i v{ivÿshqi ab nrmbgqn{ n ~rngqhn ab {bg-ab{ba ab sb{zhài oimi mnhi{ cnkhehanab è absbgziezhai vi{ v{îqhon b bvb{hägohn È oieionan ägjnsb giznmbgqb gi vnenz{n CÎKHQI ? B_VÍ[HQI ab sb{zhài sb{î hgqb{v{bqnai vn{n sh`ghjhon{ i CÎKHQI ab oigarqn n`{naîzbe% cn{mighisn ~rb hgarth{î oiivb{nàïi ais sÿohis b bmv{b`nais an mbsmn onqb`i{hn >::

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

_rjhohägohn ab ^RNEHANAB b ^RNGQHANAB ab sb{zhài gïi è srjhohbgqb mngqb{ rm mb{onai vb{mngbgqb vn{n sbrs sb{zhàis N oigarqn% ir i B_VÍ[HQI gi ~rne zioä bgq{b`n sb{zhài% è rm jnqi{ abqb{mhgngai ji{qb oim {benàïi n nmkis i v{bài ~rb zioä {bobkb% b n ar{nàïi ab bmv{b`i Nga{bp On{gb`hb nobgqrir bsqb vigqi mnhs ~rb irq{is oim {benàïi æ abso{hàïi abeb ais jnqi{bs ~rb oigartbm n srobssi gi mn{lbqhg` ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs Beb bgjnqhtir giznmbgqb% b giznmbgqb% n gbobsshanab vn{n OIGARQN CN[MIGHI_N Beb nobgqrir i jnqi ~rb beb gïi {bqb{hn gbgcrm cimbm% gïi hmvi{qn oimi `{ngab rmn ^RNGQHANAB% ir oimi bjhohbgqb n ^RNEHANAB ai q{nkneci abeb% n mbgis ~rb beb q{nknecnssb bm rm bsví{hqi ab CN[MIGHN _{ On{gb`hb hgshsqhr bm cimbgs ~rb sïi N@[NAÎZBE V{izn{ ~rb beb oieioir rm znei{ neqi gbsqn ~rnehanab% beb vb{mhqhr mrhqis cimbgs ~rb oigji{mn{nm nis vna{òbs abeb vn{n jhon{ mrhqi {hoi Bssbs ~rb gïi oigji{mn{nm% qhais ~rb nk{h{ bsvnài vn{n irq{is N hmvi{qëgohn ab rmn vb{signehanab n`{naîzbe jih nobgqrnan% vi{~rb è rm jnqi{ ~rb vb{mhqb n vbssin n jntb{ sb{zhài gi v{ÿv{hi B_VÍ[HQI _b n vbssin qbm rmn vb{signehanab ~rb N@[NAN% b jnt sb{zhài bm rm bsví{hqi ab CN[MIGHN% bsqbs nqhzis oimvbgsnm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb abjhohägohns bm nmkis n ^RNEHANAB% b n ^RNGQHANAB ab sb{zhài ~rb n vbssin jnt Vi{èm% gnan viab _B[ _RK_QHQRÍAI V[I_VB[NMBGQB VN[N OIGARQN N@[NAÎZBE I ZNEI[ AB ONVHQNE AB _BR_ _B[ZHÀI_ N vbssin ordn {bgan è ab{hznan oimvebqnmbgqb an zbgan ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs è gbgcrm mbgis >:0 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

oimb{ohngqb ~rb i cimbm ~rb zbgab n{qh`is% b viab{hn sb{ simnai kbm% qne rmn vbssin bsqî srdbhqi n BSNQNMBGQB N_ MB_MN_ [B@[N_ ab oigarqn oimi i oimb{ohngqb ~rb zbgab mb{onai{hn Hsqi jih bgjnqhtnai% vi{~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins ~rb zhzbm vben zbgan ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs oimbqb i b{{i ab sb oigshab{n{ ehz{n{ ans {b`{ns ab oigarqn% b ns {bsvigsnkhehanabs v{bgab{nm n bssbs ~rb sïi oimv{imbqhai oimb{ohnehtngai n{qh`is I miai gizi ab oimb{ohnehtn{ sb{zhàis ji{àir v{nqhonmbgqb bmv{b`nai{ b bmv{b`nai bm nehngàns ab siohbanab vi{ ~rne nmkis ikdbqi vb`nai bm oigshab{nàïi is ah{bhqis an qb{obh{n jbsqn% I VÔKEHOI ~rb BEB_ _B[ZBM I ahn ai + h{-`bqqb{ + vnssir Beb jih srvengqnai vbei + h{ainai{ + Mèqiais ab neqi-v{bssïi bm gb`ÿohi bsonvn{nm n qnmvn jhgnembgqb Grgon cnzb{î n gbobsshanab vn{n {bvi{ n qnmvn bm% vi{~rb% gi jrqr{i% bmv{bsn{hne sb{î namhghsq{nai vi{ mèqiais ~rb gïi {b~rb{b{ïi gbgcrmn v{bssïi I znei{ ab onvhqne nqrne ab sbrs oè{bk{is viab sb{  abqb{mhgnai vben ~rngqhn ab {bgan zioä viab v{iarth{  #oimb{ohnehtngai sbrs sb{zhàis( Rmn bsqhmnqhzn drsqn ai znei{ ab onvhqne ab sbrs sb{zhàis viab sb{ jbhqn mreqhvehongai srn {bgan ngrne vi{ abtbssbhs b aihsqb{àis% oimi è {ntiîzbe n bsqhmnqhzn ~rb srn {bgan ngrne {bv{bsbgqn sbhs vi{ obgqi ab sbr znei{ ab onvhqne Ahgcbh{i ner`n vn{n :" vi{ nggrm Ahgcbh{i zneb gïi mnhs ~rb oè{bk{is Zneb j{b~õbgqbmbgqb mrhqi mbgis Oè{bk{is oimvbqbgqbs +% + sb bjbqhznmbgqb oimb{ohnehtir% {bv{bsbgqb rmn ji{mn mrhqi mnhs absbdîzbe ab onvhqne ~rb ~rb ~rb è bh`hai >:3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

namhghsq{n{ rm v{iobahmbgqi bmv{bsn{hne bm n{qh`is% vi{~rb + oè{bk{is + sïi rmn ji{mn ab onvhqne ~rb gïi viab sb{ abv{bohnai vb{mngbgqbmbgqb vi{  abv{bssòbs% gbm bgenqn bsqn ji{mn ab onvhqne sbdn {irknai ir `nsqir Neèm ahssi% i ahgcbh{i ~rb è bssbgohne vn{n n oigarqn ab gb`ÿohi è qïi hgôqhe ~rngqi rmn argn ab n{bhn% nqè ~rb bsqbzb mhsqr{nai oim oè{bk{is + bjhohbgqbs + N_ Q[HGQN ONR_N_ AB B_VBOHNEHTNÀÏI AB J[NON__I ^RNGQI_ AB_QB_ B_QÏI I _B@R[NGAI9 N mnhi{ q{n`èahn ab zhan oigshsqb bm cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb bn{gbsqex v{iobssnm% b jneqn. N q{n`èahn mbgqb gi izb{pcbemhg`ex mnhi{hn `{ngab ans vbssins ~rb jnecnm% oimi oimvn{nai i virois ~rb qbm srobssi Br qhzb i v{hzheè`hi ab ngnehsn{ zî{his mhe cimbgs b mrecb{bs% ji{nm oensshjhonais 83" ab ~rbm oimi + j{nonssis + Cî ne`i {nahonembgqb b{{nai oim rmn ohzhehtnàïi% b rm shsqbmn ab baronàïi ~rb ehobgàn 83" ans vbssins vnssn{ vi{ zhan oimi j{nonssis Mns br gïi bso{bzh bsqb ehz{i oim n jhgnehanab ab mi{nehtn{ gis ah{bhqis b hgdrsqhàns ai mrgai< hssi {b~rb{b{hn bsqb n~rh vn{n rm ehz{i obm zbtbs i qnmngci ab Mbr q{nkneci ab ngîehsb v{izir ~rb cî q{hgqn {ntòbs v{hgohvnhs vn{n j{nonssi% b q{btb v{hgoívhis v{hgohvnhs vbeis ~rnhs ns vbssins normrenm ji{qrgns Gbsqb onvíqrei% sb{î anan rmn abso{hàïi ans q{hgqn onrsns v{hgohvnhs ab j{nonssi Oimi zioä {bzhsb n ehsqn% i oigjh{n vi{ hsqi% nvigqb vi{ vigqi% oim n jhgnehanab ab absoik{h{ ~rngqi absqbs visqi ab onrsn-ab-j{nonssi bgq{b zioä b srobssi > JRGAI CB[BAHQÎ[HI AB_JNZI[ÎZBE Cî nvbgns vb~rbgi% sb ~rne~rb{ oihsn ~rb viab sb{ jbhqi vn{n >:8 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

vbssins ~rb gnsobm oim rmn abjhohägohn bm viab{ ab oè{bk{i Bsqn jheisijhn ijb{bob mns rm mèqiai ab nq{nzbssn{ hsqi j{n~rbtn-vi{ n ndran an Mbsq{b Mhga Vi{èm% iksb{zb oim ero{i ~rb hsqi è i ÔGHOI ans q{hgqn onrsns ab j{nonssi vbei ~rne viab gïi sb{ oi{{h`hai jnohembgqb ~rne~rb{ hgahzharne ; JNEQN AB RM V[IVß_HQI KBM ABJHGHAI BM ZHAN Cî gbgcrmn bsvb{ngàn ab srobssi vben vbssin ~rb gïi qbm rm v{ivÿshqi obgq{ne% ir mbqn abjhghan n ~rne nvigqn{ Gizbgqn-ihqi bgq{b onan obm abssbs ~rbm br ngnehsbh% gïi qbzb gbgcrmn qne vigqn{hn Qnezbt hsqi b{n i ? JNEQN AB NMKHÀÏI VN[N NVIGQN[ _IK[B MBAHIO[HANAB Gÿs gïi ijb{bobmis gbgcrmn bsvb{ngàn vben vbssin ~rb è qïi hgahjb{bgqb oimi gïi ~rb{b{ bgq{n{ zhan æ j{bgqb% b ~rbm gïi bsqî eb`ngai vn`n{ i v{bài 1 BARONÀÏI HG_RJHOHBGQB Bsqb è rm hmvbahmbgqi ~rb viab sb{ srvb{nai oim jnohehanab oimvn{nqhzn Bvb{hägohn v{izir ~rb ns vbssins mbeci{-baronans sïi j{b~õbgqbmbgqb bssbs ~rb sïi oigcbohais oimi + b`i-jbhqi% + ir b`i-baronai Ebzn mnhs ~rb rm `{nr ab jnoreanab jnàn vn{n rm rmn vbssin ab baronàïi ^rne~rb{ vbssin ~rb è baronan è rm ~rb nv{bgabr na~rh{h{ qrai ~rb ~rb beb ~rb{ bm zhan sbm zhien{ is ah{bhqis ab irq{is Baronàïi oigshsqb% gïi qngqi ab oigcbohmbgqi% mns ab oigcbohmbgqi bjbqhznmbgqb b vb{shsqbgqex NVEHON[NM Cimbgs sïi eh~rhanais% gïi simbgqb vn{n i ~rb bebs snkbm% mns mnhs vn{qhoren{mbgqb vn{n i OIM i ~rne BEB_ JNTBM ^RB ^RB BEB_ _NKBM 2 JNEQN AB NRQIAH_OHVEHGN Ahsohvehgn vnssn vi{  nrqioigq{ieb Hsqi sh`ghjhon n~rbeb qbm ~rb oigq{ien{  >06

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

qians ns ~rnehanabs ab gb`nqhzi Ngqbs ab zioä viab{  oigq{ien{ oigahàòbs% zioä qbm ~rb sb oigq{ien{ v{hmbh{i B`i-aimíghi è i q{nkneci mnhs ar{i ~rb zioä sbmv{b n`n{{n{î _b zioä gïi oig~rhsqn{ b`i% zioä sb{î oig~rhsqnai nq{nzès ab b`i Zioä viab zb{ n rm b i mbsmi qbmvi sbr mbeci{ nmh`i b sbr mnhi{ hghmh`i% vhsngai gn j{bgqb ab rm bsvbeci : _NÔAB AIBGQB Gbgcrmn vbssin viab absj{rqn{  srobssi bobebgqb sbm snôab kin Mrhqns ans onrsns ab snôab aibgqb bsqïi srdbhqi n aimíghi b oigq{ieb Bsqbs% gi v{hgohvne è4 rm Gïi oimbgai abmnhs ab oimhans oigarobgqb vn{n snôab k Cîkhqis b{{nais ab vbgsnmbgqi< angai bv{bssïi n gb`nqhzis o Rsi b{{nai ab% b bm ohmn ab hgare`ägohn bm sbi a Jneqn ab v{ÿv{hi bb{oíohi jíshoi b Rmn v{izhsïi hgnab~rnan ab n{ j{bsoi% abzhai n {bsvh{nàïi hmv{ÿv{hn 0 HGJERÄGOHN_ NMKHBGQNH_ AB_JNZI[ÎZBH_ AR[NGQB HGJËGOHN + Oimi i {nmi bsqî or{znai% nsshm abzn n î{zi{b o{bsàn + N mnhi{hn ans vbssins ~rb qäm qbgaägohns o{hmhgnhs is na~rh{b oimi i {bsreqnai ab nmkhbgqb {rhm% b sÿohis hmv{ÿv{his ar{ngqb hgjëgohn 3 V[IO[N_QHGNÀÏI Bsqb è rm ans onrsns mnhs oimrgs ab j{nonssi Visqis ab V{io{nsqhgnàïi + ab Cimbm + zbecis abgq{i an simk{n ab qiai sb{ crmngi% bsvb{ngai n ivi{qrghanab abeb vn{n abqb{hi{n{ ns ocngobs an vbssin ab srobssi N mnhi{hn ab gÿs vnssn vi{ zhan oimi j{nonssis% vi{~rb gÿs bsqnmis bsvb{ngai vbei + qbmvi vn{n sb{ ob{qi + oimbàn{  jntbgai ne`i ~rb zneb n vbgn Gïi bsvb{b I qbmvi >0>

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

grgon sb{î + cî viroi ob{qi + Oimbài igab zioä bsqî ab vè% b q{nknecn oim ~rne~rb{ jb{{nmbgqns ~rb zioä viab qb{ n sbr oimngai% b sb{ïi nocnans jb{{nmbgqns mbeci{bs oimi zioä zî drgqi 8 JNEQN AB VB[_H_QÄGOHN N mnhi{hn ab gÿs è is nrqi{bs + kigs + mns {bmnqnai{ + vik{bs + ab qrai ~rb gÿs oimbànmis Neèm ahssi% vbssins sïi v{ivbgsns an{ gis v{hmbh{is shgnhs ab ab{{iqn Gïi cî gbgcrm srksqhqrqi vn{n VB[_H_QÄGOHN N vbssin ~rb jnt vn{n VB[_H_QÄGOHN i nsshsqh{-vnenz{n abeb% absoik{b jhgnembgqb n~rbeb + J{nonssi + ab Cimbm Zbeci sb ongsn% b jnt n vn{qhan abeb J{nonssi gïi viab oigqbgab{ oim VB[_H_QÄGOHN >6 VB[_IGNEHANAB GB@NQHZN Cî gbgcrmn bsvb{ngàn ab srobssi vben vbssin ~rb {bvbeb ns vbssins vi{ rmn vb{signehanab gb`nqhzn _robssi vnssn vben nvehonàïi ab VIAB[% b è nqhg`hai viab{ vbeis bsji{àis oiivb{nqhzis ab irq{ns vbssins Rmn vb{signehanab gb`nqhzn gïi hgarth{î oiivb{nàïi >> JNEQN AB AB_BDI _BSRNE OIGQ[IENAI Bgb{`hn ab sbi è i mnhs viab{isi ab qiais is bsqímreis ~rb vnssnm ns vbssins n NÀÏI Vi{~rb è i mnhs viab{isi ans bmiàòbs% abzb sb{ oigq{ienai% vi{ q{ngsmrqnàïi% b oigzb{qbr bm irq{is ongnhs >; AB_BDI AB_OIGQ[IENAI VN[N + NE@I VN[N GNAN + I hgsqhgqi di`ngai ah{h`b mhecòbs ans vbssins n j{nonssi Bzhaägohn ahsqi viab sb{ nocnan bm rm bsqrai ai bsq{igai ab Pnee _q{bbq ab f;8 ar{ngqb is ~rnhs mhecòbs ans vbssins qbgqn{nm `ngcn{ ahgcbh{i  di`ngai bm mn{`bgs nohigî{hns nohigî{hns >? JNEQ JNEQN AB RM VIAB[ KBM ABJHGHAI AB ABOH_ÏI Cimbgs ~rb srobabm abohsòbs ab neongob v{igqnmbgqb% b is mran% sb gnan% mrhqi ebgqnmbgqb >0;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Cimbgs ~rb jnecnm% neongob abohsòbs% sb n qrai% mrhqi ebgqnmbgqb% b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb is mran% b abv{bssn Hgabohsïi b v{io{nsqhgnàïi sïi is h{mïis `ämbis Igab n vbssin è nocnai% i irq{i gi{mnembgqb viab sb{  nocnai qnmkèm Bqb{mhgb bsqb vn{ ngqbs ab bebs i vi{oi-nmn{{nssbm + oimvebqnmbgqb + ni q{bnamhee ab J[NON__I >1 RM IR MNH_ AI_ _BH_ MBAI_ KÎ_HOI_ Bsqbs mbais ji{nm ngnehsnais vn{n zioä bm rm onvíqrei visqb{hi{ Bebs abzbm sb{ aimhgnais ngqbs ab zioä vrabssb oimb{ohnehtn{ sbrs sb{zhàis bjbqhznmbgqb >2 _BEBÀÏI B[[NAN AB RM OIMVNGCBH[I BM MNQ[HMÑGHI Bsqb rmn onrsn mnhs oimrm ab j{nonssi N {benàïi ab mnq{hmñghi q{nt ns vbssins hgqhmnmbgqb bm oigqnqi N mbgis ~rb bsqn {benàïi sbdn cn{mighisn% è v{izîzbe ~rb j{nonssi sh`n Neèm ahssi% sb{î rmn ji{mn ab j{nonssi ~rb è mn{onai vi{ mhsè{hn b hgjbehohanab% bg~rngqi absq{rhgai qiais is shgnhs ab NMKHÀÏI >: BM OHMN AB-V[BONRÀÏI N vbssin ~rb sb n{{hson% `b{nembgqb qbm ~rb ebzn{ qrai ~rb è bs~rb{ai ~rngai irq{is bsqhzb{bm qb{mhgnai bsoiecbgai Bm ohmn abv{bonràïi è qïi {rhm ~rngqi abknhi ab-v{bonràïi Nmkis sïi bq{bmbs sb{ zh`hnai oigq{n Zhan hsqi bsqî ocbhn oim i bebmbgqi ab ocngob >0 _BEBÀÏI B[[NAN AB _ßOHI_ BM GB@ßOHI Bsqb è rm ans onrsns mnhs oimrgs ab j{nonssi bm gb`ÿohi Oimb{ohnehtngai sb{zhàis vbssinhs% n vbssin abzb{hn rsn{ `{ngab sb v{biorvb sbebohign{ rm bmv{b`nai{  ~rb sb{î rmn hgsvh{nàïi% b ~rb è% beb% hgqbeh`bgqb b v{ÿsvb{i Gÿs bmrenmis bssbs oim ~rbm gÿs

>0?

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

nssiohnmis ab vb{qi Bsoiecn rm bmv{b`nai{ ~rb è bmr-enqhg` ab znei{ >3 _RVB[_QHÀÏI B V[BOIGOBHQI _rvb{sqhàïi è rmn ji{mn ab mbai Qnmkèm è rm shgne ab h`gi{ëgohn Cimbgs ~rb qäm srobssi mngqäm ns mbgqbs nkb{qns b qäm mbai ab gnan >8 _BEBÀÏI B[[NAN AB RMN ZIONÀÏI Gbgcrm cimbm viab qb{ srobssi bm rmn ehgcn ab bmvbgci ai ~rb beb gïi `isqn I vnssi mnhs bssbgohne gi mn{lbqhg` ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs è hssi ab sbebohign{ rmn iorvnàïi gn ~rne zioä viab sb engàn{ pciebcbn{qbaex ;6 JNEQN AB OIGOBGQ[NÀÏI AB B_JI[ÀI Is + hàn{ab-qiais-oimè{ohis + {n{nmbgqb sïi kigs n ~rne~rb{ Oigobgq{b qrai ab sbrs bsji{àis bm rmn VIGQN[HN V[HGOHVNE ABJHGHAN ;> I CÎKHQI AB @N_QI HGAH_O[HMHGNAI N `nsqn{j{r`nehanab gïi viab qb{ srobssi% v{hgohvnembgqb vi{~rb beb sb ebzngqn bqb{gnmbgqb bm MBAI AB VIK[BTN Ji{mb i cîkhqi ab boigimhtn{ shsqbmîqhoi nvn{qngai rmn vi{obgqn`bm abjhghan ab srn {bgan Ahgcbh{i gi kngoi aî vn{n rm rmn jrganàïi mrhqi sb`r{n ab OI[N@BM ni bsvb{n{ vben zbgan ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs _bm ahgcbh{i% qbm ~rb ebzn{ n vbssin ~rb n vbssin è ijb{bohai% b abzb bsqn{ neb`{b ab na~rh{h{ hsqi ;; JNEQN AB BGQR_HN_MI _bm bgqrshnsmi gïi viab bsqn{ oigzbgobgai n vbssin Neèm ahssi% bgqrshnsmi è oigqn`hisi% b n vbssin ~rb qbm hsqi% sik oigq{ieb% è `b{nembgqb kbm-zhgan bm ~rne~rb{ `{rvi ans vbssins ;? HGQIEB[ËGOHN N vbssin oim rmn + mbgqb jbocnan + bm ~rne~rb{ nssrgqi {n{nmbgqb na~rh{b æ j{bgqb Hgqieb{ëgohn sh`ghjhon n~rbeb abhir ab na~rh{h{  >01

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

oigcbohmbgqi Ns ji{mns mnhs v{bdrahohnhs ab hgqieb{ëgohn sïi bssbs oigboqnais oim {beh`hisi% ahjb{bgàns {nohnhs% b vieíqhons ab ivhghïi ;1 HGQBMVB[NGOB Ns ji{mns mnhs v{bdrahohnhs ab hgqbmvb{ngob bsqïi oigboqnans oim oimb{% kbkhan ji{qb% b nqhzhanabs sbrnhs Izb{hgare`bgob bm ~rnhs~rb{ absqbs è jnqne n srobssi ;2 HGNKHEHANAB VN[N OIIVB[N[ OIM IRQ[I_ Mnhs vbssins vb{abm ns vishàòbs abebs)abens b ns ivi{qrghanabs `{ngabs abebs)abens bm zhan% vi{ onrsn absqn jneqn% ~rb vi{ qians ns irq{ns {ntòbs oimkhgnans È rmn jneqn ~rb gbgcrm bmv{bsî{hi kbm hgji{mnai% ir i eíab{ qieb{n{î ;: VI__B AB VIAB[ ^RB GÏI B[N NA^RH[HAI VI[ B_JI[ÀI AB B@I #Is jhecis b jhecns ab cimbgs {hois% b irq{is ~rb cb{anm ahgcbh{i ~rb bebs gïi `ngcn{nm( Aä viab{ n gns mïis ab rm ~rb gïi na~rh{hr hsqi `{narnembgqb% è j{b~õbgqbmbgqb jnqne n srobssi [H^RBTN_ [ÎVHAN_ sïi mnhs vb{h`isns ~rb vik{btn ;0 AB_IGB_QHANAB HGQBGOHIGNE Gïi cî gbgcrm srksqhqrqi vn{n cigbsqhanab N vbssin viab sb{  qbmvi{n{hnmbgqb absigbsqi vi{ mbhi ab oh{orgsqëgohns bm ohmn ab ~rne qbm gbgcrm oigq{ieb% sbm angi vb{mngbgqb Mns% gïi cî GBGCRMN B_VB[NGÀN vben vbssin ~rb è absigbsqi nq{nzès ab bsoiecn Obai ir qn{ab% ns nàòbs abeb i neongàn{ïi% b beb vn`n{î vi{  vb{an ab {bvrqnàïi% b qnezbt vb{an vengn ab ehkb{anab ;3 B@IQH_MI B ZNHANAB Bsqns ~rnehanabs sb{zbm oimi ertbs zb{mbecns ~rb nazb{qbm irq{is vn{n mngqb{ ji{n BEB_ _ÏI JNQNH_ N _ROB__I

>02

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

;8 NAHZHGCNGAI BM ZBT AB VBG_N[ N mnhi{hn ans vbssins è mrhqi hgahjb{bgqb ir v{b`rhàisi vn{n na~rh{h{  JNQI_ oim ~rb VBG_N[ OIM V[BOH_ÏI Bebs v{bjb{bm n`h{ bm + ivhghòbs + o{hir vi{ oigdbqr{ns ir bsqnen{ dre`nmbgqis ?6 JNEQN AB ONVHQNE Bsqn è rmn onrsn oimrm ab j{nonssi bgq{b bssbs ~rb vn{qbm vben v{hmbh{n zbt bm gb`ÿohi% sbm {bsb{zn srjhohbgqb ab onvhqne nksi{zb{ i oci~rb ais bg`ngis abebs)abens% b is ebzn{ bm ohmn ab nqè ~rb bebs bsqnkbebob{nm rmn [BVRQNÀÏI ?> Abknhi ahsqi% gimbhb ~rne~rb{ onrsn vn{qhoren{ ab j{nonssi ai ~rne zioä sij{br hssi gïi jih hgoerían gn ehsqn v{bobabgqb Gbsqbs q{hgqn onrsns v{hgohvnhs ab j{nonssi è nocnan rmn abso{hàïi an q{n`èahn ab zhan ~rb ikqèm vn{n v{nqhonmbgqb qian vbssin ~rb qbgqn b jneqns _b{î ôqhe sb zioä viab hgarth{ ne`rèm ~rb i oigcbob kbm {bzhsn{  bsqn ehsqn oim zioä% b ndran{î i ngnehsn{ vbens q{hgqn onrsns ab j{nonssi Viab sb{ kbgèjhoi sb zioä qbgqn{  bsqb sÿ N mnhi{hn ans vbssins gïi viab sb zb{ oimi irq{is is zbdn Zioä viab sb{ rm ~rb gïi viab I mnhs zbeci ab nazb{qägohns è + i Cimbm% snhkn qcxsbej +. _b zioä oimb{ohnehtn{ mb{onai{hn v{isvb{nmbgqb% zioä qbm ~rb snkb{ n mb{onai{hn I mbsmi è zb{anab oimb{ohnehtngai sb{zhàis vbssinhs Zioä abzb{hn oigcbob{ qrai srns j{n~rbtns vn{n ~rb zioä ir vissn is nq{nzbssn{ ir viab is behmhgn{ oimvebqnmbgqb Zioä abzb{hn snkb{ srn ji{àn vn{n ~rb zioä vissn ocnmn{  nqbgàïi n hsqi ni zbgab{ sbrs sb{zhàis Zioä sÿ viab sb oigcbob{ vi{ ngîehsb v{bohsn N eiror{n ab h`gi{ëgohn oim {benàïi n b`i jih bhkhan vi{ rm cimbm dizbm ~rb siehohqir ni `b{bgqb ab rm >0:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

gb`ÿohi kbm oigcbohai rm bmv{b`i Beb abhir rmn hmv{bssïi mrhqi kin nqè i `b{bgqb ecb vb{`rgqir ~rb sneî{hi bsvb{ir beb Beb {bsvigabr ~rb beb qbzb gbgcrm jhi simb bm mbgqb #jneqn ab rmn vigqn{hn abjhghan( I `b{bgqb ahssb bgqïi% + Gÿs i qrai vn`n{bmis zioä zneb% neqb{b gÿs i bvb{hmbgqnmis ar{ngqb rmn sbmngn + + Br gïi nobhqn{bh hsqi% + i ongahanqi {bsvigabr% + vi{~rb br bsqir NA^RH[HGAI MNH_ ^RB ^RB IGAB br sir BMV[B@NAI + N@I[N Ngqbs ab zioä oimbàn{ n gb`iohn{ vn{n rm {bndrsqnmbgqi ab sbr sneî{hi bm srn vishàïi v{bsbgqb nqè mbsmi% ir krson{ bmv{b`i bm irq{i er`n{% B_QÎ _B@R[I ^RB ZIOÄ ZNEB MNH_ ^RB ZIOÄ [BOBKB N@I[N È rmn oihsn vn{n ^RB[B[ ahgcbh{i-qiai i mrgai ~rb{  mnhs-mns è ne`i oimvebqnmbgqb ahjb{bgqb ~rb zneb{  MNH_. Mrhqns vbssins b~rhzionm is AB_BDI_ abebs)abens vn{n i abebs)abens _ß AÍZHAN_ _rns bh`ägohns jhgngobh{ns ir absbdis gïi qäm gnan qrai ~rb vn{n zb{  oim sbr ZNEI[ _br znei{ è oimvebqnmbgqb bsqnkbebohai vi{ srn cnkhehanab vn{n jntb{ sb{zhài ôqhe ir srn onvnohanab vn{n hgarth{ irq{is vn{n jntb{ qne sb{zhài JNÀN HGZBGQÎ[HI AB ZIOÄ ;3 VB[@RGQN_ ^RB ZIOÄ ABZB[HN [B_VIGAB[ B`i-ngîehsb ngrne è rm bssbgohne gi mn{lbqhg` bjbqhzi ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs% oimi è hgzbgqî{hi ngrne oimb{ohngai Neèm ahssi% n ngîehsb ngrne abzb{hn absoik{h{ rmn AHMHGRHÀÏI BM JNEQN_% b rm nrmbgqi >00 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

bm ZH[QRAB_ N vbssin v{issb`rb% jhon vn{nai% ir bgq{n vn{n q{îs bm zhan I ikdbqi an vbssin abzb{hn sb{% oen{i ~rb% v{issb`rh{ B`i-ngîehsb ngrne absoik{h{î sb nzngài jih% jbt% b gbssb onsi% ~rngqi Qnmkèm absoik{h{î ~rne~rb{ vnssi vn{n q{îs ~rb n vbssin viab qb{ jbhqi I mn{lbqhg` bjbqhzi ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs bh`b vn{n n vbssin nzngàn{ nqè mbsmi sb i v{i`{bssi bsqhzb{ ebgqi _rn b`i-ngîehsb ngrne abzb{hn sb{ jbhqn ni qè{mhgi ab onan ngi% nsshm zioä viab hgoerh{ gi [bsieràòbs ab sbr ngi gizi abzb{hn sb{ jbhqn ~rne~rb{ mbeci{hn ~rb n ngîehsb hgahon Jnàn bsqb hgzbgqî{hi sb jntbgai ns vb{`rgqns sb`rhgqbs% b oigjb{hgai srns {bsvisqns oim n ndran ab ne`rèm ~rb gïi ecb vb{mhqh{î sb bg`ngn{  sik{b n v{bohsïi abebs)abens ^RB_QHIGÎ[HI AB B@I-NGÎEH_B VN[N HGZBGQÎ[HI VB__INE > Br nqhg`h n mbqn ~rb br bsqnkbeboh oimi mbr ikdbqhzi ar{ngqb bsqb ngi9 #Zioä abzb{hn q{nknecn{ oim rm ikdbqhzi ngrne abjhghai n sb{ nqhg`hai oimi rmn vn{qb ab sbr ikdbqhzi ab zhan v{hgohvne( ; Br bgq{b`rbh sb{zhài an mbeci{ vissízbe ^RNEHANAB ai ~rne br b{n onvnt% ir br viab{hn qb{ mbeci{nai ~rne~rb{ vn{qb absqb sb{zhài9 ? Br bgq{b`rbh sb{zhài gn mnhi{ vissízbe ^RNGQHANAB ai ~rne br b{n onvnt9 1 I bsví{hqi ab mhgcn oigarqn jih n qian ci{n cn{mighisi% b oiivb{nqhzi9 2 Br vb{mhqh vn{n i cîkhqi ab V[IO[N_QHGNÀÏI ahmhgrh{ mhgcn bjhohägohn% b gbssb onsi% nqè ~rb vigqi9 : Br mbeci{bh mhgcn VB[_IGNEHANAB% b gbssb onsi% ab ~rb miais9 >03

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

0 Br jrh VB[_H_QBGQB ebzngai n onki mbrs vengis vn{n oigoersïi9 3 Br neongobh ABOH_ÒB_ V[IGQNMBGQB B ABJHGHQHZNMBGQB bm qians ns ionshòbs9 8 Br vb{mhqh ~rne~rb{ rm ir mnhs ais sbhs kîshoi qbmb ahmhgrh{ mhgcn bjhohägohn9 >6 Br ir + jrh bm ohmn ab-onrqbeisi% ir + abknhi abonrqbeisi +9 >> Qbm mhgcn {benàïi oim mbrs sÿohis gi q{nkneci shai n`{naîzbe% ir absn`{naîzbe9 _b jih absn`{naîzbe% n jneqn jih bm vn{qb% ir oimvebqnmbgqb mbr9 >; Br ahsshvbh ~rne~rb{ ab mhgcn bgb{`hn vi{ jneqn ab OIGOBGQ[NÀÏI ab bsji{ài9 >? Br bsqhzb nkb{qi giqnai b qieb{ngqb oim {benàïi n qiais is nssrgqis9 >1 Ab ~rb miai mbeci{bh br mhgcn cnkhehanab vn{n jntb{ sb{zhài9 >2 Br jrh hmiab{nai bm ~rnhs~rb{ ab mbrs cîkhqis9 >: Br bv{bssbh% nkb{qnmbgqb ir sbo{bqnmbgqb% ~rne~rb{ ji{mn ab B@IQH_MI9 >0 Mhgcn oigarqn vn{n mbrs sÿohis jih qne ~rb is hgarthr mb [B_VBHQN[9 >3 Mhgcns ivhghòbs b ABOH_ÒB_ ji{nm knsbnans bm oigdbqr{ns% ir v{bohsïi ab ngîehsb b VBG_NMBGQI9 >8 Br sb`rh i cîkhqi ab i{àn{ mbr qbmvi% mhgcns absvbsns% b mhgcn {bgan% b br jrh oigsb{znai{ gbsqbs i{ànmbgqis9

>08 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

;6 ^rngqi qbmvi abah~rbh br n bsji{ài HMV[IARQHZI ~rb br viab{hn qb{ rsnai n zngqn`bm mbeci{9 ;> Oimi br vissi [B-I[ÀN[ mbr qbmvi% b mran mbrs cîkhqis nsshm br sb{bh mnhs bjhohbgqb ar{ngqb i ngi v{ÿhmi9 ;; Br jrh orevnai ab ~rne~rb{ oigarqn ~rb gïi b{n nv{iznai vi{ mhgcn oigsohägohn9 ;? Ab ~rb miais jht br MNH_ _B[ZHÀI B _B[ZHÀI MBECI[ ~rb br jrh vn`nai vn{n jntb{9 ;1 Br jrh hgdrsqi n ~rne~rb{ rm% b gbssb onsi% ab ~rb miai9 ;2 _b br qhzbssb shai i oimv{nai{ ab mbrs v{ÿv{his sb{zhàis ar{ngqb i ngi% br sb{hn snqhsjbhqi oim mhgcn oimv{n9 ;: Br bsqir gn zionàïi ob{qn% b sb gïi% vi{ ~rb gïi9 ;0 I oimv{nai{ ab mbrs sb{zhàis bsqbzb snqhsjbhqi oim i sb{zhài ~rb br jht% b sb gïi% vi{ ~rb gïi9 ;3 I ~rb è mhgcn nznehnàïi v{bsbgqb gis v{hgoívhis jrganmbgqnhs ab srobssi9 #Jnàn bsqn nznehnàïi {ntinzbembgqb% b j{ngonmbgqb% b oigjb{hr vi{ ne`rèm ~rb è oi{ndisi knsqngqb vn{n jntb{ hsqi oim v{bohsïi( Qbgai ehai b nsshmheir n hgji{mnàïi on{{b`nan vi{ bsqb onvíqrei% zioä bsqî n`i{n v{igqi o{hn{ rm vengi v{îqhoi vi{ oimb{ohnehtn{ sbrs sb{zhàis vbssinhs Gbsqb onvíqrei rmn abso{hàïi nab~rnan ab qiai v{hgoívhi sb{î nocnan bssbgohne vengbdngai n zbgan ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs% hgoershzb is nq{hkrqis v{hgohvnhs ab ehab{ngàn< ns onrsns mnhs oimrgs ab j{nonssi bm ehab{ngàn< rmn >36

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

abso{hàïi ais onmvis ab ivi{qrghanab vn{n ehab{ngàn< ns onrsns v{hgohvnhs ab j{nonssi bm qiais is vnssbhis ab zhan% b ns vb{`rgqns hmvi{qngqbs ~rb abzb{hnm sb{  rsnans bm b`i-ngîehsb Bsqn nv{bsbgqnàïi bqbgsn b abqnecnan ab hgji{mnàïi v{bohsn jih hgoerían% vi{~rb sb{î v{bohsnai vi{ qrai ~rb qäm ~rb oimbàn{ n normrenàïi ab {h~rbtns oimb{ohnehtngai sb{zhàis vbssinhs Bssbs ~rb vb{ab{nm ns ji{qrgns abebs)abens% b bssbs ~rb cî viroi bsqïi oimbàngai n `ngcn{  ahgcbh{i% qbgcn gnan mnhs ~rb sb{zhàis vbssinhs vn{n ijb{bob{ bm q{ion ab {h~rbtns% bgqïi è bssbgohne ~rb bebs qäm ahsvigízbe ~rb ns hgji{mnàòbs v{îqhons v{bohsn{nm oimb{ohnehtn{ sb{zhàis n mbeci{ zngqn`bm Ns hgji{mnàòbs oigqhans gbsqb onvíqrei sb{ïi ab `{ngab znei{ n qrai ~rb nsvh{nm nqhg`h{ ehab{ngàn bm ~rne~rb{  ocnmnan _b{î vn{qhoren{mbgqb ôqhe n bssbs nvigqngai vn{n oimb{ohnehtn{ is sb{zhàis abebs)abens oimi gb`ÿohi ir bborqhzis hgarsq{hnhs Nsshmhenàïi oimvebqn b bgqbgabgai an hgji{mnàïi n~rh on{{b`n{nm sb{î ôqhe oimb{ohnehtngai is v{ÿv{his sb{zhàis an vbssin% b qnmkèm ndran{î n vbssin vn{n jhon{ mnhs ngneíqhoi b onvnt ab dre`n{ ns vbssins Ns hgji{mnàòbs sb{ïi hgbsqhmîzbhs n ah{bqi{bs ab vbssine% is `b{bgqbs ab bmv{b`i% b irq{is bborqhzis on{{b`n{nm oim n sbebàïi ab bmv{b`nais% b n mngrqbgàïi ab i{`nghtnàòbs bjhohbgqbs _b zioä arzhan{ bsqn aboen{nàïi% qbsqb sbr sirgagbss {bsvigabgai vi{  bso{hqi ns zhgqb b ihqi vb{`rgqns ab b`i-ngîehsb Hssi viab nmkis è hgqb{bssngqb b ero{nqhzi% bmki{n zioä gïi arzhab i -gbss sïi an aboen{nàïi IGAB B OIMI N VB__IN VIAB NOCN[ IVI[QRGHANAB_ VN[N NORMREN[ [H^RBTN_ >3>

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

N`i{n ~rb gÿs ngnehsnmis is v{hgoívhis vi{ ~rnhs {h~rbtns viab sb{ normrenai% gÿs vb{`rgqnmis gnqr{nembgqb% + igab rm viab nocn{ ivi{qrghanabs jnzi{îzbhs vn{n nvehon{ bsqbs v{hgoívhis +9 Mrhqi kbm% gis abhb ebzn{ hgzbgqn{hb b zbdn hssi ~rb is Bsqnais Rghais ab ijb{qn ab Nmè{hon n vbssin ~rb krson {h~rbtns% `{ngab ir vb~rbgi Oimbàn{ oim% gis abhb sb ebmk{n{% qiais gÿs% ~rb gÿs mi{nmis bm rm vnís igab qiai ohanaïi ikbahbgqb æ ebh absj{rqn bm ~rne~rb{ er`n{ ehkb{anab ab vbgsnmbgqi b ehkb{anab ab nàïi hgnqhg`hai gi mrgai N mnhi{hn ab gÿs grgon jbt hgzbgqî{hi ans zngqn`bgs absqn ehkb{anab Gÿs grgon oimvn{nmis gissn ehkb{anab hehmhqnan oim n ehkb{anab {barthan bm irq{is vnísbs N~rh gÿs qbmis ehkb{anab ab vbgsnmbgqi% ehkb{anab gn bsoiecn b v{ntb{ ab baronàïi% ehkb{anab bm {beh`hïi% ehkb{anab bm vieíqhons% ehkb{anab gn bsoiecn ab rm gb`ÿohi% v{ijhssïi ir iorvnàïi% ehkb{anab vn{n normren{ b vissrh{ sbm miebsqnmbgqi% QIAN N V[IV[HBANAB ~rb Gß_ viabmis NORMREN[% ehkb{anab vn{n bsoiecb{ gissi er`n{ ab {bshaägohn% ehkb{anab bm mnq{hmñghi% ehkb{anab vi{ ivi{qrghanab h`rne vn{n qians ns {nàns% ehkb{anab ab zhn`bm ab rm bsqnai vn{n irq{i% ehkb{anab bm gissn bsoiecn ab oimhans% b ehkb{anab vn{n NVIGQN[ VN[N ^RNE^RB[ B_QNÀÏI BM ZHAN VN[N n ^RNE Gß_ GI_ V[BVN[NMI_% nqè mbsmi vn{n n v{bshaägohn ais Bsqnais Rghais Gÿs qbmis irq{ns ji{mns ab ehkb{anab% mns bsqn ehsqn an{î n zhsïi ab ieci ab rm vîssn{i ai mnhs hmvi{qngqb% ~rb oigsqhqrbm IVI[QRGHANAB an i{abm mnhs neqn Bsqn zngqn`bm ab ehkb{anab nhgan mnhs è ahsqhgqn vi{~rb is Bsqnais Rghais sïi i ôghoi vnís ~rb `n{ngqb n >3;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

qiai ohanaïi% sb gnqhzi gnsohai ir gnqr{nehtnai% qïi en{`i b zn{hnai rmn ehsqn ab ehkb{anab Ei`i% gis abhb {boigqn{ ne`rmns ans kägàïis ~rb gissn ehkb{anab ahjrgahan oieioir abgq{i ab gissns mïis Ebzb n jnmíehn nmb{hongn oimrm vi{ bbmvei #sh`ghjhongai% n jnmíehn ab {bgan oimrm( b {bsrmb is kbgbjíohis ahsvigízbe vn{n qiai sÿohi an jnmíehn% gbsqn qb{{n ab IVI[QRGHANAB b nkrgaëgohn. rm OIMHAN V{ÿhmi n ehkb{anab ab vbgsnmbgqi b nàïi zbm OIMHAN% [IRVN% b NK[H@I% ns q{äs gbobsshanabs kîshons ab zhan Vi{ onrsn ab gissn ehkb{anab rghzb{sne n jnmíehn nmb{hongn oimrm qbm ahsvigízbe% n srn mbsmn vi{qn% n sbebàïi mnhs bsoiechan ab oimhan sb{ nocnai bm ~rne~rb{ er`n{ gi mrgai% b n v{bàis abgq{i ab srn `nmn jhgngobh{n Rmn jnmíehn ab aihs% zhzbgai gi oi{nàïi ab Qhmbs _~rn{b ahsq{hqi ab Ohanab ab Gizn Hi{~rb% eig`b {bmizhais an jigqb ab v{iaràïi ab oimhans% jhtb{nm hgzbgqî{hi orhanaisi ai orsqi ab rm onjè an mngcï shmvebs% oim bsqb {bsreqnai sr{v{bbgabgqb%4 N{qh`is ab oimhan< Znecn æ mbsn ab onjè an mngcï4 _roi ab J{rqn ab rzn% #An Jeÿ{han(            6; Oimhan ab Onjè an mngcï ab Q{h`i igarenan #Jntbgan ab Lngsns(    6; Ocî #An Ochgn(                        6; Kngngns #An Nmè{hon ai _re(             6; ½ Vïi k{hganai #Ab Jntbgan ab Lngsns(          6> Izis ab Vnís j{bsois #Ab Rqnc(            60 Nàôon{ #Ab Orkn% ir Rqnc(                66 ½ Mngqbh`n b Gnqn #Ai Gbp Bg`enga(        6? Qiqne v{hgohvne   ;6 >3?

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

Gïi è mrhqi ahjíohe ab ikqb{ OIMHAN bm rm vnís igab arns vbssins viabm qimn{ i onjè an mngcï ~rb oigshsqb bm qrai bebs ~rb{bm ir v{bohsnm onan vn{n rmn miban ab abt obgqnzis. Iksb{zn ~rb bsqb onjè an mngcï shmvebs jih drgqnai% vi{ ne`rmn ji{mn bsq{ngcn ab mn`hn #9( an Ochgn% Nmè{hon ai _re% Rqnc% Lngsns b is Gbp Bg`enga Bsqnais% b bgq{b`ir gn mbsn ab onjè an mngcï% v{igqi vn{n oigsrmi% gi mbsmi oi{nàïi an ohanab mnhs nkn{{iqnan gn Nmè{hon% n rm orsqi kbm abgq{i ais mbhis ai q{nknecnai{ mnhs crmheab I orsqi hgoerhr qiai jbab{ne% bsqnai b hmvisqis ab ohanab. #N~rh è rm jnqi ~rb is vieíqhois gïi mbgohign{nm ~rngai bebs bsqnznm oenmngai vn{n is bebhqi{bs di`n{ ji{n is ivigbgqbs abebs)abens ab bso{hqÿ{hi vi{~rb ns vbssins bsqnznm sbgai qnnans n mi{qb( k NK[H@I Bsqn jnmíehn mi{n bm rm nvn{qnmbgqi oigji{qîzbe% n~rbohai vi{ znvi{% hermhgnai oim bebq{hohanab% oim `îs vi{ oithgcn{% qrai vn{n !:266 vi{  mäs Bm rmn ohanab mbgi{% ir rmn vn{qb bsonssnmbgqb {bsiezhan ab ohanab ab Gizn Hi{~rb% i mbsmi nvn{qnmbgqi viab{hn sb{ qhai vn{n qïi knhi ~rngqi !;666 vi{ mäs N qi{{nan ~rb bebs qhzb{nm vn{n i onjè an mngcï gn bsqhmnqhzn ab oimhan jih qi{{nan bm rm qi{{nabh{n beèq{hoi ~rb znebr mns ne`rgs aÿen{bs% i nvn{qnmbgqi è ehmvnai oim rm zn{{bai{ ab znthi ~rb è oi{{hai nq{nzès ab bebq{hohanab *ga ~rbgqb î`rn j{hn bsqî ahsvigízbe% n qian ci{n% gn oithgcn b i kngcbh{i N oimhan è mngqhan bsj{hb bm rm {bj{h`b{nai{ ~rb è oi{{hai nq{nzès ab bebq{hohanab N bsvisn bg{ien i onkbei aben% enzn ns {irvns aben b is vnssn n jb{{i oim >31

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

b~rhvnmbgqi beèq{hoi jnohembgqb ivb{nai% bm viab{  ikqhai nab{hgai rmn qimnan gn vn{bab I mn{hai {nsvn oim rm kn{kbh{i beèq{hoi% b bebs {bobkbm bgq{bqbghmbgqi% zhgqb ~rnq{i ci{ns vi{ ahn% ai mrgai hgqbh{i sb bebs ~rhsb{bm hsqi% sbm orsqi% zh{ngai i ahne ai {îahi abebs)abens simbgqb Cî irq{ns oigzbghägohns gbsqb nvn{qnmbgqi% mns n ehsqn v{bobabgqb an{î rmn haèhn drsqn ab ne`rmns ans bzhaägohns oigo{bqns an ehkb{anab ~rb gÿs% ab Nmè{hon% absj{rqnmis #B bsqn è v{ivn`ngan vieíqhon gbm boigñmhon( o ZB_QHGAI Bm ~rne~rb{ er`n{ gis Bsqnais Rghais% n mrecb{ ab bh`ägohns ab {irvn ab mèahn viab zbsqh{  mrhqi oigji{qnzbembgqb b ghqhanmbgqb vn{n mbgis ~rb !;6666 vi{ ngi% b i cimbm oimrm viab zbsqh{ vn{n i mbsmi% ir mbgis Ji{nm mbgohignans sÿ ns q{äs gbobsshanabs kîshons ab oimhan% {irvn% b nk{h`i I ohanaïi nmb{hongi oimrm qbm irq{is v{hzheè`his b zngqn`bgs ahsvigízbe bm q{ion ab bsji{ài miabsqi% gïi bobabgai ihqi ci{ns vi{ ahn ab q{nkneci Bgq{b bsqbs bsqî i v{hzheè`hi ab q{ngsvi{qb nrqimÿzbe% oim ~rb n vbssin viab h{ b viab zh{ æ zigqnab% n orsqi mrhqi vb~rbgi I nmb{hongi oimrm qbm sb`r{ngàn ab ah{bhqis ab v{iv{hbanab gïi nocnan bm ~rne~rb{ irq{i vnís gi mrgai Beb viab oieion{ i ahgcbh{i ab bobssi abeb bm rm kngoi oim n `n{ngqhn ~rb i `izb{gi abeb v{iqb`b{î hsqi% b viab jntb{ kim n beb sb ns jneqns ab kngoi _b rm ohanaïi nmb{hongi ~rb{ zhndn{ ab rm bsqnai n irq{i ~rb beb v{bohsn ab gbgcrm vnssnvi{qb% ghg`rèm vb{mhssïi Beb viab h{ ~rngai beb n`{nan% b viab abziezb{ æ zigqnab Neèm ahssi% beb viab zhndn{ ab q{bm% nrqimÿzbe v{hznai% ñghkrs% nzhïi% ir gnzhi% oimi ns ehobgàns ab ehz{i ab kiesi abeb Gn Nebmngcn% [ôsshn% >32

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

Hqîehn% b n mnhi{hn ai irq{i br{ivbr b vnísbs I{hbgqnhs% ns vbssins gïi viabm zhndn{ oim qngqi ehkb{anab% b n qïi viroi znehai I + MHEN@[B + ^RB V[IZBR B_QN_ KÄGÀÏI_ Gÿs irzhmis j{b~õbgqbmbgqb vieíqhois ~rb v{ioenmnm n ehkb{anab ab Nmè{hon% ~rngai bebs siehohqnm ziqis% mns {n{nmbgqb bebs ebznm i qbmvi ir abahonm bsji{ài srjhohbgqb æ ngîehsb an jigqb ir gnqr{btn absqn + ehkb{anab + Gïi qbgai gbgcrm mnocnai vn{n mib{% gbgcrm {ngoi{ vn{n bv{bssn{% gbgcrm miqhzi reqb{hi{ n sb{ ebznai n onki% br qbgci i v{hzheè`hi ab bgq{n{ bm rmn ngîehsb cigbsqn an~rbeb mhsqb{hisi% {bsrmn% `{ngabmbgqb bgqbgabr mne + NE@I + ~rb aî n qiai ohanaïi ab Nmè{hon mnhs kägàïis% mnhs ivi{qrghanabs vn{n normren{ {h~rbtn% mnhs ehkb{anab ab qian gnqr{btn% ~rb viab sb{ nocnai bm ~rne~rb{ irq{i vnís Br qbgci i ah{bhqi vn{n ngnehsn{ n jigqb b gnqr{btn absqb VIAB[ GÏI ZH_QI% vi{~rb br sbh% b oigcbobr vi{ mnhs ~rb rm ~rn{qi ab rm sèorei% mrhqis ais cimbgs ~rb i{`nghtn{nm n~rbeb viab{% b mrhqis ~rb sïi n`i{n {bsvigsîzbe vi{ srn mngrqbgàïi I gimb absqb kbgjbhqi{ mhsqb{hisi ab `ägb{i crmngi è HMVI[QNGQB. HMVI[QNGQB. ONVHQNE gïi oigshsqb sÿ bm ahgcbh{i% mns mnhs vn{qhoren{mbgqb ab `{rvis neqnmbgqb i{`nghtnais% hgqbeh`bgqbs ab cimbgs ~rb vengbdnm miais b mbhis ab rsn{ ahgcbh{i bjhontmbgqb vn{n i kbm ai vôkehoi% b v{ijhqnkex vn{n bebs Bsqbs `{rvis oigshsqbm bm ohbgqhsqns% vban`i`is% ~rímhois% hgzbgqi{bs% ngnehsqns bmv{bsn{hnhs% cimbgs ab vrkehohanab% vb{hqis ab q{ngsvi{qb% oigqnai{bs% nazi`nais% airqi{bs% b cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb bsvbohnehtn{nm oigcbohmbgqi neqnmbgqb bm qiais is onmvis ab hgaôsq{hn b gb`ÿohi >3:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Bebs vhigbh{i% bvb{hägohn% b ocnmn n{{nsqn bm onmvis gizis ab bmvbgci Bebs nvÿhnm jnoreanabs% cisvhqnhs% bsoiens vôkehons% oigsq{ibm bsq{nans kins% vrkeh~rb  di{gnhs% vn`rb n mnhi{hn ai orsqi ab `izb{gi% b ebzb ni orhanai ai abqnecb ab mreqhqrahgirs bssbgohne vn{n v{i`{bssi ab crmngi Aboen{nai k{bzbmbgqb% is onvhqnehsqns sïi is oè{bk{is ab ohzhehtnàïi% vi{~rb bebs v{izäbm i qbohai hgqbh{i ab ~rne qian n baronàïi% bsoen{bohmbgqi b v{i`{bssi crmngi oigshsqb Ahgcbh{i% sbm oè{bk{is% sbmv{b è vb{h`isi Oi{{bqnmbgqb rsnai% è i bssbgohne mnhs hmvi{qngqb ab ohzhehtnàïi I onjè an mngcï shmvebs n~rh abso{bzbr gïi viab{hn qb{ shai bgq{b`nai æ jnmíehn ab Gizn Hi{~rb n rmn miban ab abt obgqnzis onan% ir n ~rne~rb{  irq{i v{bài% sb onvhqne i{`nghtnai gïi qhzbssb v{izhai n mn~rhgn{hn% is gnzhis% ns zhns jè{{bns% b is bè{ohqis bgi{mbs ab cimbgs q{bhgnais vn{n is ivb{n{ ivb{n{ Ne`rgs absv{btnm haèhn an hmvi{qëgohn ab ONVHQNE I[@NGHTNAI viab sb{ qhan qbgqngai sb hmn`hgn{  on{{b`nai oim n {bsvigsnkhehanab ab oiebohign{% sbm n ndran ab onvhqne% b bgq{b`ngai æ Gizn Hi{~rb Ohanab jnmíehn% i onjè an mngcï shmvebs abso{bzbr Vn{n v{izb{ i ocî% zioä qb{hn ~rb jntb{ rmn zhn`bm vn{n Ochgn ir Ígahn% nmkis rm miai mrhqi eig`i an Nmè{hon N mbgis ~rb zioä sbdn rm gnanai{  bobebgqb% zioä jhon{hn knsqngqb ongsnai ngqbs ab jntb{  n zhn`bm ab han-b-zieqn Qnmkèm% bgqïi irq{i v{ikebmn i oigj{igqn{hn I ~rb rsn{hn zioä vn{n ahgcbh{i% nqè mbsmi sb zioä qhzbssb n {bshsqägohn jíshon vn{n gnan{ i iobngi9 >30 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

Vn{n v{izb{ i nàôon{% zioä qb{hn ~rb ebzn{ irq{i eig`i gnab vn{n Orkn% ir rm vnssbhi eig`i vn{n n sbàïi ab kbqb{{nkn ab nàôon{ ab Rqnc Mns h`rnen bgqïi% zioä viab{hn zieqn{ sbm i nàôon{% vi{~rb bsji{ài i{`nghtnai b ahgcbh{i sïi gbobssî{his v{iarth{ nàôon{% gïi ahtb{  gnan ai ~rb è bh`hai {bjhgn{% q{ngsvi{qb% b bgq{b`rb bm ~rne~rb{ er`n{ æ mbsn ab onjè an mngcï gis Bsqnais Rghais Is izis% zioä viab{hn bgq{b`n{ knsqngqb jnohembgqb ans  dn{ans ab obebh{i vb{qi ab Ohanab ab Gizn Hi{~rb% mns zioä qb{hn rm vnssbhi mrhqi eig`i vn{n n Jeÿ{han b abziezb% ngqbs ab zioä vrabssb sb{zh{ is aihs oivis ab sroi ab qi{igdn Zioä qb{hn irq{i vnssbhi eig`i% vn{n Lngsns% ir rm ai irq{i q{h`i bsqnais o{bsobgqbs% ~rngai zioä vb{sb`rhr ns ~rnq{i jnqhns ab vïi ab q{h`i Is Khsoihqis ab Q{h`i Igarenais qb{hnm ~rb sb{ imhqhais ai on{aîvhi% vi{~rb bebs gïi bsqn{hnm ahsvigízbhs boern vbei q{nkneci ab rmn i{`nghtnàïi q{bhgnan ab cimbgs b mn~rhgn{hn snqhsjnqÿ{hn QRAI AB is ~rnhs VBABM ONVHQNE Bg~rngqi absongsngai% zioä viab{hn ebzn{ ji{n vn{n irq{i vb~rbgi gnab nqè Nmè{hon ai _re igab zioä nvngcn{hn rm vn{ ab kngngns% b bm sbr {bqi{gi% zioä viab{hn an{ rm vnssbhi or{qi vn{n n mnhs vb{qi ab jntbgan ~rb qbm rmn ebhqb{hn b viab{hn nvngcn{ rm viroi ab mngqbh`n b gnqn Bgqïi srn Gizn Hi{~rb Ohanab jnmíehn bsqn{hn v{igqn sb sbgqn{ b absj{rqn{ i onjè an mngcï% b zioä viab{hn oiebohign{ srns arns mibans ab abt obgqnzis vn{n sbr q{nkneci. Vn{bob nksr{ai% gïi jnt hsqi9 Kbm% i v{iobahmbgqi abso{hqi sb{hn i ôghoi vissízbe miai ~rb viab{hnm sb{  bgq{b`nais bsqbs n{qh`is shmvebs ab oimhan ni oi{nàïi >33

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ab Ohanab ab Gizn Hi{~rb% sb gÿs gïi qhzèssbmis gbgcrm shsqbmn onvhqnehsqn N simn ab ahgcbh{i {b~rb{han vn{n i bahjíohi b mngrqbgàïi ans zhns jè{{bns b gnzhis n znvi{ rsnans gn bgq{b`n an~rbeb onjè an mngcï shmvebs è qïi bgi{mb ~rb onmknebhn n hmn`hgnàïi an vbssin Oiehab oim obgqbgns ab mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs% gïi mbgohign{ is bè{ohqis ab bmv{b`nais q{bhgnais bh`hais q{hvren{ is gnzhis b q{bgs Mns% q{ngsvi{qb è sÿ rmn vn{qb ans bh`ägohns ab ohzhehtnàïi miab{gn gn Nmè{hon onvhqnehsqn Ngqbs ab eî ~rne~rb{ oihsn viab sb{ vrn{% ne`i abzb sb{ o{bsohai ai ocïi% ir jnk{hoir b v{bvn{ir vn{n mb{onai Hsqi vbab mnhs mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs vn{n b~rhvnmbgqi% mn~rhgn{hn% kib% mn{lbqhg`% b vn{n is sneî{his ab mhecòbs ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs Gnzhis ab znvi{ b zhns jè{{bns gïi vrenm nrqimnqhonmbgqb vn{n ohmn an qb{{n b jrgàïi Bebs zäm oim {bsvbhqi æ ocnmnan ab ohzhehtnàïi% vbei q{nkneci b hg`bgrhanab b i{`nghtngai cnkhehanab ab cimbgs ~rb qäm HMN@HGNÀÏI% JÈ% BGQR_HN_MI% ABOH_ÏI% VB[_H_QÄGOHN. Bsqbs cimbgs sïi oigcbohais oimi onvhqnehsqns Bebs bsqïi hgobgqhznais vbei absbdi vn{n oigsq{rh{% oigsq{rn% neongob% jnàn sb{zhài ôqhe% `ngcb ero{is b normreb {h~rbtns B% vi{~rb bebs JNTBM _B [ZH ÀI _B M ^R NE gï i CNZB CN ZB [H N GB GC RM N OHZHEHTNÀÏI% bebs sb vrsb{nm ai miai ab `{ngabs {h~rbtns _ÿ vn{n mngqb{ i {b`hsq{i shmvebs b oimv{bbgsízbe% simn{bh br ~rb bsqbs onvhqnehsqns sïi is cimbgs b`imbsmis ab ~rbm n mnhi{hn ab gÿs irzhr is i{nai{bs ab snkïi-onhn jnen{bm Bebs sïi is mbsmis cimbgs n ~rbm is {nahonhs% bqi{shigî{hi% vieíqhois absigbsqis b >38 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

eíab{bs ab q{nkneci bgb{qngai sb {bjb{bm oimi + is hgqb{bssbs v{banqÿ{his% ir + Pnee _q{bbq + Br gïi bsqir qbgqngai vn{n nv{bsbgqn{ rm srmî{hi vn{n ir oigq{n ~rne~rb{ `{rvi ab cimbgs ir ~rne~rb{ ab shsqbmn ab boigimhns Br gïi bsqir qbgqngai vn{n oigabgn{ noi{ai qn{hjî{hi ~rngai br {boi{{i n + bgb{qn{ is eíab{bs ab q{nkneci% + gbm br nvigqi vn{n an{ rm nqbsqnai ab snôab ehmvi n qiais is hgahzíaris oigcbohai oimi onvhqnehsqns I v{ivÿshqi absqb ehz{i-rm v{ivÿshqi vn{n i ~rne br abah~rbh jhbembgqb bm ohmn ab rm ~rn{qi ab rm sèorei-è nv{bsbgqn{ n qrai ~rb ~rb{bm i oigcbohmbgqi% n jheisijhn mnhs sb`r{n vben ~rne is hgahzíaris viabm normren{ {h~rbtns bm ~rne~rb{  ~rngqhns ~rb bebs absbdnm Br ngnehsbh n~rh ns zngqn`bgs boigñmhons ai shsqbmn onvhqnehsqn vbei v{ivÿshqi ab aihs-aik{n ab misq{n{4 > ~rb qrai ~rb krsonm {h~rbtns qäm ~rb {boigcbob{ b qäm ~rb sb nanvqn{ ni shsqbmn ~rb oigq{ien qians ns nv{ihmnàòbs n ji{qrgns% `{ngab ir vb~rbgi% b ; nv{bsbgqn{ i enai ai ~rna{i ivisqi vn{n hssi sbgai misq{nai vbeis vieíqhois b abmn`i`is ~rb abehkb{nanmbgqb kboeira is nssrgqis vn{n ohmn is ~rb bebs q{ntbm% {boi{{bgai n onvhqne i{`nghtnai oimi sb jissb ne`i zbgbgisi Bsqb è rm vnís onvhqnehsqn% jih absbgziezhai vbei rsi ab onvhqne% b gÿs ~rb {bhzhgahonm i ah{bhqi vn{n vn{qhohvn{  ans kägàïis ab ehkb{anab b ivi{qrghanab% gÿs ~rb krsonm normren{ {h~rbtns n~rh% vissn kbm oimi snkb ~rb gbm {h~rbtns gbm ivi{qrghanab bsqn{hnm >86

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ahsvigízbhs n gÿs sb ONVHQNE I[@NGHTNAI gïi qhgcn v{izhai bsqbs kbgbjíohis Vn{n mnhs ab zhgqb ngis jih rm vnssnqbmvi rm viroi vivren{ b o{bsobgqb vn{n {nahonhs% bg~rngqi b`ikrsongai is vieíqhois% bqi{shigî{hi% eíab{bs ab q{nkneci aik{nais% b bm ionshïi eíab{bs {beh`hisis% ebzn{ vngbenqh{is bm + Pnee _q{bbq% I AHGCBH[I OCNG@B[_% b GB@ßOHI + @[NGAB N v{îqhon sb qi{gir qïi `bgb{ne ~rb gÿs qbsqbmrgcnmis ar{ngqb n abv{bssïi bmv{bsn{hne% n zhsïi hgo{ízbe ab jrgohigî{his ai `izb{gi neqis ~rb sb nehgcnm oim is vieíqhois kn{nqis% b eíab{bs ab q{nkneci% oim i v{ivÿshqi nkb{qnmbgqb aboen{nai ab bsq{ng`ren{ i shsqbmn ~rb jbt vn{n n Nmè{hon Hgarsq{hne i vnís mnhs {hoi bm qb{{n I ehgcn-vn{n ohmn b{n qïi `b{ne b qïi kbm i{`nghtir ~rb v{ieig`ir n vhi{ abv{bssïi ~rb n Nmè{hon ne`rmn zbt sirkb Znebr mhecòbs ab cimbgs is q{nknecis abebs) abens% vi{~rb bssbs q{nknecis b{nm hgsbvn{nkex rmn vn{qb ai shsqbmn hgarsq{hne b onvhqnehsqn ~rb ji{mn n mbsmn oiergn zb{qbk{ne an gnàïi Ar{ngqb bsqn nehngàn hgoimrm ab jrgohigî{his ai `izb{gi b b`i-krsongai hgahzíaris ~rb bsqnznm bmv{bbgabgai vn{n `ngcn{ aboen{ngai + bsqnàïi + nkb{qn gi shsqbmn nmb{hongi ab hgaôsq{hn% rm ob{qi qhvi ab eíab{ ab q{nkneci sb drgqir n ji{àns oim is vieíqhois b ijb{bobr n bgq{b`n{ is bebhqi{bs bm q{ion ab eb`hsenàïi v{idbqir vb{mhqh{ vn{n is cimbgs EBZN[ [H^RBTN_ eig`b ab HGAÔ_Q[HN VI[ JI[ÀN I[@NGHTNAN AB GÔMB[I_% bm zbt ab I MÈQIAI MBECI[ AB AN[ i Q[NKNECI ab RM AHN DR_QI VN[N i VN@NMBGQI ab RM AHN DR_QI Mhecòbs ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs ni eig`i an gnàïi nhgan sïi oimv{imbqhais gbsqb vnssnqbmvi vivren{ ab >8>

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

qbgqn{ NA^RH[H[ sbm AN[ Ne`rgs abebs bsqïi ji{{nais vn{n ohmn oim shgahonqis igab bebs bh`bm CI[N_ mnhs OR[QN_ B MNH_ VN@NMBGQI. Irq{is gïi ebznm n ahjhoreanab vn{n q{nknecn{ gnan BEB_ BSH@BM NEÍZHI AB @IZB[GI B B_QÏI NA^RH[HGAI H_QI N haèhn abebs) abens ais ah{bhqis abebs)abens ab ehkb{anab jih abmigsq{nan bm Ohanab ab Gizn Hi{~rb igab {boenmnàïi zhiebgqn b{n {b`hsq{nan oim i N`bgqb visqne% vi{ rm `{rvi ab + kbgbjhohî{his ab neízhi% + vi{~rb is On{qbh{is is noi{an{nm æs 04?6 AN MNGCÏ bgq{b`n{ ocb~rbs ab neízhi ab @izb{gi Bebs BSH@H[NM ~rb i qbmvi ab bgq{b`n sbdn jhnai nqè >6466 ci{ns _b zioä è rm abssbs ~rb no{bahqnm ~rb {h~rbtns viabm sb{ normrenans vbei mb{i nqi ab cimbgs ~rb sb i{`nghtnm bm `{rvis b bh`bm MNH_ VN@NMBGQI vn{n MBGI_ _B[ZHÀI% sb zioä è rm abssbs ~rb BSH@BM neízhi ab @izb{gi sbm vb{qr{knàïi ab oimbài mnqrqhgn ~rb ~rngai i ahgcbh{i è bgq{b`nai n zioä% sb zioä ji{ rm abssbs ~rb no{bahqnm oimb{ohngai is ziqis abebs)abens n vieíqhois bm q{ion ai q{ngsor{si ab ebhs ~rb vb{mhqbm i hgznah{ an qbsir{n{hn vôkehon% zioä viab absongsn{ oim jh{mbtn bm srn oigzhoàïi% oim ob{qi oigcbohmbgqi ~rb ghg`rèm i vb{qr{kn{î% vi{~rb B_QB È RM VNÍ_ @[ÎQH_ IGAB QIAI CIMBM viab VBG_N[ OIMI N@[NAN BEB% igab ~rnsb qiai i mrgai viab zhzb{ oim mns vb~rbgi bsji{ài igab mrhqis viabm zhzb{ kbm sbm jntb{ ~rne~rb{ q{nkneci qrai ~rb Vi{èm% zioä abzb{hn snkb{ n zb{anab oimvebqn {benqhzi n bsqn EHKB[ANAB an ~rne qngqis vbssins isqbgqnm% b qïi virois bgqbgan Qïi `{ngab ~rngqi è% nqè igab neongàn% qngqis v{hzheè`his ~rngqi hsqi v{izäbm% gïi JNT% JNT% B gïi VIAB Q[NTB[ [H^RBTN_ _BM B_JI[ÀI

>8;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Cî nvbgns rm mèqiai sb`r{i ab normren{% b sb`r{ngai {h~rbtns eb`nembgqb% b hssi bsqî jntbgai sb{zhài ôqhe Gbgcrm shsqbmn ne`rmn zbt jih o{hnai vi{  ~rne is cimbgs viabm na~rh{h{ {h~rbtns eb`nembgqb vi{  mb{n ji{àn ab gômb{is% ir sbm an{ rm znei{  b~rhznebgqb ab rmn ji{mn ir irq{i bm {bqi{gi Cî rm v{hgoívhi oigcbohai oimi n ebh ab BOIGIMHN_. Hsqi è mnhs ~rb rmn qbi{hn È rmn ebh ~rb gbgcrm cimbm viab knqb{ Mn{~rb kbm i gimb ai v{hgoívhi% b sb ebmk{b ab% vi{~rb è mnhs viab{isi ~rb qiais is vieíqhois b mî~rhgns vieíqhons Bsqî nohmn b neèm ai oigq{ieb ab qiais is shgahonqis Gïi viab sb{ knengànai% gbm hgjerbgohir gbm srki{gir vi{ bqi{shigî{hi ir eíab{bs nrqiabsh`gnais bm ~rne~rb{ ocnmnan Neèm ahssi% QBM RM IECI QIAI_-ZBGAI% B RM _H_QBMN VB[JBHQI AB OIGQNKHEHANAB OIGQNKHEHANAB gn ~rne mngqèm rmn oigqn v{bohsn ans q{ngsnàòbs ab qiai sb{ crmngi sb iorvir ai gb`ÿohi ab qbgqn{ na~rh{h{ sbm an{ Obai ir qn{ab sbrs nrahqi{bs zäm ni {bai{ ab% bnmhgnm is {b`hsq{is ab hgahzíaris `{ngab b vb~rbgi% b bh`bm rmn oigqnkhehanab + Pnee _q{bbq% Gb`ÿohi @{ngab% Hgqb{bssbs V{banqÿ{his Hmvi{qngqbs% + ir ~rne~rb{ gimb ~rb zioä bsoiecb an{  i shsqbmn ~rb gis abr EHKB[ANAB NMB[HONGN% {bv{bsbgqn rm `{rvi ab cimbgs ~rb bgqbgabm% {bsvbhqb% b nanvqb bebs n bsqn EBH viab{isn AB BOIGIMHN_. N oigqhgrnàïi jhgngobh{n abebs)abens abvbgab gi abebs)abens oim {bsvbhqi æ ebh N mnhi{hn ans vbssins ~rb mi{nm gn Nmè{hon oimi bsqb vnís% sbr shsqbmn onvhqnehsqn b qrai Br qbgci ~rb oigjbssn{ br oigcbài gbgcrm vnís mbeci{ igab n vbssin viab nocn{ mnhi{bs ivi{qrghanabs vn{n normren{ {h~rbtns Dre`ngai vbeis nqis abebs)abens b nàòbs% cî ne`rgs >8?

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

gbsqb vnís ~rb gïi `isqn ^rb% oen{i ~rb è i v{hzheè`hi abebs)abens< sb bebs gïi `isqnm absqb vnís% sbr shsqbmn onvhqnehsqn% srns ivi{qrghanabs hehmhqnans% BEB_ QÄM I V[HZHEÈ@HI AB H[. _bmv{b cî irq{is vnísbs% oimi n Nebmngcn% [ôsshn% b Hqîehn igab n vbssin viab qbgqn{ n mïi an vbssin n absj{rqn{ ehkb{anab% b normrengai {h~rbtns ~rb v{izäbm n vbssin gïi è mrhqi vn{qhoren{ Nmè{hon v{izä qian n ehkb{anab b qian n ivi{qrghanab vn{n normren{ {h~rbtns ~rb ~rne~rb{ vbssin cigbsqn viab {b~rb{b{ ^rngai n vbssin ji{ onàn{ vn{n di`i% n vbssin sbebohign onàn jrganmbgqn igab di`i è nkrgangqb Ni krson{ {h~rbtns% n mbsmn {b`{n ikqb{hn gnqr{nembgqb _b è {h~rbtns ~rb zioä bsqî krsongai% gïi gb`eh`bgohn ns visshkhehanabs ab rm vnís ordis is ohanaïis sïi qïi {hois ~rb mrecb{bs% sÿ% `nsqnm mnhs ab artbgqis mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs ngrnembgqb vn{n eîkhi-zn{n% {r`b b oismèqhons Vbgsb arns zbtbs% zioä ~rb bsqïi krsongai {h~rbtns% ngqbs ab qbgqn{ absq{rh{ i _hsqbmn Onvhqnehsqn ab rm vnís ordis is ohanaïis `nsqnm mnhs ab ohg~õbgqn mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs vi{ ngi vn{n on{qòbs oimbmi{nqhzis% oim ~rb bv{bssn{ n nznehnàïi abebs) abens an EHKB[ANAB abebs)abens. _b è ahgcbh{i ~rb zioä bsqî krsongai% oigshab{b rm vnís ~rb `nsqn obgqbgns ab mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs ngrnembgqb vn{n oh`n{{is orhanaisnmbgqb% i qnmngci an {bgan ab ~rne znh vn{n sÿ ~rnq{i oimvngchns v{hgohvnhs sb iorvir v{izbgai bsqb oigsq{rqi{ gnohigne ab + gig-ocnengob + b + gb{zis + ~rhbqis Vi{ qiais is mbhis aä knsqngqb oigshab{nàïi n rm vnís ordns ns vbssins `nsqnm ngrnembgqb mnhs ~rb ~rhgtb mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs vn{n i v{hzheè`hi ab zb{ ~rna{is oimizbgqbs% b engàn bm ne`rgs mhecòbs nahohignhs vn{n ehoi{% >81

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

gn{oÿqhois% b irq{ns kbkhans mnohns mbgis viqbgqbs b {hsnahgcn-î`rns Gïi sbdn abgq{i mrhqi `{ngab rmn v{bssn vn{n na~rh{h{  eig`b ab rm vnís ordi ns vbssins ab kin zigqnab% h`rneb nzhanmbgqb% bgq{b`rb mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs ngrnembgqb vn{n jrqbkie nmb{hongi% kbhsbkie% b k{h`ns ab v{ämhi B% vi{ qiais is mbhis% NAH[N vi{ rm vnís ordis is cnkhqngqbs abhnm mnhs ab rm mhecïi ab aÿen{bs vi{ ngi vn{n ochoebqb% b irq{is mhecòbs vn{n eëmhgns ab gnznecn ab sb`r{ngàn _b ebmk{b% qnmkèm% ~rb hsqi è mns i oimbài ans jigqbs ahsvigízbhs vn{n n normrenàïi ab {h~rbtn Ji{nm mbgohignais sÿ ne`rgs ais eris b gig-bssbgohnhs Mns% sb ebmk{n ~rb i gb`ÿohi ab v{iarth{% q{ngsvi{qngai% b oimb{ohnehtn{ bsqbs virois n{qh`is ab mb{onai{hn aî bmv{b`i {b`ren{ n MRHQI_ MHECÒB_ AB CIMBG_ B MRECB[B_ ~rb {bobkbm vn{n is sb{zhàis abebs)abens MRHQI_ MHECÒB_ AB AßEN[B_ MBG_NE b `nsqnm hsqi ehz{bmbgqb vn{n is eris b ns gbobsshanabs Bsvbohnembgqb sb ebmk{b% n~rben vn{qb ab q{îs ab qrai hssi q{ion ab mb{onai{hn b sb{zhàis vbssinhs viab sb{  nocnan rmn nkrgaëgohn ab IVI[QRGHANAB vn{n normren{ {h~rbtns N~rh gissi NMB[HONGI EHZ[B-AIM zbm æ ndran an vbssin Gïi cî gnan ~rb i vn{n{% ir ~rne~rb{ rm ab sb iorvn{ ab ~rne~rb{ vi{àïi ai bsji{ài gbobssî{hi oigqhgrn{ bsqbs gb`ÿohis _b n vbssin qbm qnebgqi srvb{hi{% q{bhgnmbgqi% bvb{hägohn% n vbssin viab normren{ {h~rbtns bm ~rngqhns `{ngabs Bssbs gïi qïi nji{qrgnai viab normren{ ~rngqhns mbgi{bs ^rne~rb{ rm viab `ngcn{ n zhan bm q{ion ab rmn ~rngqhn mrhqi gimhgne ab q{nkneci Nsshm-eî zioä bsqî. >82

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

IVI[QRGHANAB bsvn{{nmir srns mb{onai{hns ngqbs ab zioä Nrmbgqb n j{bgqb% sbebohigb i ~rb zioä ~rb{% o{hb sbr vengi% oiei~rb i vengi bm nàïi% b ebzb n onki oim VB[_H_QÄGOHN Nmè{hon onvhqnehsqn + jn{î i {bsqi Zioä viab abvbgab{ absqn NMÈ[HON HG_R[B_ mrhqionvhqnehsqn QIAN VB__IN N IVI[QRGHANAB vn{n JNTB[ _B[ZHÀI ÔQHE% B OIEBOHIGN[ [H^RBTN_ bm v{ivi{àïi n I ZNEI[ AI _B[ZHÀI I + _hsqbmn + gb`n ghg`rèm bsqb ah{bhqi% mns gïi jnt% b gïi viab v{imbqb{ NE@I VN[N GNAN% vi{~rb i shsqbmn% hsqi% è h{{bzionkex oigq{ienai vben EBH AB BOIGIMHN_ ~rb gbm gïi {boigcbobm gbm qieb{nm vn{n eig`i% bg~rngqi NA^RH[HGAI _BM AN[ N EBH AB BOIGIMHN_ jih nv{iznan vi{ gnqr{btn. Cî gbgcrm Q{hkrgne _rv{bmi vn{n i ~rne is zhienai{bs absqn ebh viabm nq{nh{ N ebh bgq{b`n nmkns ns vbgnehanabs vn{n srn zhienàïi% b {boimvbgsns nv{iv{hnans vn{n srn iksb{zëgohn% sbm hgqb{jb{ägohn ir n visshkhehanab ab hgqb{jb{ägohn vi{ ~rne~rb{ sb{  crmngi N ebh gïi viab sb{ {bzi`nan È qïi jhi ~rngqi ns bsq{bens gis oèrs% b srdbhqi n% b rmn vn{qb ai mbsmi shsqbmn ~rb oigq{ien ns bsq{bens N vbssin viab {borsn{ nanvqn{ i b`i an vbssin æ EBH AB BOIGIMHN_9 Ob{qnmbgqb. Bsqb è rm vnís `{îqhs igab qiais is cimbgs gnsobm oim ah{bhqis h`rnhs% hgoershzb i v{hzheè`hi ab h`gi{n{ n EBH AB BOIGIMHN_ I ~rb noigqbob bgqïi9 Kbm% gnan noigqbob nqè gômb{is `{ngabs ab cimbgs sb drgqb n ji{àns vbei v{ivÿshqi aboen{nai ab h`gi{n{ n ebh% b ebzngai i ~rb bebs ~rb{bm vi{ ji{àn >8:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

BGQÏI ZBM I AHQNAI[% OIM VBEIQÒB_ AB JRTHENMBGQI KBM I[@NGHTNAI_ B MBQ[NECNAI[N_. Gÿs gïi qbmis oigqrai neongàir n~rben jnsb gn Nmè{hon. Mns gÿs irzhmis qrai gÿs ~rb{bmis snkb{  nv{ihmnanmbgqb oimi is q{nknecis ab shsqbmns Qnezbt gÿs cne> è nji{qrgnai knsqngqb vn{n gïi bh`h{  oigcbohmbgqi vbssine ab qïi ci{{ízbe rmn {bnehanab Hgarkhqnzbembgqb gÿs v{bjb{h{bmis oigqhgrn{ oim gissi Ehkb{anab ab bv{bssïi% EHKB[ANAB AB NÀÏI% b EHKB[ANAB vn{n JNTB[ _B[ZHÀI ÔQHE bm q{ion ab [H^RBTN_ N v{îqhon% vi{ jrgohigî{his ai `izb{gi ab bsqbgab{ nis cimbgs b mrecb{bs i v{hzheè`hi ab hgznah{ n qbsir{n{hn vôkehon bm q{ion ab ziqis% æs zbtbs {bsreqn bm bebhàïi% mns oimi gihqb sb`rb ahn% i vnxijj jhgne zbm< ~rngai qiai obgqnzi rsir hgdrsqnmbgqb% abzb sb{ {bbmkiesnai oim hgqb{bssb ab oimkhgnàïi bm hgqb{bssb oimkhgnàïi _b bssbs ~rb jntbm i n`n{{nmbgqi gïi sïi ji{ànais n {bbmkiesn{% i jn{ai onh gns o{hngàns abebs)abens% b i o{hngàns ans o{hngàns abebs)abens% + nqè mbsmi nqè i qb{ài b ~rn{qns `b{nàòbs + Cî gbgcrm miai vn{n bzhqn{ n aízhan Cimbgs viabm% b æs zbtbs jnt% ji{mb bebs bm `{rvis oim n jhgnehanab ab n`eimb{n{ sneî{his vn{n ohmn% b ci{ns ab q{nkneci nknhi Cî rm neèm ab vigqi ~rb bebs gïi viabm h{ È i vigqi n ~rne n EBH AB vnssis ab BOIGIMHN_ bm% b i  b{hjb na~rh{b i bmv{b`nai{ bmv{b`nai{ b is bmv{b`nais bmv{b`nais Ab >8;8% vn{n >8?2% ns vbssins ab Nmè{hon% {hoi b vik{b% vb{ab{nm zbgai ns Zbecns Boigimhns ab Cimbm bgq{b`n{bm vn{n i b{hjb qiais is gb`ÿohis nvbgns ar{ngqb sbhs ngis% b hgaôsq{hns b kngois Gïi b{n rmn kighqn zhsïi. Gïi nrmbgqir gissi {bsvbhqi vi{  >80 

ONVÍQREI 0 - VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI

vshoiei`hn ab qr{kn vben ~rne is cimbgs engàn{nm {ntïi nis zbgqis b oimbài ~rb qbgqnm NA^RH[H[ sbm AN[ Gÿs ~rb vnssir vi{ bssbs sbhs ngis absbgoi{ndngai% ~rngai MBAI B_QNZN GI _BEN% B JÈ B_QNZN GI OCÏI% gïi viab bs~rbob{ oimi {rqcebssex n EBH AB BOIGIMHN_ bqi{~rhr sbr vbaî`hi ab {hoi b vik{b% j{noi b ji{qb% zbeci b dizbm Gÿs gïi absbdn{bmis vnssn{ vi{ irq{n qne bvb{hägohn Bsqns iksb{znàòbs gïi sïi jrganans bm bvb{hägohn ab or{qi-qbmvi Bebs sïi i {bsreqnai ab zhgqb b ohgoi ngis ab ngîehsb orhanaisn ais mèqiais ab nmkis i mnhs v{ÿsvb{is b is cimbgs mnhs mnesrobahais ~rb n Nmè{hon sirkb

>83

ONVÍQREI 3 ABOH_ÏI -

I AIMÍGHI AB V[IO[N_QHGNÀÏI I _ÈQHMI VN__I VN[N VN[N [H^RBTN_ Ngîehsb V[BOH_N ab mnhs ab ;2%666 cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb qhgcnm sij{hai j{nonssi% absoik{hr i jnqi ~rb JNEQN AB ABOH_ÏI bsqnzn vb{qi an onkbàn an ehsqn ans ?6 onrsns v{hgohvnhs ab J[NON__I Bsqn gïi è gbgcrmn mb{n aboen{nàïi ab rm è rm jnqi V[IO[N_QHGNÀÏI% i ivisqi ab ABOH_ÏI% è rm hghmh`i oimrm ~rb v{nqhonmbgqb qiai cimbm qbm ~rb oig~rhsqn{ Zioä qb{î rmn ivi{qrghanab vn{n qbsqn{ srn onvnohanab vn{n neongàn{ {nvhanmbgqb b ABOH_ÒB_ abjhghans ~rngai zioä qb{mhgn ebhqr{n bsqb ehz{i% b bsqî v{igqi oimbàn{ n oieion{ bm NÀÏI is v{hgoívhis ~rb abso{bzb Ngîehsb ab zî{hns obm vbssins ~rb qhgcnm normrenai kbm ji{qrgns neèm an mhecòbs ab aÿen{ mn{on% absoik{hr i jnqi ~rb qiai rm abebs qbzb i cîkhqi ab NEONGÀN[ ABOH_ÒB_ V[IGQNMBGQB% b ab mran{ bsqns abohsòbs EBGQNMBGQB% sb% b ~rngai bebs ji{nm mranais Vbssins ~rb gïi normrenm ahgcbh{i% sbm bobàïi% qäm i cîkhqi ab neongàn{ abohsòbs% _B N QRAI% mrhqi ebgqnmbgqb% b ab mran{ bsqns abohsòbs abv{bssn b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb Rm ab Cbg{x Ji{a n mnhi{hn ans ~rnehanabs bobebgqbs è i cîkhqi abeb ab neongàn{ abohsòbs abv{bssn b abjhghqhznmbgqb% b is mrangai ebgqnmbgqb Bsqn ~rnehanab è qïi v{igrgohnan bm _{ Ji{a% ~rb ecb abr n {bvrqnàïi ab bsqn{ iksqhgnai B{n bsqn ~rnehanab ~rb

ONVÍQREI 3 - ABOH_ÏI

hgohqir _{ Ji{a vn{n oigqhgrn{ jnk{hongai i Q + Miabei + jnmisi abeb #i on{{i mnhs jbhi ai mrgai(% ~rngai qiais is noigsbecnai{bs abeb% b mrhqis ais oimv{nai{bs ai on{{i% bsqnzn ecb r{`hgai ~rb mranssb hsqi Qnezbt% _{ Ji{a abmi{ir mrhqi eig`i jntbgai n mrangàn% mns i irq{i enai an chsqÿ{hn è% ~rb n jh{mbtn ab _{ Ji{a ab abohsïi {bgabr rmn ji{qrgn bgi{mb% ngqbs an mrangàn bm miabei jhoir gbobssî{hi Cî nvbgns vb~rbgi arzhan ~rb i cîkhqi ab _{ Ji{a ab abjhghqbgbss ab abohsïi nssrmb n v{ivi{àïi ab iksqhgnàïi% mns bsqn ~rnehanab è v{bjb{ízbe n ebgqhaïi neongàngai abohsòbs b {nvhabt is mrangai N mnhi{hn ans vbssins ~rb gïi normrenm ahgcbh{i srjhohbgqb vn{n ns gbobsshanabs abebs)abens% è% `b{nembgqb% jnohembgqb hgjerbgohir vbens + ivhghòbs + ab irq{is Bebs vb{mhqbm vn{n is di{gnhs b vn{n is + zhthgcis jijiongai + jntb{ i vbgsnmbgqi + abebs)abens vn{n bebs + Ivhghòbs sïi is n{qh`is mnhs kn{nqis bm qb{{n Qiai i mrgai qbm rm {bkngci ab ivhghòbs v{igqi sb{  absbdnai bm ~rne~rb{ rm ~rb is nobhqn{î _b zioä è hgjerbgohnai vi{ + ivhghòbs + ~rb ~rngai zioä neongàn{  ABOH_ÒB_% zioä gïi qb{î srobssi bm ~rne~rb{  bmv{bbgahmbgqi% mrhqi mbgis bm i ab q{ngsmran{ _BR V[ßV[HI AB_BDI bm ahgcbh{i _b zioä è hgjerbgohnai vbens ivhghòbs ab irq{is% zioä gïi qb{î gbgcrm AB_BDI ab sbr v{ÿv{hi Mngqbgcn srn v{ÿv{hn abehkb{nàïi% ~rngai zioä oimbàn n vñ{ bm v{îqhon ~rb is v{hgoívhis abso{bzb{nm n~rh% neongàngai srns v{ÿv{hns abohsòbs b is sb`rhgai Ebzb ghg`rèm bm srn oigjhngàn% BSOERN is sÿohis ab sbr + `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b% b bsqî mrhqi sb`r{i bm srn sbebàïi absqb `{rvi% ~rb zioä bsoiecb _ß bssbs ~rb bsqn{ïi bm ;66

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

OIGAIEÄGOHN OIMVEBQN B CN[MIGHN OIM _BR V[IVß_HQI Is nmh`is ígqhmis b vn{bgqbs% bg~rngqi gïi v{bqbgabgai jntb{ nsshm% j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ahjhoreqb n vbssin vi{ + ivhghòbs + b æs zbtbs vi{ {haíorei ~rb è sh`ghjhonai sb{ crmi{ísqhoi Mhecn{bs ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs ebznm oimvebis ab hgjb{hi{hanab oim bebs qrai vi{ zhan% vi{~rb ne`rmn vbssin kbmhgqbgohignan% mns h`gi{ngqb absq{rhr n oigjhngàn abebs) abens vi{ + ivhghòbs + ir {haíorei Zioä qbm rm oè{bk{i b giqn ab sbr v{ÿv{hi R_B% b neongob srns v{ÿv{hns abohsòbs _b zioä v{bohsn ab jnqis ir hgji{mnàòbs ab irq{ns vbssins% i vb{mhqh{ n neongàn{  abohsòbs% oimi zioä v{iznzbembgqb zî bm mrhqis bbmveis< na~rh{n bsqbs jnqis ir njhngob n hgji{mnàïi an ~rb zioä v{bohsn ~rhbqnmbgqb% sbm absoik{h{ sbr v{ivÿshqi È on{noqb{ísqhoi ans vbssins ~rb qäm mns rm oigcbohmbgqi srvb{jhohne ir rm jiecbnai ab oigcbohmbgqi vn{n qbgqn{ an{ n hmv{bssïi ~rb bebs qäm mrhqi oigcbohmbgqi Qnhs vbssins `b{nembgqb jntbm mrhqi jnengai% b MRHQI VB^RBGI bsorqngai Mngqbgcn sbrs iecis b i{becns en{`i nkb{qi-b srn kion JBOCIR% sb zioä absbdn na~rh{h{ i cîkhqi ab ABOH_ÏI v{igqn Bssbs ~rb jnenm mrhqi jntbm viroi irq{i _b zioä jnen mnhs ~rb ~rb zioä bsorqn% zioä gïi sÿ sb v{hzn ab mrhqns ivi{qrghanabs vn{n normren{ oigcbohmbgqi ôqhe% mns zioä qnmkèm absoik{b sbrs VENGI_ b V[IVß_HQI_ n vbssins ~rb ebzn{ïi `{ngab abeíohn i ab{{iqngai% vi{~rb bebs i hgzbdnm _b ebmk{b% qnmkèm% ~rb qian zbt zioä nk{b srn kion gn v{bsbgàn ab rmn vbssin ~rb qbm rmn nkrgaëgohn ;6>

ONVÍQREI 3 - ABOH_ÏI

ab oigcbohmbgqi% zioä bhkb æ~rben vbssin% sbr qbsir{i ab oigcbohmbgqis bnqi% ir srn JNEQN ahsqi. _nkbai{hn `bgrígn è gi{mnembgqb ahsqhgqn vi{ miaèsqhn b sheägohi _b ebmk{b ai jnqi ~rb qian vbssin oim ~rbm zioä i sÿohi è% oimi zioä% krsongai n ivi{qrghanab vn{n normren{ ahgcbh{i _b zioä jnen{ mrhqi ehz{bmbgqb sik{b sbrs vengis% zioä viab sb{ vb`nai ab sr{v{bsn ~rngai zioä nv{bgab{ ~rb ne`rmn irq{n vbssin i knqbr n srn mbqn OIEIONGAI BM NÀÏI æ j{bgqb ab ZIOÄ% is vengis ais ~rnhs zioä jneir rgphsbex Abhb rm ab srns v{hmbh{ns abohsòbs sb{ MNGQB[ RMN KION JBOCNAN B I[BECN_ NKB[QN_ B IECI_ _b`rh{  bsqb oigsbeci% sb{î ôqhe oimi rmn ebmk{ngàn vn{n zioä sb zioä oivhn{ i bvh`{nmn sb`rhgqb bm on{qns `{ngabs b oieion hsqi igab zioä zb{î hsqi ahn{hnmbgqb + OIGQB VN[N I MRGAI I ^RB ZIOÄ V[BQBGAB JNTB[% MN_ V[HMBH[I MI_Q[B VN[N + Hsqi è i b~rhznebgqb ab ahtb{ ~rb + nàòbs% b gïi vnenz{ns% è ~rb oigqn n mnhi{hn + EHKB[ANAB IR MI[QB BM RMN ABOH_ÏI I znei{ ab abohsòbs abvbgab an oi{n`bm bh`hr is jntb{ Ns `{ngabs abohsòbs ~rb sb{zh{nm oimi n jrganàïi ab ohzhehtnàïi ji{nm neongànans nssrmhgai `{ngabs {hsois ~rb j{b~õbgqbmbgqb sh`ghjhon{nm n visshkhehanab ab mi{qb N abohsïi ab Ehgoieg vn{n bmhqh{ n V{ioenmnàïi jnmisn abeb ab Bmngohvnàïi ~rb abr ehkb{anab æs vbssins oiei{hans ab Nmè{hon jih jbhqn oim oimv{bbgsïi oimvebqn ~rb i nqi abeb oigq{n{hn{hn mhecn{bs ab nmh`is b is vn{qhaî{his vieíqhois oigq{n beb Qnmkèm% beb sirkb ~rb is ebzngai n onki an~rben v{ioenmnàïi sh`ghjhon{hnm mi{qb n mhecn{bs ab cimbgs gi onmvi ab ;6;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

knqnecn Gi jhm% znebr Ehgoieg n zhan abeb Hssi {b~rb{br oi{n`bm Abohsïi ab _io{nqbs' vn{n kbkb{ n íon{n ab zbgbgi% bm er`n{ ab ocb`n n rm noi{ai gn oigzhoàïi vbssine abeb% b{n rmn abohsïi ab oi{n`bm Zh{ir Qbmvi æ j{bgqb mhe ngis% b abr bgqïi n vbssins vi{ gnsob{% i ah{bhqi vn{n ehkb{anab ab vbgsnmbgqi b ab jnen N abohsïi ab @bg [ikb{q B Ebb% ~rngai beb zbhi æ ahzhsïi ai miai oim n Rghïi% b ebzir n onrsn ai _re% b{n rmn abohsïi ab oi{n`bm% vi{~rb beb sirkb kbm ~rb viab{hn i zneb{ n v{ÿv{hn zhan abeb% ~rb zneb{hn ns zhans ab irq{is sb`r{nmbgqb Mns% n mnhi{ abohsïi ab qiai i qbmvi% nqè igab ~rne~rb{ ohanaïi nmb{hongi bsqî v{biorvnai% jih neongànai bm Jhenaèejhn% 1 ab dreci ab >00:% ~rngai ohg~õbgqn-sbhs cimbgs nsshgn{nm is gimbs abebs)abens n rm aiormbgqi ~rb bebs sirkb{nm kbm q{n{hn ehkb{anab n qiais is nmb{hongis ir abhn{hn qiai rm ai ohg~õbgqn-sbhs bgji{onmbgqi ab rmn ji{on. Zioä irzhr jnen{ absqb aiormbgqi jnmisi% mns zioä viab gïi qb{ qh{nai qïi oen{nmbgqb ahsqi n `{ngab ehàïi bm {bnehtnàïi vbssine ~rb bgshgir Qiais gÿs gis ebmk{nmis an anqn absqn abohsïi mimbgqisn% mns virois ab gÿs vb{obkbmis ~rb oi{n`bm ~rb abohsïi {b~rb{br Gÿs gis ebmk{nmis ab gissn chsqÿ{hn% oimi jih bgshgnai< gÿs gis ebmk{nmis ab anqns% b is gimbs ais cimbgs ~rb erqn{nm< gÿs gis ebmk{nmis ab Ji{dn ab Zneb% b Xi{lqipg< gÿs gis ebmk{nmis ab @bi{`b Pnschg`qig% b Abrs Oi{gpneehs Mns gÿs oigcbobmis virons ans {bnhs ji{àns nq{îs bsqbs gimbs% anqns% b er`n{bs Gÿs nhgan snkbmis mbgis an~rbeb VIAB[ hgqng`ízbe ~rb gis nssb`r{ir ehkb{anab ;6?

ONVÍQREI 3 - ABOH_ÏI

eig`i ngqbs ais bè{ohqis ab Pnschg`qig neongàir Xi{lqipg Gÿs ebmis n chsqÿ{hn an [bzieràïi% b jnesnmbgqb hmn`hgn n~rbeb @bi{`b Pnschg`qig b{n i Vnh ab gissi Vnís ~rb b{n beb ~rb `ngcir gissn ehkb{anab% bg~rngqi n zb{anab sb{-Pnschg`qig krsoir sÿ rm nobssÿ{hi i jnqi% vi{~rb zhqÿ{hn vn{n is bè{ohqis abeb qhgcn shai sb`r{nan eig`i ngqbs ab Abrs Oi{gpneehs sb {bgabr Gïi è v{bqbgahai ~rb hsqi {irkn Pnschg`qig ab ~rne~rb{ an `eÿ{hn beb mb{bobr qïi {honmbgqb _br v{ivÿshqi% knsqngqb% è v{bsqn{ mnhi{ nqbgàïi ni VIAB[ bsvngqisi ~rb b{n n {bne onrsn an zhqÿ{hn abeb Gïi è gnan oim jneqn ab q{n`èahn ~rb is bso{hqi{bs ab chsqÿ{hn vb{ab{nm% oimvebqnmbgqb% nqè mbsmi n {bjb{ägohn mnhs ebzb vn{n i VIAB[ h{{bshsqízbe ~rb abr gnsohmbgqi b ehkb{anab æ gnàïi absqhgir vn{n migqn{  vna{òbs gizis ab hgabvbgaägohn vn{n qiai i vbivebs an qb{{n Br ah`i ~rb è rmn q{n`èahn% vi{~rb è i VIAB[ b`i-mbsmi ~rb abzb sb{ rsnai vi{ qiai hgahzíari ~rb sik{bvrdn ns ahjhoreanabs ab Zhan% b Zhan ab ji{àns vn{n vn`n{ i v{bài vb{`rgqnai Gis abhb {bzhsïi k{bzbmbgqb is bzbgqis ~rb ab{nm æ ert bsqb VIAB[ N chsqÿ{hn oimbàn oim rm hgohabgqb bm Kisqig% 2 ab mn{ài ab >006 _ieanais k{hqëghois b{nm vnq{iehg` ns {rns% vben v{bsbgàn abebs)abens% nmbnàngai is ohanaïis nkb{qnmbgqb Is oieigis sb {bssbgqh{nm oim cimbgs n{mnais ~rb mn{ocnm gi mbhi abebs)abens Bebs oimbàn{nm n bv{bssn{ i {bssbgqhmbgqi abebs)abens nkb{qnmbgqb% bg~rngqi engàngai vba{ns oimi qnmkèm bvíqbqis% nis sieanais mn{ocngai% nqè ~rb i ijhohne oimngangqb abr i{abgs% + Jhb knhigbqns Ocn{`b +. ;61

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

N knqnecn b{n nobsn [bsreqir gn mi{qb b angi ab mrhqis I hgohabgqb absvb{qir qne {bssbgqhmbgqi ~rb n Nssbmkeèhn V{izhgohngn% #oimvñs ab oieigis v{ibmhgbgqbs(% ocnmir rmn {brghïi oim n jhgnehanab ab bgq{n{ bm nàïi abjhghan Aihs ais sÿohis an~rben Nssbmkeèhn b{nm% Dicg Cngoiol% b _nmrbe NanmsEIG@ NI ZHZI is GIMB_ abebs)abens. Bebs jnen{nm znebgqbmbgqb% b aboen{ir ~rb rm mizhmbgqi abzb sb{  jbhqi engàn{ qiais is sieanais k{hqëghois ab Kisqig _b ebmk{b bsqb-rmn ABOH_ÏI% gns mbgqbs ab aihs cimbgs% viab{hn sb{ ocnmnan i oimbài an ehkb{anab oi{{bqnmbgqb ~rb gÿs% ais Bsqnais Rghais n`i{n absj{rqb Qnmkèm% sb ebmk{n ~rb n ABOH_ÏI absqbs aihs cimbgs vbahr JÈ% b OI[N@BM% vi{~rb b{n vb{h`isi Ngqbs ab n Nssbmkeèhn nahir% _nmrbe Nanms jih absh`gnai vn{n ocnmn{ gi @izb{gnai{ an V{izígohn% Crqochgsig% b abmngan n {bqh{nan ans q{ivns k{hqëghons I vbahai jih oigobahai% ns q{ivns b{nm njnsqnans ab Kisqig% mns i hgohabgqb gïi bsqnzn jbocnai Qhgcn onrsnai rmn shqrnàïi absqhgir vn{n mran{ n qbgaägohn hgqbh{n ab ohzhehtnàïi Bsq{ngci% gïi è% oimi ns `{ngabs mrangàns% oimi n [bzieràïi nmb{hongn% b n `rb{{n mrgahne% j{b~õbgqbmbgqb qbgcn is oimbàis abebs)abens bm oh{orgsqëgohns ~rb vn{bobm sbm hmvi{qëgohn9 È hgqb{bssngqb% qnmkèm% iksb{zn{ ~rb bsqns mrangàns hmvi{qngqbs gi{mnembgqb oimbànm gn ji{mn ab rmn ABOH_ÏI ABJHGHAN gns mbgqbs ab rm gômb{i {benqhznmbgqb vb~rbgi ans vbssins Virois ab gÿs snkbmis kbm n chsqÿ{hn ab gissi vnís knsqngqb vn{n vb{obkb{ n~rbeb Dicg Cngoiol% _nmrbe Nanms% b [hocn{a Cbg{x Ebb #an V{izígohn ab Zh{`íghn( b{n is {bnhs Vnhs ab gissi Vnís ;62

ONVÍQREI 3 - ABOH_ÏI

I [hocn{a Cbg{x Ebb sb qi{gir rm jnqi{ hmvi{qngqb gbsqn chsqÿ{hn vi{ onrsn ai jnqi ~rb beb b _nmrbe Nanms j{b~õbgqbmbgqb oimrghon{nm #nq{nzès ab oi{{bsvigaägohn(% oimvn{qhecngai is mbais abebs) abens b ns bsvb{ngàns abebs)abens ehz{bmbgqb {benqhzi ni kbm-bsqn{ ans vbssins ans V{izígohns abebs)abens Absqn v{îqhon% Nanms oigobkbr n haèhn ~rb rmn q{ion môqrn ab on{qns bgq{b ns q{btb Oieñghns viab{hn ndran{  v{izion{ n oii{abgnàïi ab bsji{ài qïi mne v{bohsnan oim {benàïi æ sieràïi ais v{ikebmns abebs)abens Aihs ngis abvihs ai bsq{igai oim is sieanais bm Kisqig #f0; ab mn{ài(% Nanms nv{bsbgqir bsqn haèhn æ Nssbmkeèhn% gn ji{mn ab rm mizhmbgqi ~rb rm Oimhqä ab Oi{{bsvigaägohn sbdn bsqnkbebohai bgq{b ns Oieñghns% oim oi{{bsvigabgqbs abjhghqhznmbgqb absh`gnais bm onan Oieñghn% + oim n jhgnehanab ab oiivb{nàïi nmh`îzbe vn{n n mbeci{hn ans Oieñghns ab Nmè{hon + k{hqëghon Mn{~rb kbm bsqb hgohabgqb. B{n i oimbài an i{`nghtnàïi ai VIAB[ eig`b-n{{bmbssnai absqhgir vn{n an{ ehkb{anab n zioä% b vn{n mhm N Mbsq{b Mhga  dî qhgcn shai i{`nghtnan Oigshsqhr bm Nanms% Ebb% b Cngoiol + Br oigqi zioä nzngàn% ~rb sb aihs ab zioä oigoi{an{bm gn qb{{n ~rb hgqb{bssn ~rne~rb{ oihsn ~rne zioä vbab% zh{î n zioä ab Mbr Vnh ~rb bsqî bm Oèr + I Oimhqä ab Oi{{bsvigaägohn b{n i{`nghtnai Iksb{zb ~rb bsqb mizhmbgqi v{izbr i miai vn{n nrmbgqn{ i viab{ an Mbsq{b Mhga no{bsobgqngai n hsqi is cimbgs ab qians ns Oieñghns Ebzb giqn ~rb bsqb v{iobahmbgqi oigsqhqrhr i v{hmbh{i VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI ais Oieigis bgjnanais Bm rghïi cî ji{àn. Is ohanaïis ans Oieñghns qhgcnm bsqnai bmv{bbgabgai `rb{{n absi{`nghtnan oigq{n is ;6:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

sieanais k{hqëghois% vi{ hgohabgqbs sbmbecngqb æ {bzieqn ab Kisqig% mns gnan ab kbgbjíohi qhgcn shai {bnehtnai Ns ~rbhns hgahzharnhs abebs)abens gïi qhgcnm shai oigsiehanans abknhi ab rmn Mbsq{b Mhga Gbgcrm `{rvi ab hgahzíaris qhgcn {brghai is oi{nàòbs abebs) abens% mbgqbs% nemns% b oi{vis bm rmn ABOH_ÏI abjhghan vn{n {bsiezb{ n ahjhoreanab abebs)abens oim i k{hqëghoi ab rmn zbt vi{ qians% nqè Nanms% na~rh{hr Cngoiol% b Ebb drgqi Bg~rngqi hssi% i k{hqëghoi gïi b{n hgnqhzi Qnmkèm% bebs bsqnznm jntbgai ne`rm VENGBDNMBGQI b + bsqnznm Mbsq{b- giqngai + gn v{ÿv{hn oigqn abebs)abens% oim n zngqn`bm ab qb{ nq{îs abebs ahgcbh{i% b q{ivn i{`nghtnan N Oi{in absh`gir Absnjhi vn{n srvengqn{  Crqochgsig oimi i @izb{gnai{ ab Mnssnocrsbqqs Rm ais v{hmbh{is nqis ai @izb{gnai{ gizi b{n bgzhn{ vn{n rm mbgsn`bh{i ~rb ocnmb bm _nmrbe Nanms% oim n jhgnehanab ab bmv{bbgab{ vn{n{ i sbr ivishàïi-vi{  MBAI Gÿs viabmis bgqbgab{ mbeci{ i bsví{hqi ai ~rb noigqbobr ohqngai n oigzb{snàïi bgq{b Oie Jbgqig% #i mbgsn`bh{i bgzhnai vi{ Absnjhi(% b Nanms Oie Jbgqig4 + Mb ji{nm nrqi{htnais vi{ @izb{gnai{  @n`b% i nssb`r{n{% ~rb _{ Nanms ~rb i @izb{gnai{ jih nrqi{htnai vn{n oigjb{h{ bm zioä qne kbgbjhohn oimi sb{hn snqhsjnqÿ{hi% \bmv{bbgan `ngcn{ Nanms vi{  v{imbssn ab srki{gis]% gn oigahàïi ~rb zioä gihzn vn{n obssn{ bm srn ivishàïi æs mbahans ai `izb{gi È i oigsbeci ai @izb{gnai{ n zioä% _bgci{% gïi hgoi{{b{  i abs`isqi nahohigne an mndbsqnab abeb _rn oigarqn jih oimi i jnt srdbhqi n vn{n vbgnehanabs ab rm Mq ab Cbg{x ZHHH vbei ~rne viabm sb{ bgzhnans ns vbssins vn{n n Hg`enqb{{n Hg`enqb{{n vn{n qbgqnqhzn qbgqnqhzn vn{n q{nhàïi% q{nhàïi% ir mhsv{hshi mhsv{hshig g ab ;60 

ONVÍQREI 3 - ABOH_ÏI

q{nhàïi% æ ahso{hàïi ab `izb{gnai{ ab rmn v{izígohn Mns% MRANGAI _BR OR[_I VIEÍQHOI% zioä {bobkb{î gïi sÿ `{ngabs zngqn`bgs vbssinhs% mns zioä jn{î srn vnt oim i [bh + _nmrbe Nanms qbzb n bsoiecn ab arns ABOH_ÒB_ Beb viab{hn obssn{ n ivishàïi abeb% b {bobkb srki{gis vbssinhs% ir beb viab{hn OIGQHGRN[% B OI[[B I [H_OI AB _B[ CNG@BA. Oen{nmbgqb% i qbmvi qhgcn zhgai ~rngai Nanms jih ji{ànai neongàn{ hmbahnqnmbgqb% rmn ABOH_ÏI ~rb viab{hn qb{ znehai n zhan abeb N mnhi{hn ab cimbgs qb{hn nocnai hsqi ahjíohe ab neongàn{ qne rmn abohsïi N mnhi{hn qb{hn mnganai ab zieqn rmn {bsvisqn bznshzn% mns gïi Nanms. Beb hgshsqhr bm Oie N vnenz{n ab Jbgqig ab cig{n ~rb i Oi{igbe bgq{b`n{hn bnqnmbgqb ni @izb{gnai{ n {bsvisqn oimi Nanms an{hn hsqi n beb Nanms' {bsvigabm% + Bgqïi zioä viab oigqn{  @izb{gnai{ @n`b gi ~rb br oigjhi ~rb br qbgci mrhqi qbmvi absab jbhqi mhgcn vnt oim i [bh ab [bhs Gbgcrmn oigshab{nàïi vbssine mb hgarth{î nkngaign{  n onrsn ígqb`{n ab mbr Vnís B% OIGQB @IZB[GNAI[ @N@B È I OIG_BECI AB _NMRBE NANM_ N BEB% gbgcrm mnhs eig`i hgsreqn{ is sbgqhmbgqis ab rmns vbssins + bnsvb{nans Oimbgqb sik{b i on{îqb{ absqb cimbm vn{bob absgbobssî{hi Abzb sb{ ÿkzhi n qrai ~rb eb{nm bsqn mbgsn`bm bsvngqisn ~rb sbr {bmbqbgqb vissrhr ebneanab an i{abm mnhs neqn Hsqi è hmvi{qngqb #Bqi{shigî{hi b is vieíqhois absigbsqis v{isqhqrí{nm n cig{n vn{n n ~rne qnhs cimbgs oimi Nanms mi{{b{nm( ^rngai @izb{gnai{ @n`b {bobkbr Nanms' {bsvisqn oîrsqhon% beb ziir bm rmn {nhzn% b bmhqhr rmn ;63

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

v{ioenmnàïi ~rb ebr% + br jnài% vi{ bsqb mbhi% gi gimb an mndbsqnab abeb% ijb{qn b v{imbssn i vb{aïi mnhs oi{qäs abeb vn{n qians ns vbssins ~rb oieion{ïi is k{nàis abebs)abens bm sb`rhan% b zieqn nis abzb{bs ab nssrgqis vnoíjhois% bg~rngqi sÿ boerhgai ai kbgbjíohi ab qne vb{aïi% _NMRBE NANM_ B DICG CNGOIOL ordis ijjbgobs sïi ab qnmkèm jen`hqhirs rmn gnqr{btn vn{n namhqh{ ab ~rne~rb{ irq{n oigshab{nàïi mns ~rb ab onsqh`i + ab oigah`g Oimi n vbssin viab{hn ahtb{% bm `í{hn miab{gn% bsqnznm + gn~rbeb mbsmi er`n{ + Nanms b Cngoiol. N nmbnàn ai @izb{gnai{ bg{nhzbohai ji{àir is aihs cimbgs n neongàn{ irq{n ABOH_ÏI% h`rnembgqb oimi vb{h`isi Bebs cr{{hbaex ocnmnais rmn {brghïi sbo{bqn ais sb`rhai{bs mnhs ji{qbs abebs)abens #N~rh n Mbsq{b Mhga oimbàir n nssrmh{ hmvresi( Abvihs ~rb n {brghïi qhgcn shai ocnmnan vn{n i{abgn{% Nanms jbocir n vi{qn% oieioir n ocnzb gi kiesi abeb% b hgji{mnai qiai i v{bsbgqb ~rb b{n hmvb{nqhzi ~rb rm Oig`{bssi ais Oieigis sbdn i{`nghtnai% b ~rb GBGCRM CIMBM abzb{hn ABHSN[ I ^RN[QI NQÈ N ABOH_ÏI VN[N QNE RM OIG@[B__I qhgcn _HAI NEONGÀNAI @{ngab bohqnàïi sb`rhr Ne`rgs vbsn{nm ns vissízbhs oigsb~õägohns ab qne {nahonehsmi #Mbai ab Cimbm zbeci( Ne`rgs bv{bssn{nm aôzhan sè{hn sik{b n snkbai{hn ab qïi abjhghai rmn abohsïi bm absnjhi an Oi{in V{bgahai gn~rbeb ~rn{qi b{n AIH_ CIMBG_ hmrgb vn{n Mbai% bgork{n æ visshkhehanab ab J{nonssi Cngoiol b Nanms Vben hgjerägohn ans mbgqbs abebs) abens% is irq{is ji{nm hgarthais vn{n oigoi{an{ ~rb% vbei Oimhqä ab Oi{{bsvigaägohn% abzb{hnm sb{ jbhqis n{{ngdis vn{n rmn {brghïi ai V{hmbh{i Oig`{bssi ;68 

ONVÍQREI 3 - ABOH_ÏI

Oigqhgbgqne% noigqbob{ gn Jhenaèejhn% 2 ab sbqbmk{i ab >001 _b ebmk{b absqn anqn È mnhs hmvi{qngqb ~rb 1 ab  dreci ab >00: _b qhgcn cnzhai gbgcrmn ABOH_ÏI vn{n sb`r{n{ rm Oig`{bssi Oigqhgbgqne% gïi viab{hn qb{  cnzhai gbgcrm nsshgngai an Aboen{nàïi ab Hgabvbgaägohn Ngqbs an v{hmbh{n {brghïi ai Oig`{bssi gizi% irq{i eíab{% bm rmn sbàïi ahjb{bgqb ai vnís bsqnzn jrgai gn n`ighn ab vrkehon{ rmn + Zhsïi _rmî{hn ais Ah{bhqis ab Nmè{hon + k{hqëghon Beb b{n Qcimns Dbjjb{sig% an V{izígohn ab Zh{`íghn ordi {benàïi vn{n Abrs Argmi{b% #i {bv{bsbgqngqb an Oi{in bm Zh{`íghn(% bsqnzn qïi ongsnai ~rngqi hssi ab Cngoiol b Nanms oim i @izb{gnai{ abebs)abens Ei`i nvÿs i [bsrmi jnmisi abeb ab Ah{bhqis jih vrkehonai% Dbjjb{sig bsqnzn hgji{mnai ~rb beb bsqnzn srdbhqi n v{issboràïi vn{n q{nhàïi neqn oigq{n i `izb{gi an mndbsqnab abeb Hgsvh{nai vben nmbnàn% rm ais oieb`ns ab Dbjjb{sig% Vnq{hol Cbg{x% jneir n mbgqb abeb oi{ndisnmbgqb% bg~rngqi oigoerhgai ns iksb{znàòbs abeb oim rmn i{nàïi ~rb sbmv{b vb{mngbob{î rm oeîsshoi% + _b bsqn è q{nhàïi% bgqïi jnàn i n mnhi{hn ahsqi + B{n qnhs cimbgs oimi bsqbs ~rb% sbm viab{% sbm nrqi{hanab% sbm ji{àn mhehqn{% sbm ahgcbh{i% sb sbgqir bm oigshab{nàïi siebgb ai absqhgi ans oieñghns% bg~rngqi oimbàngai æ nkb{qr{n ai V{hmbh{i Oig`{bssi Oigqhgbgqne% b oigqhgrngai n hgqb{zneis vn{n aihs nginqè gi ahn 0 ab drgci ab >00:% i [hocn{a Cbg{x Ebb sr{`hr% bgzhir n Onabh{n% b æ Nssbmkeèhn nssrsqnan jbt bsqb mizhmbgqi4

;>6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

+ Onznecbh{is% br jnài i mizhmbgqi ~rb bsqns Oieñghns Rghans sïi% b ab ah{bhqi abzb{hnm sb{ bsqnais `{îqhs b hgabvbgabgqbs ~rb bebs sbdnm vb{ainais ab qian n srkmhssïi æ Oi{in k{hqëghon% b ~rb oigbïi qiai vieíqhon bgq{b bebs b i bsqnai ab @{ï K{bqngcn è% b abzb{hn sb{ qiqnembgqb ahssiezhai + Ebb bsqî sr{v{bbgabgai mizhmbgqi jih ahsorqhai jb{zi{isnmbgqb% b n qne oimv{hmbgqi ~rb beb oimbàir n vb{ab{ vnohägohn Jhgnembgqb% abvihs ab ahns ab n{`rmbgqi% beb iorvir i ocïi giznmbgqb% b aboen{ir% bm rmn zit oen{n% jh{mb% + _{ V{bshabgq% gÿs ahsorqhmis bsqb nssrgqi cî ahns È i ôghoi or{si vn{n gÿs sb`rh{mis Vi{ ~rb% bgqïi _bgci{% _bgci{% jnàn gÿs mnhs eig`i abmi{b9 Vi{  ~rb nhgan abehkb{b9 Abhb bsqb ahn jbeht aî gnsohmbgqi n rmn [bvôkehon nmb{hongn N abhb sr{`h{% gïi abznsqn{  b oig~rhsqn{% mns {bsqnkbebob{ i {bhgnai ab vnt% b ab ebh Is iecis ab Br{ivn sïi jhis bm gÿs Ben bh`b ab gÿs rm bbmvei zhzi ab ehkb{anab ~rb viab bhkh{ rm oigq{nsqb gn jbehohanab ai ohanaïi% vn{n i sbmv{b qh{nghn + o{bsobgqb Ngqbs ab i mizhmbgqi abeb jih ziqnai jhgnembgqb bm% i Ebb jih sb eh`nai ab zieqn vn{n Zh{`íghn% vi{ onrsn ab aibgàn jnmhehn{ sè{hn% mns ngqbs ab vn{qh{% beb oieioir n onrsn abeb gns mïis ai nmh`i abeb% Qcimns Dbjjb{sig ~rb v{imbqbr erqn{ nqè nàïi jnzi{îzbe jih ebznai K{bzbmbgqb abvihs ahssi i V{bshabgqb ai Oig`{bssi #Cngoiol(% Dbjjb{sig absh`gnai oimi V{bshabgqb ab rm Oimhqä vn{n v{bvn{n{ rmn Aboen{nàïi ab Hgabvbgaägohn Eig`i b ar{i i Oimhqä q{nknecir% bm rm aiormbgqi ~rb sh`ghjhon{hn% ~rngai oigoi{air vbei Oig`{bssi ~rb QIAI CIMBM ^RB N__HGIR H_QI% bsqn{hn N__HGNGAI n V[ßV[HN NRQI[HTNÀÏI ab MI[QB abeb% sb ns Oieñghns ;>>

ONVÍQREI 3 - ABOH_ÏI

abzb{hnm vb{ab{ gn k{h`n oim @{ï K{bqngcn ~rb bsqnzn sb`r{i sb`rh{ I aiormbgqi b{n qh{nai% b gi ahn ;3 ab drgci% i absbgci i{h`hgne b{n b{rahqi ngqbs ai Oig`{bssi Ar{ngqb zî{his ahns jih ahsorqhai% jih neqb{nai% b jih sb v{bvn{nai Gi ahn 1 ab dreci ab >00:% Qcimns Dbjjb{sig sb ebzngqir ngqbs an Nssbmkeèhn% b jbn{ebssex eb{nm i n mnhi{hn ~rb ABOH_ÏI ab mimbgqrs sbmv{b oieioir bm vnvbe + ^rngai gi or{si ab bzbgqis crmngis è gbobssî{hi vn{n rmn vbssins ahssiezb{bm ns jnhns vieíqhons ~rb is oigboqn{nm oim irq{i% b nssrmh{% bgq{b is viab{bs an qb{{n% n bsqnàïi sbvn{nan b h`rne vn{n ~rne ns ebhs ab Gnqr{btn% b ai Abrs ab Gnqr{btn is hgqhqreb% rm {bsvbhqi abobgqb vn{n ns ivhghòbs ab `ägb{i crmngi {b~rb{  ~rb bebs abzbssbm aboen{n{ ns onrsns ~rb is hmvbebm æ sbvn{nàïi   ^rngai Dbjjb{sig qb{mhgir% i aiormbgqi jih ziqnai bm% jih nobhqnai% b jih nsshgnai vbeis ohg~õbgqn-sbhs cimbgs% qiai rm ~rb nvisqn n v{ÿv{hn zhan abeb gn ABOH_ÏI abeb vn{n bso{bzb{ i gimb abeb Vi{ n~rben ABOH_ÏI bgq{ir bm bhsqägohn rmn gnàïi absqhgir sbmv{b q{ntb{ n `ägb{i crmngi% i v{hzheè`hi ab qimn{  ABOH_ÒB_ Vi{ abohsòbs jbhqns bm rm bsví{hqi sbmbecngqb ab Jè% b sÿ nq{nzès ab qnhs abohsòbs% vissn is cimbgs {bsiezbm is v{ikebmns vbssinhs abebs)abens% b `ngcn vn{n bebs v{iv{hbanabs neqns ab mnqb{hne b {h~rbtn bsvh{hqrne Gis abhb gïi bs~rbob{ hsqi. Ngnehsb is bzbgqis ~rb oigarth{nm æ Aboen{nàïi ab Hgabvbgaägohn% b sbdn oigzbgohai ~rb bsqn gnàïi ~rb n`i{n iorvn rm on{`i ab {bsvbhqi aimhgngqb b aî ;>;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

viab{ n bgq{b qians ns gnàòbs ai mrgai% gnsobr ab rmn ABOH_ÏI o{hnan vi{ rmn Mbsq{b Mhga% bg~rngqi oigshsqhgai bm ohg~õbgqn-sbhs cimbgs Giqb kbm% i jnqi ~rb b{n n ABOH_ÏI abebs)abens ~rb nssb`r{ir i srobssi ais bè{ohqis ab Pnschg`qig% vi{~rb i bsví{hqi an~rben abohsïi bsqnzn gi oi{nàïi ab qiai sieanai ~rb erqir oim beb% b sb{zhr oimi rm viab{ bsvh{hqrne ~rb gïi {boigcbob gbgcrmn qne oihsn oimi J[NON__I Giqb% qnmkèm% #oim `{ngab kbgbjíohi vbssine(% ~rb i VIAB[ ~rb abr vn{n bsqn gnàïi srn ehkb{anab% è i viab{ b`i-mbsmi ~rb abzb sb{ rsnai vi{ qiai hgahzíari ~rb sb qi{gn b`i-abqb{mhgngai Bsqb VIAB[ è oimvisqi ais v{hgoívhis abso{hqis gbsqb ehz{i Gïi sb{î ahjíohe absoik{h{% absoik{h{% gn chsqÿ{hn an Aboen{nàïi ab Hgabvbgaägohn% vbei mbgis sbhs absqbs v{hgoívhis< AB_BDI% ABOH_ÏI% JÈ% VB[_H_QÄGOHN% N MB_Q[B MHGA% b VENGBDNMBGQI I[@NGHTNAI Ni eig`i absqn jheisijhn sb{î nocnai n sr`bsqïi ~rb vbgsir% nvihnan vi{ AB_BDI ji{qb% qbm rmn qbgaägohn vn{n sb q{ngsmran{ bm sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb Ngqbs ab vnssn{ bm% br absbdi vn{qh{ oim zioä n sr`bsqïi n~rbeb viab nocn{ gbsqn chsqÿ{hn% b gn chsqÿ{hn an i{`nghtnàïi an Bsqnais Rghais Nài Oi{vi{nàïi% rmn abso{hàïi vb{jbhqn ai mèqiai vbei ~rne vbgsnmbgqi jnt bsqn q{ngsji{mnàïi bsvngqisn Bm srn v{ior{n vn{n i sb`{bai ai mèqiai% gïi v{ior{n rm mhen`{b% vi{~rb zioä gïi nocn{î hsqi Zioä nocn{î sÿ ns ebhs bqb{gns ab Gnqr{btn Bsqns ebhs bsqïi ahsvigízbhs n qian vbssin ~rb qbm n JÈ b n OI[N@BM vn{n is rsn{ Bebs viabm sb{ rsnais vn{n q{ntb{  ehkb{anab n rmn gnàïi% ir normren{ {h~rbtns Gïi cî gbgcrmn on{`n ab vÿezi{n bobqi i qbmvi gbobssî{hi ;>?

ONVÍQREI 3 - ABOH_ÏI

bgqbgab{ b is absqhgn{ Bssbs ~rb neongànm ABOH_ÒB_ v{igqnmbgqb b abjhghqhznmbgqb% snhkn i ~rb bebs ~rb{bm% b `b{nembgqb na~rh{n Is eíab{bs bm qiai vnssbhi ab zhan ABOHABM abv{bssn% b jh{mbmbgqb Hssi è n {ntïi v{hgohvne vi{ ~rb bebs sïi is eíab{bs I mrgai qbm i cîkhqi ab nk{h{ bsvnài vn{n i cimbm ordi ji{mren b bsvbqîorei ab nàòbs ~rb beb snkb igab beb znh HGABOH_ÏI è rm cîkhqi ~rb gi{mnembgqb oimbàn bm miohanab I cîkhqi nssrmb vb{mngbgox oimi n miohanab vnssn vi{ bsoien oensshjhonan% bsoien sborgaî{hn% b nqè mbsmi vi{ jnoreanab% sbm ABJHGHQBGB__ AB V[IVß_HQI N j{n~rbtn v{hgohvne ab qiais is shsqbmns baronohignhs è ~rb bebs gbm bgshgnm gbm bgoi{ndnm i cîkhqi ab ABOH_ÏI ABJHGHAN _b{hn kbgèjhoi sb gbgcrmn jnoreanab vb{mhqhssb n mnq{íoren ab ~rne~rb{ bsqrangqb% n mbgis ~rb b nqè ~rb i bsqrangqb aboen{ir i v{ivÿshqi v{hgohvne abeb mnq{horengai _b{hn ab nhgan mnhi{ kbgbjíohi% sb qiai bsqrangqb ~rb bgq{n gns bsoiens oensshjhonans jissb oimvbehai vn{n nobhqn{ q{bhgnmbgqi gi CÎKHQI AB ABOH_ÏI% b ji{ànai vnssn{ bm rm bnmb snqhsjnqÿ{hi gbsqb nssrgqi ngqbs ab sb{ vb{mhqhai vb{ mhqhai nzngàn{ gis `{nrs I cîkhqi ab HGABOH_ÏI na~rh{hr vi{ onrsn ans abjhohägohns ab gissis shsqbmns bsoien{bs% bgq{n oim i bsqrangqb gn iorvnàïi ~rb beb bsoiecb   _B  gn {bnehanab% beb bsoiecb n iorvnàïi abeb @b{nembgqb% n miohanab sÿ ji{n ab bsoien krson ~rne~rb{ q{nkneci ~rb viab sb{ nocnai Beb noigqbob ~rb beb nocn% vi{~rb beb bgq{ir gi cîkhqi ab HGABOH_ÏI Gizbgqnihqi bgq{b onan obm vbssins ~rb q{nknecnm vn{n sneî{his cidb% bsqî gis on{`is ~rb bebs iorvnm% vi{~rb bebs jneqn{nm i ABJHGHQBGB__ AB ABOH_ÏI vn{n VENGBDN[ ;>1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

RMN VI_HÀÏI ABJHGHAN% b i oigcbohmbgqi ab oimi bsoiecb{ rm bmv{b`nai{ ABJHGHQBGB__ AB ABOH_ÏI sbmv{b {b~rb{ oi{n`bm% æs zbtbs mrhqi `{ngab oi{n`bm Is ohg~õbgqn-sbhs cimbgs ~rb nsshgn{nm n Aboen{nàïi ab Hgabvbgaägohn nvisqn{nm ns zhans abebs)abens gn ABOH_ÏI vn{n ngbn{ ns nsshgnqr{ns abebs)abens æ~rbeb aiormbgqi N vbssin ~rb neongàn rmn ABOH_ÏI ABJHGHAN vn{n ikqb{  i q{nkneci vn{qhoren{% b jnt vn{n vn`nmbgqi ab zhan i v{bài ~rb beb vb{`rgqn% gïi nvisqb n zhan abeb gn~rben abohsïi< beb nvisqn n EHKB[ANAB BOIGÑMHON abeb Hgabvbgaägohns jhgngobh{ns% {h~rbtns% gb`ÿohi absbdîzbe b vishàòbs v{ijhsshignhs gïi bsqïi ni neongob an vbssin ~rb gb`eh`bgohn ir {borsn B_VB[N[% VENGBDNM% b BSH@BM bsqns oihsns N vbssin ~rb absbdn {h~rbtns gi mbsmi bsví{hqi ~rb _nmrbe Nanms absbdir ehkb{anab vbens Oieñghns% bsqî sb`r{i normren{ {h~rbtn Gi onvíqrei bm Vengbdnmbgqi I{`nghtnai% zioä nocn{î hgsq{ràòbs oimvebqns vi{ oimb{ohnehtn{ qiai qhvi ab sb{zhàis vbssinhs Zioä nocn{î hgji{mnàïi qnmkèm abqnecnan bm oimi bsoiecb{ i bmv{b`nai{ zioä v{bjb{b% b i q{nkneci vn{qhoren{ zioä absbdi Bsqns hgsq{ràòbs sb{ïi ab gbgcrm znei{ n zioä N MBGI_ ^RB ZIOÄ ABJHGHQHZNMBGQB ABOHAN is i{`nghtn{ bm rm vengi ab nàïi

;>2

ONVÍQREI 8 VB[_H_QÄGOHN I B_JI[ÀI OIGQÍGRI GBOB__Î[HI HGARTH[ JÈ I IHQNZI VN__I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ VB[_H_QÄGOHN è rm jnqi{ bssbgohne gi v{iobahmbgqi ab q{ngsmran{ AB_BDI bm sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb N knsb ab vb{shsqägohn è i VIAB[ AB ZÎ Phee-viab{ b absbdn% ~rngai oi{{bqnmbgqb oimkhgir% jnàn rm vn{ h{{bshsqízbe Cimbgs ~rb normrenm `{ngabs ji{qrgns sïi `b{nembgqb oigcbohais oimi ab sng`rb j{hi% b æs zbtbs o{rbe J{b~õbgqbmbgqb bebs sïi bgqbgahais mne I ~rb bebs qäm è h{- viab{ ~rb bebs mhsqr{nm oim vb{shsqägohn% b oieion nq{îs ais absbdis abebs)abens vn{n nssb`r{n{ i oigsb`rhmbgqi ais ikdbqhzis abebs)abens Cbg{x Ji{a `b{nembgqb jih bgqbgahan mne vn{n sb{ o{rbe b ab sng`rb j{hi Bsqb mhsoigobvqhig o{bsob{nm ji{n ai cîkhqi ab Ji{a ab ebzn{ n onki bm qrai ais vengis abeb oim VB[_H_QÄGOHN N mnhi{hn ans vbssins bsqî v{igqn engàn{ ns vigqn{hns abebs)abens b v{bqbgab ni mn{% b aî gi v{hmbh{i shgne ab ivishàïi ir hgji{qôghi Ne`rgs oigqhgrnm NVB_N[ AB qian n ivishàïi% nqè ~rb bebs nqhg`bm n mbqn abebs)abens Bsqb virois è is Znrs% On{gb`hbs% [iolbjbeeb{s% b Bahsigs

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

Gïi viab cnzb{ gbgcrmn oigiqnàïi cb{ÿhon æ vnenz{n + vb{shsqägohn% + mns n ~rnehanab è ni on{îqb{  ab cimbm ~rb on{kigi è nob{n{ @b{nembgqb% i bahjíohi ab rmn ji{qrgn bgziezb n nvehonàïi ais q{btb jnqi{bs hgqbh{is absqn jheisijhn Bsqbs v{hgoívhis abzbm sb{  bgqbgahais% bebs abzbm sb{ nvehonais oim VB[_H_QÄGOHN vi{ qrai ~rb normrenm ahgcbh{i _b zioä bsqhzb{ sb`rhgai bsqb ehz{i oim n hgqbgàïi ab nvehon{ i oigcbohmbgqi on{{b`n% sbr v{hmbh{i qbsqb sik{b srn VB[_H_QÄGOHN zh{î ~rngai zioä oimbàn{ n sb`rh{ is sbhs vnssis abso{hqis gi sb`rgai onvíqrei N mbgis ~rb zioä sbdn rm ais aihs bgq{b onan obm ~rb  dî qäm rmn MBQN MBQN ABJHGHAN æ ~rne zioä zioä bsqî nvigqngai% b rm VENGI ABJHGHAI vn{n sbr oigsb`rhmbgqi% zioä viab eb{ ns hgsq{ràòbs% b bgqïi vnssn bm oim srn {iqhgn ahî{hn% b grgon ikbabob bssns hgsq{ràòbs I nrqi{ bsqî i oigjb{hgai gbsqb vigqi% vi{~rb jneqn ab vb{shsqägohn è rm ans onrsns v{hgohvnhs ab j{nonssi Neèm ahssi% bvb{hmbgqb oim mhecn{bs ans vbssins qbm v{izir n~rben jneqn ab vb{shsqägohn è rmn j{n~rbtn oimrm æ mnhi{hn ab cimbgs È rmn j{n~rbtn ~rb viab sb{ srvb{nan nq{nzès ab bsji{ài N jnohehanab oim ~rb jneqn ab vb{shsqägohn viab sb{ oig~rhsqnan abvbgab{î oimvebqnmbgqb gi HGQBG_HANAB AB I AB_BDI AB N VB__IN I vigqi ab vn{qhan ab qian n {bnehtnàïi è AB_BDI Oigsqngqbmbgqb sb ebmk{b hsqi ab Absbdis j{nois q{ntbm {bsreqnais j{nois% an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb rmn ~rngqhn vb~rbgn ab ji`i jnt rmn ~rngqhn vb~rbgn ab onei{ _b zioä sb nocn{ jneqngai bm vb{shsqägohn% bsqn j{n~rbtn viab sb{ or{nan oigsq{rhgai rm ji`i mnhs ji{qb abknhi ab sbrs absbdis ;>3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Oigqhgrb ebgai vi{ vn{n i jhm% bgqïi zieqb vn{n Onvíqrei aihs% b oimbob n ebzn{ n onki ns hgsq{ràòbs hmbahnqnmbgqb anai oim {benàïi nis sbhs vnssis N ëgshn oim ~rb zioä sb`rb ~rb bsqns hgsq{ràòbs hgahon{ïi oen{nmbgqb% ~rngqi% ir oimi vb~rbgi zioä {bnembgqb AB_BDN normren{ ahgcbh{i _b zioä nocnai ~rb zioä è hgahjb{bgqb% zioä viab bsqn{ sb`r{i ~rb zioä gïi qbm oigqrai na~rh{hr i + ahgcbh{i oigsohägohn + ~rb zioä qbm ~rb vissrh{% ngqbs ab zioä vrabssb bsqn{  sb`r{i ab normren{ rmn ji{qrgn Ji{qrgns `{nzhqnm n cimbgs ordns ns mbgqbs bsqhzb{nm v{bvn{nans is nq{nh{ +% an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb sb`r{nmbgqb oimi î`rn `{nzhqn ni iobngi Gbsqb ehz{i qiais is bsqímreis viabm sb{ nocnais gbobssî{hi njhgn{  + ~rne~rb{ mbgqb gi{mne æs zhk{nàòbs ~rb nq{nh{ïi i ikdbqi ais absbdis an vbssin _b zioä nocn ~rb zioä è j{noi bm VB[_H_QÄGOHN% obgq{b srn nqbgàïi gns hgsq{ràòbs oigqhans gi onvíqrei bm + Viab{ +< i ob{~rb oim rm + `{rvi ab MBGQB + ab MB_Q[B% b vbeis bsji{àis oiivb{nqhzis ais sÿohis absqb `{rvi% zioä viab absbgziezb{ vb{shsqägohn Zioä nocn{î hgsq{ràòbs nahohignhs vn{n i absbgziezhmbgqi ab vb{shsqägohn gis onvíqreis bm nrqi-sr`bsqïi% b n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb _h`n ns hgsq{ràòbs bskiànans gbsqbs onvíqreis nqè srn gnqr{btn ab cîkhqi bgq{b`n vn{n srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% rm ~rna{i oen{i ai ikdbqi ab sbr AB_BDI An~rbeb vigqi bm% zioä gïi sb{î ahjhoreqnai vi{ jneqn ab vb{shsqägohn _rn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb q{nknecn oigqhgrnmbgqb% bg~rngqi zioä bsqî noi{anai% b bg~rngqi zioä è nai{mbohai Bsji{ài bsvnsmÿahoi% ir ionshigne vn{n nvehon{ ns {b`{ns sb{î ab gbgcrm znei{ n zioä Na~rh{h{  [B_REQNAI_% zioä qbm ~rb nvehon{ qrai ans {b`{ns nqè n ;>8 

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

nvehonàïi abebs)abens sb qi{gn rm cîkhqi jhi oim zioä Ab gbgcrm irq{i miai vissn zioä absbgziezb i ahgcbh{i gbobssî{hi + oigsohägohn + È VIK[BTN ni ordn n mbgqb è jnzi{îzbe n hsqi% oimi è nq{níai ahgcbh{i n beb ~rb ab ~rbm mbgqb bsqbzb abehkb{nanmbgqb v{bvn{nan nq{nh{ hsqi% b vbens mbsmns ebhs OIG_OHÄGOHN AB VIK[BTN N@N[[N[Î N MBGQB ^R B GÏ I B_ QÎ IO RVNAI OI M I AH GC BH [I OIG_OHÄGOHN ZIERGQN[HNMBGQB Rmn oigsohägohn ab vik{btn absbgziezb sbm nvehonàïi oigsohbgqb ab cîkhqis jnzi{îzbe vn{n hsqi I ahgcbh{i abzb sb{ o{hnan oigsohägohn vn{n i{abgn{% i{abgn{% n mbgis ~rb n vbssin gnsàn oim qne rmn oigsohägohn Vb`rb n sh`ghjhonàïi oimvebqn ans aboen{nàòbs gi vn{î`{nji v{bobabgai% b zioä bgqbgan n hmvi{qëgohn ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN gn normrenàïi ab rmn ji{qrgn _bm VB[_H_QÄGOHN% sb{î ab{{iqnai zioä% nqè mbsmi ngqbs ab zioä oimbànssb Oim VB[_H_QÄGOHN `ngcn{î zioä _b zioä ne`rmn zbt bvb{hmbgqir rm vbsnabei% zioä vb{obkb{î i znei{ ab vb{shsqägohn Zioä bsqî mbgqhgai bm onmn% mbhi absvb{qb% oim rm sbgqhmbgqi ~rb zioä bsqî n vigqi ab srjion{ Zioä gïi viab sb zh{n{% ir mizb{ rm môsorei Zioä vb{obkb ~rb zioä qbm ^RB OIMBÀN[ n {borvb{n{ oigq{ieb bm ohmn ab sbrs môsoreis Vi{ bsji{ài vb{shsqbgqb ab h{-viab{% zioä oigsb`rb mizb{ is abais ab rmn mïi jhgnembgqb Oigqhgrngai mizbgai sbrs abais% zioä bsqbgab sbr oigq{ieb nis môsoreis ab rm k{nài% nqè ~rb zioä viab b{`rb{ hsqi Bgqïi zioä `ngcn oigq{ieb ai irq{i k{nài an mbsmn mngbh{n Zioä `ngcn oigq{ieb jhgnembgqb bm ohmn ais môsoreis ab rmn vb{gn% b bgqïi bsqbgab hsqi æ irq{n vb{gn BGQÏI-OIM RM B_JI[ÀI _RV[BMI AB ZÎ - zioä {borvb{n oigq{ieb oimvebqi bm ohmn ab ;;6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

sbr shsqbmn mrsoren{% mrsoren{% b + bsqnen + ji{n ab sbr vbsnabei I q{r~rb jih zh{nai vnssi vi{ vnssi Zioä viab nocn{ hsqi gbobssî{hi bsqnen{ + ji{n ab srn hgè{ohn mbgqne% vi{ rm v{iobahmbgqi sbmbecngqb% mizbgai ebgqnmbgqb gi v{hgoívhi% nrmbgqngai srn zbeiohanab bgqïi% nqè ~rb zioä `ngcn oigq{ieb oimvebqi bm ohmn ab sbr qbsqnmbgqi _bdn VB[_H_QBGQB gïi hmvi{qn oimi ebgqnmbgqb zioä viab% gi v{hgoívhi% qbgcn ~rb mizb{ OIM VB[_H_QÄGOHN ZH[Î _ROB__I _b zioä sbebohign{ sbr + `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b oim orhanai% zioä qb{î ghsqi% vbei mbgis rmn vbssin ~rb i ndran{î gi absbgziezhmbgqi ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN Ne`rgs cimbgs ~rb normren{nm `{ngabs ji{qrgns% jbt nsshm vi{ onrsn ab GBOB__HANAB Bebs absbgziezb{nm i cîkhqi ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN% vi{~rb bebs ji{nm ah{h`hais nsshm ab vb{qi vi{ oh{orgsqëgohns ~rb bebs qhzb{nm ~rb jhon{ vb{shsqbgqb GÏI CÎ GBGCRM _RK_QHQRQI VN[N VB[_H_QÄGOHN. Gïi viab sb{ srvengqnai vi{ ~rne~rb{ irq{n ~rnehanab. _b ebmk{b ahsqi% b i% gi v{hgoívhi% bgoi{ndb ~rngai i nganmbgqi vrab{ vn{bob{ ahjíohe b ebgqi Bssbs ~rb oreqhzn{nm i CÎKHQI ab vb{shsqägohn vn{bobm absj{rqn{  sb`r{i oigq{n j{nonssi Gïi hmvi{qn ~rngqns zbtbs bebs sïi ab{{iqnais% bebs ocb`nm jhgnembgqb vn{n ohmn vn{n i qivi an bsonan ab mïi Æs zbtbs sb nvn{bob ~rb cî rm @rhn bsoigahai ordi abzb{ è qbsqn{ is cimbgs vi{ qiais is qhvis ab absbgoi{ndn{ bvb{hägohns Bssbs ~rb sb nvngcnm abvihs ab ab{{iqn b oigqhgrnm qbgqngai% ocb`rb< b is `{hqis mrgahnhs% + K{nzi. Br sirkb ~rb zioä vrabssb jntb{ hsqi +. I @rhn bsoigahai abhn ghg`rèm absj{rqn{  ;;>

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

`{ngab {bnehtnàïi sbm vnssn{ gi QB_QB ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN Bssbs ~rb gïi viabm ebzn{ hsqi% shmvebsmbgqb gïi jnàn i `{nr Bssbs ~rb viabm ebzn{ hsqi + sïi {boimvbgsnais `bgb{isnmbgqb vn{n n VB[_H_QÄGOHN abebs)abens Bebs {bobkbm% oimi n oimvbgsnàïi abebs)abens% ~rne~rb{  mbqn ~rb bebs bsqïi v{ior{ngai Hssi gïi è qrai. Bebs {bobkbm ne`i hgjhghqnmbgqb mnhs hmvi{qngqb ~rb mnqb{hne oimvbgsnàïi-i oigcbohmbgqi ~rb + QIAI J[NON__I Q[NT OIM H_QI N _BMBGQB AB RMN ZNGQN@BM + B^RHZNEBGQB Cî bobàòbs n bsqn {b`{n< ne`rgs vbssins snkbm ab bvb{hägohn i sirgagbss ab vb{shsqägohn Bebs sïi i igbs ~rb gïi nobhqn{nm ab{{iqn oimi sbgai ~rne~rb{ oihsn mnhs ~rb qbmvi{î{hi Bebs sïi i igbs ordis AB_BDI_ sïi nsshm VB[_H_QBGQEX NVVEHBA ~rb n~rben ab{{iqn è mranan jhgnembgqb bm zhqÿ{hn Gÿs ~rb bsqnznm gis enai-ehgcn ab Zhan zbdn i izb{pcbemhg`ex gômb{i `{ngab ~rb nknhn bm ab{{iqn% grgon srkh{ giznmbgqb Gÿs zbmis i virois ~rb ebzn i onsqh`i ab ab{{iqn oimi rm absbdi vn{n mnhi{ bsji{ài Bsqbs% jbehtmbgqb% grgon nv{bgabm nobhqn{ n mn{ocn æ {è ab Zhan Mns i ~rb gÿs gïi ZBMI_% hssi ~rb n mnhi{hn ab gÿs grgon i srsvbhqi ab bhsqh{% è i VIAB[ shebgohisi mns h{{bshsqízbe ~rb zbm ni sneznmbgqi abssbs ~rb erqnm bm bm jnob n absëghmi _b gÿs jnenmis absqb viab{ gnan ~rb gÿs ocnmnmis hsqi VB[_H_QÄGOHN% b abhir hsqi h{ n hssi Rmn oihsn ~rb qiais gÿs snkbmis% sb n vbssin gïi vissrh{ VB[_H_QÄGOHN% n vbssin gïi neongàn srobssi giqîzbe bm ~rne~rb{ ocnmnan Oimi bsqïi sbgai bso{hqns bsqns ehgcns% br iksb{zi ab mbr q{nkneci% b zä ngqbs ab mhm% mbgis ~rb rm keioi ;;;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ji{n% i `{ngab K{inapnx mhsqb{hisi +% i + Obmhqè{hi ab Bsvb{ngàns Mi{qns% + b n + Zn{ngan Ahngqbh{n ab Ivi{qrghanab + Ai mrgai hgqbh{i vbssins zhb{nm n K{inapnx% bg~rngqi krsongai jnmn% ji{qrgn% viab{% nmi{% ir qrai ~rb ~rb è ~rb is sb{bs crmngis ocnmnm srobssi Rmn zbt bm rm `{ngab qbmvi ne`rèm snh an v{iohssïi eig`n ab hgzbsqh`nai{bs% b i mrgai irzb ~rb irq{n vbssin aimhgir K{inapnx Mns K{inapnx gïi è jnohembgqb gbm abv{bssn oig~rhsqnai Ben {boigcbob qnebgqi% {boigcbob `äghi% vn`n bm ahgcbh{i% sÿ abvihs an vbssin {borsir ABHSN[ Bgqïi gÿs snkbmis ~rb beb absoik{hr i sb`{bai ab oimi oig~rhsqn{ K{inapnx I sb`{bai sbmv{b è hgsbvn{nkex v{bgahai n rmn vnenz{n% VB[_H_QÄGOHN. I sb`{bai è oigqnai gn erqn ab Jngghb Cr{sq ordn VB[_H_QÄGOHN oig~rhsqir i @{ngab Miai K{ngoi Ben bgq{ir vn{n Gizn Hi{~rb bm >8>2% oigzb{qb{ bso{hqr{n bm {h~rbtns N oigzb{sïi gïi zbhi abv{bssn% MN_ ZBHI Vn{n ~rnq{i ngis _bgci{hqn Cr{sq nv{bgabr sik{b + Ns Oneànans ab Gizn Hi{~rb + ab ab v{hmbh{n mïi bvb{hägohn Ben `nsqir i ahns q{nknecngai aben% b i gihqbs B_VB[NGAI aben ^rngai bsvb{ngàn o{bsobr bsor{n% ben gïi ahssb% + Ob{qi K{inapnx% zioä `ngcn +. Ben ahssb% + Mrhqi kbm% K{inapnx% zioä viab ochoiqbn{  ne`rgs% mns gïi br Br zir i ji{àn{ n sb {bgab{ Rm vrkehonai{ #I Visqb ab Gihqb ab sîknai( n bgzhir q{hgqn sbhs {bdbhàïi absehtn% ngqbs ab ben + ~rbk{nssb i `bei b oimrghoir rmn chsqÿ{hn c hsqÿ{hn I bso{hqi{ oimrm% oimi n + mèahn + bm irq{is vnssbhis ab zhan% qb{hn abhnai i q{nkneci ~rngai i v{hmbh{i absehtb ab {bdbhàïi zbhi Ben knqbr is vnzhmbgqis ar{ngqb ~rnq{i ngis vn{n n mbeiahn ai vrkehonai{ GÏI% + vi{~rb ben jih abqb{mhgnan vn{n `ngcn{ `ngcn{ ;;?

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

Bgqïi zhgai i + vnxijj + I jbhqhài qhgcn bsqnai ~rbk{nai% i @rhn gïi zhsqi qhgcn qbsqnai Jngghb Cr{sq% b ben viab{hn ebzn{ hsqi Absab bgqïi vrkehonai{bs jhtb{nm rm onmhgci knqhai æ vi{qn aben Ahgcbh{i zbhi qïi dbdrm ben nvbgns qbzb qbmvi vn{n oigqn{ hsqi Bgqïi is cimbgs ab ~rna{i oimizbgqbs n absoik{h{nm% b ahgcbh{i gïi bgq{ir bm mrangàn vb~rbgn% mns bm hgrganàòbs Is ah{bhqis ab ~rna{i oimizbgqbs vn{n n mnhs {bobgqb [hsnan miab{gn% + @{ngab aben% + q{irb !>66%66666% ahqis vn{n sbmv{b sb{ i v{bài mnhs neqi vn`nai vi{ rmn chsqÿ{hn ngqbs ab vrkehonàïi Ns {bnebtns aben an zbgan ai ehz{i oi{{b{ïi mrhqi v{iznzbembgqb mnhs K{bzbmbgqb% zioä qbm rmn abso{hàïi ab ~rb VB[_H_QÄGOHN è onvnt ab neongàn{ Jngghb Cr{sq gïi è gbgcrmn bobàïi Igab ~rb{ ~rb is cimbgs b mrecb{bs normrebm `{ngabs {h~rbtns% zioä sb`r{nmbgqb viab sb{ bebs na~rh{h{nm VB[_H_QÄGOHN v{hmbh{i K{inapnx an{î vn{n ~rne~rb{ mbgah`i rmn  íon{n ab onjè b rm sngaríocb% mns bh`b VB[_H_QÄGOHN abssbs ~rb vb{sb`rbm ns bsqnons `{ngabs Lnqb _mhqc ah{î + nmèm + ~rngai ben eä hsqi Ar{ngqb ngis ongqir ben% sbm ahgcbh{i% b sbm v{bài% ngqbs ab ~rne~rb{ mho{ijigb viab{hn neongàn{ ben K{inapnx ahssb n ben% + Zbgcn b na~rh{b hsqi% sb zioä viab ebzn{  hsqi + Ben ebzir hsqi nqè rm ahn jbeht K{inapnx sb vñs ongsnai b ahqi% + Np% i ~rb è i rsi9 Zioä gïi snkb ~rngai zioä è ochoiqbnai% nsshm gimbhn sbr v{bài% b znh q{nknecn{ abgq{i sè{hi + _bgci{hqn _mhqc gimbir i v{bài aben. Knsqngqb b{n Ji{n vn{n ohmn bm jh`r{ns qïi neqi n~rbeb i sneî{hi ab sbmngn è mrhqi mnhs ~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins jnt bm rm ngi hgqbh{i ;;1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Zb{hex ~rb vn`n vn{n sb{ VB[_H_QBGQB. B n~rh è rmn aboen{nàïi bgoi{ndnai{n ~rb ebzn oim hsqi rmn sr`bsqïi ab `{ngab sh`ghjhonàïi - MHECN[B_ AB ONGQI[B_ ^RB _RVB[NM i JB[[BH[I ab LNQB bsqïi ONMHGCNGAI K[INAPNX EIILHG@ vn{n ohmn b vn{n knhi VN[N RMN + J[NQR[N + - _BM _ROB__I Irq{is hgoigqîzbhs zhb{nm b ji{nm% mrhqis abebs ongqn{nm kbm knsqngqb% mns bebs gïi jhtb{nm i `{nr vi{~rb bebs jneqn{nm n oi{n`bm vn{n oigqhgrn{ mngqbgai bm% nqè ~rb K{inapnx sb ongsir ais mngan{ bmki{n Vb{shsqägohn è rm bsqnai ab mbgqb% bgqïi viab sb{  oreqhznai Oimi qiais is bsqnais ab mbgqb% vb{shsqägohn è knsbnan bm onrsns abjhghans% bgq{b bebs bsqbs4 rm ABJHGHQBGB__ AB V[IVß_HQI _nkbgai ~rb rm absbdis sïi i v{hmbh{i b% qnezbt% i vnssi mnhs hmvi{qngqb vn{n i absbgziezhmbgqi ab vb{shsqägohn Rm miqhzi ji{qb ji{àn n vbssin n sik{bvrdn{ mrhqns ahjhoreanabs k AB_BDI È oimvn{nqhznmbgqb jîohe ab na~rh{h{ b mngqb{ vb{shsqägohn v{ior{ngai i ikdbqi ab hgqbgsi absbdi o B@I-OIGJHNGÀN Oigzhoàïi gn cnkhehanab an vbssin vn{n ebzn{ n onki rm vengi bgoi{ndn n vbssin vn{n ebzn{ n onki i vengi oim vb{shsqägohn #B`ioigjhngàn viab sb{ absbgziezhan vbei v{hgoívhi abso{hqi gi onvíqrei bm nrqi-sr`bsqïi( a ABJHGHQBGB__ AB VENGI_ Vengis i{`nghtnais% bmki{n bebs vissnm sb{ j{nois b oimvebqnmbgqb gïi v{îqhoi% bgoi{ndb vb{shsqägohn

;;2

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

b OIGCBOHMBGQI V[BOH_I _nkbgai n~rbeb vengis bsqïi sïis% knsbnais bm bvb{hägohn ir iksb{znàïi% bgoi{ndn vb{shsqägohn< + nahzhgcngai + bm zbt ab + snkb{  + absq{ÿh vb{shsqägohn j OI-IVB[NÀÏI Oigaieägohn% oimv{bbgsïi% b oiivb{nàïi cn{mighisn oim irq{is qbgabm n absbgziezb{ vb{shsqägohn ` H[-VIAB[ I cîkhqi ab oigobgq{n{ is vbgsnmbgqis an vbssin gi bahjíohi ab vengis vn{n i oigsb`rhmbgqi ab rm v{ivÿshqi abjhghai% oigart n vb{shsqägohn c CÎKHQI Vb{shsqägohn è i {bsreqnai ah{bqi ab cîkhqi N mbgqb nksi{zb b sb qi{gn rmn vn{qb ans bvb{hägohns ahî{hns gns ~rnhs nehmbgqn Qbmn% i vhi{ ab qiais is hghmh`is% viab sb{ or{nai bjbqhznmbgqb vi{ {bvbqhàïi ji{ànan ab opq3 ab oi{n`bm Qiai i mrgai ~rb zhr sb{zhài nqhzi gn `rb{{n snkb hsqi Ngqbs ab abhn{ i nssrgqi ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN% jnàn hgzbgqî{hi ab zioä% b abqb{mhgb bm ~rb vn{qhoren{% sb ~rne~rb{% zioä bsqî jneqngai gbsqn ~rnehanab bssbgohne I mbàn znebgqbmbgqb% nvigqb nq{nzès ab vigqi% b zbdn ~rngqi ais ihqi jnqi{bs ab vb{shsqägohn zioä jneqn N ngîehsb viab oigarth{ n absoikb{qns ~rb ecb an{ïi rm nvb{qi gizi bm zioä _HGQIMN_ AB JNEQN AB VB[_H_QÄGOHN N~rh zioä nocn{î is {bnhs hghmh`is ~rb sb ebzngqnm bgq{b zioä b {bnehtnàïi giqîzbe N~rh zioä gïi sÿ nocn{î is + shgqimns + ~rb hgahonm j{n~rbtn ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN% mns qnmkèm ns onrsns srkoigsohbgqbs v{ijrganmbgqb sb sbgqnans absqn j{n~rbtn Bsqrab n ehsqn orhanaisnmbgqb% b bsqbdn bm j{bgqb ab zioä ;;:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

s~rn{bex _B ZIOÄ [BNEMBGQB AB_BDN[ _NKB[ ^RB È ZIOÄ% B i ~rb ZIOÄ È ONVNT AB JNTB[ Bsqns sïi ns j{n~rbtns ~rb abzbm sb{ aimhgnans vi{  qrai ~rb normrenm {h~rbtns > J{nonssi vn{n {boigcbob{ b abjhgh{ oen{nmbgqb bnqnmbgqb ~rb n vbssin ~rb{ ; V{io{nsqhgnàïi% oim ir sbm onrsn #Gi{mnembgqb nvihir oim rmn i{abm ji{mhaîzbe ab îehkhs b absorevns( ? Jneqn ab hgqb{bssb na~rh{hgai oigcbohmbgqi bsvbohnehtnai 1 Hgabohsïi% i cîkhqi ab + vnssn{ n {bsvigsnkhehanab + bm qians ns ionshòbs% bm zbt ab bgj{bgqn{ s~rn{bex ab nssrgqis #Qnmkèm nvihir nq{nzès ab îehkhs( 2 I cîkhqi ab oigjhn{ bm îehkhs bm zbt ab o{hn{ vengis abjhghais vn{n n sieràïi ab v{ikebmns : V{bsrgàïi Cî nvbgns vb~rbgi {bmèahi vn{n bsqn njehàïi% b gbgcrmn bsvb{ngàn vn{n bssbs ~rb sij{bm ahsqi 0 Hgahjb{bgàn% gi{mnembgqb {bjebqhan gn v{igqhaïi an vbssin vn{n ocb`n{ n rm noi{ai sik{b qians ns ionshòbs% bm er`n{ ab oigcbob ivishàïi b erqn hsqi 3 I cîkhqi ab orevn{ irq{is vbeis bg`ngis an vbssin% b nobhqngai oh{orgsqëgohns absjnzi{îzbhs oimi sbgai hgbzhqîzbe 8 J[N^RBTN AB AB_BDI% abzhai n gb`eh`ägohn gn bsoiecn ab MIQHZI_ ~rb hmvbebm nàïi >6 Zigqnab% ëgshn vengn% abhn{ ni v{hmbh{i shgne ab ab{{iqn #Knsbnai bm rm ir mnhs ais : mbais kîshois( >> Jneqn ab VENGI_ I[@NGHTNAI_% oieioir vi{ bso{hqi igab bebs viabm sb{ ngnehsnais

;;0 

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

>; I cîkhqi ab gb`eh`bgohn{ sb mran{ haèhns% ir nv{izbhqn{ ivi{qrghanab ~rngai sb nv{bsbgqn >? AB_BDNGAI bm zbt ab EB@N[ >1 I cîkhqi ab ocb`n{ n rm noi{ai oim VIK[BTN bm zbt ab nvigqn{ n {h~rbtns Nrsägohn `b{ne ab nmkhàïi vn{n sb{% jntb{% b vissrh{ >2 V{ior{ngai qiais is or{qi-oi{qbs n {h~rbtns% qbgqngai NA^RH[H[ sbm AN[ rmn jbh{n b~rhznebgqb% gi{mnembgqb {bjebqhai gi cîkhqi ab di`n{% bg~rngqi bmv{bbgabgai ah{h`h{ + vbochgocns njhnans + >: MBAI AB O[ÍQHON% j{nonssi vn{n o{hn{ vengis b is oieion{ bm nàïi% vi{ onrsn ab ~rb irq{ns vbssins vbgsn{î% jn{î% ir ah{î Bsqb hghmh`i vb{qbgob æ onkbàn an ehsqn% vi{~rb `b{nembgqb bhsqb gn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb an vbssin igab srn v{bsbgàn gïi è {boigcbohan #Zbdn is _bhs Mbais Kîshois bm rm onvíqrei visqb{hi{( Gis abhb bnmhgn{ ne`rgs ais shgqimns ai Mbai ab O{íqhon N mnhi{hn ab vn{bgqbs ab ehobgàn ab vbssins% nmh`is% b i vôkehoi n `{ngab vn{n nsshm is hgjerbgohn ~rb bebs gïi viabm zhzb{ ns v{ÿv{hns zhans abebs)abens% vi{~rb bebs qbmbm o{íqhon Gômb{is bgi{mbs ans vbssins oimbqbm b{{is bm mnq{hmñghi% sb ebzngqb vben vbochgocn% b vnssn vi{ zhan mhsb{îzbe b hgjbeht% vi{~rb bebs qbmbm o{íqhon ~rb viab sb`rh{ sb bebs oi{{h`h{bm i bg`ngi #^rne~rb{ rm ~rb srkmbqbr n bsqn ji{mn ab mbai snkb i angi h{{bvn{îzbe ~rb jnt% absq{rhgai nmkhàïi% b`i-oigjhngàn% b i absbdi vn{n neongàn{( Mhecòbs ab gb`eh`ägohn ab vbssins vn{n na~rh{h{  baronàòbs nq{nsnans% abvihs ab qb{ abhnai bsoien% ;;3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

vi{~rb bebs qbmbm o{íqhon Gômb{is hgoigqîzbhs ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs% dizbm b zbeci% is vn{bgqbs ab ehobgàn vn{n absq{rh{ ns zhans abebs)abens gi gimb ab ABZB[% vi{~rb bebs qbmbm o{íqhon #Abzb{ gïi bh`b vn{n ~rne~rb{ vbssin ~rb srkmbqn æ absq{rhàïi ans nmkhàòbs vbssinhs abeb b i ah{bhqi vn{n zhzb{ n v{ÿv{hn zhan abeb ai v{ÿv{hi miai abeb( Ns vbssins {borsnm sb n{{hson{ bm gb`ÿohi% vi{~rb bebs qbmbm n o{íqhon ~rb viab sb`rh{ sb bebs jnecn{bm I mbai ab o{íqhon% bm qnhs onsis è mnhs ji{qb ~rb i AB_BDI vn{n srobssi Mrhqis vbssins {borsnm bsqnkbebob{ mbqns neqns vn{n bebs% ir nqè mbsmi gb`eh`bgohn sbebohigngai rmn on{{bh{n% vi{~rb bebs qbmbm n o{íqhon ab vn{bgqbs b + nmh`is + ~rb viabm ahtb{ + gïi nvigqb qïi neqi% ns vbssins vbgsn{ïi ~rb zioä bsqî eiroi ^rngai Nga{bp On{gb`hb sr`b{hr ~rb br abahoi zhgqb ngis æ i{`nghtnàïi ab rmn jheisijhn ab {bnehtnàïi hgahzharne ~rb mbr v{hmbh{i hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi b{n mbai ab ~rb vbssins viab{hn ahtb{ N sr`bsqïi migqir rmn mbqn vn{n mhm% eig`b ji{n ab v{ivi{àïi vn{n ~rne~rb{ qhgcn oigobkhai ne`rmn zbt br Qïi {îvhai ~rngqi rm jensc% mhgcn mbgqb oimbàir n o{hn{ îehkhs b absorevns% qiais bebs q{nobnkeb vn{n i MBAI hgb{bgqb AB O[ÍQHON Ne`i abgq{i ab mhm ahssb% + Zioä gïi viab jntb{ hsqi-i q{nkneci è mrhqi `{ngab% b {b~rb{ mrhqi qbmvi-i ~rb vbgsn{ïi sbrs vn{bgqbs ab zioä9 -oimi zioä `ngcn{î rm ehzhg`9-gïi n vbssin ne`rmn zbt i{`nghtir rmn jheisijhn ab srobssi% ~rb ah{bhqi i qbm no{bahqn{ ~rb zioä viab jntb{ hq9-~rbm è zioä% ab ~rne~rb{ mngbh{n% nvigqn{ qïi neqi9 - sb ebmk{b sbr crmheab gnsohmbgqi-i ~rb snkb zioä sik{b jheisijhn;;8 

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

vbssins vbgsn{î ~rb zioä è eiroi-#nga bebs aha(-vi{  ~rb ne`rmn irq{n vbssin gïi jbt hsqi n`i{n + ngqbs9 Bsqbs% b mrhqns irq{ns vb{`rgqns jenmbdn{nm bm mhgcn mbgqb% b bh`hr nqbgàïi Vn{bohn oimi sb i mrgai hgqbh{i qhzbssb zh{nai srn nqbgàïi ab {bvbgqb n mhm oim i v{ivÿshqi ab mb {hahoren{htn{ bm abhn{ qiai i absbdi vn{n ebzn{ n onki n sr`bsqïi ab _{ _{ On{gb`hb Br qhzb rmn ivi{qrghanab kin% bgqïi b eî% bqb{mhgn{  nmkhàïi ngqbs ab `ngcnssb oigq{ieb ab mhm Abvihs bm zhan% abvihs ab qb{ ngnehsnai mhecn{bs ans vbssins% br absoik{h ~rb n MNHI[HN ans HAÈHN_ GN_OB% B V[BOH_N ab N [B_VH[NÀÏI AB ZHAN HGDBQNAN GBEB_ VI[ VENGI_ ABJHGHAI_ AB NÀÏI HMBAHNQN I qbmvi vn{n nehmbgqn{  rmn haèhn bsqî gn ci{n ab sbr gnsohmbgqi Qiais is mhgrqis zhzb% aî hsqi rmn ocngob mbeci{ ab sik{bzhzb{ I MBAI AB O[ÍQHON bsqî ni jrgai an absq{rhàïi an mnhi{hn ans haèhns ~rb grgon neongànm i VENGBDNMBGQI b jnsb ab NÀÏI Mrhqns vbssins no{bahqnm ~rb srobssi mnqb{hne è i {bsreqnai ab j{nqr{ns + jnzi{îzbhs + Cî rm bebmbgqi ab ocïi vn{n n oigzhoàïi% mns bssbs ~rb abvbgabm ab si{qb oimvebqnmbgqb% ~rnsb è absnvigqnai sbmv{b% vi{~rb bebs gb`eh`bgohnm ~rb irq{i jnqi{ hmvi{qngqb ~rb abzb bsqn{ v{bsbgqb ngqbs an vbssin viab bsqn{  sb`r{i ab srobssi È i oigcbohmbgqi oim ~rb viabm sb{ jbhqns j{nqr{ns + jnzi{îzbhs + i{abgn{ Ar{ngqb n abv{bssïi% P O Jhbeas% i oimbahngqb% vb{abr qiai sbr ahgcbh{i% b sb nocir sbm {bgan% sbm rm q{nkneci% b is mbhis abeb ab `ngcn{ n zhan #znrabzheeb( dî gïi bhsqhr Neèm ahssi% beb b{n vnssnai sbssbgqn% ~rngai mrhqis cimbgs + sb oigshab{nm zbeci + Beb bsqnzn qïi ngshisi i{`nghtn{ rm {bqi{gi ~rb beb ;?6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ijb{bobr q{nknecn{ sbm vn`nmbgqi% bm rm onmvi gizi #jhembs( Neèm ans irq{ns ahjhoreanabs abeb% onhr beb b v{bdrahoir i vbsoiài abeb Vn{n mrhqis ~rb qb{hnm shai i er`n{  vn{n sb {bgab{ b ABHSN[ Mns i Jhbeas b{n VB[_H_QBGQB Beb sirkb ~rb sb beb i oigqhgrnssb na~rh{h{hn ns + j{nqr{ns + obai ir qn{ab% b beb is na~rh{hr% mns gïi vi{  onsrnehanab Mn{hb A{bsseb{ sb nocir nknhi b ji{n% oim i ahgcbh{i aben hai% sbm q{nkneci% ~rngai ben qhgcn ~rnsb sbssbgqn ngis Qnmkèm% ben vb{sb`rhr ns + j{nqr{ns% + b is na~rh{hr N VB[_H_QÄGOHN aben q{irb rm q{hrgji bsvngqisi qn{ab bm zhan% eig`i neèm an hanab ~rngai n mnhi{hn ais cimbgs b mrecb{bs è qb{mhgnai oim nmkhàïi neongàn{ V{bobgqi{ ab Baahb vb{abr i ahgcbh{i abeb gi >8;8 bsq{igai ab nàïi% mns beb nhgan qbzb n VB[_H_QÄGOHN abeb b n oi{n`bm abeb Oim bsqbs% mnhs aihs iecis v{ibmhgbgqbs% beb sb bvei{ir nq{îs bm rmn {bgan ab !>6%666 vi{ sbmngn. Zb{hex% sb n vbssin qhzb{  VB[_H_QÄGOHN% n vbssin viab sb an{ mrhqi kbm sbm mrhqns irq{ns ~rnehanabs N ôghon + j{nqr{n + ~rb ~rne~rb{ rm viab ahsvi{ oigjhn{ bm è rmn j{nqr{n + b`i-jbhqn + Bsqbs vnssnm vben nvehonàïi ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN I vigqi ab vn{qhan è ABJHGHQBGB__ AB V[IVß_HQI Bnmhgb ns v{hmbh{ns obm vbssins ~rb zioä sb bgoigq{n% ecbs vb{`rgqb i ~rb bebs ~rb{bm n mnhi{hn bm zhan% b gizbgqn ihqi abebs gïi viab{ïi ecb jnen{ _b zioä is nvb{qn vn{n rmn {bsvisqn% ne`rm zî ahtb{sb`r{ngàn% mrhqis zî ahtb{-ahgcbh{i% ne`rgs zïi ahtb{jbehohanab% irq{is ahtb{-njnmn{ïi B AN[ÏI VIAB[ N% b ;?>

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

nhgan irq{is zïi [BOIGCBOHMBGQI ahtb{-siohne% NEHZHB ZHZBGAI% CNKHEHANAB vn{n ONGQN[% ANGOB% ir B_O[BZN% mns gbgcrm abebs viab{î abjhgh{ bsqns oigahàòbs% ir aî n hgahonàïi mnhs ebzb ab rm VENGI vbei ~rne bebs bsvb{nm nqhg`h{ bsqbs absbdis zn`nmbgqb bv{bssnais [h~rbtns gïi {bsvigabm n absbdis Bebs sÿ {bsvigabm n vengis abjhghais% nvihnais vi{ absbdis abjhghais% vi{ VB[_H_QÄGOHN oigsqngqb OIMI AB_BGZIEZB[ VB[_H_QÄGOHN Cî ~rnq{i vnssis shmvebs ~rb oigartbm ni cîkhqi ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN Bebs vbabm gbgcrmn `{ngab ~rngqhn ab hgqbeh`ägohn% gbgcrmn ~rngqhn vn{qhoren{ ab baronàïi% b mns vb~rbgi qbmvi ir bsji{ài Is vnssis gbobssî{his sïi4 > RM V[IVß_HQI ABJHGHAI NVIHNAI ^RBHMNGAI AB_BDI VN[N _BR ORMV[HMBGQI ; RM VENGI ABJHGHAI% BSV[B__NAI BM NÀÏI OIGQÍGRN ? Rmn MBGQB JBOCIR JH[MBMBGQB OIGQ[N QIAI i GB@NQHZI B AB_BGOI[NDNGAI HGJERÄGOHN_% hgoershzb sr`bsqòbs gb`nqhzns ab vn{bgqbs% nmh`is b oigcbohais 1 RMN NEHNGÀN NMH@ÎZBE OIM RM IR MNH_ VB__IN_ ^RB BGOI[NDN[ÏI N VB__IN VN[N EBZN[ N ONKI OIM VENGI B V[IVß_HQI Bsqbs ~rnq{i vnssis sïi bssbgohnhs vn{n srobssi bm qiais is vnssbhis ab zhan I v{ivÿshqi hgqbh{i ais q{btb v{hgoívhis absqn jheisijhn è vb{mhqh{ n vbssin n an{ bsqbs ~rnq{i vnssis oimi rm nssrgqi ab cîkhqi Bsqbs sïi is vnssis vi{ ~rne viab oigq{ien{ i absqhgi boigñmhoi an vbssin Bebs sïi is vnssis ~rb oigartbm n ehkb{anab b hgabvbgaägohn ab vbgsnmbgqi Bebs sïi is vnssis ~rb oigartbm n {h~rbtns% bm ~rngqhanabs vb~rbgns ir ;?;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

`{ngabs Bebs oigartbm i miai n viab{% jnmn% b {boigcbohmbgqi mrgangi Bebs sïi is ~rnq{i vnssis ~rb `n{ngqbm j{nqr{ns + jnzi{îzbhs + Bebs sïi is vnssis ~rb oigzb{qbm sigcn bm {bnehanabs jíshons Bebs oigartbm% qnmkèm% vn{n i aimíghi ab MBAI% AB_ËGHMI% HGAHJB[BGÀN Cî rmn {boimvbgsn mn`gíjhon vn{n qrai ~rb nv{bgabm an{ bsqbs ~rnq{i vnssis È i v{hzheè`hi ab bso{bzb{ i v{ÿv{hi hg`{bssi an vbssin% b ab {bgahmbgqi ab Zhan ab jnk{honàïi è vb{`rgqnai ~rne~rb{ v{bài Br qbgci gbgcrm miai ab snkb{ is jnqis% mns br nzbgqr{i oigdbqr{n{ ~rb i `{ngab nmi{ ab _{n Pneehs _hmvsig vn{n rm cimbm gïi b{n nohabgqne% gbm i {bsreqnai ab j{nqr{ns + jnzi{îzbhs + sÿ Cnzhn rm absbdi n{abgqb% b v{ior{ngai orhanaisi n qiai vnssi ai miai I v{hmbh{i abzb{ aben b{n nmn{ I ~rb è n mnhi{  oihsn qb{{n nobsn9 I Mbsq{b gïi ocnmir hsqi i cimbm jbt {b`{ns% o{íqhon% nmn{`r{n% ahjnmnàïi% ir mnq{hmñghis vieíqhois +% + mns nmi{ Ben sirkb i ~rb ben ~rhs% gïi abvihs ~rb ben oigcbobr i V{ígohvb ab @nebs% mns eig`i ngqbs ahssi Arns zbtbs ~rngai ben gïi qbzb nocnai hsqi% ben qbzb n oi{n`bm vn{n oigqhgrn{ n v{ior{n aben + N qchgb v{ÿv{hi b`i è zb{anab% b qbm ~rb sb`rh{% oimi n gihqb i ahn% qr ongsq è gïi bgqïi jnesi n ~rne~rb{ cimbm + N bebznàïi aben ab iksor{hanab b{n an i{abm ebgqn% v{i`{bsshzn% VB[_H_QBGQB% mns bsqnzn _B@R[I. Ben q{hrgjir bm ohmn ab iaas hgo{hzbembgqb eig`i< b% gïi hmvi{qn ~rb zioä è% ir i ~rb zioä viab vbgsn{ bm Pneehs _hmvsig% ir i {bh ~rb abhir n Oi{in abeb vn{n i nmi{ aben% ben è rm bbmvei bsvngqisi ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN nvehonan% hgsq{rqi{ gns {b`{ns ab ;??

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

nrqiabqb{mhgnàïi% ab ~rbm i v{ijhqnkex ab viab{  mrgahne hgqbh{i ebznm ehàòbs ^rngai zioä vbgsn bm Pneehs _hmvsig% vbgsn ab rm ~rb sirkb i ~rb ben ~rhs% b q{bmbr i mnhi{ hmvè{hi bm qb{{n na~rh{h{ hsqi Mrecb{bs ~rb {boenmnm ~rb bsqb è i mrgai ab rm cimbm% ~rb ns mrecb{bs gïi qäm rmn ocngob h`rne vn{n `ngcn{% abzn n bebs bsqran{ n zhan absqn mrecb{ hgoimrm orhanaisnmbgqb ~rb% n rmn hanab ~rb n mnhi{hn ans mrecb{bs oigshab{n + zbeci% + onvqr{ir is njbqis ai sieqbh{i mnhs absbdîzbe gi mrgai hgqbh{i B i ~rb ab [bh Bapn{a9 ^rb ehàïi viabmis nv{bgab{  gÿs an vn{qb abeb gi a{nmn ab mnhi{ ai mrgai ab {bobgqbs qbmvis9 Beb vn`ir mrhqi neqi rm v{bài vbeis njbqis an mrecb{ an bsoiecn abeb9 _b`r{nmbgqb ghg`rèm mns beb viab an{ n {bsvisqn oi{{bqn I {bsqi ab gÿs sÿ viab oigdbqr{n{ Hsqi mrhqi ~rb gÿs snkbmis% i {bh bgq{ir gi mrgai sbm i v{ÿv{hi oigsbgqhmbgqi abeb Beb gnsobr n `{ngabs {h~rbtns% sbm ecbs vbah{ Beb b{n vb{shsqbgqex krsonai bm mnq{hmñghi< is vieíqhois b bsqnahsqns ni eig`i an Br{ivn engàn{nm ns zhôzns aiqnans b v{hgobsns nis vès abeb Vi{~rb beb jih i v{hmbh{i gnsohai ais vnhs abeb% beb cb{air rmn oi{in ~rb beb gïi krsoir% b qnezbt gïi absbdir Vn{n mnhs ab ~rn{bgqn ngis beb gïi b{n rm n`bgqb `{îqhs% gïi vñab zhzb{ n zhan abeb ai v{ÿv{hi miai abeb% qbzb mns vb~rbgn v{hznohanab% b jhgnembgqb nssrmhr abzb{bs hgjeh`hais gbeb ~rngai beb nsobgabr i q{igi Ne`rgs ah{ïi% + Oim qians bsqns kägàïis% [bh Bapn{a abzb{hn qb{ nocnai vnt ab mbgqb% snqhsjnàïi% b neb`{hn ab zhzb{ + N zb{anab è n~rben vn{qb ab q{îs ab qiais is v{hzheè`his ab rmn oi{in% qiai i ahgcbh{i% n jnmn% b i ;?1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

viab{ cb{anais vi{ [bh Bapn{a% cnzhn rmn znorhanab ~rb sÿ viab{hn sb{ bgochan vi{ nmi{ I mnhi{ AB_BDI abeb b{n vn{n nmi{ nmi{ Eig`i ngqbs ab beb oigcbobr i Pneehs _hmvsig% beb sbgqhn bsqn `{ngab bmiàïi rghzb{sne n{{nsqngai nis jhis ai oi{nàïi abeb% knqbgai gn vi{qn an nemn abeb% b ocnmngai bv{bssïi hgarkhqnzbembgqb B ~rngai beb oigcbobr rmn nemn `ämbn% bg~rngqi ocnmngai bsqb mbsmi v{hzheè`hi _ngqi ab bv{bssïi% beb {boigcbobr hsqi% b sbm mbai ir absorevn% nk{hr i oi{nàïi abeb b knab hsqi bgq{b Qiais i bsoëganei-mig`b{s gi mrgai gïi viab absq{rh{ n kbebtn absqb a{nmn hgqb{gnohigne vbei ~rne arns vbssins nocn{nm nmi{% b qbzb n oi{n`bm vn{n bgj{bgqn{ o{íqhon nkb{qn% {bgrgohb vn{n an{ hsqi bv{bssïi sngqn QIAI IRQ[I [bh n ABOH_ÏI ab Bapn{a vn{n abhn{ n oi{in ai hmvè{hi mnhs viab{isi ai mrgai% vn{n i v{hzheè`hi ab vnssn{ i {bsqi ai miai vi{ zhan oim n mrecb{ an bsoiecn abeb% b{n rmn abohsïi ~rb oi{n`bm bh`han N abohsïi qnmkèm qbzb rm v{bài% mns ~rbm qbm i ah{bhqi vn{n ahtb{ ~rb i v{bài b{n mrhqi `{ngab9 _b`r{nmbgqb gïi Beb ~rb ahssb% + Beb bgq{b zioä ~rb bsqî sbm vbonai% i abhb engàn{ n v{hmbh{n vba{n + Oimi rmn sr`bsqïi vn{n ~rne~rb{ mne-giqir vbssin ~rb bsoiecb nocn{ jneqn oim i Ar~rb ab Phgasi{% vi{~rb i AB_BDI abeb b{n vn{n NMI[% b vi{ aboen{n{ i nmi{ abeb nkb{qnmbgqb vi{ Pneehs _hmvsig% b abhngai i q{igi abeb vn{n ben% abhb sb ebmk{b ~rb n ABOEN[NÀÏI NKB[QN gïi b{n bssbgohne Beb viab{hn qb{  sb`rhai i oisqrmb ab eh`nàïi oengabsqhgn ~rb v{bznebobr gn Br{ivn ar{ngqb sèoreis% sbm abhn{ ir i q{igi abeb% ir n mrecb{ an bsoiecn abeb% b gïi qb{hn cnzhai GBGCRMN [BOENMNÀÏI AB H@[BDN IR ENHQX ;?2

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

Mns bsqb cimbm hgoimrm jih oigsq{ríai ab mnqb{hnhs mnhs ar{is I nmi{ abeb bsqnzn ehmvi Bsqnzn jrgai b shgob{i [bv{bsbgqir n rmn oihsn ~rb% nohmn ab qrai IRQ[I beb zb{anabh{nmbgqb AB_BDIR% bgqïi% beb ebzir i ~rb beb ~rhs% b eh~rhanai i v{bài bh`hr _b n Br{ivn qhzbssb shai sngqhjhonan oim mnhs {b`{ns oim i oi{nàïi crmngi b ns on{noqb{ísqhons ab cigbsqhanab ab b-{bh Bapn{a% ar{ngqb i ôeqhmi sèorei ~rb cbmhsjè{hi hgjbeht ~rb jb{zb n`i{n oim `ngëgohn% ÿahi% erô{hn% oighzägohn vieíqhon% b nmbnàns ab `rb{{n% qb{hn rm AHJB[BGQB B RMN CH_Qß[HN MBECI[ vn{n OIGQN[ Rmn chsqÿ{hn bm ~rne Nmi{ b gïi ßahi {b`b{hn Gns vnenz{ns ab _qrn{q Nrsqhg Phb{ gÿs bebznmis gissn  íon{n b kbkbmis bsqn qi{{nan n b-{bh Bapn{a b Pneehs _hmvsig4 + Nkbgàinai è i cimbm ~rb zbhi snkb{ ~rb gissis vbgsnmbgqis bmrabohais sïi gissis mnhs aiobs vbgsnmbgqis + Nkbgàinai è i cimbm ~rb% ans v{ijrgahanabs mnhs v{bqns% viab zb{ n jh`r{n ermhgisn ab NMI[% b zbgai% ongqb< b ongqngai% ah`n4 f_pbbqb{  eig`b ~rb v{ijb{hr vishàòbs sïi is vbgsnmbgqis br qbgci ab zioä '+ Gbsqbs vnenz{ns zî gÿs vn`nmis q{hkrqi æs arns vbssins ~rb% mnhs ~rb qrai irq{is ab qbmvis miab{gis% jih ns zíqhmns ab o{íqhon b is {bohvhbgqbs ab nkrsi% vi{~rb bebs nocn{nm i mnhi{ qbsir{i ab Zhan% b {bhzhgahoir hsqi $M{s i _hmvsig ebr b nv{iznai bsqn ngîehsb N mnhi{hn ai mrgai nvenrah{î i Ar~rb ab Phgasi{ b Pneehs _hmvsig% vi{ onrsn an VB[_H_QÄGOHN abebs)abens v{ior{ngai nqè ~rb bebs nocn{nm n mnhi{ {boimvbgsn ab zhan QIAI_ BRN viabm @NGCN[ sb`rhgai i bbmvei abebs)abens bm gissn v{ÿv{hn v{ior{n vn{n ~rb ~rb gÿs bh`hmis ab zhan ;?:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

^rb viab{ mísqhoi aî n cimbgs ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN n onvnohanab vn{n aimhgn{ ahjhoreanabs9 [bgizn n ~rnehanab ab di`i ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN gn mbgqb an vbssin ne`rmn ji{mn ab bsvh{hqrne% nqhzhanab mbgqne ir ~rímhon ~rb aî rm nobssi n ji{àns sik{bgnqr{nhs9 Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn sb engàn gi enai an vbssin bm ~rb nhgan erqn% abvihs ~rb n knqnecn bsqbzb vb{ahan% oim i mrgai hgqbh{i gi enai nazb{sî{hi9 Bsqbs b mrhqns irq{ns vb{`rgqns sbmbecngqbs sr{`h{nm bm mhgcn mbgqb oimi br iksb{zbh is cimbgs oimi Cbg{x Ji{a ~rb oimbàir n n{{ngcïi b oigsq{rhr rm Hmvè{hi Hgarsq{hne ab v{ivi{àòbs bgi{mbs% oim vb~rbgi irq{i ai miai ab rm oimbài mns VB[_H_QÄGOHN Ir% Qcimns RM Bahsig ~rb% oim mbgis ab q{äs mbsbs ab baron{% sb qi{gir i mrgai bsqî oigarthgai i hgzbgqi{ b oigzb{qbr VB[_H_QÄGOHN gn mî~rhgn jnengai% n mî~rhgn ab ~rna{i oimizbgqb% b n ert hgongabsobgqb% gïi ahtb{  gnan ab mbhi obm irq{ns hgzbgàòbs ôqbhs Br qhzb i v{hzheè`hi jbeht ab ngnehsn{ _{ Bahsig b _{ Ji{a% ngi vi{ ngi% bm ohmn ab rm vb{íiai eig`i ab ngis% b bgqïi% n ivi{qrghanab vn{n is bsqran{ n `nmn ab jhm% nsshm br jnei ab oigcbohmbgqi nqrne ~rngai br ah`i ~rb br gïi nocbh gbgcrmn ~rnehanab bobqi VB[_H_QÄGOHN% bm ~rne~rb{ rm abebs% n~rbeb vengi {bmiqnmbgqb sr`bsqhigir n jigqb v{hgohvne ans {bnehtnàòbs bsqrvbgans abebs)abens Oimi n vbssin jnt rm bsqrai hmvn{ohne ais v{ijbqns% jheÿsijis% cimbgs ab mhen`{b +% b is eíab{bs {beh`hisis ai vnssnai% n vbssin è nq{níai æ oigoersïi hgbzhqîzbe ~rb VB[_H_QÄGOHN% oigobgq{nàïi ab bsji{ài% b ABJHGHQBGB__ AB V[IVß_HQI% b{n ns jigqbs v{hgohvnhs ans {bnehtnàòbs abebs)abens ;?0 

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

Vi{ bbmvei% oigshab{b n chsqÿ{hn bsq{ngcn b jnsohgngqb ab Mnimè< ngnehsb n zhan abeb% i oimvn{b oim cimbgs ab {bnehtnàïi gbsqn hanab miab{gn ab hgaôsq{hn b jhgngohb% b iksb{zb oimi bebs qäm rmn on{noqb{ísqhon bobebgqb% VB[_H_QÄGOHN% bm oimrm. _b zioä bsqî srqhembgqb hgqb{bssnai bm bsqran{ i viab{  bsq{ngci ~rb aî viqägohn n VB[_H_QÄGOHN% ebhn rmn khi`{njhn ab Mnimè% bsvbohnembgqb i rm vi{ Bssna Kbx Bsqn {bzhsïi k{bzb an~rbeb ehz{i% vi{ Qcimns _r`{rb% gi N{nrqi-q{hkrgn% rmn v{è-bsq{èhn ai abebhqb {n{i v{izb{î bm bsqi~rb vn{n bssbs ~rb ebznm i qbmvi vn{n eb{ n chsqÿ{hn hgqbh{n ab rm ais bbmveis mnhs bsvngqisis ai viab{ ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN oigcbohais n ohzhehtnàïi I ÔEQHMI @[NGAB V[IJBQN [bzhsnai vi{ Qcimns _r`{rb I + Mnimè b{n rm v{ijbqn% mns beb grgon bborqir rm mhen`{b Beb gïi b{n rm mísqhoi< beb gïi qbzb gbgcrmn hgsq{ràïi ji{mne< beb gïi oimbàir n mhssïi abeb nqè ~rb beb qhgcn ~rn{bgqn ngis ^rngai beb ngrgohir ~rb beb b{n i Mbgsn`bh{i ab Abrs% bg~rngqi q{ntbgai vnenz{n an zb{anabh{n {beh`hïi% beb jih {hahoren{htnai b bqh~rbqir rm ergîqhoi Ns o{hngàns i q{ivbàn{nm b ns mrecb{bs engàn{nm srdbh{n gbeb Beb jih knghai an ohanab gnqhzn abeb% ji{nm qh{nais Mboon% b is sb`rhai{bs abeb ais kbgs mrgangis abebs)abens b bgzhn{nm gi absb{qi abvihs abeb ^rngai beb qhgcn bsqnai i{ngai abt ngis ~rb beb gïi qbzb gnan ~rb misq{n{ vn{n hsqi mns knghmbgqi% vik{btn b {haíorei Nhgan ngqbs ab irq{is abt ngis qhgcnm vnssnai% beb b{n ahqnai{ ab qian n N{îkhn% {b`{n ab Mboon% b n onkbàn ab rmn {beh`hïi Mrgahne Gizn ~rb b{n zn{{b{ ni Angôkhi b i Vx{bgbbs ngqbs ab bsznthn{ i ímvbqi ~rb beb abr hsqi N~rbeb ;?3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ímvbqi b{n q{äs-aik{n4 i viab{ ab vnenz{ns% n bjhoîohn ab i{nàïi b i vn{bgqbsoi ab cimbm oim Abrs N on{{bh{n abeb grgon jbt sbgqhai Mnimè gnsobr n sÿohis bmvik{bohais ab rmn jnmíehn v{hgohvne ab Mboon Vi{~rb Mboon% ns bgo{rthecnans ai mrgai% ~rb onsn an vba{n mî`hon ocnmnan i Onnkn% `{ngab ohanab ab oimè{ohi b i obgq{i ab {iqns ab oimè{ohi% b{n ngqh-ch`häghoi% srns o{hngàns ji{nm bgzhnans sb{  bebznans gi absb{qi vi{ Kbairhgs Mnimè jih o{hnai nsshm% bg~rngqi qh{ngai ji{àn b snôab ai ebhqb ab gñmnab% mïbs zhoî{hns Beb qbgabr izbecn b ei`i oigq{nqir ji{n vn{n rmn zhôzn {hon oimi eíab{ ans on{nzngns aben Beb zhndir n qians ns vn{qbs ai Mrgai I{hbgqne% jneir oim mrhqis cimbgs ab oigzhoàòbs ahzb{sns b iksb{zir i aboeíghi ab O{hsqhnghsmi bm sbhqns bm `rb{{n ^rngai beb qhgcn zhgqb b ihqi ngis% Lcnahdn% n zhôzn% iecir gbeb oim jnzi{% b i sb onsir I vnh aben qb{hn oigqbsqnai n qne rm mnq{hmñghi% nsshm ben i na~rh{hr käknai b i srsqbgqir bg~rngqi beb abr n kägàïi vnqb{gn Vn{n i v{ÿhmi aitb ngis Mnimè zhzbr oimi rm oimb{ohngqb {hoi b {bsvbhqnai b mrhqi nsqrqi Bgqïi beb ebzir n zn`n{ gi absb{qi% b rm ahn beb abziezbr oim i v{hmbh{i zb{si ai Neoi{ïi b oigqir vn{n Lcnahdn ~rb i n{ongdi i @nk{hbe qhgcn sb nvn{bohai n beb b ahssb ~rb beb b{n sb{ i Mbgsn`bh{i ab Abrs + I Neoi{ïi% n vnenz{n {bzbenan ab Abrs% b{n n oihsn mnhs ígqhmn n rm mhen`{b gn zhan ab Mnimè Beb gïi qhgcn shai rm vibqn< beb qbzb gbgcrm v{bsbgqb ab vnenz{ns Nhgan is zb{sis ai Neoi{ïi% oimi beb is {bobkbr b is {bohqir ni o{bgqb% b{n mbeci{ ~rb ~rne~rb{ zb{si ~rb is vibqns v{ijhsshignhs ans q{hkis viab{hnm v{iarth{ Bsqb% vn{n is î{nkbs% b{n rm mhen`{b N bebs i v{bsbgqb ab vnenz{ns b{n i mnhi{ v{bsbgqb% i vibqn b{n qiais-viab{isi Neèm i Neoi{ïi ahssb ~rb ;?8 

ONVÍQREI 8 - VB[_H_QÄGOHN

qiais is cimbgs b{nm h`rnhs ngqbs ab Abrs% ~rb i mrgai abzb{hn sb{ rm bsqnai-Hseï abmio{îqhoi B{n bsqn cb{bshn vieíqhon% mnhs i absbdi ab Mnimè vn{n absq{rh{  qiais is ?:6 íaieis gi vîqhi ai Onnkn ~rb v{izioir i knghmbgqi abeb Is íaieis q{irb{nm ns q{hkis ab absb{qi n Mboon% b hssi sh`ghjhoir oimè{ohi Nsshm is bmv{bsî{his ab Mboon% is onvhqnehsqns ais ~rnhs beb qhgcn qhai rm ngis% jhnais bm Mnimè Bgqïi beb sb {bqh{ir ni absb{qi b bh`hr sikb{nghn bm ohmn ai mrgai + N bebznàïi ab Hseï oimbàir Ji{n ai absb{qi zbhi rmn ocnmn ~rb gïi sb{hn bqhg`rhai-rm bè{ohqi abmio{îqhoi ~rb erqn oimi rmn rghanab b v{bvn{n{hn mi{{b{ sbm bsq{bmbob{ Mnimè qhgcn oigzhanai is  drabrs b o{hsqïis n rgh{ i< vi{~rb beb gïi bsqnzn oigsq{rhgai rmn {beh`hïi gizn Beb bsqnzn ocnmngai qrai ~rb no{bahqn{nm bm rm Abrs vn{n rgh{ bm rmn ôghon jè _b is drabrs b o{hsqïis qhzbssbm nobhqnai i oigzhqb abeb ~rb i Hseï qb{hn oig~rhsqnai i mrgai Gïi Bebs zïi gbm mbsmi nobhqb n hgiznàïi ab Mnimè ab `rb{{n crmnghqî{hn ^rngai is bè{ohqis ai v{ijbqn gïi bgq{n{nm bm Db{rsneèm ~rb rmn ôghon vbssin jih mnqnan vi{ onrsn an jè abeb ^rngai is o{rtnais bgq{n{nm gn ohanab% abvihs% sèoreis gïi ji{nm virvnais rm cimbm mràremngi% mrecb{% ir o{hngàn Mns is o{hsqïis nobhqn{nm rm mràremngi haèhn-i er`n{  ab nv{bgab{% n rghzb{shanab +

;16

ONVÍQREI >6 - VIAB[  AN MB_Q[B AN MBGQB  N JI[ÀN MIQ[HT I GIGI VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ VIAB[ è bssbgohne vn{n srobssi gn normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i VENGI_ bsqïi hgb{qbs b hgôqbhs% sbm VIAB[ srjhohbgqb is q{narth{ bm NÀÏI Bsqb onvíqrei abso{bzb{î i mèqiai vbei ~rne rm hgahzíari viab nqhg`h{ b viab nvehon{ VIAB[ VIAB[ viab sb{ abjhghai oimi + i{`nghtnai b hgqbeh`bgqbmbgqb viab sb{ ah{h`hai OIGCBOHMBGQI + Aä viab{ n% oimi i qb{mi bsqî n~rh rsnai% {boi{{b n bsji{ài I[@NGHTNAI% srjhohbgqb vb{mhqh{ rm hgahzíari n q{ngsmran{ AB_BDI bm sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb Bsji{ài I[@NGHTNAI è v{iarthai vben oii{abgnàïi ab bsji{ài ab aihs ir mnhs vbssins ~rb q{nknecnm vn{n rm jhm ABJHGHAI bm rm bsví{hqi ab cn{mighn cn{ mighn È [B^RB[HAI VIAB[ VBEN NORMRENÀÏI AB AHGCBH[I. VIAB[ È GBOB__Î[HI VN[N N [BQBGÀÏI AB AHGCBH[I ABVIH_ ^RB JI__B NORMRENAI. Gis abhb nzb{h`rn{ oimi viab{ viab sb{ na~rh{hai _b viab{ è + oigcbohmbgqi i{`nghtnai% gis + abhb bnmhgn{ ns jigqbs ab oigcbohmbgqi4 rm HGQBEH@ÄGOHN HGJHGHQN Bsqn jigqb ab oigcbohmbgqi viab sb{ oigqnqnan vbei v{iobahmbgqi abso{hqi bm irq{i onvíqrei% oim n ndran ab Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

k BSVB[HÄGOHN NORMRENAN N bvb{hägohn normrenan ab cimbm% #ir n~rben vi{àïi ahsqi ~rb jih i{`nghtnai b {b`hsq{ir(% viab sb{ nocnai bm ~rne~rb{ khkehiqbon vôkehon kbm b~rhvnai Rmn vn{qb hmvi{qngqb ahsqi normreir è bgshgnan bvb{hägohn bm bsoiens vôkehons b jnoreanabs igab jih oensshjhonai b jih i{`nghtnai o BSVB[HMBGQB B VB_^RH_N Gi onmvi ab ohägohn% b bm v{nqhonmbgqb qiai irq{i vnssbhi ab zhan% bsqïi  drgqngai is cimbgs% oensshjhongai% b i{`nghtngai jnqis gizis ahn{hnmbgqb Bsqn è n jigqb n ~rne qbm ~rb zh{n{  ~rngai oigcbohmbgqi gïi bsqhzb{ ahsvigízbe vi{ + bvb{hägohn + normrenan Qnmkèm% n~rh n Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn abzb sb{ rsnan j{b~õbgqbmbgqb Viab sb{ na~rh{hai oigcbohmbgqi ab ~rnhs~rb{ ans jigqbs v{bobabgqbs Viab sb{ oigzb{qhai bm VIAB[ i{`nghtngai hsqi bm VENGI_ abjhghais b bv{bssngai bssbs vengis bm qb{mis ab NÀÏI Bnmb ans q{äs jigqbs v{hgohvnhs ab oigcbohmbgqi absoik{h{î n ahjhoreanab ~rb rm hgahzíari qb{hn v{igqnmbgqb% sb beb abvbgabssb ais bsji{àis abeb sÿ% ndrgqngai oigcbohmbgqi b bv{bssngai hsqi vi{ vengis abjhghais bm qb{mis ab NÀÏI _b is vengis abeb sïi hgoershzis% b sb bebs oigqbmven{bm v{ivi{àòbs `{ngabs% beb abzb% `b{nembgqb% hgart irq{is vn{n oiivb{n{ oim beb% ngqbs ab beb vrabssb hgdbqn{ gbebs i bebmbgqi gbobssî{hi ab VIAB[ VIAB[ @NGCNGAI VBEI ff MB_Q[B MHGA + N + Mbsq{b Mhga + viab sb{ abjhghan oimi4 + Oii{abgnàïi ab oigcbohmbgqi b bsji{ài% bm rm bsví{hqi ab cn{mighn% bgq{b aihs ir mnhs vbssins% vn{n i oigsb`rhmbgqi ab rm v{ivÿshqi + abjhghai

;1;

ONVÍQREI >6 - VIAB[ AN MB_Q[B AN MBGQB 

Gbgcrm hgahzíari viab qb{ `{ngab viab{ sbm sb ndran{  an + Mbsq{b Mhga + Bm rm onvíqrei v{bobabgai% hgsq{ràòbs b{nm abqb{mhgnans vn{n n o{hnàïi ab VENGI_ oim n jhgnehanab ab q{narth{ AB_BDI bm sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb _b zioä ebzn n onki bsqns hgsq{ràòbs oim VB[_H_QÄGOHN b hgqbeh`ägohn% b rsn ahso{hmhgnàïi gn sbebàïi ab sbr + `{rvi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b% sbr ikdbqhzi qb{î shai mbhi-miai neongànai% nqè mbsmi ngqbs ab zioä oimbànssb n {boigcbob{ hsqi Nsshm zioä viab bgqbgab{ mbeci{ ns + viqbgohnehanabs hgqng`ízbhs + ab viab{ ahsvigízbe vn{n zioä% vi{ rm Mbsq{b oi{{bqnmbgqb bsoiechai + V{bsqb nqbgàïi + n `{rvi% gÿs bvehon{bmis n~rh ns arns on{noqb{ísqhons ai v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb ab Mbsq{b rm ais ~rnhs è boigñmhoi bm gnqr{btn b i irq{i vsí~rhoi N on{noqb{ísqhon boigñmhon è ÿkzhn Zngqn`bgs boigñmhons viabm sb{ o{hnans vi{ ~rne~rb{ vbssin ~rb sb ob{on oim i oigsbeci% abehkb{nàïi% b oiivb{nàïi vbssine ab rm `{rvi ab cimbgs ~rb bsqïi ahsvisqi i bmv{bsqn{ pciebcbn{qba ndrab% bm rm bsví{hqi ab CN[MIGHN VB[JBHQN Bsqn ji{mn ab nehngàn oiivb{nqhzn jih n knsb ab ~rnsb qian `{ngab ji{qrgn _rn oimv{bbgsïi absqn `{ngab zb{anab abjhghqhznmbgqb viab abqb{mhgn{ sbr bsqnai jhgngobh{i N jnsb vsí~rhon ai v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb ab Mbsq{b è mrhqi mnhs nksq{nqn% mrhqi mnhs ahjíohe oimv{bbgab{% vi{~rb qbm {bjb{ägohn æs ji{àns bsvh{hqrnhs oim ~rb n {nàn crmngn% oimi rm qiai% gïi sb jnmhehn{htn kbm Zioä viab vb`n{ rmn sr`bsqïi sh`ghjhongqb absqn aboen{nàïi4 + Gbgcrmn aihs mbgqb sbmv{b zbm drgqi sbm% nsshm% o{hngai rm qb{ài% ji{àn hgzhsízbe% hgqng`ízbe ~rb viab sb{ oimvn{nan n rmn qb{obh{n mbgqb +

;1?

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

_b ebmk{b ai jnqi ~rb cî sÿ aihs bebmbgqis oigcbohais gi rghzb{si hgqbh{i% bgb{`hn b nssrgqi È rm jnqi kbm oigcbohai ~rb nssrgqi viab sb{ abmiehai bm rghanabs ab mieèorens% îqimis% b beèq{igbs Cî rghanabs ab nssrgqi ~rb viab sb{ hsienai% sbvn{nai% b ngnehsir H`rnembgqb% cî rghanabs ab bgb{`hn N mbgqb crmngn è rmn ji{mn ab bgb{`hn% rmn vn{qb ahsqi ~rb è bsvh{hqrne bm gnqr{btn ^rngai sïi oii{abgnans ns mbgqbs ab arns vbssins bm rm B_VÍ[HQI AB CN[MIGHN% ns rghanabs bsvh{hqrnhs ab bgb{`hn ab onan ji{mn ab mbgqb rmn njhghanab ~rb oigsqhqrh n + jnsb vsí~rhon + an Mbsq{b Mhga I v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb ab Mbsq{b% ir knsqngqb n on{noqb{ísqhon boigñmhon ahsqi% jih ocnmnai v{hmbh{i n mhgcn nqbgàïi vi{ Nga{bp On{gb`hb% mnhs ab zhgqb b ohgoi ngis nq{îs Absoikb{qn absqb v{hgoívhi b{n {bsvigsîzbe vben bsoiecn ab mbr q{nkneci ab zhan I `{rvi ab Mbgqb ab Mbsq{b ab _{ On{gb`hb oigshsqhr bm rm vbssine ab nv{ihmnanmbgqb ohg~õbgqn cimbgs% oim ~rbm beb% vn{n i V[IVß_HQI ABJHGHAI ab jnk{hon{ b oimb{ohnehtn{ nài% sb ob{oir Beb nq{hkrhr n ji{qrgn hgqbh{n abeb ni VIAB[ ~rb beb normreir vi{  bsqn + Mbsq{b Mhga + Ngnehsb i {b`hsq{i ab ~rne~rb{ cimbm ~rb normreir rmn `{ngab ji{qrgn% b mrhqis abssbs ~rb normren{nm ji{qrgns miabsqns% b zioä nocn{î ~rb bebs qäm ~rne~rb{ rm oigsohbgqbmbgqb% ir hgoigsohbgqbmbgqb bmv{b`n{î i + v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb + ab Mbsq{b VIAB _B[ NORMRENAI @[NGAB VIAB[ VI[ GBGCRM IRQ[I V[HGOÍVHI.

;11

ONVÍQREI >6 - VIAB[ AN MB_Q[B AN MBGQB 

BGB[@HN è i di`i rghzb{sne ab Gnqr{btn ab oigsq{rh{  keiois ji{n ab ~rnhs ben oigsq{ÿh qian oihsn mnqb{hne gi rghzb{si% hgoershzb cimbm% b qian ji{mn ab nghmne b zhan zb`bqne Vi{ rm v{iobssi ~rb sÿ Gnqr{btn bgqbgab oimvebqnmbgqb% ben q{nart bgb{`hn bm nssrgqi Gnqr{btn bsqî oigsq{rhgai keiois bsqïi ahsvigízbhs n cimbm% gn bgb{`hn bgziezhan VBG_NGAI. I oè{bk{i ab cimbm viab sb{ oimvn{nai n rmn knqb{hn beèq{hon Nksi{zb bgb{`hn ai èqb{ ~rb vbgbq{n qiai îqimi ab nssrgqi b bgocb i rghzb{si hgqbh{i È rm jnqi kbm oigcbohai ~rb rm `{rvi ab knqb{hns beèq{hons v{izb{î mnhs bgb{`hn ~rb rmn ôghon knqb{hn Qnmkèm è rm jnqi kbm oigcbohai ~rb rmn knqb{hn hgahzharne v{izb{î bgb{`hn bm v{ivi{àïi ni gômb{i b onvnohanab ans obens ~rb oigqèm I oè{bk{i jrgohign bm rmn mian sbmbecngqb Hsqi {bsvigab vbei jnqi ~rb ne`rgs oè{bk{is sïi mnhs bjhohbgqbs ~rb irq{is% b oigart bsqb sh`ghjhongqb aboen{nàïi-rm `{rvi ab oè{bk{is oii{abgir #ir oigboqnai( bm rm bsví{hqi ab cn{mighn% v{izb{î mnhs vbgsnmbgqi-bgb{`hn ~rb rm ôghoi oè{bk{i% an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb rm `{rvi ab knqb{hns beèq{hons v{izb{î mnhs bgb{`hn ~rb rmn ôghon knqb{hn Vi{ bsqn mbqîji{n jhon hmbahnqnmbgqb ÿkzhi ~rb i v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb ab Mbsq{b sb`r{n i sb`{bai ai VIAB[ k{ngahai vi{ cimbgs ~rb sb ob{onm oim irq{is cimbgs ab oè{bk{is Eî sb`rb% n`i{n% irq{n aboen{nàïi ~rb nhgan oigarth{î mnhs v{ÿhmi n rmn oimv{bbgsïi an jnsb vsí~rhon ai v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb ab Mbsq{b4 ^rngai rm `{rvi ab oè{bk{is hgahzharnhs è oii{abgnai b jrgohign bm Cn{mighn% n bgb{`hn nrmbgqnan o{hir vi{ n~rben nehngàn% jhon ahsvigízbe n qiai oè{bk{i hgahzharne gi `{rvi ;12

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

È rm jnqi kbm oigcbohai ~rb n Cbg{x Ji{a oimbàir n on{{bh{n bmv{bsn{hne abeb abknhi ai hmvbahmbgqi ab vik{btn% h`gi{ëgohn% b h`gi{ëgohn È rm h`rnembgqb kbm oigcbohai jnqi ~rb% abgq{i ai hgoigobhznkex vb{íiai or{qi ab abt ngis% _{ Ji{a aimhgir bsqbs q{äs hmvbahmbgqis% b ~rb abgq{i ab zhgqb b ohgoi ngis beb sb jbt rm ais cimbgs mnhs {hois gn Nmè{hon Oigboqb oim bsqb jnqi% i oigcbohmbgqi nahohigne ~rb _{ Ji{a n mnhi{hn ais vnssis en{`is {îvhais jhoir giqîzbe% ai qbmvi beb jhoir rm nmh`i vbssine ab Qcimns RM Bahsig% b zioä oimbàn{î n bgqbgab{ i ni ~rb n hgjerägohn ab rm v{bsqn nqbgàïi bm irq{i viab {bnehtn{ Zî rm vnssi mnhs ahsqngqb% b oigshab{b i jnqi ~rb _{ Ji{a n mnhi{hn ans {bnehtnàòbs bobebgqbs oimbàir ai qbmvi ~rb beb ji{mir is oigcbohais ab Vbab{gbh{n ab Cn{zbx% Dicg Kr{{ir`cs% b Erqcb{ Kr{kngl% #onan rm cimbm ab `{ngab onvnohanab ab oè{bk{i(% b zioä qb{î bzhaägohn nahohigne ~rb viab sb{ v{iarthai VIAB[ vi{ nehngàn nmh`îzbe ab mbgqbs Cî vb~rbgi sb ~rne~rb{ arzhan{ ~rb n Cbg{x Ji{a è rm ais mbeci{bs cimbgs hgji{mnais gi mrgai bmv{bsn{hne b hgarsq{hne N vb{`rgqn an {h~rbtn abeb v{bohsn ab gbgcrmn ahsorssïi Ngnehsb is nmh`is vbssinhs ígqhmis ab _{ Ji{a% ne`rm ab ~rbm dî ji{nm mbgohignais% b zioä bsqn{î v{bvn{nai bgqbgab{ n aboen{nàïi sb`rhgqb4 - is + Cimbgs nssrmbm n gnqr{btn b is cîkhqis b i VIAB[ AB VBG_NMBGQI abssbs oim ~rbm bebs nssiohnm bm rm bsví{hqi ab oigaieägohn b cn{mighn + Cbg{x Ji{a ochoiqbir vik{btn% h`gi{ëgohn% b h`gi{ëgohn sb nehngai oim `{ngabs mbgqbs ordi zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb beb nksi{zbr gn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb abeb Vben nssiohnàïi abeb oim Bahsig% Kr{kngl% Kr{{ir`cs% b Vbab{gbh{n% _{ Ji{a no{bsobgqir ni v{ÿv{hi viab{ ab oè{bk{i abeb% n simn b srksqëgohn an hgqbeh`ägohn% ;1:

ONVÍQREI >6 - VIAB[ AN MB_Q[B AN MBGQB 

bvb{hägohn% oigcbohmbgqi% b ji{àns bsvh{hqrnhs absqbs ~rnq{i cimbgs Neèm ahssi% beb absqhgir% b jbt rsi ai v{hgoívhi ab Mbgqb ab Mbsq{b vbeis mèqiais ab v{iobahmbgqi abso{hqis gbsqb ehz{i Bsqb v{hgoívhi bsqî ahsvigízbe n zioä. Gÿs dî mbgohignmis Mncnqmn @ngach Qnezbt n mnhi{hn abssbs ~rb irzh{nm jnen{ ab @ngach% iecb gbeb oimi simbgqb rm vb~rbgi cimbm boägq{hoi ~rb vnssn sbm zbsqrî{hi ongsnqhzi ji{mne b jnt ahjhoreanab vn{n i @izb{gi k{hqëghoi Bm {bnehanab% @ngach gïi è boägq{hoi% mns BEB È I CIMBM mnhs VIAB[I_I ~rb ZHZB N@I[N #Oneoreir vbei gômb{i ais sb`rhai{bs abeb b n jè abebs) abens gi eíab{ abebs)abens( Neèm ahssi% beb v{iznzbembgqb è i cimbm mnhs viab{isi ~rb ne`rmn zbt zhzbr I viab{ abeb è vnsshzi% mns è {bne Gis abhb bsqran{ i mèqiai vbei ~rne beb nqhg`hr i VIAB[ bsqrvbgai abeb Viab sb{ bvehonai bm ne`rgs vnenz{ns Beb zbhi VIAB[ vi{ hgarth{ mnhs ab artbgqis mhecòbs ab vbssins vn{n oii{abgn{% oim n mbgqb b oi{vi% bm rm bsví{hqi ab CN[MIGHN% vn{n rm V[IVß_HQI ABJHGHAI Bm {bsrmi% @ngach {bnehtir rm MHEN@[B% vn{n hsqi è rm mhen`{b ~rngai artbgqis mhecòbs ab vbssins gïi vrab{bm sb{ oiivb{n{ bm rm bsví{hqi ab CN[MIGHN% ar{ngqb rm qbmvi hehmhqnai _b zioä arzhan ~rb bsqb è rm mhen`{b% qbgqb hgarth{ ^RNE^RB[ AIH_ VB__IN_ vn{n oiivb{n{ bm rm bsví{hqi ab cn{mighn vn{n ~rne~rb{  oimv{hmbgqi ab qbmvi Qiai cimbm ~rb namhghsq{n rm gb`ÿohi snkb hssi ~rb rm nssrgqi ahjíohe è na~rh{h{ is bmv{b`nais vn{n ;10 

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

q{nknecn{ drgqi bm rm bsví{hqi h`rneb sb nssbmbecngai n CN[MIGHN {bmiqnmbgqb N ehsqn ans jigqbs v{hgohvnhs ans ~rnhs VIAB[ viab sb{  nqhg`hai è% oimi zioä zhr% bgonkbàir nq{nzès ab HGQBEH@ÄGOHN HGJHGHQN ^rngai aihs ir mnhs vbssins oii{abgnm bm rm bsví{hqi ab CN[MIGHN% b q{nknecn vn{n rm ikdbqhzi abjhghai% bebs sb oieionm bm vishàïi% vi{ n~rben nehngàn% nksi{zb{ viab{ ah{bqnmbgqb ai `{ngab n{mntèm rghzb{sne ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn Bsqb è i mnhi{ ab qians ns jigqbs ab VIAB[ È n jigqb vn{n ~rne ns zieqns ab `äghi È n jigqb vn{n n ~rne qiai `{ngab eíab{ zh{n% #sb beb viab bsqn{ oigsohbgqb ai jnqi ir gïi( Ns irq{ns arns jigqbs v{hgohvnhs ab ~rne i oigcbohmbgqi% gbobssî{hi vn{n n normrenàïi ab VIAB[% viab sb{ ikqhai è gbgcrm mnhs sb`r{i ~rb is ohgoi sbgqhais ab cimbm Is sbgsis sbmv{b gïi bsqïi sb`r{is Hgqbeh`ägohn hgjhghqn gïi B[[N Bm onvíqreis srksb~õbgqbs% sb{ïi abso{hqis is mèqiais vbeis ~rnhs Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn viab sb{ oigqnqnan v{igqnmbgqb nab~rnanmbgqb Bsqb gïi è rm or{si bm {beh`hïi Gbgcrm v{hgoívhi jrganmbgqne abso{hqi gbsqb ehz{i abzb{hn sb{ hgqb{v{bqnai oimi sbgai v{bqbgahai ~rb hgqb{jb{hgai ~rne~rb{ rm ah{bqnmbgqb% ir hgah{bqnmbgqb% oim is cîkhqis ab {beh`hisi ab ~rne~rb{  cimbm Bsqb ehz{i jih ehmhqnai% boershznmbgqb% vn{n hgsq{rh{ i ebhqi{ oimi q{ngsmran{ i V[IVß_HQI ABJHGHAI AB AB_BDI VN[N AHGCBH[I% bm sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb Ebhn% VBG_B% b mbahqb oimi zioä ebhn Ei`i% i nssrgqi hgqbh{i absaik{n{î% b zioä zb{î hsqi bm vb{svboqhzn

;13

ONVÍQREI >6 - VIAB[ AN MB_Q[B AN MBGQB 

Zioä bsqî zbgai i abqnecb ais onvíqreis hgahzharnhs n`i{n Ahgcbh{i è qïi qímhai b bg`ngisi ~rngqi n + miàn ab qbmvi + zbecn Abzb sb{ `nengqbnai b gïi abzb sb{  `ngci nq{nzès ab mèqiais ahsqhgqi bssbs rsnais vi{ rm abqb{mhgnai nmngqb% bm vb{sb`rhàïi an mbghgn an bsoiecn abeb B% oihgohabgqb oimi è% i VIAB[ rsnai i + `nengqbngai + ab ahgcbh{i gïi è mrhqi ahjb{bgqb ahssi rsnai `nengqbngai rmn miàn N~rbeb viab{% ~rngai v{isvb{nmbgqb rsir gn vb{sb`rhàïi ab ahgcbh{i abzb sb{ mhsqr{nai oim JÈ Abzb sb{ mhsqr{nai oim AB_BDI Abzb sb{ mhsqr{nai oim VB[_H_QÄGOHN Abzb sb{  nvehonai vi{ rm vengi% b n~rbeb vengi abzb sb{  bsqnkbebohai bm NÀÏI ^rngai ahgcbh{i bgq{n{ bm ~rngqhanabs oigcbohans oimi + i ahgcbh{i `{ngab% + jerh ni ~rb normren hsqi% qïi jnohembgqb ~rngqi jeris ab î`rn nknhi oiehgn Eî bhsqb rm `{ngab jeri gïi zhsqi ab VIAB[ ~rb viab sb{  oimvn{nai vn{n rm {hi< n gïi sb{ ~rb rm jeris enqb{nhs bm rmn ah{bàïi% ebzngai qrai ~rb bgq{nm gn~rbeb enai ai jeri% vn{n n j{bgqb b vn{n ohmn vn{n [h~rbtn-b is irq{is jeris enqb{nhs gn ah{bàïi ivisqn% ebzngai qrai ~rb bsqïi hgjbeht knsqngqb vn{n bgq{n{ ghsqi #b gïi onvnt sb absbmkn{nàn{ ahsqi(% absobgabgqb n mhsè{hn b VIK[BTN Qiai cimbm ~rb normreir rmn `{ngab ji{qrgn% {boigcbobr n bhsqägohn absqb jeri ab zhan Oigshsqb bm n vbssin bsqî VBG_NGAI V[IOB__I Ns bmiàòbs vishqhzns ab ji{mn ab vbgsnmbgqi i enai ai jeri ~rb ebzn n vbssin n ji{qrgn Ns bmiàòbs gb`nqhzns ji{mnm i enai ~rb ebzn n vbssin nqè vik{btn Hsqi ebzn rm vbgsnmbgqi ab hmvi{qëgohn bsqrvbgan æ vbssin ~rb ;18 

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

bsqî sb`rhgai bsqb ehz{i oim i ikdbqi ab normren{ rmn ji{qrgn _b zioä bsqhzb{ gi enai ai jeri ab VIAB[ ~rb oigart n vik{btn% hsqi viab sb{zh{ oimi rm {bmi vbei ~rne zioä viab sb hmvbeh{ bm ohmn ab gi irq{i enai ai jeri _ß viab i sb{zh{ vi{ nvehonàïi b rsi _imbgqb ebgai% b vnssngai dre`nmbgqi ghsqi% ~rne~rb{ rm ais aihs miai ir irq{i% i kbgbjhohn{î ab gbgcrmn mngbh{n Ne`rmns vbssins sij{bm n bvb{hägohn ab neqb{gn{ bgq{b is enais vishqhzis b gb`nqhzis ai jeri% bg~rngqi bsqngai æs zbtbs gi enai vishqhzi% b æs zbtbs gi enai gb`nqhzi I bsq{igai ab Pnee _q{bbq ab f;8 mhecòbs zn{{hais ans vbssins ai vishqhzi vn{n i enai gb`nqhzi ai jeri Bsqbs mhecòbs bsqïi erqngai% ne`rm abebs bm absbsvb{i b qbmb% zieqn{ ni enai vishqhzi ai jeri Bsqb ehz{i bsvbohnembgqb jih bso{hqi vn{n bssbs mhecòbs Vik{btn b {h~rbtns mranm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb er`n{bs I Bsq{igai bgshgir vn{n i mrgai bsqn zb{anab% bmki{n i mrgai gïi sb ebmk{n{î an ehàïi mrhqi qbmvi Vik{btn viab% b `b{nembgqb jnt% ziergqn{hnmbgqb noigqbàn ab {h~rbtns ^rngai {h~rbtns noigqbob{bm ab vik{btn% n mrangàn gi{mnembgqb è sneznan kbm nv{ihmnanmbgqb oigobkbr b orhanaisnmbgqb bborqir VENGI_ Vik{btn v{bohsn ab gbgcrm vengi V{bohsn ghg`rèm vn{n ndran{ hsqi% vi{~rb è oi{ndisi b o{rbe [h~rbtns sïi qímhans b qímhans Bebs qäm ~rb sb{ + ^RNE^RB[ VB__IN viab AB_BDN[ vn{n {h~rbtns% b n mnhi{hn ans vbssins jnt% mns sÿ ne`rgs snkbm ~rb rm vengi abjhghai% mnhs rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n {h~rbtn% è is ôghois mbhis sb`r{is ab normren{ {h~rbtn

;26

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI Q[NG_MRQNÀÏI I AÈOHMI VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ I sh`ghjhonai an vnenz{n + q{ngsmran + è% bm hahimn shmvebs% + i mrangai% ir q{ngsjb{hgai ab rm bebmbgqi% ir ji{mn ab bgb{`hn% bm irq{i + N bmiàïi ab sbi q{nt bm sb{ rm bsqnai ab mbgqb Vi{  onrsn ab h`gi{ëgohn gi nssrgqi% bsqb bsqnai ab mbgqb è `b{nembgqb nssiohnai oim i jíshoi% b vi{ onrsn ab hgjerägohns hmv{ÿv{hns vn{n ns ~rnhs n mnhi{hn ans vbssins jih srdbhqnai% na~rh{hgai oigcbohmbgqi ab sbi% oihsns bssbgohnembgqb jíshoi hgjerbgohir n mbgqb neqnmbgqb N bmiàïi ab sbi qbm nq{îs ahsqi n visshkhehanab ab q{äs viqbgohnehanabs oigsq{rqhzns% bebs sïi4 > I vb{vbqrnqhig ab `ägb{i crmngi ; N mngrqbgàïi ab snôab% #oimi rmn n`ägohn qb{nvärqhon% qbm gbgcrm h`rne( ? N q{ngsji{mnàïi ab mbahio{hanab bm `äghi vi{ q{ngsmrqnàïi Q{ngsmrqnàïi ab sbi è shmvebs b jnohembgqb bvehonan _h`ghjhon i q{iongai an mbgqb ab vbgsnmbgqis ab bv{bssïi jíshon% vn{n vbgsnmbgqis ab rm viroi ab irq{n gnqr{btn Absbdi ab sbi è i mnhs viab{isi ab absbdis crmngis ^rngai ah{h`hai vi{ bsqb absbdi% is cimbgs

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

absbgziezbm srqhebtn ab hmn`hgnàïi% oi{n`bm% h{-viab{% vb{shsqägohn% b i absoigcbohai ab cnkhehanab o{hnqhzi n bebs n irq{is qbmvis Qïi ji{qb b hmvbeh{ è i absbdb vn{n oigqnqi sbrne ~rb cimbgs ehz{bmbgqb oi{{hais i {hsoi ab zhan b {bvrqnàïi vn{n jnzi{bob{ hsqi ^rngai n{{bir% b {bah{bohigir ni eig`i ab irq{ns ehgcns% bsqn ji{àn miqhzngai mngqèm qrai ab sbrs nq{hkrqis ab srqhebtn ab hmn`hgnàïi% oi{n`bm% bqo ~rb viab sb{  rsnai oimi ji{àns o{hnqhzns viab{isns bm ehqb{nqr{n n{qb% ir bm ~rne~rb{ irq{n v{ijhssïi ir ocnmngai% hgoerhgai% oen{i ~rb% n normrenàïi ab {h~rbtns N q{ngsmrqnàïi ab bgb{`hn ab sbi vbab i bb{oíohi ab h{-viab{% bsqn{ sb`r{i% mns n {boimvbgsn zneb i bsji{ài I absbdi vn{n bv{bssïi sbrne è hgnqi b gnqr{ne I absbdi gïi viab% b gïi abzb{hn sb{ srkmb{`hai ir abzb{hn sb{ behmhgnai Mns abzb{hn sb{ anai rmn snían vi{ ji{mns ab bv{bssïi ~rb bg{h~rbob i oi{vi% mbgqb% b bsví{hqi ab cimbm _b gïi anai bsqn ji{mn ab snían% vi{ q{ngsmrqnàïi% krson{î sníans vi{ ongnhs vr{nmbgqb jíshois Rm {hi viab sb{ {bv{bsnai% b srn î`rn oigq{ieir ar{ngqb rm qbmvi% mns bzbgqrnembgqb% ji{àn{î rmn snían I mbsmi è zb{anab an bmiàïi ab sbi Viab sb{ srkmb{`hai b oigq{ienai ar{ngqb rm qbmvi% mns srns mbsmns onrsns ab gnqr{btn hsqi sbmv{b bsqn{  krsongai mbhis ab bv{bssïi _b gïi è q{ngsmranai bm ne`rm bsji{ài o{hnqhzi ~rb nocn{î rmn snían mbgis mb{bobai{n [bnembgqb% nji{qrgnai è n vbssin ~rb absoik{hr oimi an{ vn{n bmiàïi ab sbi rmn snían vi{ ne`rmn ji{mn ab bsji{ài o{hnqhzi% vi{~rb beb qbm% vi{ n~rben absoikb{qn% sb b{`rbr ni bsqnai ab rm `äghi ;2;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Vbs~rhsn ohbgqíjhon absoik{hr bsqbs jnqis sh`ghjhongqbs4 > Is cimbgs ab mnhi{ {bnehtnàïi sïi is cimbgs oim gnqr{btns ab sbi neqnmbgqb absbgziezhans< cimbgs ~rb nv{bgab{nm n n{qb ab q{ngsmrqnàïi ab sbi ; Is cimbgs ~rb normren{nm `{ngabs ji{qrgns b {boigcbohmbgqi bobebgqb neongànai bm ehqb{nqr{n% n{qb% hgaôsq{hn% n{~rhqbqr{n% b ns v{ijhssòbs% bsqnzn hgobgqhznai vben hgjerägohn ab rmn mrecb{ mrecb{ N vbs~rhsn an ~rne bsqns absoikb{qns bsvngqisns ji{nm jbhqns% zieqir vbens vî`hgns ab khi`{njhn b chsqÿ{hn vn{n mnhs ab aihs mhe ngis Igab ~rb{ ~rb cirzbssb bzhaägohn ahsvigízbe oim {benàïi æs zhans ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs ab `{ngab {bnehtnàïi% hgahoir oigzhgobgqbmbgqb ~rb bebs vissrí{nm gnqr{btns ab sbi neqnmbgqb absbgziezhans N bmiàïi ab sbi è rmn + ji{àn h{{bshsqízbe + oigq{n ~rne gïi viab cnzb{ gbgcrmn qne ivishàïi oimi rm + oi{vi + hmÿzbe ^rngai ah{h`hai vi{ bsqn bmiàïi% is cimbgs jhonm qnebgqisis oim rm viab{ srvb{ vi{ nàïi Bgqbgan bsqn zb{anab% b zioä vb`rb n sh`ghjhonàïi an aboen{nàïi ~rb q{ngsmrqnàïi ab sbi b{`rb{î n vbssin ni bsqnai ab rm `äghi N bmiàïi ab sbi oigqèm i sb`{bai ab cnkhehanab o{hnqhzn Absq{rn ns `eëgarens ab sbi% sb bm cimbm ir kbsqn% b zioä {bmizbr n jigqb v{hgohvne ab nàïi Vn{n v{izn ahsqi% iksb{zb i vn{n i ~rne noigqbob ~rne~rb{  nghmne abvihs ~rb jissb onsq{nai Rm qir{i jhon qïi aÿohe ~rngqi rmn znon abvihs ~rb jissb neqb{nai sbrnembgqb Neqb{nàïi ab sbi qh{n ai mnoci% sb cimbm ir kbsqn% qian n K[H@N ~rb bsqnzn gbeb Neqb{nàïi ab sbi an jämbn qbm i mbsmi bjbhqi ;2?

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

I_ ABT B_QÍMREI_ AB MBGQB N mbgqb crmngn {bsvigab n bsqímreis vbeis ~rnhs viab sb{ sb nghmnai vn{n qnns neqns ab zhk{nàïi% oigcbohai oimi bgqrshnsmi% hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn% hgqbgsi absbdi% bqo Is bsqímreis vn{n is ~rnhs n mbgqb {bsvigab ehz{bmbgqb sïi4 > I absbdi vn{n bv{bssïi ab sbi ; Nmi{  ? Rm absbdi n{abgqb vn{n jnmn% viab{% ir `ngci jhgngobh{i% AHGCBH[I 1 Môshon 2 Nmhtnab bgq{b ~rne~rb{ rm bssbs ai mbsmi sbi% ir bssbs ai sbi ivisqi : Rmn nehngàn ab Mbgqb ab Mbsq{b jrgair gn cn{mighn ab aihs ir mnhs vbssins ~rb sb nehnm vn{n bsvh{hqrne ir nzngài qbmvi{ne 0 _ij{hmbgqi môqri% oimi hssi bvb{hmbgqnai vi{  vbssins ~rb sïi vb{sb`rhans 3 Nrqi-sr`bsqïi 8 Mbai >6 Gn{oÿqhois b îeoiie I absbdi vn{n bv{bssïi ab sbi zbm æ onkbàn an ehsqn ab bsqímreis ~rb bjbqhznmbgqb + sqbvrv + ns zhk{nàòbs an mbgqb b oimbàn ns + {ians + ab nàïi jíshon Ihqi absqbs bsqímreis sïi gnqr{nhs b oigsq{rqhzis Aihs sïi absq{rqhzis N ehsqn è nv{bsbgqnan n~rh oim n jhgnehanab ai vb{mhqh{ n jntb{ rm bsqrai oimvn{nqhzi ans jigqbs v{hgohvnhs ab bohqnàïi ab mbgqb Absqb bsqrai% sb{î zhsqi v{igqnmbgqb ~rb n bmiàïi ab sbi è% nq{nzès ab `{ngab iaas% i mnhs hgqbgsi b viab{isi ab qiais is bsqímreis ab mbgqb

;21

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Bsqn oimvn{nàïi è gbobssî{hn oimi rmn jrganàïi vn{n v{izn an aboen{nàïi ~rb q{ngsmrqnàïi ab bgb{`hn ab sbi viab b{`rb{ n vbssin ni bsqnai ab rm `äghi Gis abhb absoik{h{ i ~rb oigsqhqrh rm `äghi Ne`rm snkhocïi ahssb ~rb rm `äghi è rm cimbm ~rb + rsn onkbei eig`i% oimb oimhan bs~rhshqn% zhzb sÿ% b sb{zb oimi rm ikdbqhzi vn{n is jnk{hongqbs + ab vhnan Rmn abjhghàïi mbeci{ ab rm `äghi è% + rm cimbm ~rb absoik{hr oimi nrmbgqn{ ns zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi ni vigqi igab beb viab oimrghon{ ehz{bmbgqb gïi oim jigqbs ab oigcbohmbgqi ahsvigízbe vben qnn i{ahgî{hn ab zhk{nàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi + N vbssin ~rb vbgsn ~rb{b{î jntb{ ne`rmns vb{`rgqns {benqhzi n bsqn abjhghàïi ab `äghi N v{hmbh{n vb{`rgqn sb{î% + Oimi rm viab oimrghon{ oim jigqbs ab oigcbohmbgqi ~rb gïi bsqî ahsvigízbe vben qnn I[AHGÎ[HN ab zhk{nàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi +9 N v{ÿhmn vb{`rgqn sb{î% + Cî jigqbs oigcbohans ab oigcbohmbgqi ~rb sÿ bsqî ahsvigízbe n `bghh% b gbssb onsi% i ~rb È B_QN_ JIGQB_% b bnqnmbgqb oimi bebs viabm sb{ eionehtnais +9 Gÿs ijb{bob{bmis v{izn ai sirgagbss ab ne`rmns ans aboen{nàòbs mnhs hmvi{qngqbs jbhqn ghsqi ehz{i-ir vbei mbgis gÿs ijb{bob{bmis bzhaägohn vben ~rne zioä viab njhngàn{ srn v{ÿv{hn v{izn vi{ bvb{hmbgqnàïi% b jntbgai nsshm% gÿs {bsvigab{bmis nmkis bsqns vb{`rgqns @ÄGHI + È AB_BGZIEZHAI VBEI _BSQI _BGQHAI N {bnehanab ab rm + sbqi sbgqhai + jih bsqnkbebohan {ntinzbembgqb kbm Bsqb sbqi sbgqhai è + Hmn`hgnàïi + O{hnqhzn N jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn è rm ~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins grgon rsn ar{ngqb rmn zhan ;22

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

hgqbh{n% b sb rsnai gnan% noigqbob gi{mnembgqb nq{nzès ab mb{i nohabgqb Rm gômb{i {benqhznmbgqb vb~rbgi ab rsi ab vbssins% OIM ABEHKB[NÀÏI B V[IVß_HQI VENGBDNAI% n jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi o{ hn qh zn  Bs sb s ~r b rs nm bs qn jn or ea na b ziergqn{hnmbgqb% b oim bgqbgab{ ab srns jrgàòbs% è @BGHH N jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn è n eh`nàïi ah{bqn bgq{b n mbgqb jhghqn ab cimbm b Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn Qians ns {bzbenàòbs abgimhgnans% sb {bjb{hans vn{n gi {bhgi ab {beh`hïi% b qians ns absoikb{qns ab v{hgoívhis kîshois ir gizis gi onmvi ab hgzbgàïi% noigqbàn vben jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn ^rngai haèhns ir oigobhqis jenmbdnm gn mbgqb an vbssin% vbei ~rb è ocnmnai rmn + oi{organ vivren{mbgqb% ~rb + bebs zäm ab rm ir mnhs ans jigqbs sb`rhgqbs4 > Hgqbeh`ägohn hgjhghqn ; N mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb an vbssin% bm ~rb è n{mntbgnai qian hmv{bssïi ab sbgsi b hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb sbmv{b neongàn{nm i oè{bk{i vi{  ~rnhs~rb{ ais ohgoi sbgqhais ? An mbgqb ab ne`rmn irq{n vbssin ~rb ehkb{qir cî viroi i vbgsnmbgqi% ir ~rna{i an haèhn ir oigobhqi% vi{ vbgsnmbgqi oigsohbgqb% ir 1 Ai n{mntèm srkoigsohbgqb an irq{n vbssin Cî gbgcrmn irq{n jigqb OIGCBOHAN an ~rne + viabm sb{  {bobkhans haèhns hgsvh{nans + ir + oi{organs + N hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn jrgohign mbeci{ ~rngai n mbgqb bsqhzb{ zhk{ngai #abzhai n ne`rmn ji{mn ab bohqnàïi ;2:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ab mbgqb( n rmn qnn srmnmbgqb neqn ^rb{ ahtb{% ~rngai n mbgqb bsqî jrgohigngai n rmn qnn ab zhk{nàïi mnhs neqi ~rb hssi ab rsrne% vbgsnmbgqi gi{mne ^rngai ~rbk{n n onkbàn nàïi jih bsqhmrenan% vi{ rm ir mnhs ais abt bsqhmrengqbs ab mbgqb% qbm i bjbhqi ab b{`rb{ i hgahzíari eig`b sik{b i ci{htigqb ab vbgsnmbgqi i{ahgî{hi% b ecb vb{mhqb gïi v{bssbgqh{  ahsqëgohn% bqbgsïi% b ~rnehanab ab VBG_NMBGQI_ ahsvigízbe gi mnhs knhi nzhïi% oimi hssi iorvnai bg~rngqi n vbssin è oimv{imbqhai gn sieràïi ais v{ikebmns ab gb`ÿohi b {iqhgn v{ijhsshigne ^rngai b{`rbr n bsqb gízbe mnhs neqi ab vbgsnmbgqi% vi{ ~rne~rb{ ji{mn ab bohqnàïi ab mbgqb% ~rb rm hgahzíari iorvn% {benqhznmbgqb% n mbsmn vishàïi oimi rm ~rb nsobgabr bm rm nzhïi n rmn neqr{n an ~rne beb viab zb{ bm ohmn ab b neèm an ehgcn ab ci{htigqb ~rb ehmhqn n zhsïi abeb% bg~rngqi gi ocïi Neèm ahssi% bg~rngqi gbsqb gízbe mnhs neqi ab vbgsnmbgqi% gïi è hmvbahai i hgahzíari ir sneqir vi{ ~rnhs~rb{ ais bsqímreis ~rb oh{orgso{bzbm b ehmhqnm n zhsïi abeb bg~rngqi erqngai oim is v{ikebmns ab `ngcn{ ns q{äs gbobsshanabs kîshons ab oimhan% {irvn% b nk{h`i Beb bsqî bm rm mrgai ab vbgsnmbgqi bm ~rne i R_RNE% vbgsnmbgqis ab q{nknecn{-rm-ahn ji{nm bjbqhznmbgqb oimi {bmizhai oimi è ns oiehgns b znebs b irq{ns ehmhqnàòbs ab zhsïi jíshon% ~rngai beb sikb bm rm nzhïi Bg~rngqi gbsqb nzhïi bneqnai ab VBG_NMBGQI% n jnoreanab o{hnqhzn an mbgqb è abqb{mhgnan ehkb{anab vi{ nàïi I miai jih oen{bnai vn{n i sbqi sbgqhai vn{n jrgohign{% jrgohign{% jhon {bobvqhzi n haèhns ~rb gïi vrab{nm eionehtn{ i hgahzíari abknhi ab ~rne~rb{ irq{n ;20 

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

oh{orgsqëgohn I + sbqi sbgqhai + è n jnoreanab ~rb mn{on n ahjb{bgàn bgq{b rm `äghi b rm hgahzíari i{ahgî{hi N jnoreanab o{hnqhzn jhon mnhs neb{qn b {bobvqhzn n zhk{nàòbs% bg~rngqi i{h`hgngai ji{n an mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ai hgahzíari% i mnhs bsqn jnoreanab è rsnan% b i mnhs i hgahzíari oigjhn ghsqi% b jnt abmngans ghsqi vn{n hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi Bsqn jnoreanab viab sb{ oreqhznan b sÿ viab sb{ absbgziezhan vi{ rsi ^rb ~rb è oigcbohai oimi igbs fOigsohbgob ivb{n oimvebqnmbgqb vben jnoreanab ai sbqi sbgqhai Is `{ngabs n{qhsqns% bso{hqi{bs% môshois% b vibqns jhonm `{ngabs% vi{~rb bebs na~rh{bm i cîkhqi ab oigjhn{ gn + zit + vb~rbgn hmÿzbe ~rb jnen ab abgq{i% vben jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn È kbm rm jnqi oigcbohai n vbssins ~rb qäm + hmn`hgnàòbs n`rans + ~rb ns mbeci{bs haèhns abebs)abens vnssnm vi{  oi{organs + abgimhgnans + Cî rm `{ngab i{nai{ ~rb gïi nqhg`b n `{ngabtn% nqè ~rb beb jbocn is iecis abeb b oimbàn n oigjhn{  oimvebqnmbgqb gn jnoreanab ab Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn ^rngai vb{`rgqir vi{ ~rb beb jbocir is iecis abeb ei`i ngqbs is oeímnbs ai i{nqÿ{hi abeb% beb {bsvigabr% + br jnài hsqi% vi{~rb% bgqïi br jnei vi{ haèhns ~rb zäm ab abgq{i + n mhm Rm ais jhgngobh{is oigcbohais mnhs v{ÿsvb{is b mbeci{bs ab Nmè{hon sb`rhr i cîkhqi ab jbocn{ is iecis abeb ar{ngqb aihs ir q{äs mhgrqis ngqbs ab qimn{ rmn abohsïi ^rngai vb{`rgqir vi{ ~rb beb jbt hsqi% beb {bsvigabr% + Oim mbrs iecis jbocnais% br vissi rqhehtn{ rmn jigqb ab hgqbeh`ägohn + srvb{hi{ ;23

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

I {bobgqb A{ Bemb{ [ @nqbs% ab Vb{sb`rhàïi ab Ocbzx% Mn{xenga% o{hir mnhs ab ;66 vnqbgqbs ôqbhs% mrhqis abebs kîshoi% vbei v{iobssi ab oreqhzn{ b rsn{ n jnoreanab o{hnqhzn I mèqiai abeb è sh`ghjhongqb b hgqb{bssngqb n hgqb{bssnai nqhg`h{ ni bsqnai ab `äghi bm ~rne onqb`i{hn A{ @nqbs% rg~rbsqhignkex vb{qbgob{nm A{ @nqbs b{n rm ai {bnembgqb `{ngab% bgq{bqngqi is ohbgqhsqns mbgis anais vrkehohanab n ai mrgai Gi enki{nqÿ{hi abeb% beb qbzb i ~rb beb ocnmnai i ~rn{qi + ab oimrghonàïi vbssine abeb B{n v{izn v{nqhonmbgqb sï% b nsshm i{`nghtir ~rb qian n ert vrabssb sb{ jbocnan ji{n Jih b~rhvnai oim rmn mbsn vb~rbgn gn ~rne beb mngqbzb rm keioi ab bso{bzb{  vnvbe Gn j{bgqb an mbsn% gn vn{bab% b{n rm vrsckrqqig beèq{hoi ~rb oigq{ieir ns ertbs ^rngai A{ @nqbs absbdir nq{nh{ gns ji{àns ahsvigízbe n beb vben Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn abeb% beb bgq{n{hn gbsqb ~rn{qi% i sb sbgqb æ mbsn% jbocnan ji{n ns ertbs% b OIGOBGQ[N gis jnqi{bs OIGCBOHAI_ an hgzbgàïi gn ~rne beb bsqnzn q{nknecngai% bg~rngqi vb{mngbobgai gn~rben vishàïi nqè ~rb haèhns oimbàn{nm n jenmbdn{ + gn mbgqb abeb oim {benàïi nis jnqi{bs AB_OIGCBOHAI_ an hgzbgàïi Bm rmn ionshïi% haèhns vnssn{nm qïi {îvhai ~rb beb jih ji{ànai vn{n bso{bzb{ ar{ngqb ~rnsb q{äs ci{ns ^rngai is vbgsnmbgqis abhn{nm ab jerh{% b beb bnmhgir ns giqns abeb% beb nocir bebs oigqhzb{nm rmn abso{hàïi mhgrohisn ab v{hgoívhis ~rb {rhm gïi rm vn{nebei bgq{b is anais oigcbohais ai mrgai ohbgqíjhoi Neèm ahssi% n {bsvisqn vn{n i v{ikebmn abeb jih nv{bsbgqnan hgqbeh`bgqbmbgqb gbssns giqns Absqn mngbh{n A{ @nqbs oimvebqir mnhs ab ;66 vnqbgqbs ~rb ;28 

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

qhgcnm shai oimbànans mns gïi qhgcnm shai oimvebqnans% nq{nzès ab + oè{bk{is hmnqr{is + Bzhaägohn an zb{anab absqn aboen{nàïi bsqî gi Bsqnais Rghais Vnqbgqb Bso{hqÿ{hi A{ @nqbs `ngcir n zhan i + sb sbgqngai vn{n haèhns + vn{n is hgahzíaris b oi{vi{nàòbs abeb Ne`rmns ans oi{vi{nàòbs mnhi{bs gn Nmè{hon ecb vn`n{nm qnns sh`ghjhonqhzns% ngqbs an ci{n% vi{ + sb sbgqn{ vn{n haèhns + N jnoreanab ab {nohioíghi bsqî j{b~õbgqbmbgqb abjbhqrisn% vi{~rb è en{`nmbgqb oim `rhn vben vbssin normreir bvb{hägohn Gïi qiai i oigcbohmbgqi% ~rne normren vi{ + bvb{hägohn% + è v{bohsi Haèhns {bobkhans vben jnoreanab o{hnqhzn bsqïi mrhqi mnhs sb`r{ns% vben {ntïi ~rb bebs zäm ab jigqbs mnhs sb`r{i ~rb ~rne~rb{  ~rb bsqî ahsvigízbe æ jnoreanab ab {nohioíghi an mbgqb N ahjb{bgàn v{hgohvne bgq{b i `äghi b i hgzbgqi{ ab mnghzben + i{ahgî{hi +% viab sb{ nocnai gi jnqi ~rb i `äghi q{nknecn ar{ngqb n jnoreanab abeb ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn% bg~rngqi n + mnghzben + gïi oigcbob{ gnan bsqn jnoreanab I hgzbgqi{ ohbgqíjhoi #oimi _{ Bahsig% b A{ @nqbs(% jnt rsi ab nmkis i shgqèqhoi b ns jnoreanabs j noreanabs o{hnqhzns ab hmn`hgnàïi Vi{ bbmvei% i hgzbgqi{ ohbgqíjhoi% ir + `äghi% oimbàn rmn hgzbgàïi i{`nghtngai b oimkhgngai ns haèhns oigcbohans% ir v{hgoívhis normren{nm vi{ bvb{hägohn% vben jnoreanab shgqèqhon #n jnoreanab ab {nohioíghi( _b beb nocn ~rb hsqi normreir oigcbohmbgqi vn{n sb{ hgsrjhohbgqb vn{n n oigoersïi an hgzbgàïi abeb% beb nq{nh bgqïi gns jigqbs ab oigcbohmbgqi ahsvigízbe n beb vben jnoreanab o{hnqhzn abeb I mèqiai vbei ~rne beb jnt hsqi zn{hn oim ;:6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

i hgahzíari% mns bsqns è n simn b srksqëgohn ai v{iobahmbgqi abeb4 > BEB B_QHMREN n MBGQB abeb ab ji{mn ~rb H_QI ZHK[N BM RM NZHÏI ab NEQI-^RB-MÈAHN% bg~rngqi rsngai rm ir mnhs ais abt bsqhmrengqbs ab mbgqb ir ne`rm irq{i bsqhmrengqb an bsoiecn abeb ; BEB OIGOBGQ[N gis jnqi{bs oigcbohais #n vn{qb nonknai( an hgzbgàïi abeb% b o{hn gn mbgqb abeb rm ~rna{i vb{jbhqi ab jnqi{bs absoigcbohais #n vn{qb hgnonknan(% an hgzbgàïi abeb Beb sb`r{n bsqb ~rna{i bm mbgqb nqè ~rb jih nssrmhai vben mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% bgqïi {benn oen{bngai n mbgqb abeb ab QIAI i vbgsnmbgqi% b bsvb{ns vn{n n {bsvisqn abeb vn{n jenmbdn{ + gn mbgqb abeb Æs zbtbs is {bsreqnais bsqïi abjhghais b hmbahnqis N irq{is qbmvis% is {bsreqnais sïi gb`nqhzis% bg~rngqi abvbgabgai ai bsqnai ab absbgziezhmbgqi ai + sbqi sbgqhai% + ir jnoreanab o{hnqhzn _{ Bahsig bvb{hmbgqir mnhs ab >6%666 oimkhgnàòbs ahjb{bgqbs ab haèhns vben jnoreanab shgqèqhon an hmn`hgnàïi abeb ngqbs ab beb + njhgir abgq{i + vben jnoreanab o{hnqhzn% b na~rh{hr n {bsvisqn ~rb nvb{jbhàiir n ert hgongabsobgqb N bvb{hägohn abeb b{n sbmbecngqb ~rngai beb v{iarthr n mî~rhgn jnengai Cî knsqngqb bzhaägohn sb`r{n ~rb n jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn bhsqb Bsqn bzhaägohn bsqî ahsvigízbe vi{ ngîehsb v{bohsn ab cimbgs ~rb sb qi{gn{nm is eíab{bs gns ocnmnans {bsvboqhzns abebs) abens% sbm qb{ qhai baronàòbs bqbgsns Ehgoieg b{n rm bbmvei giqîzbe ab rm `{ngab eíab{ ~rb neongàir `{ngabtn% vben absoikb{qn% b rsi an jnoreanab abeb ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn Beb absoik{hr% b oimbàir n rsn{  ;:>

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

bsqn jnoreanab oimi i {bsreqnai an bohqnàïi ab nmi{  ~rb beb sij{br abvihs ~rb beb oigcbobssb Nggb [rqeba`b% rmn aboen{nàïi an sh`ghjhonàïi mnhs neqn% oim {benàïi ni bsqrai an jigqb ab `äghi Ns vî`hgns ab chsqÿ{hn bsqïi ocbhns oim is {b`hsq{is ab `{ngabs eíab{bs ordis viabm sb{ eionehtnans {bnehtnàòbs ah{bqnmbgqb æ hgjerägohn ab mrecb{bs ~rb absvb{qn{nm ns jnoreanabs o{hnqhzns ans mbgqbs abebs)abens% vben bohqnàïi ab absbdi ab sbi Gnviebig Kignvn{qb b{n rm absqbs ^rngai hgsvh{ir vben v{hmbh{n bsvisn abeb% Disbvchgb% beb b{n h{{bshsqízbe b hgzbgoízbe ^rngai i dre`nmbgqi + mbeci{ abeb ir jnoreanab n{`rmbgqngai i hgohqn{nm nvn{qn{ Disbvchgb% beb oimbàir n {borsn{ N ab{{iqn abeb b _q Cbebgn gïi sbdn ahsqngqb ahsqngqb _b `isqi kim vb{mhqhssb% gÿs viab{ínmis mbgohign{  oigqn`bgs ab cimbgs jnohembgqb% kbm sÿ oigcbohai æs vbssins nmb{hongns ~rb bsonen{nm n `{ngabs neqr{ns ab {bnehtnàïi abknhi an hgjerägohn bsqhmrengqb ans bsvisns abebs)abens ab{{rkn{ nq{îs n absq{rhàïi abvihs ~rb ahgcbh{i b viab{ ji{nm vn{n ns onkbàns abebs) abens% b bebs nvn{qn{nm n bsvisn zbecn vn{n rm gizi Gnviebig gïi b{n i ôghoi cimbm vn{n absoik{h{  n~rben hgjerägohn ab sbi% an jigqb ob{qn% è mnhs viab{isi ~rb ~rne~rb{ srksqhqrqi ab oigzbghägohn ~rb viab sb{ o{hnan nq{nzès ab mb{n {ntïi N mbgqb crmngn {bsvigab n bohqnàïi. Bgq{b i mnhi{% b mnhs viab{isi absqbs bsqímreis è i absbdi ab sbi ^rngai n{{bir b q{ngsmrair% bsqn ji{àn miq{ht è onvnt ab cimbgs ab ebzngqnmbgqi gn~rben bsjb{n mnhs neqn ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb is vb{mhqb n aimhgn{ ns jigqbs ab ;:;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

v{biorvnàïi b nki{{bohmbgqi hgsh`ghjhongqb ~rb nqnon{nm i vnqcpnx abebs)abens gi mnhs knhi nzhïi _ÿ hgjbehtmbgqb% i `bghh jhtb{nm n absoikb{qn Irq{is nobhqn{nm n bvb{hägohn ab absbdi ab sbi% sbm absoik{h{ rm ab srn bsvbohnehtnàïi viqbgohnehanab-rm jnqi ~rb {bsvigab vbei `{ngab gômb{i ab + irq{is + oimi oimvn{nai ni gômb{i ehmhqnai ab `bghh Oim n jhgnehanab ab {bj{bson{ n mbmÿ{hn% oim {benàïi nis jnqis ahsvigízbe ans khi`{njhns ab ob{qis cimbgs% gÿs n~rh nv{bsbgqnmis is gimbs ab ne`rgs cimbgs ab {bnehtnàïi bobebgqb% onan ab ~rbm jih oigcbohai vn{n qb{ shai ab rm neqnmbgqb gnqr{btn ab sbba I `äghi ~rb b{n i abebs)abens% hgarkhqnzbembgqb nocb srn jigqb ab viab{ bm bgb{`hn ab sbi q{ngsmranan4 @BI[@B PN_CHG@QIG GNVIEBIG KIGNVN[QB PHEEHNM _CNLB_VBN[B NK[NCNM EHGOIEG [NEVC PNEAI BMB[_IG [IKB[Q KR[G_ QCIMN_ DBJJB[_IG BEKB[Q CRKKN[A BEKB[Q C @N[X I_ON[ PHEAB PIIA[IP PHE_IG DICG C VNQQB[_IG NGA[BP DNOL_IG BG[HOI ON[R_I _br v{ÿv{hi oigcbohmbgqi ab khi`{njhn i vb{mhqh{î n no{bsobgqn{ n bsqn ehsqn Nocb% sb zioä viab% rm ôghoi cimbm% bm qian n chsqÿ{hn ab ohzhehtnàïi ~rb neongàir srobssi bobebgqb bm ~rne~rb{ ocnmnan ~rb gïi jih ah{h`han vi{ rmn gnqr{btn ab sbi kbm absbgziezhan _b zioä gïi absbdn oigjhn{ bm khi`{njhns ab cimbgs ~rb zhzbm n`i{n gïi% jnt hgzbgqî{hi abssbs ~rbm zioä snkb sb{ is cimbgs ab `{ngab {bnehtnàïi% b zä ~rb sb zioä viab nocn{ n vbssin bgq{b bebs ~rb gïi è ;:?

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

neqnmbgqb gbgcrm sbba Bgb{`hn ab sbi è n bgb{`hn o{hnqhzn ab qiai i `bghh Grgon cirzb% b grgon sb{î rm `{ngab eíab{% oigsq{rqi{% ir n{qhsqn ~rb jneqnm gbsqn ji{àn miq{ht ab sbi _b`r{nmbgqb ghg`rèm bgqbgab{î mne bsqns aboen{nàòbs vn{n sh`ghjhon{ ~rb QRAI ~rb sïi neqnmbgqb sbba sïi `bghh. Cimbm _ß nqhg`b ni bsqnai ab rm `äghi ~rngai% b _B% beb bsqhmren n mbgqb abeb ab ji{mn ~rb hsqi rqhehtn ns ji{àns ahsvigízbe% vben jnoreanab o{hnqhzn an hmn`hgnàïi Ocbjb bgq{b is bsqímreis oim ~rb hsqi + vhsngai vn{n ohmn + ans zhk{nàòbs viabm sb{  v{iarthais è bgb{`hn ab sbi N mb{n vissb absqn bgb{`hn gïi è srjhohbgqb v{iarth{ rm `äghi N bgb{`hn abzb sb{ q{ngsmranan ab absbdi vn{n oigqnqi jíshoi% bm ne`rmn irq{n ji{mn ab absbdi b nàïi% ngqbs ab b{`rbssb n vbssin ni bsqnai ab rm `äghi Eig`b ab `bghh zhsqisi% vi{ onrsn ab `{ngabs absbdis ab sbi% n mnhi{hn ab cimbgs sb nknhn% vi{ bgqbgab{ mne b nkrsn absqn `{ngab ji{àn% vn{n i bsqnai ais mnhs knhis nghmnhs VI[ ^RB I_ CIMBG_ [N[NMBGQB QÄM _ROB__I NGQB_ AB N_ ^RN[BGQN Br absoik{h% an ngîehsb ab mnhs ab ;2%666 vbssins ~rb cimbgs ~rb qäm srobssi ab rm miai bobebgqb% {n{nmbgqb jnàn nsshm ngqbs an hanab ab ~rn{bgqn% b mnhs j{b~õbgqbmbgqb bebs gïi `ievbhnm i {bne vnssi abebs)abens nqè ~rb bebs bsqïi kbm neèm an hanab ab ohg~õbgqn Bsqb jnqi bsqnzn sr{v{bbgabgai nsshm ~rb mb hgohqir bgq{n{ orhanaisnmbgqb gi bsqrai ab srn onrsn% bg~rngqi ebzngai n hgzbsqh`nàïi bm ohmn ab rm vb{íiai ab mnhs ab aitb ngis

;:1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Bsqb bsqrai absoik{hr i jnqi ~rb n {ntïi v{hgohvne vi{  ~rb n mnhi{hn ab cimbgs ~rb qäm srobssi gïi oimbàn n jntb{ nsshm ngqbs an hanab ab ~rn{bgqn n ohg~õbgqn% è n qbgaägohn abebs)abens vn{n AH__HVN[ ns bgb{`hns abebs)abens vi{ bm ohmn ab hgare`ägohn bm bv{bssïi jíshon an bmiàïi ab sbi N mnhi{hn ab cimbgs grgon nv{bgab ~rb i absbdi ab sbi qbm irq{ns visshkhehanabs ~rb eig`b q{ngsobgabm bm hmvi{qëgohn ~rb ab mb{n bv{bssïi jíshon N mnhi{hn abssbs ~rb jntbm bsqn absoikb{qn% jnàn nsshm abvihs ab qb{ absvb{ahànai mrhqis ngis n rm vb{íiai ~rngai n bgb{`hn ab sbi bsqî n srn neqr{n% ngqbs an hanab ab ~rn{bgqn-ohgoi n ohg~õbgqn Hsqi gi{mnembgqb è sb`rhai vi{ {bnehtnàïi giqîzbe Ns zhans ab mrhqis cimbgs nqè% b æs zbtbs kbm vnssnai n hanab ab ~rn{bgqn% {bjehqn rmn ahsshvnàïi oigqhgrnan ab bgb{`hns ~rb viab{hnm qb{ shai mnhs v{ijhqnkex sb q{ngsji{mnan bm ongnhs mbeci{bs Ns bmiàòbs mbeci{bs b mnhs viab{isns abebs)abens sïi ab miai sbezn`bm sipg nis ~rnq{i zbgqis Ji{n absqb cîkhqi ai mnoci% oreqhzir i qb{mi% bg~rngqi + sbmbngai ns nzbhns + sbezn`bgs abeb I absbdi vn{n bv{bssïi sbrne è sbm aôzhan i hmvbehgai mnhs ji{qb b mnhs mnhs ab qians ns bmiàòbs crmngns% b vi{ bsqn mbsmn {ntïi bsqb absbdi% ~rngai n{{bir b q{ngsmrair bm nàïi% ahjb{bgqb ab ~rb ab bv{bssïi jíshon% viab bebzn{ n vbssin ni bsqnai ab rm `äghi Rm ab Nmè{hon n mnhi{hn ais bmv{bsî{his onvntbs namhqhr j{ngonmbgqb ~rb i sbo{bqî{hi nq{nbgqb abeb b{n {bsvigsîzbe vben mnhi{hn ais vengis ~rb beb o{hir Beb namhqhr ~rb n v{bsbgàn aben i b{`rbr n neqr{ns ab ;:2

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn% oimi beb viab{hn bvb{hmbgqn{  abknhi ab gbgcrm irq{i bsqímrei Rm ais cimbgs mnhs v{ÿsvb{is gn Nmè{hon abzb n mnhi{hn ai srobssi abeb æ hgjerägohn ab rmn mrecb{   dizbm mrhqi bgongqnai{n ~rb sb{zhr oimi n jigqb abeb ab hgsvh{nàïi vn{n mnhs ab aitb ngis Qiai i mrgai oigcbob i cimbm n ~rbm bsqn {bjb{ägohn è jbhqn% mns gïi qiai i mrgai snkb n [BNE JIGQB ans {bnehtnàòbs abeb Chsqÿ{hn gïi bsqî jneqngai bm bbmveis ab cimbgs ~rb nqhg`h{nm ni bsqnai ab `bghh% oimi i {bsreqnai ai rsi ab bsqhmrengqbs ab mbgqb n{qhjhohnhs gn ji{mn ab îeoiie b gn{oÿqhois Ba`n{ Neebg Vib bso{bzbr vn{n i + Oi{zi + bg~rngqi abknhi an hgjerägohn ab ehoi{% + sigcngai sigcis ~rb i mi{qne grgon irsir sigcn{ ngqbs + Dnmbs Pchqoimk [hebx jbt i abeb mbeci{ bso{hqr{n bg~rngqi abknhi an hgjerägohn ab îeoiie Qnezbt b{n nsshm beb zhr + i sb mhsqr{ngai i{abgnai an {bnehanab b i sigci% i mihgci sik{b i {hi% b n gèzin sik{b i jeri + [ikb{q Kr{gs bso{bzbr mbeci{  ~rngai hgqihoir% + Vn{n Nrea Eng` _xgb% mbr ~rb{hai% gÿs ebzn{bmis rmn íon{n ab kiganab oigqrai% vn{n Nrea Eng` _xgb + Mns abhir hsqi sb ebmk{b ~rb mrhqis qnhs cimbgs sb absq{rí{nm gi jhm Gnqr{btn v{bvn{ir ns v{ÿv{hns viàòbs aben oim ~rb is cimbgs viabm bsqhmren{ ns mbgqbs abebs)abens sb`r{nmbgqb nsshm bebs zhk{nm bm rm nzhïi ~rb is vb{mhqb n njhgn{ abgq{i mreqn{ b vbgsnmbgqis {n{is ~rb gïi zäm ab-gbgcrm cimbm snkbm igab. Gbgcrm srksqhqrqi snqhsjnqÿ{hi vn{n is bsqhmrengqbs ab Gnqr{btn ne`rmn zbt jih nocnai

;::

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

È kbm rm jnqi oigcbohai n vshoÿei`is ~rb cî rmn {benàïi mrhqi ígqhmn bgq{b sbi absbdn b bsvh{hqrne absbdi-rm jnqi ~rb {bsvigab vbei oimvi{qnmbgqi vborehn{ ans vbssins ~rb vn{qhohvnm gns i{`hns oigcbohai oimi {bzhzhjhonàïi {beh`hisis +% + oimrm bgq{b is qhvis v{hmhqhzis I mrgai è `izb{gnai% b i absqhgi ab ohzhehtnàïi è bsqnkbebohai% vbens bmiàòbs crmngns _ïi hgjerbgohnans ns vbssins gns nàòbs abebs)abens% gïi nq{nzès ab {ntïi qngqi oimi nq{nzès ab + sbgqhmbgqis + N jnoreanab o{hnqhzn an mbgqb è oimvebqnmbgqb jhn bm nàïi vi{ bmiàòbs% b gïi nq{nzès ab {ntïi j{hn I mnhs viab{isi ab qians ns bmiàòbs crmngns è hssi ab sbi Cî irq{is bsqhmrengqbs ab mbgqb ne`rgs ais ~rnhs ji{nm ehsqnais mns ghg`rèm abebs% gbm qiais bebs oimkhgn{nm% viab h`rnen{ i viab{ miq{ht ab sbi Rm bsqhmrengqb ab mbgqb è ~rne~rb{ hgjerägohn ~rb znh ~rne~rb{ rm qbmvi{n{hnmbgqb% ir vb{mngbgqbmbgqb% nrmbgqb ns zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi Is abt bsqhmrengqbs v{hgohvnhs% abso{bzbr% è oimrmbgqb bssbs {boi{{b{nm Vi{ bsqns jigqbs n vbssin viab oimrg`n{ oim Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn% ir bgq{n% æ zigqnab% i n{mntèm an mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% ~rne~rb{ rm ais aihs v{ÿv{hi% ir ~rb ab irq{n vbssin% rm v{iobahmbgqi ~rb è cî ab `äghi Rm v{ijbssi{ ~rb q{bhgir b ah{h`hr is bsji{àis ab mnhs ab ?6%666 vbssins ab zbgans% jbt n absoikb{qn bsvngqisn ~rb neqnmbgqb is cimbgs ab sbba sïi is zbgabai{bs mnhs bjhohbgqbs N bvehonàïi è% ~rb i jnqi{ ab vb{signehanab oigcbohai oimi + mn`gbqhsmi + vbssine gïi è gnan mnhs gbm mbgis ~rb bgb{`hn ab sbi ;:0 

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

Neqnmbgqb vbssins ab sbba sbmv{b qäm rmn v{izhsïi nkrgangqb ab mn`gbqhsmi Vi{ oreqhzi b bgqbgabgai% bsqn ji{àn zhqne viab sb{ vrnan bm b rsnai n `{ngab zngqn`bm gns {benàòbs bgq{b vbssins Bsqn bgb{`hn viab sb{ oimrghonan n irq{is vbens míahn sb`rhgqbs4 > I mïi-q{bmi{ I qi~rb an mïi hgahon% hmbahnqnmbgqb% n v{bsbgàn ab mn`gbqhsmi% ir n jneqn ahsqi ; I qim ab zit Mn`gbqhsmi% ir bgb{`hn ab sbi% è i jnqi{ oim ~rb n zit viab sb{ oiei{han% ir jbt mrshone b bgongqnai{ ? Visqr{n b on{{rn`bm ai oi{vi Neqnmbgqb vbssins ab sbba mizbm zhznmbgqb% b oim `{nàn b jnohehanab 1 Ns zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi Neqnmbgqb vbssins ab sbba mhsqr{nm n bmiàïi ab sbi oim is vbgsnmbgqis abebs)abens% ir viab jntb{ qïi æ zigqnab% b an~rbeb miai% viab hgjerbgohn{ bssbs ni {bai{ abebs 2 Nai{gi ab oi{vi Vbssins ~rb sïi neqnmbgqb sbba gi{mnembgqb qäm mrhqi orhanai sik{b i nvn{bohmbgqi vbssine abebs)abens Bebs gi{mnembgqb sbebohignm {irvn ab rm bsqhei ~rb sb qi{gn æ vb{signehanab abebs)abens% jíshoi% nvn{ägohn% bqo Ni bmv{b`n{ is zbgabai{bs% i `b{bgqb ab zbgans mnhs onvnt v{ior{n n ~rnehanab ab mn`gbqhsmi vbssine oimi n v{hmbh{n bh`ägohn ab rm zbgabai{ Ns vbssins ~rb jneqnm bgb{`hn ab sbi grgon jhon{ïi bgqrshîsqhons gbm hgsvh{n{ïi irq{is oim bgqrshnsmi% b bgqrshnsmi è rm ais {b~rhshqis mnhs hmvi{qngqbs bm n{qb ab zbgab{% gïi hmvi{qn ~rb ~rb n vbssin bsqî zbgabgai

;:3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

I i{nai{ vôkehoi% i{nai{% v{bnocb{% nazi`nai% ir zbgabai{ ~rb bsqïi jneqngai bm bgb{`hn ab sbi sïi rm + j{nonssi% + nqè igab viabgai hgjerbgohn{ irq{is bsqî v{biorvnai Drgqb oim bsqb i jnqi ~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins sÿ viab sb{ hgjerbgohnai vi{ rmn nq{nàïi æs bmiàòbs abebs)abens% b zioä bgqbgab{î n hmvi{qëgohn ab bgb{`hn ab sbi oimi rmn vn{qb an cnkhehanab gnqhzn ai zbgabai{ Zbgabai{bs ab mbsq{b nqhg`bm i bsqnai ab aimíghi zbgabgai% vi{~rb bebs% ~rne~rb{ rm oigsohbgqbmbgqb% ir hgoigsohbgqbmbgqb% q{ngsmrab n bgb{`hn ab sbi bm BGQR_HN_MI AB ZBGAN_. Gbsqn aboen{nàïi rmn sr`bsqïi mrhqi v{îqhon viab sb{ nocnan sik{b i sh`ghjhonai nqrne ab q{ngsmrqnàïi ab sbi I zbgabai{ ~rb oigcbob qh{n{ ai vbgsnmbgqi i nssrgqi ab sbi% b ah{h`b hsqi bm bsji{ài ab zbgans oim oimi mrhqi bgqrshnsmi b abqb{mhgnàïi oimi beb nvehon{hn n sbr v{ivÿshqi i{h`hgne% na~rh{hr n n{qb ab q{ngsmrqnàïi ab sbi% sb beb oigcbob hsqi ir gïi N mnhi{hn ab zbgabai{bs ~rb q{ngsmranm n bgb{`hn ab sbi abebs)abens jnt nsshm sbm bsqn{ abgq{i i mbgis nqbgqi ai ~rb bebs bsqïi jntbgai% ir oimi bebs bsqïi jntbgai hsqi Q{ngsmrqnàïi ab bgb{`hn ab sbi vbab mnhs an{î viab{ n ~rb n vbssin oimrm sb v{biorvn rsn{ vn{n bsqb v{ivÿshqi Bssbs ~rb nocnm hsqi ahjíohe ab ocnmn{ h{viab{ srjhohbgqb vn{n q{ngsmrqnàïi% viab na~rh{h{ bsqn cnkhehanab `{narnembgqb Bmki{n hsqi {b~rbh{n h{-viab{% n {boimvbgsn vn{n n v{îqhon è mnhs ~rb znei{ i bsji{ài I nssrgqi hgqbh{i ab sbi è rm oim ~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins vn{bob sb{ rgvn{aignkex h`gi{ngqb I absbdi ab sbi jih bgqbgahai mne qiqnembgqb% onerghir% b kr{ebs~rba vbei h`gi{ngqb b i mne giqir% ;:8 

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

vn{n qïi absbdn ~rb i mbsmi vnenz{n sbi {n{nmbgqb è rsnai bm siohbanab oi{qbsn Is cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb sïi oigcbohans vn{n sb{ sngqhjhonai-shm% _ngqhjhonai-oim neqnmbgqb gnqr{btns ab sbba% gi{mnembgqb è iecnai bm oimi sbgai ns vbssins ~rb n`õbgqn{ïi zh`heëgohn Bm zbt ab sb{ ocnmnai sngqhjhonai% bebs sïi ocnmnais gi{mnembgqb nmneahàinai Mhecòbs ans vbssins% nqè mbsmi gbsqn hanab ab bsoen{bohmbgqi% qäm oimvebis ab hgjb{hi{hanab ~rb bebs absbgziezb{nm vi{ onrsn absqn jnesn oigzhoàïi ~rb rm neqnmbgqb gnqr{btn ab sbba è rmn mneahàïi Gïi abzb{hnm sb{ hgqb{v{bqnans bsqns aboen{nàòbs% an zh{qrab ab bgb{`hn ab sbi% oimi drsqhjhonàïi vn{n i ehkb{qhgi N bmiàïi ab sbi _ß è rmn zh{qrab ~rngai rsir hgqbeh`bgqbmbgqb% b oim ahso{hmhgnàïi Viab sb{  nkrsnai% b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb è% vn{n qne rmn bqbgsïi ~rb crmhecn% bm zbt ab bg{h~rbob% oi{vi b mbgqb I rsi mbeci{ absqb viab{ è i jn{ai absqb onvíqrei Vn{bohn knsqngqb sh`ghjhongqb ni nrqi{% ~rngai beb jbt n absoikb{qn ~rb v{nqhonmbgqb qiai `{ngab eíab{ ~rbm beb qbzb i v{hzheè`hi ab ngnehsn{% b{n rm cimbm ordns {bnehtnàòbs bsqnznm en{`nmbgqb hgsvh{nans vi{ rmn mrecb{ Bm mrhqis bbmveis% n + mrecb{ gi onsi + b{n rmn bsvisn miabsqn% nkgb`nan% ab ~rbm qhgcn irzhai jnen{ i vôkehoi mns vb~rbgi ir gnan Bm ne`rgs bbmveis% n jigqb ab hgsvh{nàïi jih eionehtnan æ + irq{n mrecb{ + Qnezbt qnhs onsis viabm gïi sb{  oimvebqnmbgqb absoigcbohais n zioä Hgqbmvb{ngob bm cîkhqis ab sbi è an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb v{bdrahohne oimi hgqbmvb{ngob bm cîkhqis ab kbkb{ b oimb{ Gbsqn hanab gn ~rne gÿs zhzbmis% rmn ;06

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

hanab ~rb oimbàir oim n `rb{{n mrgahne% hgqbmvb{ngob bm cîkhqis ab sbi è oimrm Bsqn i{`hn ab hgare`ägohn viab {bsvigab{ vben bsonssbt ab `{ngabs eíab{bs Gbgcrm cimbm viab sb ndran{ ans ji{àns an hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn abeb% bg~rngqi is ahsshvngai Cimbm è n ôghon o{hnqr{n bm qb{{n ~rb zhien i v{ivÿshqi ab Gnqr{btn gbsqn oigbïi Qiai irq{i nghmne jnzi{bob srn gnqr{btn ab sbi bm miab{nàïi% b oim v{ivÿshqi ~rb cn{mightn oim ns ebhs ab gnqr{btn Qiai Qi ai irq{i nghmne sÿ {bsvigab æ ocnmnan ab sbi bm + bsqnàïi + N hgoehgnàïi ab cimbm è aboen{n{ + bsqnàïi + nkb{qn Qian vbssin hgqbeh`bgqb snkb ~rb bohqnàïi bm bobssi% vi{ kbkhan neoiÿehon b gn{oÿqhois% è rmn ji{mn ab hgqbmvb{ngob ~rb absq{ÿh is ÿ{`ïis zhqnhs ai oi{vi% hgoershzb i oè{bk{i Vi{èm% gïi qian vbssin snkb ~rb bm ohmn ab hgare`ägohn bm bv{bssïi ab sbi rm cîkhqi viab sb qi{gn{ oimi absq{rqhzi b oimi v{bdrahohne n bsji{ài o{hnqhzi oimi gn{oÿqhois ir ehoi{ Rm cimbm sbi-jr{hisi gïi è bssbgohnembgqb ahjb{bgqb ~rb rm cimbm aivn{-jr{hisi. Nmkis vb{ab{nm oigq{ieb bm ohmn ans jnoreanabs abebs)abens ab {ntïi b h{-viab{ Izb{hgare`bgob sbrne gïi sÿ viabm absq{rh{  {ntïi b h{-viab{% mns qnmkèm viab oigarth{ n ~rne~rb{  eiror{n qbmvi{î{hn% ir vb{mngbgqb Mrhqis onsis ab chvioiga{hn #aibgàn hmn`hgî{hn( o{bsàn ji{n ab cîkhqis absbgziezhais bm h`gi{ëgohn an zb{anabh{n jrgàïi ab sbi Absqns {bjb{ägohns k{bzbs vn{n i nssrgqi% viab sb{ zhsqi v{igqnmbgqb ~rb h`gi{ëgohn gi nssrgqi ab q{ngsmrqnàïi ab sbi% ji{àns vbgnehanabs bsqrvbgans gi h`gi{ngqb vi{ rm enai% b {bqèm abebs kbgbjíohis h`rnembgqb bsqrvbgais% gi irq{i ;0>

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

H`gi{ëgohn ahjrgahan gi nssrgqi ab sbi bsqî abzhai ni jnqi ~rb i nssrgqi jih {iabnai oim mhsqè{hi b kboeiraba nq{nzès ab sheägohi bsor{i N oigsvh{nàïi ab mhsqè{hi b sheägohi qbzb i mbsmi bjbhqi gns mbgqbs ab vbssins dizbgs ~rb n vshoiei`hn ab v{ihkhàïi qbzb I {bsreqnai jih nrmbgqnai or{hishanab% b absbdn na~rh{h{  mnhs oigcbohmbgqi gbsqb + zb{kiqbg + srdbhqb< b vn{n n zb{`igcn ab qiais is eb`hsenai{bs% b n mnhi{hn q{bhgngai mbeci{ ~rnehjhoir vn{n baron{ miohanab gn~rbeb nssrgqi- hgji{mnàïi gïi bsqbzb jnohembgqb ahsvigízbe [n{nmbgqb jnt rm hgahzíari bgq{b bm bsji{ài neqnmbgqb o{hnqhzi bm ~rne~rb{ onmvi ab bmvbgci ngqbs an hanab ab ~rn{bgqn I cimbm oimrm neongàn i vb{íiai an mnhi{ onvnohanab abeb vn{n o{hn{ bgq{b ~rn{bgqn b sbssbgqn Bsqns aboen{nàòbs sïi knsbnans bm ngîehsb ab mhecn{bs ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb ji{nm iksb{znais orhanaisnmbgqb Bebs abzb{hnm bsqn{  bgoi{ndngai n bssbs ~rb gïi ocb`nm ngqbs an hanab ab ~rn{bgqn% b vn{n bssbs ~rb sïi nmba{igqnais æ nv{ihmnàïi ab + hanab zbecn% + ni {bai{ an mn{on ab ~rn{bgqn-ngi Is ngis bgq{b ~rn{bgqn b ohg~õbgqn sïi% oimi rmn {b`{n% i mnhs j{rqíjb{i Cimbm abzb{hn ocb`n{ bsqn hanab% gïi oim mbai b q{bmbgai% mns oim bsvb{ngàn b ngqbohvnàïi ngshisn _b zioä ~rhsb{ bzhaägohn ~rb n mnhi{hn ais cimbgs gïi oimbàn n jntb{ i mbeci{ q{nkneci abebs)abens ngqbs an hanab ab ~rn{bgqn% bsqrab is {b`hsq{is ais cimbgs mnhs v{ÿsvb{is oigcbohais æs vbssins nmb{hongns% b zioä nocn{î hsqi Cbg{x Ji{a gïi qhgcn knqhai i vnssi + abeb ab {bnehtnàïi nqè ~rb beb qhgcn vnssnai n hanab ab ~rn{bgqn Nga{bp On{gb`hb b{n kbm vnssnai ~rn{bgqn ngqbs ab beb oimbànssb n oiecb{ n {boimvbgsn ais bsji{àis abeb ;0;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Dnmbs D Oiehgn nhgan bsqnzn oi{{bgai rmn ocnzb ab qbeè`{nji æ hanab ab ~rn{bgqn Ns {bnehtnàòbs bsqrvbgans abeb noigqbob{nm abvihs an~rben hanab Khi`{njhns ab hgarsq{hnehsqs nmb{hongi b jhgngobh{is bsqïi ocbhns oim bzhaägohn ~rb i vb{íiai ab ~rn{bgqn n sbssbgqn è n hanab mnhs v{iarqhzn ab cimbm Bgq{b ns hanabs ab q{hgqn b ~rn{bgqn% cimbm oimbàn n nv{bgab{ #sb beb sbmv{b nv{bgab(% n n{qb ab q{ngsmrqnàïi ab sbi Bsqn absoikb{qn è `b{nembgqb nohabgqne% b mnhs j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ~rb onsi oigq{î{hi% i cimbm ~rb jnt hsqi bsqî qiqnembgqb hgoigsohbgqb an absoikb{qn abeb Beb viab iksb{zn{ ~rb is viab{bs abeb ab {bnehtnàïi nrmbgqn{nm ni {bai{ an hanab ab q{hgqnohgoi n ~rn{bgqn% mns bm n mnhi{hn ais onsis% beb gïi bsqî jnmhehn{htnai oim n onrsn absqn mrangàn< n~rben Gnqr{btn oimbàn n cn{mightn{ ns bmiàòbs ab nmi{ b sbi gi hgahzíari% bgq{b ns hanabs ab q{hgqn b ~rn{bgqn% ab ji{mn ~rb beb viab rqhehtn{ bsqns `{ngabs ji{àns% b is nvehon drgqnmbgqb oimi bsqímreis vn{n nàïi _bi% sÿ% è rm absbdi viab{isi n nàïi% mns srns ji{àns sïi oimi rm ohoeigb-bebs bsqïi j{b~õbgqbmbgqb hgoigq{ieîzbhs ^rngai n bmiàïi ab nmi{ oimbàn{ n sb mhsqr{n{ oim n bmiàïi ab sbi% i {bsreqnai è q{ng~õhehanab ab v{ivÿshqi% b~rhehk{b% v{bohsïi ab dre`nmbgqi% b b~rheík{hi ^rb vbssin ~rb nqhg`hr æ hanab ab ~rn{bgqn bsqî qïi hgjbeht sik{b gïi vissn ngnehsn{ bsqns aboen{nàòbs% b is oigjh{mn{ vben v{ÿv{hn bvb{hägohn abeb9 ^rngai ah{h`hai vbei absbdi abeb vn{n n`{nan{ rmn mrecb{% jrganai simbgqb gn bmiàïi ab sbi% ~rb rm cimbm viab sb{% b gi{mnembgqb è% onvnt ab `{ngab {bnehtnàïi% mns ns nàòbs abeb viabm sb{  absi{`nghtnans% qi{obr% b qiqnembgqb absq{rqhzi ;0?

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

^rngai ah{h`hai vbei absbdi abeb vn{n n`{nan{ rmn mrecb{% knsbnai gi miqhzi ab sbi sÿ% rm cimbm viab {irkn{% viab bg`ngn{% b nqè mbsmi viab oimbqb{  nssnsshgnqi Mns ~rngai n bmiàïi ab NMI[ bsqî mhsqr{nan oim n bmiàïi ab sbi% ~rb mbsmi cimbm `rhn{î ns nàòbs abeb oim mnhs snghanab% b~rheík{hi% b {ntïi O{hmhgiei`hsqn absoik{h{nm ~rb i n mnhi{hn bgar{bobr viabm sb{ {bji{mnais is o{hmhgisis vben hgjerägohn ai nmi{ ab rmn mrecb{ Gïi cî gbgcrm {b`hsq{i ab rm o{hmhgne qhai shai {bji{mnai simbgqb vben hgjerägohn ab sbi Bsqbs jnqis sïi kbm oigcbohais% mns n onrsn abebs)abens gïi è [bji{mn zbm% sb n qrai% vbei oi{nàïi% ir i enai bmiohigne ab cimbm% gïi vben onkbàn abeb% ir n{`rmbgqngai enai [bji{mn sh`ghjhon% + rmn mrangàn ab oi{nàïi + Gïi sh`ghjhon rmn + mrangàn ab onkbàn + Rm cimbm viab% vi{ onrsn ab {ntïi% jnàn ob{qns mrangàns gn oigarqn vbssine abeb bzhqn{ ns oigsb~õägohns ab bjbhqis hgabsbdîzbhs% mns [BJI[MN @BGRÍGN sÿ zbm vi{ rmn mrangàn ab oi{nàïi-vi{ rm AB_BDI vn{n mran{ Nmi{% [imngob% b _bi sïi qians ns bmiàòbs onvnt ab ah{h`h{ is cimbgs n neqr{ns ab {bnehtnàïi srvb{ Nmi{  è n bmiàïi ~rb sb{zb oimi rmn zîezren ab sb`r{ngàn% b nssb`r{n b~rheík{hi% vi{qb% b bsji{ài oigsq{rqhzi ^rngai oimkhgir% bsqns q{äs bmiàòbs viabm b{`rb{ n vbssin n rmn neqhqrab ab rm `äghi Vi{èm% cî `bghh ~rb snkbm mns viron an bmiàïi ab nmi{ N mnhi{hn abebs viab sb{ nocnai oimv{imbqhai bm ne`rmn ji{mn ab nàïi ~rb è absq{rqhzn% ir vbei mbgis% gïi jrgair bm drsqhàn b drsqhàn vn{n irq{is _b `isqi kim vb{mhqhssb% rmn aôthn ab viab{hnm sb{  gimbnais `bghh gi onmvi ab hgaôsq{hn b viab{hnm sb{  jhgngohnais ~rb migqn {rqcebssex bm ohmn ais ah{bhqis ;01

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ais mbmk{is an {nàn crmngn abebs)abens Bebs vn{bobm qiqnembgqb jneqngai bm oigsohägohn I ebhqi{  viab v{izb{ n v{ÿv{hn ehsqn abeb ab qnhs cimbgs jnohembgqb Ns bmiàòbs sïi bsqnais ab mbgqb Gnqr{btn v{ivi{ohigir vn{n i cimbm rmn + ~rímhon an mbgqb + ~rb ivb{n sbmbecngqb nqè ob{qi vigqi nis v{hgoívhis ab ~rímhon ab nssrgqi È rm jnqi kbm oigcbohai ~rb% vben ndran ab ~rímhon ab nssrgqi% rm ~rímhoi viab o{hn{ rm zbgbgi mi{qne mhsqr{ngai ob{qis bebmbgqis gbgcrm ab ~rb sb{-bm bebs-v{bdrahohne gns v{ivi{àòbs ob{qns Ns bmiàòbs viabm% h`rnembgqb% sbdn oimkhgnai vn{n o{hn{ rm zbgbgi mi{qne Ns bmiàòbs ab sbi b ohômb% ~rngai mhsqr{nai% viab sb q{ngsji{mn{ rmn vbssin bm rmn kbsqn hgsngn N v{bsbgàn ab ~rne~rb{ rm ir mnhs ans bmiàòbs absq{rqhzns gn mbgqb crmngn% vben ~rímhon an mbgqb%  di`is vn{n ohmn rm zbgbgi ~rb viab absq{rh{ i sbgsi an vbssin ab drsqhàn b drsqhàn Bm onsis bq{bmis% n v{bsbgàn ab ~rne~rb{ oimkhgnàïi absqns bmiàòbs gn mbgqb viab absq{rh{ n {ntïi an vbssin N bsq{nan vn{n `äghi oigshsqb gi absbgziezhmbgqi% oigq{ieb% b rsi ab sbi% nmi{% b {imngob K{bzbmbgqb% i v{iobssi viab sb{ aboen{nai oimi sb`rb4 Bgoi{ndb n v{bsbgàn absqns bmiàòbs oimi is vbgsnmbgqis aimhgngai gn mbgqb an vbssin% b absbgoi{ndb n v{bsbgàn ab qians ns bmiàòbs absq{rqhzns N mbgqb è rmn o{hnqr{n ab cîkhqi V{isvb{n gis vbgsnmbgqis aimhgngai nehmbgqir hsqi Vben jnoreanab ab h{-viab{% n vbssin viab absbgoi{ndn{ n v{bsbgàn ab ~rne~rb{ bmiàïi% b bgoi{ndn n v{bsbgàn ab ~rne~rb{ irq{i Oigq{ieb an mbgqb% vbei viab{ ab ;02

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

zî% gïi è ahjíohe Oigq{ieb zbm ab vb{shsqägohn% b cîkhqi I sb`{bai ab mbgqh{ns ab oigq{ieb bgqbgabgai i v{iobssi ab q{ngsmrqnàïi ^rngai ~rne~rb{ bmiàïi ab gb`nqhzi sb nv{bsbgqn{ gn mbgqb an vbssin% viab sb{ q{ngsmranai bm rm vishqhzi% ir bmiàïi oigsq{rqhzn% vbei v{iobahmbgqi shmvebs ais vbgsnmbgqis ab zn{hîzbe GÏI CÎ GBGCRMN IRQ[N B_Q[NAN N @ÄGHI ^RB VI[ B_JI[ÀI AB B@I ZIERGQÎ[HI. Rm cimbm viab nqhg`h{  n `{ngabs neqr{ns ab {bnehtnàïi jhgngobh{n ir bmv{bsn{hne% simbgqb vben ji{àn miq{ht ab bgb{`hn ab sbi% mns chsqÿ{hn bsqî ocbhn oim bzhaägohn ~rb beb viab% b gi{mnembgqb jnt% ebzb oim beb ob{qns on{noqb{ísqhons ab on{îqb{ ~rb i {irkn an cnkhehanab vn{n ir sb`r{n{% ir absj{rqb n ji{qrgn abeb Hsqi è mb{bobai{ ab ngîehsb% vbgsnmbgqi% b mbahqnàïi% vn{n hsqi aboen{n rmn zb{anab% i oigcbohmbgqi ab ~rne viab sb{ ôqhe n mrecb{bs oimi qnmkèm is cimbgs H`gi{ëgohn ahsqi znebr mhecn{bs ans vbssins i v{hzheè`hi abebs)abens ab JBEHOHANAB% bmki{n bebs vissríssbm {h~rbtns Ns bmiàòbs ab nmi{ b ehobgàn ab sbi ns mn{ons hgoigjrgaízbhs abebs)abens gns on{noqb{ísqhons Neèm ahssi% bsqbs shgnhs sïi qïi zhsízbhs% ~rb qrai ~rb absbdi viab ecbs eb{ I cimbm ~rb è ah{h`hai vben qbmvbsqnab ab vnhïi% knsbnai bm absbdis ab sbi sÿ% oen{nmbgqb ngrgohn n~rbeb jnqi vn{n i mrgai hgqbh{i% vben bv{bssïi ais iecis abeb% b ns ehgcns an jnob abeb N bmiàïi ab nmi{% ~rngai mhsqr{nai oim n bmiàïi ab sbi% nmiebob% miahjhon% b bmkbebtn n bv{bssïi jnohne Gbgcrm ngnehsqn ab on{îqb{ è v{bohsnai ecb oigqn{ hsqi zioä viab iksb{zn{ hsqi vn{n zioä

;0:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

N bmiàïi ab nmi{ qh{n% b absbgziezb% i n{qísqhoi b n gnqr{btn bsqèqhon ab cimbm Abhn srn hmv{bssïi gn mbsmn nemn an vbssin% nqè mbsmi abvihs ~rb i ji`i jissb oig~rhsqnai vi{ qbmvi b oh{orgsqëgohn [boi{anàòbs ab nmi{ grgon vnssn`bm Bebs abmi{nm% `rhb% b hgjerbgohn mrhqi qbmvi abvihs ~rb n jigqb ab bohqnàïi bgj{n~rbobssb Gïi cî gnan gizi ghsqi Qian vbssin ~rb jih mizhan vi{ NMI[ @BGRÍGI snkb ~rb abhn {nsq{is ar{nair{is gi oi{nàïi crmngi I bjbhqi ab nmi{ srvi{qn% vi{~rb nmi{ è bsvh{hqrne bm gnqr{btn I cimbm ~rb gïi viab sb{ bsqhmrenai n `{ngabs neqr{ns ab {bnehtnàïi vi{ nmi{% è absbsvb{nai-beb bsqî mi{qi% bgq{bqngqi beb viab vn{bob{ zhzb{ Nqè mbsmi ns {boi{anàòbs ab nmi{ sïi srjhohbgqbs b{`rb{ n vbssin vn{n rm nzhïi mnhs neqi ab bsji{ài o{hnqhzi N ji{àn v{hgohvne ab nmi{ viab sb `nsqn{ b viab jnebob{% oimi rm ji`i ji{n i ~rne sb ~rbhmir% mns abhn vn{n q{îs mn{ons hgabeèzbhs oimi bzhaägohn ~rb vnssir n~rbeb miai _rn vn{qhan v{bvn{n j{b~õbgqbmbgqb i oi{nàïi crmngi vn{n rm nhgan mnhi{ nmi{ Zieqb bm sbrs igqbm% æs zbtbs% b qimb kngci srn mbgqb gns {boi{anàòbs kighqns ab nmi{  vnssnai Nmiebob{î n hgjerägohn ans v{biorvnàòbs v{bsbgqbs b nki{{bohmbgqis Ecb an{î rmn jigqb ab jr`n ans {bnehanabs absn`{naîzbhs ab zhan% b qnezbt~rbm lgips9-srn mbgqb {bgab{î n zioä% ar{ngqb bsqn {bqh{nan qbmvi{î{hn gi mrgai ab jngqnshn% haèhns% ir vengis ~rb viabm mran{ i bsqnai jhgngobh{i ir bsvh{hqrne hgqbh{i ab srn zhan _b zioä sb no{bahqn{ hgjbeht% vi{~rb zioä nmir b vb{abr% + vb{bàn i vbgsnmbgqi Rm ~rb zb{anabh{nmbgqb nmir% grgon viab vb{ab{  oimvebqnmbgqb Nmi{ è onv{hocisi b qbmvb{nmbgqne ;00 

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

_rn gnqr{btn è bjämb{n% b q{ngshqÿ{hn Zbm ~rngai n`{nan% b znh bmki{n sbm nazb{qh{ Nobhqb b absj{rqb bg~rngqi vb{mngbob% mns gïi `nsqb gbgcrm qbmvi v{biorvngai sik{b srn vn{qhan V{biorvnàïi grgon abziezb{î hsqi Absvbàn% qnmkèm% i vbgsnmbgqi ~rb nmi{ grgon zbm mns rmn zbt Nmi{ viab zh{ b viab h{% qbmvis sbm gômb{i% mns cî gbgcrmn aihs bvb{hägohn ab nmi{ gn ~rne njbqn n vbssin sÿ i mbsmi miai Viab cnzb{% b gi{mnembgqb cî% rmn bvb{hägohn ab nmi{ ~rb abhn rmn hmv{bssïi mnhs jrgan gi oi{nàïi ~rb qiais is irq{is% mns qians ns bvb{hägohns ab nmi{ sïi kbgèjhons% boerh æ vbssin ~rb jhon {bssbgqhan b oíghon ~rngai nmi{ jhtb{ srn vn{qhan Gïi abzb{hn cnzb{ gbgcrmn abobvàïi bm ohmn ab nmi{% b gïi cnzb{hn gbgcrm sb ns vbssins bgqbgab{nm n ahjb{bgàn bgq{b ns bmiàòbs ab nmi{ b sbi N ahjb{bgàn v{hgohvne è n~rbeb nmi{ è bsvh{hqrne% bg~rngqi sbi è khieÿ`hoi Gbgcrmn bvb{hägohn ~rb qion i oi{nàïi crmngi oim rmn ji{àn bsvh{hqrne viab sb{  visshzbembgqb v{bdrahohne% boern vi{ h`gi{ëgohn% ir ohômb _bm aôzhan% nmi{ è n mnhi{ bvb{hägohn ab zhan Q{nt n vbssin bm oimrgcïi oim Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn ^rngai mhsqr{nai oim ns bmiàòbs ab {imngob b sbi% viab oigarth{ rm eig`b vn{n ohmn n bsonan ab mïi ab bsji{ài o{hnqhzi Ns bmiàòbs ab nmi{% sbi% b {imngob% è enais ai q{hëg`rei bqb{gi ab {bnehtnàïi-oigsq{rh{  `äghi Gnqr{btn o{hn `bghh vi{ gbgcrmn irq{n ji{àn Nmi{ è rmn bmiàïi oim mrhqis enais% simk{ns% b oi{bs I nmi{ ~rb ~rne sbgqb vn{n vnhs% ir ns o{hngàns sïi knsqngqb ahjb{bgqbs ahssi ~rb ~rne sbgqb vn{n i ;03

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

nmnai an vbssin I n vbssin bsqî mhsqr{nai oim n bmiàïi ab sbi% bg~rngqi i irq{i gïi è I nmi{ ~rb ~rne sbgqb bm zb{anabh{n nmhtnab gïi bsqî h`rne æ~rbeb jbeq{i vn{n i nmnai an vbssin% vnhs% ir o{hngàns% mns% qnmkèm% è rmn ji{mn ab nmi{ nmi{ Bgqïi% cî n bmiàïi ab nmi{ vi{ oihsns hgnghmnai% oimi i nmi{ ai q{nkneci mngrne ab Gnqr{btn Mns i mnhs hgqbgsi b n{abgqb ab qrai bsqbs zî{his qhvis ab nmi{% è n~rbeb bvb{hbgqb gn mhsqr{n ans bmiàòbs ab nmi{ b sbi Mnq{hmñghis% gïi nkbgàiir oim n njhghanab bqb{gn ab nmi{% oi{{bqnmbgqb b~rhehk{nai b v{ivi{ohignai% oim sbi% gïi viab bsqn{ oigqbgqb igbs-b {n{nmbgqb viab srvi{qn{ Nmb% sÿ% gïi q{n{î jbehohanab bm mnq{hmñghi% gbm znh sbi sÿ ^rngai bsqns arns bmiàòbs kighqns bsqhzb{bm mhsqr{nans% mnq{hmñghi viab v{izion{ rm bsqnai ab mbgqb% mnhs ígqhmi ni bsvh{hqrne n~rbeb viab snkb{ sbmv{b gbsqb nzhïi qb{{bsq{b ^rngai è no{bsobgqnan n bmiàïi ab {imngob n bssbs ab nmi{ b sbi% ns iksq{ràòbs bgq{b n mbgqb jhghqn ab cimbm b Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn sïi njnsqnans Bgqïi rm `äghi gnsobr. I ~rb rmn chsqÿ{hn ahjb{bgqb è hsqi% ~rb bssbs gi{mnembgqb nssiohnai oim n bmiàïi ab sbi N~rh è rmn hgqb{v{bqnàïi an bmiàïi ~rb b{`rb hsqi ji{n an q{hzhnehanab% b jnt ahsqi i kn{{i ab iebh{i gns mïis ab Abrs ai ~rne Beb ji{mn qrai n~rhei bsqî kighqi b hgsvh{nai{ È rmn hgqb{v{bqnàïi ~rb znh% ~rngai oi{{bqnmbgqb oimv{bbgahai% qh{b cn{mighn ais onis ~rb bhsqbm bm mrhqis mnq{hmñghis Ns absn{mighns bv{bssn{nm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb gn ji{mn ab hmvi{qrgn{% gi{mnembgqb viab sb{ eionehtnai vn{n jneqn{  ab oigcbohmbgqi gi nssrgqi ab sbi Igab nmn% ;08 

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

{imngob b n v{ÿv{hn oimv{bbgsïi an bmiàïi b jrgàïi ab sbi n`õbgqnm% gïi cî gbgcrmn absn{mighn bgq{b vbssins onsnans Nji{qrgnai è i mn{hai ordn n bsvisn bgqbgab n zb{anabh{n {benàïi bgq{b ns bmiàòbs ab nmi{% sbi% b {imngob ^rngai miqhzir vi{ bsqb q{hrgzh{nqi sngqi% gbgcrmn ji{mn ab q{nkneci è vbgisn% vi{~rb h`rnen ji{mn ab ikdbqis vb`nais ab bsji{ài crmheabmbgqb gn gnqr{btn ab rm ahebqngqhsmi È rm ahtbgai mrhqi zbeci ~rb + n bsvisn ab rm cimbm ir viab i jntb{ ir viab i ~rbk{n{% + mns n {ntïi sbmv{b gïi è bgqbgahan N + jnk{honàïi + b + ~rbk{n{ + è i {bsreqnai an bsvisn bsqî bgqbgabgai% ir jneqn ab bgqbgab{ ans bmiàòbs ab nmi{% sbi% b {imngob Nvbsn{ ai jnqi ~rb is cimbgs sïi vieí`nmis% vben mbsmn gnqr{btn an cb{ngàn khieÿ`hon abebs)abens% è zb{anab ~rb gbgcrmn mrecb{ qbm oimi `{ngab rmn hgjerägohn bm rm cimbm oimi n bsvisn abeb% n mbgis ~rb beb sb onsb oim rmn mrecb{ qiqnembgqb hgnab~rnai vn{n n gnqr{btn abeb _b rmn mrecb{  vb{mhqb vn{n i mn{hai aben vb{ab{ hgqb{bssb gben% b sb qi{gn mnhs hgqb{bssnai bm irq{ns mrecb{bs% gi{mnembgqb bsqî vi{ onrsn an h`gi{ëgohn aben% ir hgahjb{bgàn vn{n is nssrgqis ab sbi% nmi{% b {imngob Bsqn aboen{nàïi v{bssrvòb% oen{i ~rb% n~rbeb nmi{ `bgrígi bhsqhr rmn zbt bgq{b rm cimbm b n bsvisn abeb Is jnqis sïi h`rnembgqb nvehoîzbhs n rm cimbm ~rb vb{mhqb i hgqb{bssb an bsvisn abeb gbeb mi{{b{ Vbssins onsnans k{h`nm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb bm ohmn ab rmn mreqhaïi ab q{hzhnehanabs _b bsqbs sïi ngnehsnais oim v{bohsïi% n {bne onrsn an ahjhoreanab

;36

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

sb{î nocnan j{b~õbgqbmbgqb vn{n sb{ hgahjb{bgàn% ir h`gi{ëgohn gbsqbs nssrgqis I mnhi{ ab cimbm ~rb miqhzn ji{àn è i absbdi abeb vn{n n`{nan{ n mrecb{. I onànai{ ~rb srvb{ir ar{ngqb ahns v{è-chsqÿ{hois% ngqbs ai nmngcbob{ ab ohzhehtnàïi% jbt nsshm% vi{ onrsn ai absbdi abeb vn{n sb nvn{bob{ `{ngab gis iecis ab mrecb{ N gnqr{btn ab cimbm gïi mrair gbsqb {bsvbhqi I + onànai{ + ab cidb q{nt gbgcrmn vbeb ab nghmnhs sbezn`bgs vn{n onsn% mns beb hgahon i absbdi abeb vn{n i jnzi{ aben v{izbgai {irvns kins% on{{is ab miqi{% b {h~rbtn Cimbm qbm i mbsmi absbdi vn{n n`{nan{ mrecb{ ~rb beb qbzb ngqbs ai nmngcbob{ ab ohzhehtnàïi N ôghon oihsn ~rb mrair% è i mèqiai abeb ab n`{nan{ Cimbgs ~rb normrenm ji{qrgns `{ngabs% b nqhg`b n `{ngabs neqr{ns ab viab{ b njnmn% jnàn nsshm% v{hgohvnembgqb% snqhsjntb{ i absbdi abebs)abens vn{n n`{nan{ ns mrecb{bs Ebzb vn{n snh{ ns mrecb{bs ans zhans abebs)abens% b `{ngabs {h~rbtns sbdnm hgôqbhs æ mnhi{hn ais cimbgs È bsqb absbdi hgb{bgqb ab cimbm n vi{ jnzi{ mrecb{ ~rb aî vn{n n mrecb{ i viab{ vn{n jntb{ ir ~rbk{n{ rm cimbm N mrecb{ ~rb bgqbgab n gnqr{btn ab cimbm b qnoqjreex srv{b n hsqi% v{bohsb qbgcn gbgcrm mbai ab oimvbqhàïi ab irq{ns mrecb{bs Is cimbgs viabm sb{ + `h`ngqbs + oim h{-viab{ hgaimîzbe ni ehan{ oim irq{is cimbgs% mns bebs sïi namhghsq{nais jnohembgqb vbens mrecb{bs an bsoiecn abebs)abens N mnhi{hn ais cimbgs gïi namhqh{î ~rb bebs sïi hgjerbgohnais jnohembgqb vbens mrecb{bs ~rb bebs v{bjb{bm% vi{~rb bsqî gn gnqr{btn ai mnoci ~rb{b{ sb{  {boigcbohai oimi i mnhs ji{qb ans bsvèohbs Neèm ahssi% n mrecb{ hgqbeh`bgqb {boigcbob bsqn + ;3>

ONVÍQREI >> - I MH_QÈ[HI AI _BSI

on{noqb{ísqhon + zn{ighe b mrhqi snkhnmbgqb jnt gbgcrm nssrgqi ahsqi Ne`rgs cimbgs snkbm ~rb bebs bsqïi sbgai hgjerbgohnais vbens mrecb{bs ai abebs)abens ns bsvisns abebs)abens% nmnais% mïbs ir h{mï-mns bebs qnoqjreex sb nksqäm ab sb {bkben{ oigq{n n hgjerägohn vi{~rb bebs sïi hgqbeh`bgqbs knsqngqb vn{n snkb{ ~rb GBGCRM CIMBM B_QÎ OIGQBGQB IR OIMVEBQN OIMVEBQN _BM N HGJERÄGOHN MIAHJHONGAI AN MRECB[ OB[QN I cimbm ~rb gïi {boigcbob bsqn zb{anab hmvi{qngqb sb v{hzn ai viab{ ~rb jbt mnhs vn{n ndran{ is cimbgs neongob srobssi ~rb qians ns irq{ns ji{àns oimkhgn{nm

;3;

ONVÍQREI >; - I _RKOIG_OHBGQB  V[B_QB NQBGÀÏI N N EH@NÀÏI OIGBOQNGAI I AÈOHMI V[HMBH[I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ N MBGQB _RKOIG_OHBGQB oigshsqb bm rm onmvi ab oigsohägohn bm ~rne qiai hmvresi ab vbgsir ~rb eionehtn n mbgqb ikdbqhzn vi{ ~rnhs~rb{ ais ohgoi sbgqhais% è oensshjhonai b {b`hsq{ir% b ab ~rne viabm sb{  {boi{anais vbgsnmbgqis ir viabm sb{ {bqh{nais oimi on{qns viab sb{ ebznai ab rm `nkhgbqb ab n{~rhznmbgqi [bobkb% b n{~rhzis% hmv{bssòbs ab sbgsi ir vbgsnmbgqis% bmki{n n gnqr{btn abebs)abens Zioä viab vengqn{ ZIERGQN[HNMBGQB bm srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ~rne~rb{ vengi% vbgsnmbgqi% ir v{ivÿshqi ~rb zioä absbdn q{narth{ bm sbr jíshoi ir migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb Is nqis srkoigsohbgqbs v{hmbh{i gis absbdis aimhgngai ~rb bsqhzb{nm mhsqr{nai oim sbgqhmbgqi bmiohigne% oimi jè Oigshab{b hsqi oim {benàïi æs hgsq{ràòbs obahans i onvíqrei bm AB_BDI% vi{ an{ is sbhs vnssis bskiànais eî% b ns hgsq{ràòbs obahans i onvíqrei gi bahjíohi b bboràïi ab vengis% b zioä bgqbgab{î n hmvi{qëgohn ai vbgsnmbgqi on{{b`nan I AHN AB Q[NKNECI_ AB MBGQB _RKOIG_OHBGQB B GIHQB

ONVÍQREI >; - I _RKOIG_OHBGQB 

Vi{ rm mèqiai ab v{iobahmbgqi% absoigcbohai vn{n q{hvren{% n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb rqhehtn ns ji{àns ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn vbei viab{ oim ~rb q{ngsmran is absbdis an vbssin ziergqn{hnmbgqb gi jíshoi abebs)abens b~rhznebgqb% jntbgai rsi% sbmv{b ans míahn mnhs v{îqhons vbens ~rnhs bsqb jhm viab sb{ {bnehtnai Zioä gïi viab oigq{ien{ srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb oimvebqnmbgqb% mns zioä viab bgq{b`n{  ziergqn{hnmbgqb vn{n hsqi ~rne~rb{ vengi% absbdi% ir v{ivÿshqi ~rb zioä absbdi q{ngsji{mir bm ji{mn oigo{bqn Ebhn% giznmbgqb% hgsq{ràòbs vi{ rsn{ n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% gi onvíqrei bm nrqi-sr`bsqïi Cî knsqngqb bzhaägohn vn{n nvihn{ n oigzhoàïi ~rb n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb è n eh`nàïi oigboqngai bgq{b n mbgqb jhghqn ab cimbm b Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn È i hgqb{mbahn{x vi{ ~rne viab rqhehtn{ ns ji{àns ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn æ zigqnab % _ÿ% oigqèm i v{iobssi sbo{bqi vbei ~rne sïi miahjhonais hmvresis mbgqnhs b mran{nm gi bsvh{hqrne abebs)abens b~rhznebgqb % _ÿ% è i mèahi vbei ~rne i{nàïi viab sb{ q{ngsmhqhan æ jigqb onvnt ab {bsvigab{ i{nàïi Ns visshkhehanabs ab bsji{ài o{hnqhzi oigboqnans oim n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb sïi bsqrvbgans b hmvigab{îzbhs Bebs hgsvh{nm n vbssin oim qbmi{ Br grgon ocb`i n ahsorssïi an mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb sbm rm sbgqhmbgqi ab vb~rbgbt b aízhan ab hgjb{hi{hanab% qnezbt% vn{n i jnqi ~rb i qbsir{i ab oigcbohmbgqis hgqbh{i ab cimbm gbsqb nssrgqi è nsshm vhqhjreex ehmhqn{nm I mbsmi jnqi ~rb n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb è i mèahi ab oimrghonàïi bgq{b n mbgqb ab vbgsnmbgqi ab cimbm b Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn

;31

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

è% ab sh mbsmi% rm vbgsnmbgqi ~rb ~rnsb vn{nehsn n {ntïi an vbssin Abvihs ~rb zioä nobhqir% oimi rmn {bnehanab% n bhsqägohn an mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% b bgqbgab srns visshkhehanabs% oimi rm mèahi vi{ q{ngsmran{ sbrs AB_BDI_ gi jíshoi ir migbqî{hi abebs)abens b~rhznebgqb% zioä oimv{bbgab{î n sh`ghjhonàïi oimvebqn ans hgsq{ràòbs obahan i onvíqrei bm AB_BDI Zioä qnmkèm bgqbgab{î vi{ ~rb zioä jih v{bzbghai vn{n JNTB[ _BR_ AB_BDI_ OEN[BN[ {bvbqhanmbgqb% B I_ [BARTH[ N B_O[BZB[ Zioä qnmkèm bgqbgab{î n gbobsshanab ab VB[_H_QÄGOHN ebzngai n onki hgsq{ràòbs Is q{btb v{hgoívhis sïi is bsqímreis oim ~rb zioä na~rh{b n cnkhehanab vn{n neongàn{% b hgjerbgohn{ srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Gïi è absbgoi{ndnai% sb zioä gïi viab jntb{ hsqi gn v{hmbh{n qbgqnqhzn _b ebmk{b ~rb n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb viab sb{ ah{h`han ziergqn{hnmbgqb sÿ vi{ cîkhqi% abknhi ans ah{bàòbs obahans i onvíqrei bm JÈ Zioä gïi qbm oigqrai qbzb qbmvi vn{n aimhgn{ jè _bdn vnohbgqb _bdn vb{shsqbgqb _b{ïi {bvbqhans rmns mrhqis aboen{nàòbs kins gis onvíqreis bm jè b nrqi-sr`bsqïi n~rh% vn{n i kbgbjíohi ab _RN mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb _b ebmk{b% srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb jrgohign ziergqn{hnmbgqb% sb zioä jnt ~rne~rb{ bsji{ài vn{n hgjerbgohn{ hsqi ir gïi Hsqi% gnqr{nembgqb% sr`b{b n zioä ~rb vbgsnmbgqis ab mbai b vik{btn% b qiais is vbgsnmbgqis ab gb`nqhzi sb{zbm oimi bsqímreis n srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% n mbgis ~rb% zioä aimhgn bsqbs hmvresis b aî hsqi oimhan mnhs absbdîzbe gn ~rne viab nehmbgqn{ nehmbgqn{ ;32

ONVÍQREI >; - I _RKOIG_OHBGQB 

N mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb gïi vb{mngbob{î hgnqhzn. _b zioä gïi vengqn AB_BDI_ bm srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% nehmbgqn{î gis vbgsnmbgqis ~rb neongànm hsqi oimi i {bsreqnai ab srn gb`eh`ägohn Gÿs dî bvehonmis n~rbebs hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi% gb`nqhzi b vishqhzi bsqïi eionehtngai n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% ans ~rnq{i jigqbs ~rb ji{nm mbgohignans gi onvíqrei bm Q{ngsmrqnàïi ab _bi% oigqhgrnmbgqb Vn{n i v{bsbgqb% è srjhohbgqb sb zioä sb ebmk{n{ ~rb zioä è ahî{hi zhzi% gi mbhi ab qian n mngbh{n ab hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb bsqïi eionehtngai srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% sbm sbr oigcbohmbgqi Ne`rgs absqbs hmvresis sïi gb`nqhzis% ne`rgs sïi vishqhzis Zioä è n`i{n oimv{imbqhai qbgqngai ndran{ jbocb ÿebi i jeri ab hmvresis gb`nqhzis% b ndran{ hgjerbgohngai srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ziergqn{hnmbgqb% vi{ hmvresis vishqhzis ab AB_BDI ^rngai zioä neongàn{ hsqi% zioä vissrh{î n ocnzb ~rb absq{ngon n vi{qn n srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Neèm ahssi% zioä oigq{ien{î n~rben vi{qn qïi oimvebqnmbgqb% ~rb gbgcrm vbgsnmbgqi hgabsbdîzbe viab hgjerbgohn{ srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Qrai ~rb i cimbm o{hn% OIMBÀN gn ji{mn ab rm hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi Cimbm gïi viab o{hn{ gnan ~rb beb gïi oigobkb v{hmbh{i bm VBG_NMBGQI Vben ndran an hmn`hgnàïi% viabm sb{ ndrgqnais hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi bm vengis N hmn`hgnàïi% ~rngai sik oigq{ieb% viab sb{ rsnai vn{n n o{hnàïi ab vengis ir v{ivÿshqis ~rb oigartbm n srobssi gn iorvnàïi bsoiechan an vbssin Qrai vbgsn{nm hmvresis% vengbdnai vn{n q{ngsmrqnàïi gi jíshoi abebs)abens b~rhznebgqb% ziergqn{hnmbgqb ;3:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

vengqir gn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% qbm ~rb nq{nzbssn{ n hmn`hgnàïi% b sbdn mhsqr{nai oim jè I + mhsqr{ngai + ab jè oim rm vengi% ir v{bqbgab% vengbdnai vn{n srkmhssïi vn{n n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% _ß viab sb{  jbhqi vben hmn`hgnàïi Absqns aboen{nàòbs% iksb{zn{î zioä v{igqnmbgqb n~rbeb rsi ab siei ab ÿ{`ïi an mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb vbab oii{abgnàïi b nvehonàïi ab qiais is v{hgoívhis Been ~rb On{vhgqbh{i ab {ians Pheoi abr vn{n bzhaägohn an oimv{bbgsïi aben ai viab{ an mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ~rngai ben bso{bzbr4 + Zioä grgon viab oigqn{ i ~rb rm vbgsnmbgqi jn{î Q{ntbgai ÿahi ir nmi{ vi{ zioä Vn{n vbgsnmbgqis sïi oihsns% b ns nsns nè{bns abebs) abens È mnhs {îvhai ~rb vimkns ab vi{qnai{ Bebs sb`rbm n ebh ai rghzb{si Onan oihsn o{hn sbr qhvi% B bebs jntbm ngan{ abv{bssn I'b{ i {nsqi vn{n i abziezb{ Qrai Qrai ~rb snhr ab srn mbgqb + _{n Pheoi bgqbgabr n zb{anab ~rb vbgsnmbgqis ~rb snbm an mbgqb an vbssin% qnmkèm sb bgo{nzn v{ijrganmbgqb gn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb an vbssin igab bebs sb{zbm oimi rm hmï% vna{ïi% ir jiqioÿvhn ntre vbeis ~rnhs n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb è hgjerbgohnan bg~rngqi is q{narthgai gi jíshoi abebs)abens b~rhznebgqb Vbgsnmbgqis zb{anabh{nmbgqb sïi oihsns% vben {ntïi ~rb qian oihsn mnqb{hne oimbàn gn ji{mn ab vbgsnmbgqi-bgb{`hn N mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb è mnhs srsobqízbe hgjerbgohn{ vi{  hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi mhsqr{ir oim + sbgqh{ + ir bmiàïi% ~rb vi{ bssbs i{h`hgngai simbgqb gn vi{àïi ab {nohioíghi an mbgqb Gn {bnehanab% cî mrhqn ;30 

ONVÍQREI >; - I _RKOIG_OHBGQB 

bzhaägohn vn{n nvihn{ n qbi{hn% ~rb _ß vbgsnmbgqis ab bmiqhignehtba qäm ~rne~rb{ hgjerägohn ab NÀÏI gn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb È rm jnqi kbm oigcbohai ~rb bmiàïi ir sbgqhgai% {b`{ns n mnhi{hn ans vbssins _b è zb{anab ~rb n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb {bsvigab mnhs abv{bssn vn{n% b è hgjerbgohnai mnhs v{igqnmbgqb vi{ hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb bsqïi kbm mhsqr{nai oim bmiàïi% è bssbgohne sb qi{gnai jnmhehn{ oim i mnhs hmvi{qngqb ans bmiàòbs Cî sbqb bmiàòbs vishqhzns v{hgohvnhs% b sbqb bmiàòbs gb`nqhzns v{hgohvnhs Is gb`nqhzis sb hgdbqnm ziergqn{hnmbgqb gis hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb nssb`r{nm vnssn`bm gn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb Is vishqhzi abzbm sb{ hgdbqnais% vbei v{hgoívhi ab nrqisr`bsqïi% gis hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb rgs absbdis hgahzharnhs vn{n vnssn{ bm vn{n n mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb abeb #Hgsq{ràòbs ji{nm abqb{mhgnans gi onvíqrei bm nrqi-sr`bsqïi( Bsqns bmiàòbs% ir sbgqhgai hmvresis% viab sb{  oimvn{nai n jb{mbgqi bm rm vïi% vi{~rb bebs oigsqhqrbm i bebmbgqi ab NÀÏI ai ~rne q{ngsji{mn hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi i vnsshzi ni bsqnai nqhzi Nsshm vissn rm bgqbgab vi{ ~rb vbgsir hmvresis ~rb bsqhzb{nm kbm mhsqr{nai oim bmiàïi sïi n`hais bm mnhs v{igqnmbgqb ~rb hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb i{h`hgnm bm + {ntïi + j{hn Zioä bsqî v{bvn{ngai hgjerbgohn{ b oigq{ien{ n + nrahägohn + hgqb{gn ab srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb vn{n bgq{b`n{ vn{n hsqi i AB_BDI vn{n ahgcbh{i vn{n zioä ~rb zioä absbdi q{ngsmrair bm sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb Bgqïi% è bssbgohne ~rb zioä bgqbgab i mèqiai ab nv{ihmnàïi n bsqn + nrahägohn + hgqb{gn Zioä qbm ~rb jnen{ sbr hahimn% ir gïi nqbgab{î n srn ;33

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ocnmnan Bgqbgab mbeci{ i hahimn ab bmiàïi ir sbgqhgai Gis abhb% bgqïi abso{bzn n~rh ns sbqb bmiàòbs vishqhzns v{hgohvnhs% b ns sbqb bmiàòbs gb`nqhzns v{hgohvnhs% ab ji{mn ~rb zioä viab rqhehtn{ is vishqhzi% b bzhqn is gb`nqhzis% ni an{ hgsq{ràòbs n srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb N _BQB B_VBOHNEHTNÀÏI BMIÀÒB_ VI_HQHZN_ N bmiàïi ab AB_BDI N bmiàïi ab JÈ N bmiàïi ab NMI[ N bmiàïi ab _BSI N bmiàïi ab BGQR_HN_MI N bmiàïi ab [IMNGOB N bmiàïi ab B_VB[NGÀN Cî irq{ns bmiàòbs vishqhzns% mns bsqbs sïi is sbqb mnhs viab{isi% b i igbs rsn{nm oimrmbgqb bm bsji{ài o{hnqhzi Aimhgb bsqns sbqb bmiàòbs #bebs sÿ viabm sb{  aimhgnais nq{nzès ab R_I(% b ns irq{ns bmiàòbs vishqhzns bsqn{ïi n sbr oimngai ~rngai zioä v{bohsn{  abebs _b ebmk{b% gbsqn oigbïi% ~rb zioä bsqî bsqrangai rm ehz{i ~rb è v{bqbgahai ~rb i ndran absbgziezn rm + ahgcbh{i oigsohbgqb-gbss + bgocbgai srn mbgqb ab bmiàòbs vishqhzns N vbssin gïi sb qi{gn ahgcbh{i oigsohbgqb bgocbgai n mbgqb an vbssin ab bmiàòbs gb`nqhzns N _BQB B_VBOHNEHTNÀÏI BMIÀÒB_ GB@NQHZN_ #_b{  bzhqnai( N bmiàïi ab MBAI N bmiàïi ab OHÔMB N bmiàïi ab ßAHI N bmiàïi ab ZHG@NGÀN N bmiàïi ab @NGËGOHN N bmiàïi ab _RVB[_QHÀÏI N bmiàïi ab [NHZN ;38 

ONVÍQREI >; - I _RKOIG_OHBGQB 

Bmiàòbs vishqhzns b gb`nqhzns gïi viabm iorvn{ n mbgqb ni mbsmi qbmvi Rm ir i irq{i qbm ~rb aimhgn{ È srn {bsvigsnkhehanab vn{n qb{ ob{qbtn n~rbens bmiàòbs ab vishqhzi oigsqhqrbm n hgjerägohn aimhgngai ab srn mbgqb N~rh n ebh ab CÎKHQI zh{î n srn ndran Ji{mb i cîkhqi ab nvehon{ b rsn{ ns bmiàòbs vishqhzns. Bzbgqrnembgqb% bebs aimhgn{ïi srn mbgqb qïi oimvebqnmbgqb% ~rb is gb`nqhzis gïi viabm bgq{n{  ghsqi _ÿ sb`rhgai bsqns hgsq{ràòbs ehqb{nembgqb% b oigqhgrnmbgqb% vissn zioä `ngcn oigq{ieb bm ohmn ab srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb N v{bsbgàn ab rm ôghoi gb`nqhzi bm srn mbgqb oigsohbgqb è srjhohbgqb absq{rh{  qians ns ocngobs ab ndran oigsq{rqhzn ab srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb _b zioä ji{ rmn vbssin iksb{zngai% zioä abzb qb{  giqnai ~rb n mnhi{hn ai {bor{si ab vbssins vn{n i{nàïi JNECIR _ß abvihs ab qrai irq{i. Ir bgqïi bebs {btnm vi{ rm {hqrne ab vnenz{ns sbm sbgqhai B% vi{~rb è rm jnqi ~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins ~rb {btnm% qïi _ß jnàn IRQ[I ABVIH_ AB QRAI JNECIR% bebs zïi vn{n i{nàïi oim ns mbgqbs abebs)abens bgochans ab MBAI b ARZHANM bm ~rne è ns bmiàòbs is nqis ab mbgqb srkoigsohbgqbs b vnssn bm vn{n Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn H`rnembgqb% hssi è n bmiàïi ~rb Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn {bobkb% b NQI_ BM _b zioä {btn vn{n rmn oihsn% mns qbm mbai oimi zioä {btn% ~rb zioä viab gïi {bobkb{ hsqi% ir ~rb srn i{nàïi gïi sb{î n`han bm nq{nzès ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn% srn i{nàïi qb{î shai bm zïi ;86

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

I{nàïi jnt% æs zbtbs% {bsreqb gn {bnehtnàïi ahssi vn{n ~rne {btn _b zioä ne`rmn zbt qbzb n bvb{hägohn ab {bobkb{ ~rb vn{n ~rne ZIOÄ {btir% zieqb bm srn mbmÿ{hn% b {boi{an sbr B_QNAI nqrne AB MBGQB% bg~rngqi zioä bsqnzn {btngai% b zioä snkb{î% sbm aôzhan% ~rb n qbi{hn n~rh abso{bzbr è mnhs ~rb rmn qbi{hn I qbmvi zh{î ~rngai ns bsoiens b hgsqhqrhàòbs baronohignhs ai vnís bgshgn{ïi n + ohägohn ab i{nàïi + Neèm ahssi% bgqïi i{nàïi viab sb{% b sb{î {barthai n rmn ohägohn ^rngai n~rbeb qbmvi zbm% #zh{î nsshm ~rb `ägb{i crmngi bsqbdn v{igqi vn{n hsqi% b abmngans hsqi(% ghg`rèm ocb`n{î n Mbgqb Rghzb{sne bm rm bsqnai ab mbai% vben {ntïi mrhqi kin ~rb gïi cnzb{î gbgcrmn qne bmiàïi oimi mbai H`gi{ëgohn% srvb{sqhàïi% b jnesi bgshgi qb{ïi absnvn{bohai% b i cimbm qb{î nqhg`hai i zb{anabh{i bsqnai abeb oimi rmn o{hngàn ab Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn Ne`rgs dî nqhg`h{nm bsqn kägàïi _b zioä no{bahqn ~rb hsqi v{ijbqhtn bsqî ji{ànai% aä rmn iecnan bm {bq{isvboqi gn {nàn crmngn Mbgis ab obm ngis nq{îs% cimbgs no{bahqn{nm ~rb i {nhi vn{n jih bzhaägohn an h{n ab Abrs% b qbmbr hsqi N`i{n% `{nàns ni viab{ ab JÈ% cimbgs n{{bn{nm i {nhi b jhtb{nm hsqi zh{n{ ns {ians ab hgaôsq{hn Mrhqi mbgis ab obm ngis nq{îs% is cimbgs no{bahqn{nm i bsvnài bgq{b is vengbqns sb{ gnan mnhs ~rb rm `{ngab grei% rmn bqbgsïi ab giqchg`gbss mi{qi N`i{n% `{nàns n bsqb mbsmi viab{ ab JÈ% snkbm is cimbgs ~rb eig`b ab ir bsqn{ mi{qi ir rm grei% i bsvnài bgq{b is vengbqns bsqî mrhqi zhzi% ~rb è n ji{mn mnhs neqn ab zhk{nàïi oigcbohan% bg~rngqi boerhgai% qnezbt% n zhk{nàïi ab VBG_NMBGQI Neèm ahssi% cimbgs snkbm ~rb bsqb zhzi% vresngai% bgb{`hn zhk{nqÿ{hn ~rb vbgbq{n qiai îqimi ;8>

ONVÍQREI >; - I _RKOIG_OHBGQB 

ab nssrgqi% b bgocb qiai ghoci ab bsvnài% oigboqn qiai oè{bk{i crmngi oim qiai irq{i oè{bk{i crmngi ^rb {ntïi qbm is cimbgs vn{n no{bahqn{ ~rb bsqn mbsmn bgb{`hn gïi oigboqn qiai oè{bk{i crmngi oim Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn9 Gïi cî gbgcrm vbaî`hivi{qïi bgq{b n mbgqb jhghqn ab cimbm b Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn N oimrghonàïi gïi zneb gnan mbgis Vnohägohn% Jè% Vb{shsqägohn% Oimv{bbgsïi% b rm AB_BDI _HGOB[I oimrghon{ Neèm ahssi% n nv{ihmnàïi sÿ viab sb{ jbhqn vbei hgahzíari beb I{nàòbs eh~rhanans sïi hgôqbhs Hgqbeh`ägohn hgjhghqn jnt gbgcrm bmv{bsn{hne nq{nzès ab v{ior{nàïi Zioä ir znh ah{bqi% ir zioä gïi oimrghon Zioä viab oimv{n{ i{nàïi {bsb{zn b is {bvbqb nqè i ahn ab srn absq{rhàïi% sbm v{izbhqi Vbgsnmbgqis ~rb zioä absbdn oimrghon{ n Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn% qbm ~rb sij{b{ q{ngsji{mnàïi% oimi sÿ viab sb{ anai vi{ srn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb I mèqiai vbei ~rne zioä viab oimrghon{ oim Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn è kbm vn{bohai ni vbei ~rne n zhk{nàïi ab sim è oimrghonan nq{nzès ab {îahi _b zioä bgqbgab i v{hgoívhi ab jrgohignmbgqi ab {îahi% zioä oen{i ~rb% snkb ~rb sim gïi viab sb{ oimrghonai vbei èqb{ nqè ~rb jih vhsnai vn{n ohmn% + ir mrair bm rmn qnn ab zhk{nàïi ~rb n i{becn crmngn gïi viab absoik{h{ I {îahi ~rb bgzhn bsqnàïi abqboqn i sim an zit crmngn% b + vnssbhis% + ir miahjhon hsqi nrmbgqngai is mhecòbs ab zhk{nàïi ab qbmvis _ÿ bm absqb miai% bgenqb n zhk{nàïi ab sim sbdn oimrghonai vbei èqb{ Abvihs ~rb bsqn q{ngsji{mnàïi noigqbobr% i èqb{ + nvngcn n bgb{`hn #~rb bsqnzn i{h`hgnembgqb gn ji{mn ab zhk{nàòbs ab sim(% ebzn n~rben bgb{`hn n {îahi bsqnàòbs {bobvqi{ns% b bsqb vnssi + ab di`is + {bobvqi{  ;8;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

~rb bgb{`hn nq{îs nqè srn qnn i{h`hgne ab zhk{nàïi nsshm è {boigcbohai oimi sib N mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb è i hgqb{mbahn{x ~rb q{nart ns i{nàòbs an vbssin bm oigahàòbs ~rb Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn viab {boigcbob{ v{bsbgqbs n mbgsn`bm% b abziezb n {bsvisqn gn ji{mn ab rm vengi abjhghai ir haèhn vi{ ikqb{ i ikdbqi an i{nàïi Bgqbgan bsqb v{hgoívhi% b zioä snhkn vi{ ~rb mb{ns vnenz{ns ehans ab rm ehz{i ab i{nàïi gïi viabm% b grgon sh{zn oimi rmn n`ägohn ab oimrghonàïi bgq{b n mbgqb ab cimbm b Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn Ngqbs ab srn i{nàïi neongànssb Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn #rmn aboen{nàïi an qbi{hn ai nrqi{ sÿ(% v{iznzbembgqb è q{ngsji{mnai ab srn zhk{nàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi i{h`hgne bm oigahàòbs ab zhk{nàïi bsvh{hqrne Jè è n ôghon n`ägohn oigcbohan ~rb an{î vn{n sbrs vbgsnmbgqis rmn gnqr{btn bsvh{hqrne JÈ b MBAI jntbm oimvngcbh{is ab onmn vik{bs Igab n vbssin è nocnai% i irq{i gïi viab bhsqh{

;8?

ONVÍQREI >? - I OÈ[BK[I RMN [NAHIAHJR_ÏI B B_QNÀÏI [BOBVQI[N VN[N VBG_NMBGQI I AÈOHMI _B@RGAI VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ MNH_ ab zhgqb ngis nq{îs% i nrqi{% nrqi{% q{nknecngai drgqi oim i {bobgqb A{ Nebngab{ @{ncnm Kbee% b A{ Bemb{ [ @nqbs% iksb{zir ~rb qiai oè{bk{i crmngi è rmn {nahiahjrsïi b bsqnàïi {bobvqi{n vn{n n zhk{nàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi Vbei mèahi ai èqb{% èqb{% bm rmn mian sbmbecngqb vn{n hssi bmv{b`nai vbei {îahi ~rb {nahiahjrgab v{hgoívhi% qiai oè{bk{i crmngi è onvnt ab nvngcn{ zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb bsqî sbgai ehkb{qnai nq{nzès ab irq{is oè{bk{is Oim {benàïi æ aboen{nàïi gi vn{î`{nji v{bobabgai% oimvn{b% b oigshab{b n abso{hàïi an Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn% oimi bskiànai gi onvíqrei bm Hmn`hgnàïi N Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn è i + di`i + {bobvqi{ ai oè{bk{i ~rb {bobkb vbgsnmbgqis ehkb{qnai vbeis oè{bk{is ab irq{is È n n`ägohn ab oimrghonàïi bgq{b n vbssin oigsohbgqb% ir n{`rmbgqngai n mbgqb% b ns ~rnq{i jigqbs ab ~rne viabm {bobkb{ bsqímreis ab vbgsnmbgqi ^rngai bsqhmreir% ir + vhsir vn{n ohmn + vn{n rmn qnn neqn ab zhk{nàïi% n mbgqb jhon mnhs {bobvqhzn æ zhk{nàïi ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb neongàn hsqi vbei èqb{ ab

ONVÍQREI >? - I OÈ[BK[I

jigqbs bqb{gns Hsqi + ~rb nrmbgqn er`n{ ab ikdbqis vb`nais ab v{iobssi vbens bmiàòbs vishqhzns% ir ns bmiàòbs gb`nqhzns Vbens bmiàòbs% viabm sb{  nrmbgqnans ns zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi Zhk{nàòbs ab rmn qnn srmnmbgqb neqn sïi ns ôghons zhk{nàòbs nvngcnans b ebzn{nm% vbei èqb{% ab rm oè{bk{i vn{n irq{i Vbgsnmbgqi è q{nzbeehg` ab bgb{`hn n rmn qnn srmnmbgqb neqn ab zhk{nàïi Vbgsnmbgqi ~rb jih miahjhonai ir + jih vhsnai vn{n ohmn + vi{  ~rnhs~rb{ ans bmiàòbs v{hgohvnhs% zhk{n n rmn qnn mrhqi mnhs neqn ~rb vbgsnmbgqi i{ahgî{hi% b è bsqb qhvi ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb vnssn ab rm oè{bk{i n irq{i% vben mn~rhgn{hn ab {nahiahjrsïi ai oè{bk{i crmngi N bmiàïi ab visqis ab sbi æ onkbàn an ehsqn ab bmiàòbs crmngns% nqè igab hgqbgshanab b ji{àn miq{ht bsqïi v{biorvnans I oè{bk{i ~rb jih bsqhmrenai vben bmiàïi ab sbi% zhk{n n rmn qnn mrhqi mnhs {îvhan ~rb jnt ~rngai n~rben bmiàïi ji{ hgnqhzn ir nrsbgqb I {bsreqnai ab q{ngsmrqnàïi ab sbi% è i nrmbgqi an qnn ab zhk{nàïi ab vbgsnmbgqis n qne rm engob ~rb n Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn jhon neqnmbgqb {bobvqhzn n haèhns ~rb nvngcn ai èqb{ Vi{ irq{i enai% ~rngai i oè{bk{i bsqhzb{ zhk{ngai n rmn qnn {îvhan% gïi sÿ nq{nh vbgsnmbgqis b haèhns ehkb{qnans vi{ irq{is oè{bk{is vbei mèahi ai èqb{% mns aî nis v{ÿv{his vbgsnmbgqis an vbssin ~rb + sbgqhgai + ~rb è bssbgohne ngqbs abssbs vbgsnmbgqis sb{î nvngcnai b sb{î n`hai bm vben mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb an vbssin Nsshm% zioä zb{î ~rb i v{hgoívhi ab {nahiahjrsïi è i jnqi{ vbei ~rne zioä mhsqr{n sbgqhmbgqi% ir bmiàïi ;8:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

oim sbrs vbgsnmbgqis b is vnssn vn{n srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb N mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb è n + bsqnàïi + bgzhngai ai oè{bk{i vbei ~rne zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi sïi {nahiahjrsïi N Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn è i + di`i {bobvqi{ + vbei ~rne ns zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi sïi nvngcnans ai èqb{ è qb{ Drgqi oim is jnqi{bs hmvi{qngqbs an mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% b n jnoreanab an Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn ~rb oigsqhqrh is di`is bgzhngai b {bobkbm ab srn mn~rhgn{hn ab {nahiahjrsïi mbgqne oigshab{n i v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi ~rb è i mèahi vbei ~rne zioä viab vñ{ bm ivb{nàïi srn + bsqnàïi ab {nahiahjrsïi + n`i{n Vbens hgsq{ràòbs abso{hqns gi onvíqrei bm nrqi-sr`bsqïi% zioä bsqnzn abjhghqhznmbgqb hgji{mnai ai mèqiai vbei ~rne AB_BDI viab sb{ q{ngsmranai bm sbr migbqî{hi b~rhznebgqb Ivb{nàïi ab srn bsqnàïi ab {nahiahjrsïi + mbgqne + è rm v{iobahmbgqi oimvn{nqhznmbgqb shmvebs Zioä qbm mns q{äs v{hgoívhis vn{n qb{ bm mbgqb% b nvehon{% ~rngai zioä absbdn rsn{ sbr {nahiahjrgahgai bsqnàïi-n MBGQB _RKOIG_OHBGQB% HMN@HGNÀÏI O[HNQHZN% b NRQI_R@B_QÏI Is bsqímreis vbeis ~rnhs zioä oieioir bsqbs q{äs v{hgoívhis bm nàïi ji{nm abso{bzb{-i v{iobahmbgqi oimbàn oim AB_BDI N_ MNHI[B_ JI[ÀN_ _ÏI + HGQNG@ÍZBH_ + N abv{bssïi q{irb i mrgai ni mbsmi ki{an-ehgcn ab bgqbgab{ ans ji{àns ~rb sïi hgqng`ízbhs b gïi zhsqi Vbens hanabs ~rb vnssn{nm% cimbm abvbgabr mrhqi gis sbgsis jíshois abeb% b ehmhqir i oigcbohmbgqi abeb n oihsns jíshons ~rb beb viab{hn zb{% qi~rb% vbsb% b mbahan ;80 

ONVÍQREI >? - I OÈ[BK[I

Gÿs bsqnmis bgq{ngai gi mnhs mn{nzhecisi n`i{n ab qiais hanab-rmn hanab ~rb gis bgshgn{î ne`i ans ji{àns hgqng`ízbhs ai mrgai sik{b gÿs Qnezbt gÿs nv{bgab{bmis% oimi gÿs nq{nzbssnmis bsqn hanab% ~rb i + irq{i b`i + è mnhs viab{isi ~rb i b`i jíshoi ~rb gÿs zbmis ~rngai gÿs iecn{mis bm rm bsvbeci Æs zbtbs cimbgs jnenm eh`bh{nmbgqb ai hgqng`hkebs - ns oihsns ~rb bebs gïi viabm vb{obkb{ vi{ ~rnhs~rb{ ais ohgoi sbgqhais abebs)abens% b ~rngai gÿs is irzh{mis% abzb{hn gis ebmk{n{ ~rb qiais gÿs simis oigq{ienais vi{ ji{àns ~rb sïi gïi zhsqi b hgqng`ízbhs I qiai ab `ägb{i crmngi gïi qbm i viab{ vn{n oigqbgab{ oim% gbm oigq{ien{ n ji{àn hgqng`ízbe bmk{recnan vn{n ohmn gns igans {iengqbs ais iobngis Cimbm gïi qbm n onvnohanab vn{n bgqbgab{ n ji{àn hgqng`ízbe ab `{nzhanab ~rb mngqèm bsqn vb~rbgn qb{{n srsvbgahan bm mbhi-n{% b hmvbab i cimbm onh{  ahsqi% mrhqi mbgis i viab{ vn{n oigq{ien{ n~rben ji{àn I cimbm è oimvebqnmbgqb sb{zhe æ ji{àn hgqng`ízbe ~rb zbm oim rmn qbmvbsqnab ab q{izïi% b beb è an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb absnmvn{nai gn v{bsbgàn an ji{àn hgqng`ízbe ab bebq{hohanab - gïi% beb jnt gbm mbsmi snkb ~rb bebq{hohanab è% igab zbm ab% ir i ~rb è sbr v{ivÿshqi. Gbm è hsqi vi{ ~rne~rb{ mbhis i jhm an h`gi{ëgohn ab cimbm oim {benàïi n oihsns gïi zhsqi b hgqng`ízbe Beb gïi bgqbgab n ji{àn hgqng`ízbe #b hgqbeh`ägohn( bmk{recir vn{n ohmn gn qb{{n ai qb{{n-n ji{àn ~rb ecb v{ivi{ohign qiai kionai ab oimhan ~rb beb oimb% qiai n{qh`i ab zbsqh{ ~rb beb rsn% qiai aÿen{ ~rb beb ebzn gis kiesis abeb ;83

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

N CH_Qß[HN A[NMÎQHON AI OÈ[BK[I Ôeqhmi% mns gïi mbgis% q{hvreb% oim qians n oreqr{n isqbgqnan abeb b baronàïi% bgqbgab vb~rbgi ir gnan an ji{àn hgqng`ízbe #i mnhi{ ab qiai i hgqng`hkebs( ab vbgsnmbgqi Beb snkb mns vb~rbgi {benqhzi ni oè{bk{i jíshoi% b srn {bab znsqn ab mn~rhgn{hn oimvehonan vben ~rne è q{narthai i viab{ ab vbgsnmbgqi bm sbr mnqb{hne b~rhznebgqb% mns beb bsqî bgq{ngai bm rmn hanab ~rb {bgab{î bsoen{bohmbgqi gi nssrgqi n`i{n Dî cimbgs ab ohägohn oimbàn{nm n zh{n{ n nqbgàïi abebs)abens ni bsqrai absqn oihsn bsqrvbgan ocnmnai rm oè{bk{i% b% bg~rngqi bebs nhgan bsqhzb{bm gn jnsb ab dn{ahm ab hgjëgohn ais bsqrais abebs)abens% bebs absoik{h{nm knsqngqb oigcbohmbgqi vn{n snkb{ ~rb i vnhgbe ab oimngai obgq{ne ai oè{bk{i crmngi% i gômb{i ab ehgcns ~rb oigboqnm i oè{bk{i obens rm oim irq{i% h`rnen n jh`r{n rm% sb`rhan vi{ ~rhgtb mhecòbs ab ohj{ns + N jh`r{n è qïi bsqrvbgan% + ahssb A{ O Drasig Cb{{hol% an Rghzb{shanab ab Ochon`i + ~rb jh`r{ns nsq{igñmhons ~rb ehanm oim obgqbgns ab mhecòbs ab ngis ert% jh~rb hgsh`ghjhongqb nq{nzès ab oimvn{nàïi Jih abqb{mhgnai ~rb cî ab >6%666%666%666 n >1%666%666%666 obens ab gb{zi gi oÿ{qb ob{bk{ne crmngi% b gÿs snkbmis ~rb bsqbs sïi i{`nghtnais bm vna{òbs abjhghais Bsqbs n{{ngdis gïi sïi ji{qrhqis Bebs sïi bm i{abm Mèqiais {bobgqbmbgqb absbgziezhais ab beboq{i-jhshiei`hn qh{nm ji{n oi{{bgqbs ab nàïi ab obens mrhqi v{bohsnmbgqb shqrnans% ir jhk{ns oim mho{ibeèq{iai% is nmvehb oim qrkis ab {îahi% b {b`hsq{i ahjb{bgàns viqbgohnhs vn{n rm mhehigèshmi ab rm zieq +

;88 

ONVÍQREI >? - I OÈ[BK[I

È hgoigobkízbe ~rb qne rmn {bab ab mn~rhgn{hn oimvehonan abzb{hn bsqn{ bm bhsqägohn vn{n i v{ivÿshqi boershzi ab oigqhgrn{ ns jrgàòbs jíshons hgohabgqne vn{n o{bsohmbgqi b mngrqbgàïi ai oi{vi jíshoi Gïi è v{izîzbe ~rb i mbsmi shsqbmn ~rb aî vn{n khecïi ab obens ab oè{bk{i ns míahn vn{n oimrghonàïi rm oim irq{i v{izä% qnmkèm i mbhi ab oimrghonàïi oim irq{ns ji{àns hgqng`ízbhs9 Abvihs ~rb bsqb ehz{i qhgcn shai bso{hqi% ei`i ngqbs i mngrso{hqi jih vn{n i vrkehonai{% eî sb nvn{bohai gi Gizn Hi{~rb Qhmbs% rmn bhkhàïi bahqi{hne ~rb vbei mbgis rmn `{ngab Rghzb{shanab% b rm hgzbsqh`nai{  hgqbeh`bgqb gi onmvi ab jbgñmbgis mbgqnhs% bsqî oigqhgrngai rmn vbs~rhsn i{`nghtnan vben ~rne ji{nm ocb`nans n oigoersòbs ~rb oimvn{n mrhqis abssbs abso{hqis ghsqi b i onvíqrei sb`rhgqb I bahqi{hne ngnehsir i q{nkneci oigqhgrnai vi{ A{ [chgb k{bzbmbgqb% b is sÿohis abeb bm Rghzb{shanab ab Ar~rb% zht4 - i ~rb è fQbebvnqcx '9 + Rm mäs nq{îs gÿs ohqnmis gbsqn vî`hgn ne`rgs ais {bsreqnais giqîzbhs neongànais vi{ V{ijbssi{ [chgb b is sÿohis abeb bm Rghzb{shanab ab Ar~rb ab mnhs ab obm mhe qbsqbs abqb{mhgn{ n bhsqägohn ab fQbebvnqcx ' b fOenh{zixngob ' Bsqbs {bsreqnais ji{nm {bsrmhais gis v{hmbh{is aihs n{qh`is bm [bzhsqn ab Cn{vb{s Vbei sb`rgai ~rb sb nvn{bobr n`i{n% i nrqi{% B C P{h`cq% qbgqn {bsrmh{ i ~rb jih hgsq{ríai% ir i ~rb vn{bob {ntiîzbe abarth{% {benqhzi æ gnqr{btn bnqn absqb fBq{nsbgsi{x ' miais ab vb{obvàïi + N bhsqägohn nqrne ab qbebvnqhn b oen{hzhaägohn vn{bob n`i{n n ne`rmns ohbgqhsqns bgi{mbmbgqb v{izîzbe oimi i {bsreqnai ans bvb{hägohns ab [bgi Ji{nm vbahais zî{his vb{ohvhbgqs gimbn{ oimi mrhqis on{qòbs ?66

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

bm rm vnoiqb bsvbohne oimi bebs vrab{nm sbm iecn{  vn{n bebs b sbm irq{i nobssi sbgsÿ{hi vn{n bebs _ik{b rmn oigqn`bm ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs jih absoikb{qi ~rb vrabssb gimbn{ {b`ren{mbgqb oi{{bqnmbgqb qngqis ais on{qòbs ~rb n~rbeb fQcb{b gïi b{n rmn ocngob bm mrhqis rm mhecïi ab mhecòbs ai qb{ jbhqi is jbhqis abebs) abens vi{ si{qb ir nohabgqb abebs)abens ' + Mns oimi bebs is jhtb{nm9 Bsqbs viab{bs% nssrmhgai ~rb bebs bhsqbm% gïi vn{bàn sb{ sbgsÿ{hi Gïi cî gbgcrm ÿ{`ïi oigcbohai vn{n bebs Ns bvb{hägohns q{nknecn{nm an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb kbm n ahsqëgohns ab zî{hns obm mhecns oimi bebs jhtb{nm gi mbsmi ~rn{qi Bsqbs jnqis qnmkèm ahsvòbm% gn ivhghïi ab _{ P{h`cq% an qbgqnqhzn vn{n bvehon{ qbebvnqhn ir oen{hzhaägohn vi{ ~rne~rb{ qbi{hn jíshon ab {nahnàïi Qians ns ji{mns oigcbohans ab aboeíghi ab bgb{`hn k{hecngqb hgzb{snmbgqb oimi i ~rna{nai an ahsqëgohn nq{nzbssnai Qbebvnqhn b oen{hzhaägohn gïi jntbm Mns bebs zn{hnm vi{ onrsns jíshons oimi gissis irq{is viab{bs mbgqnhs jnàn Ni oigq{î{hi ab ivhghïi ahjrgahan% gïi mbeci{nm bebs ~rngai i vb{ohvhbgq è nai{mbohai ir mbhinai{mbohai% mns% vbei oigq{î{hi% ~rngai beb è mrhqi en{`i-absvb{qb b neb{qn [bgi absoik{hr ~rb rm gn{oÿqhoi hgzn{hnzbembgqb nknhn{î n oigqn`bm ab rm vb{ohvhbgq% bg~rngqi rm bsqhmrengqb sbmv{b bgzhn{î hsqi mnhs neqi I n{qhsqn mnhs ab oigjhngàn gïi viab jntb{  rmn oigqn`bm kin nvn{bgqbmbgqb n mbgis ~rb beb qbgqb jntb{ i abeb mbeci{ + Rmn oigoersïi ~rb i P{h`cq vrn oim rm viroi ab oigjhngàn è n~rben qbebvnqhn b oen{hzhaägohn {bnembgqb è rm b i mbsmi v{bsbgqb ^rb{ ahtb{% n jnoreanab ~rb f_bbs ' rmn jnob ab on{qïi nknhi bm rmn mbsn ?6>

ONVÍQREI >? - I OÈ[BK[I

vn{bob sb{ bnqnmbgqb i mbsmi n~rbeb f[bnas ' rm vbgsnmbgqi ~rb sÿ {bshab bm irq{n mbgqb Cî zî{his ocïis vi{ no{bahqn{ hsqi Vi{ bbmvei% qïi eig`b is aihs v{bsbgqbs ji{nm nocnais bm qian vbssin ~rb absj{rqn ~rne~rb{ rm abebs Qïi eig`b bm qiai rm is aihs ji{nm ab zh`i{ h`rne% ~rnsb bnqnmbgqb Qbens% vn{babs% ahsqëgohns% ir gïi bsqïi rsngai gbgcrm bjbhqi gnan P{h`cq nzngàn absqn oigoersïi vn{n bv{bssn{ i oimi i ~rne beb nzngàn gïi mnhs ~rb i mb{i fCrgoc ' n~rbens irq{ns bvb{hägohns bq{n- sbgsÿ{hns% sigcis v{ijèqhois% v{bmighàòbs ab absnsq{b% b i h`rne% qnmkèm viab v{izn{ sb{ vn{qb an mbsmn jnoreanab I ebhqi{ gïi è vbahai nobhqn{ ~rnhs~rb{ absqns oigoersòbs n mbgis ~rb beb nocb hsqi gbobssî{hi% mns n bzhaägohn vn{n ohmn n ~rb [bgi bmvhecir qbm ~rb vb{mngbob{  hmv{bsshzn + Abzhai ni ngôgohi ab A{ [bgi oim {benàïi æs oigahàòbs abknhi ans ~rnhs n mbgqb {bsvigab n hssi ~rb beb oigahàòbs + miais bq{n-sbgsÿ{his ab vb{obvàïi% br shgqi v{hzheb`hnai vn{n no{bsobgqn{ ni qbsqbmrgci abeb aboen{ngai n`i{n ~rb mbrs sÿohis b br absoik{hmis i ~rb gÿs no{bahqnmis vn{n sb{ ns oigahàòbs habnhs abknhi ans ~rnhs n mbgqb viab sb{  bsqhmrenan ab ji{mn ~rb i sbqi sbgqhai abso{bzbr gi v{ÿhmi onvíqrei% viab sb{ jbhqi jrgohign{ ab rm miai v{îqhoi Ns oigahàòbs æs ~rnhs br {boi{{i oigshsqbm bm rmn nehngàn ab jrgohignmbgqi ígqhmn bgq{b br b aihs sÿohis ab mbr vbssine Vi{ bvb{hmbgqnàïi b v{nqhon% gÿs absoik{hmis oimi bsqhmren{ gissns mbgqbs #nvehongai i v{hgoívhi rsnai oim {benàïi nis + Oigsbecbh{is + Hgzhsízbhs abso{hqis gi v{ÿhmi onvíqrei( ab ji{mn ~rb gÿs ?6;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

vissn% vi{ rm v{iobssi ab mhsqr{n{ gissns q{äs mbgqbs bm rm% nocb n sieràïi n rmn `{ngab zn{hbanab ab v{ikebmns vbssinhs ~rb sïi srkmbqhais vi{ mbrs oehbgqbs I v{iobahmbgqi è mrhqi shmvebs Gÿs gis sbgqnmis n rmn mbsn ab oigjb{ägohn% oen{nmbgqb aboen{b n gnqr{btn ai v{ikebmn ~rb gÿs qbmis abknhi ab oigshab{nàïi% bgqïi oimbob n ahsorqh{ hsqi Onan oigq{hkrh ~rne~rb{ vbgsnmbgqis ~rb viabm noigqbob{ N oihsn bsq{ngcn sik{b bsqb mèqiai ab bohqnàïi ab mbgqb è ~rb oieion onan vn{qhohvngqb bm oimrghonàïi oim jigqbs absoigcbohans ab oigcbohmbgqi abjhghqhznmbgqb ji{n an v{ÿv{hn bvb{hägohn abeb _b zioä bgqbgab{ i v{hgoívhi abso{hqi gi onvíqrei gn Mbsq{b Mhga% zioä {boigcbob i v{iobahmbgqi ab {baigai-mbsn oen{i ~rb n~rh abso{bzbr oimi sbgai rmn nvehonàïi v{îqhon an Mbsq{b Mhga Bsqb mèqiai ab bohqnàïi ab mbgqb% vi{ ahsorssïi cn{mighisn ab nssrgqis abjhghais% bgq{b q{äs vbssins% hersq{n i rsi mnhs shmvebs b mnhs v{îqhoi an Mbsq{b Mhga Naiqngai b sb`rhgai rm vengi sbmbecngqb ~rne~rb{  bsqrangqb absqn jheisijhn viab bgq{n{ k{bzbmbgqb bm vissb an jÿ{mren ab On{gb`hb jnmisn abso{hqn gn hgq{iaràïi _b gïi sh`ghjhon{ gnan n zioä gbsqb mimbgqi% mn{~rb bsqn vî`hgn b ebr hsqi giznmbgqb abvihs ~rb zioä qb{mhgnssb i ôeqhmi onvíqrei N + abv{bssïi + b{n rmn kägàïi bm ahsjn{ob [barthr i mrgai hgqbh{i n rm vigqi ab vn{qhan gizi ~rb aî vn{n qiai rm rmn ivi{qrghanab gizn

?6?

ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI N VI[QN VN[N I QBMVEI AB _NKBAI[HN I AÈOHMI QB[OBH[I VN__I VN[N [H^RBTN_ I + aèohmi qb{obh{i + v{hgoívhi è oigcbohai oimi i sbqi sbgqhai vbei ~rne Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn viab% b oimrghon{î ziergqn{hnmbgqb% sbm ~rne~rb{ bsji{ài ab% ir abmngans vi{% i hgahzíari Bsqb v{hgoívhi è i îvhob an jheisijhn Viab sb{ nsshmhenai% oimv{bbgahai% b _ß nvehoir aimhgngai is irq{is aitb v{hgoívhis v{hmbh{i I sbqi sbgqhai è n~rben vi{àïi an mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb ~rb bsqbzb ocnmnai n Hmn`hgnàïi O{hnqhzn Qnmkèm bsqbzb ocnmnai i + di`i + {bobvqi{  vbei ~rne haèhns% vengis% b vbgsnmbgqis jenmbdnm gn mbgqb Is + jensc + æs zbtbs sïi ocnmnais + oi{organs + ir + hgsvh{nàòbs + I sbqi sbgqhai absnjhn abso{hàïi. Gïi viab sb{ abso{hqi n rmn vbssin ~rb gïi aimhgir is irq{is v{hgoívhis absqn jheisijhn% vi{~rb qne rmn vbssin gïi qbm gbgcrm oigcbohmbgqi% b gbgcrmn bvb{hägohn oim ~rb i sbqi sbgqhai viab sb{ oimvn{nai Bgqbgab{ ai sbqi sbgqhai sÿ zbm ab abgq{i mbahqnàïi vi{  absbgziezhmbgqi ab mbgqb I sbqi sbgqhai v{iznzbembgqb è i mèahi ab oigqnqi bgq{b n mbgqb jhghqn ab cimbm b Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn% b vi{ hsqi% è rmn

ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI

mhsqr{n ab nmkis i mbgqne b i bsvh{hqrne È no{bahqnai ~rb è i vigqi n ~rne n mbgqb ab oigqnqis ab cimbm n Mbgqb Rghzb{sne Abvihs ~rb zioä aimhgir is v{hgoívhis abso{hqis gbsqb ehz{i% zioä bsqn{î v{bvn{nai oigoi{an{ oimi zb{anab rmn aboen{nàïi ~rb viab% onsi oigq{î{hi% sbdn hgo{ízbe n zioä% hsqi è%4 Vben ndran ai sbqi sbgqhai% zioä sb{î nazb{qhai n qbmvi ab vb{h`is hmhgbgqbs vn{n is bzhqn{% b giqhjhoir n qbmvi ab ivi{qrghanabs vn{n is nk{nàn{ Eî zbm n srn ndran% b jntb{ srn ehohqnàïi% oim i absbgziezhmbgqi ai sbqi sbgqhai% rm + ngdi an `rn{an + ~rb znh n qian ci{n nkb{qi n zioä n vi{qn vn{n i Qbmvei ab _nkbai{hn _b ir gïi bsqn è rmn aboen{nàïi ab zb{anab% zioä grgon snkb{î% boern sb`rhgai ns hgsq{ràòbs abso{hqns gns vî`hgns absqb ehz{i% ir ne`rm mèqiai sbmbecngqb ab v{iobahmbgqi I nrqi{ gïi è rm o{bgqb abgq{i% gbm abjbgsi{ ab + mhen`{bs% + vben {ntïi ~rb beb qbm knsqngqb oigcbohmbgqi ab Gnqr{btn vn{n grgon bgqbgab{  n~rben Gnqr{btn ahzb{`b ans ebhs bsqnkbebohans aben Ne`rmns ans ebhs aben sïi qïi hgoimv{bbgsízbhs ~rb bebs v{iartbm i ~rb vn{bob sb{ + mhen`{bs + I sbqi sbgqhai zbm oimi vb{qi ab sb{ rm mhen`{b oimi ~rne~rb{  oihsn br ne`rmn zbt bvb{hmbgqbh% b sb nvn{bob nsshm% sÿ vi{~rb br gïi bgqbgai i mèqiai vbei ~rne bsqb v{hgoívhi è ivb{nai Hsqi mrhqi i nrqi{ jnt snkb{-~rb cî rm viab{% ir rmn V{hmbh{n Onrsn% ir rmn Hgqbeh`ägohn ~rb vbgbq{n qiai ?6:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

îqimi ab nssrgqi b nk{nàn qian rghanab ab bgb{`hn vb{obvqízbe vn{n cimbm-~rb bsqn Hgqbeh`ägohn Hgjhghqn oigzb{qb kieiqns bm î{zi{bs ab on{zneci% î`rn ab onrsns vn{n jerh{ nknhi oiehgn oim {bsvbhqi æ ebh ab `{nzhanab% sb`rb gihqb oim ahn% b hgzb{gi oim zb{ïi% onan ~rb mngqèm sbr v{ÿv{hi er`n{ b {benàïi vn{n i irq{i Bsqn Hgqbeh`ägohn viab% vbeis v{hgoívhis absqn jheisijhn% sbdn hgarthai vn{n ndran{ q{ngsmrangai AB_BDI_ bm oigo{bqi% ir ji{mn mnqb{hne I nrqi{ qbm bsqb oigcbohmbgqi% vi{~rb beb bvb{hmbgqir oim hsqi b BSVB[HMBGQIR H_QI Vnssi vi{ vnssi% vbeis onvíqreis v{bobabgai% zioä jih oigarthai n hsqi% i ôeqhmi v{hgoívhi _b zioä aimhgir onan ais v{hgoívhis v{bobabgai% zioä bsqî n`i{n v{bvn{nai nobhqn{% sbm sb{ oèqhoi% ns {bhzhgahonàòbs bsqrvbgans jhtb{nm n~rh _b zioä gïi aimhgir is irq{is v{hgoívhis% zioä qbm ~rb jntb{ nsshm ngqbs ab zioä viab{ abqb{mhgn{% abjhghqhznmbgqb% sb ir gïi ns {bhzhgahonàòbs jbhqns gbsqb onvíqrei sïi jnqi ir jhoàïi Bg~rngqi br bsqnzn nq{nzbssngai n hanab ab + cb{ÿhnai{nàïi + ~rb br mb nocbh qbgqngai hmhqn{ bssbs ~rbm br n mnhi{hn namh{ir Neèm ahssi% br absoik{h ~rb i bebmbgqi ab JÈ% oim ~rb br bmv{bbgah hmhqn{ mbrs íaieis% mb abr `{ngab onvnohanab vn{n jntb{ qïi knsqngqb v{isvb{nmbgqb Br grgon mb absvh oimvebqnmbgqb absqb cîkhqi ab cb{ÿh-nai{nàïi% bmki{n br vnssbh n hanab oimrmbgqb anai bm ohmn ab vn{n qne Mhgcn bvb{hägohn mb bgshgir ~rb n v{ÿhmn mbeci{ oihsn vn{n sb{  zb{anabh{nmbgqb `{ngab% è bmren{ i `{ngab% sbgqhgai b nàïi% qïi ~rnsb ~rngqi vissízbe

?60 

ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI

Eig`i ngqbs ab br ne`rmn zbt qhgcn bso{hqi rmn ehgcn vn{n vrkehonàïi% ir bmv{bbgabr bgq{b`n{ rmn jnen bm vôkehoi% br sb`rh i cîkhqi ab {bji{mn{ mbr v{ÿv{hi on{îqb{% qbgqngai hmhqn{ is gizb cimbgs ordis zhans b zhan-q{nknecis qhgcnm shai mrhqi hmv{bsshzis n mhm Bsqbs gizb cimbgs b{nm% Bmb{sig% Vnhgb% Bahsig% An{phg% Ehgoieg% Kr{kngl% Gnviebig% Ji{a% b On{gb`hb Bm ohmn ab rm vb{íiai eig`i ab ngis% br sb`r{bh rm Oigsbeci hmn`hgî{hi ~rb sb bgoigq{n oim bsqb `{rvi ~rbm br ocnmnai mbrs + Oigsbecbh{is + Hgzhsízbhs qians ns gihqbs I v{iobahmbgqi b{n hsqi Ei`i ngqbs hgai ai{mh{ æ gihqb% br jbocn{hn mbrs iecis% b zä% bm mhgcn hmn`hgnàïi% bsqb `{rvi ab cimbgs sb sbgqir ni {bai{ oimh`i mhgcn Mbsn ab Oigsbeci N~rh br gïi sÿ qhzb rmn ivi{qrghanab vn{n sb sbgqn{ bgq{b bssbs ~rbm br oigshab{bh sb{ `{ngab% mns br gn zb{anab aimhgbh i `{rvi% sb{zhgai oimi i V{bshabgqb Br qhzb rm V[IVß_HQI mrhqi ABJHGHAI jnzi{bobgai mhgcn hmn`hgnàïi vi{ bsqns {brghòbs giqr{gns Mbr v{ivÿshqi b{n {boigsq{rh{ mbr v{ÿv{hi on{îqb{ nsshm {bv{bsbgqn{hn rmn oimkhgnàïi ais on{îqb{ ab mbrs oigsbecbh{is hmn`hgî{his Vb{obkbgai% Vb{obkbgai% oimi jht br% obai bm zhan ~rb br qhzb ~rb srvb{n{ i hmvbahmbgqi ab gnsohmbgqi bm rm nmkhbgqb ab h`gi{ëgohn b srvb{sqhàïi% br mb gimbbh abehkb{nanmbgqb n qn{bjn ab {bgnsohmbgqi ziergqî{hi vbei mèqiai n~rh abso{bzbr ON[ÎQB[ OIG_Q[RHGAI VI[ NRQI-_R@B_QÏI _bgai rm bsqrangqb sè{hi ab vshoiei`hn% br sirkb% oen{i ~rb% ~rb qiais is cimbgs sb qi{gn{nm i ~rb bebs sïi% vi{ onrsn ais VBG_NMBGQI_ AIMHGNGAI abebs)abens B ?63

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

AB_BDI_ Br sirkb ~rb qiai absbdi v{ijrganmbgqb sbgqnai qbm i bjbhqi ab onrsn{ n vbssin vn{n krson{  bv{bssïi bqb{gn vben ~rne n~rbeb absbdi viab sb{  q{ngsmranai bm {bnehanab Br sirkb ~rb b`i-sr`bsqïi è rm jnqi{ viab{isi oigsq{rhgai on{îqb{ ~rb è% gn {bnehanab% i v{hgoívhi boershzi vbei ~rne on{îqb{ è krheaba Oim bsqb oigcbohmbgqi ais v{hgoívhis ab ivb{nàïi ab mbgqb% br jrh n{mnai {ntinzbembgqb kbm oim i b~rhvnmbgqi v{bohsnai {boigsq{rh{ mbr on{îqb{ Gbsqbs {brghòbs ab Oigsbeci hmn`hgî{hns br ocnmbh bm mbrs sÿohis ab @nkhgbqb vn{n i oigcbohmbgqi br absbdbh onan vn{n oigq{hkrh{% bg~rngqi sb bgzhngai n onan sÿohi bm vnenz{ns nraízbhs% oimi sb`rb4 + _{ Bmb{sig% br absbdi na~rh{h{ ab zioä n oimv{bbgsïi mn{nzhecisn ab Gnqr{btn ~rb ahsqhg`rhr srn zhan Br vb{`rgqi ~rb zioä jnt rmn hmv{bssïi bm mhgcn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% ab ~rne~rb{ ~rnehanabs vissrhr zioä ~rb i cnkhehqir bgqbgab{ b sb nanvqn{ æs ebhs ab Gnqr{btn Br vb{`rgqi ~rb zioä mb ndran neongàn{ b rqhehtn{ ~rne~rb{ jigqbs ab oigcbohmbgqi bsqî ahsvigízbe n bsqb jhm + _{ Kr{kngl% br vbài ~rb zioä vnssb bm vn{n mhm i oigcbohmbgqi vn{n i ~rne i cnkhehqir nsshm cn{mightn ns ebhs ab Gnqr{btn ~rb zioä onrsir i oîoqrs vn{n ab{{nmn{ sbrs bsvhgcis% b sb qi{gn rmn oimhan oimbsqízbe Mb aä nobssi vn{n i oigcbohmbgqi ~rb i vb{mhqhr n jntb{ arns eëmhgns ab `{nmn o{bsàn igab mns n vbssin o{bsobr ngqbs% b i ndrair n mhsqr{n{ n oiei{nàïi ans jei{bs oim mnhs bsvebgai{ b cn{mighn% vn{n zioä% sÿ% air{ir i eí{hi v{isvb{nmbgqb ?68 

ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI

+ Gnviebig% br absbdi na~rh{h{ ab zioä% nq{nzès ab bmrenàïi% n cnkhehanab mn{nzhecisn zioä vissrhr vn{n hgsvh{n{ is cimbgs% b is absvb{qn{ n mnhi{ b mnhs abqb{mhgnai bsví{hqi ab nàïi Qnmkèm na~rh{h{ i bsví{hqi ab JÈ ar{nair{n ~rb i vb{mhqhr n sb q{ngsji{mn{  ab{{iqn bm zhqÿ{hn b sik{bvrdn{ iksqîoreis onmknebngqbs Hmvb{nai{ ab Absqhgi% [bh ab Ocngob% Cimbm ab Absqhgi% br i snrai. + _{ Vnhgb% br absbdi na~rh{h{ ab zioä n ehkb{anab ab vbgsnmbgqi b n oi{n`bm b oen{hanab oim ~rb bv{bssn{ oigzhoàòbs ~rb nsshm i ahsqhg`rh{nm. + _{ An{phg% br absbdi na~rh{h{ ab zioä n vnohägohn mn{nzhecisn% b cnkhehanab vn{n bsqran{ onrsn b bjbqrn{% sbm v{boigobhqi ir v{bdrahon% nsshm bbmvehjhonai vi{  zioä gi onmvi ab ohägohn gnqr{ne + _{ Ehgoieg% br absbdi oigsq{rh{ bm mbr v{ÿv{hi on{îqb{ i sbgsi n`rai ab drsqhàn% i bsví{hqi hgongsîzbe ab vnohägohn% i sbgsi ab crmi{% n oimv{bbgsïi crmngn% b n qieb{ëgohn ~rb b{nm srns on{noqb{ísqhons ahsqhgqhzns + _{ On{gb`hb% br dî bsqir bgahzhanai n zioä vn{n mhgcn bsoiecn ab rm zhan-q{nkneci ~rb q{irb `{ngab jbehohanab b vnt ab mbgqb vi{ mhm Br absbdi na~rh{h{  rmn oimv{bbgsïi oimvebqn ais v{hgoívhis ab bsji{ài i{`nghtnai ~rb zioä rsir qïi bjbqhznmbgqb gi bahjíohi ab rm `{ngab bmv{bbgahmbgqi hgarsq{hne + _{ Ji{a% zioä bsqbzb bgq{b i mnhs ôqhe ais cimbgs ~rb v{izb{nm mrhqi ai bssbgohne mnqb{hne n mbr q{nkneci Br absbdi na~rh{h{ sbr bsví{hqi ab vb{shsqägohn% n abqb{mhgnàïi% vi{qb% b nrqioigjhngàn ~rb i vb{mhqh{nm n aimhgn{ vik{btn% i{`nghtb% rghjh~rb% b shmvehjhon bsji{ài crmngi% nsshm br vissi ndran{ irq{is vn{n sb`rh{ bm sbrs vnssis ?>6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

+ _{ Bahsig% br i mb sbgqbh mnhs v{ÿhmi vn{n mhm% n mbr ah{bhqi% vi{ onrsn an oiivb{nàïi vbssine zioä mb% ar{ngqb mhgcn vbs~rhsn gns onrsns ab srobssi b j{nonssi% abr Br absbdi na~rh{h{ ab zioä i bsví{hqi mn{nzhecisi ab JÈ% oim ~rb zioä absoik{hr qngqis ais sb`{bais ab Gnqr{btn% i bsví{hqi ab enkrqn oigsqngqb oim ~rb zioä qbm qïi j{b~õbgqbmbgqb n{{ngonai zhqÿ{hn ab ab{{iqn + Mbr mèqiai ab bgzhn{ is sÿohis ai @nkhgbqb hmn`hgî{hi zn{hn{hn% ab noi{ai oim ns on{noqb{ísqhons ab on{îqb{ gi ~rne br b{n% vn{n i mimbgqi% mnhs hgqb{bssnai na~rh{hgai Br bsqrabh is {b`hsq{is ans zhans abebs)abens oim orhanai aheh`bgqb Abvihs ab ne`rgs mbsbs absqb v{iobahmbgqi giqr{gi% br jrh sr{v{bbgahai vben absoikb{qn ~rb bsqns jh`r{ns hmn`hgî{hns sb qi{gn{nm% nvn{bgqbmbgqb {bne Onan absqbs gizb cimbgs absbgziezbr on{noqb{ísqhons hgahzharnhs ~rb mb vb`n{nm ab sr{v{bsn Vi{ bbmvei% Ehgoieg absbgziezbr i cîkhqi ab sbmv{b sb{ {bobgqb% bg~rngqi bgq{ngai bgqïi ni {bai{ ab bm vn{nan siebgb ^rngai beb zbhi% beb onmhgcir mrhqi ebgqnmbgqb% oim ns mïis abeb nvb{qnans nq{îs abeb% b ab zbt bm ~rngai% beb vn{n{hn oimi vnssir beb% b absongsn{hn n mïi abeb% mimbgqngbnmbgqb% bm mbr imk{i Beb sbmv{b rsir rmn bv{bssïi ab sb{hbanab gn jnob abeb [n{nmbgqb br i zh si{{h{ Is orhanais ab rmn gnàïi ab srgab{ba i jhtb{nm `{nzn{ Hssi gïi b{n zb{anab ais irq{is Kr{kngl b Vnhgb sb zhohn{nm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb bm {èvehon bg`bgcisn ~rb vn{bohn% æs zbtbs% ocion{ is irq{is sÿohis ai `nkhgbqb Rm Vnhgb giqr{gi sr`b{hr ~rb br v{bvn{b rmn oigjb{ägohn bm + N Hanab ab [ntïi% + b bgq{b`n hsqi ai vôevhqi ab rmn h`{bdn æ ~rb br oimvn{boh ngqh`nmbgqb ?>>

ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI

Mrhqis ni {bai{ an mbsn {h{nm oi{ahnembgqb an sr`bsqïi Gïi Gnviebig. Beb vrir n kion abeb nknhi nis ongqis b `bmbr qïi {rhaisnmbgqb ~rb qrai zh{n{nm b iecn{nm vn{n beb oim nssimk{i N beb b{n n h`{bdn mns rm vbgci{ ai Bsqnai% gïi sb{ {bji{mnai% mns sb{  rsnai% oimi rm hgohqnai{ oigzbghbgqb nmigqin{  nqhzhanab vbens vbssins Bm rmn ionshïi Kr{kngl bsqnzn nq{nsnai ^rngai beb zbhi% beb b{n bgqrshnsmnai oim bgqrshnsmi% b bvehoir ~rb beb qhgcn bsqnai nq{nsnai% vi{ onrsn ab rmn bvb{hägohn bsqnzn jntbgai beb vi{ ~rne beb bsvb{ir viab{ oreqhzn{ mnàïs bm ~rne~rb{ qhvi ab î{zi{b Vnhgb i {bv{bbgabr i ebmk{ngai ~rb b{n rmn mnàï ~rb oimbàir qian n ahjhoreanab bgq{b i cimbm b mrecb{ An{phg {hr oi{ahnembgqb oimi sr`b{hr beb ~rb Vnhgb abzb{hn nsshsqh{ ji{n vn{n vb~rbgns sb{vbgqbs% ~rngai beb bgq{ir gn jei{bsqn vn{n drgqn{ mnàïs% oimi bebs qhzb{nm i cîkhqi ab o{bsob{ bm oik{ns `{ngabs Bmb{sig iksb{zir - + Gbgcrmn sb{vbgqb% gbgcrmn mnàï% + b Gnviebig iksb{zir% + Gbgcrmn mnàï% gbgcrm bsqnai +. Ehgoieg absbgziezbr i cîkhqi ab sbmv{b sb{ i ôeqhmi vn{n abhn{ n mbsn abvihs ab onan {brghïi Bm rmn ionshïi% beb nvihir vbei jhm an mbsn% is k{nàis abeb aik{n{nm% b vb{mngbobr gn~rben vishàïi ar{ngqb mrhqis mhgrqis Br jht gbgcrmn qbgqnqhzn vn{n i vb{qr{kn{ Jhgnembgqb% beb b{`rbr n onkbàn abeb ebgqnmbgqb% sb ebzngqir b onmhgcir æ vi{qn% bgqïi sb zh{ir% zieqir% b vñs n mïi abeb bm mbr imk{i b ahssb% + Mbr mbghgi% zioä v{bohsn{î ab mrhqn oi{n`bm sb zioä vb{mngbob{ jh{mb ebzngai n onki sbr v{ivÿshqi bm zhan Mns sb ebmk{n% ~rngai ahjhoreanabs i oiecb{bm% ns vbssins oimrgs qäm kim sbgsi Nazb{shanab absbgziezb{î hsqi + ?>;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Rmn gihqb Bahsig ocb`ir æ j{bgqb ab qiais is irq{is Beb onmhgcir bm ohmn ab b sb sbgqir n mhgcn bs~rb{an igab i Bmb{sig jih noisqrmnai vn{n sb sbgqn{% sbgqn{% b ahssb% + Zioä è absqhgnai vn{n qbsqbmrgcn{ n absoikb{qn ai sb`{bai ab zhan ^rngai i qbmvi zhb{% zioä iksb{zn{î n~rben zhan oigshsqb bm `{ngabs bgnmbs ab bgb{`hn% ir bgqhanabs% onan qïi hgqbeh`bgqb ~rngqi is sb{bs crmngis vbgsnm ~rb bebs vn{n sïi Bsqns rghanabs ab `{rvi ab zhan drgqi oimi r{qhoî{hns ab nkbecns% b vb{mngbob drgqi nqè ~rb bebs abshgqb`{nm% vi{ jneqn ab cn{mighn Bsqns rghanabs qäm ahjb{bgàns ab ivhghïi% h`rne n sb{bs crmngis% b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb erqnm bgq{b bebs Bsqns {brghòbs ~rb zioä bsqî namhghsq{ngai sb{ïi mrhqi ôqbhs n zioä Bebs q{n{ïi n sbr sneznmbgqi ne`rmns ans mbsmns rghanabs ab zhan ~rb sb{zhr is sÿohis ab sbr @nkhgbqb% ar{ngqb ns zhans abebs)abens Bsqns rghanabs sïi bqb{gns BEB_ GRGON MI[[BM. _brs v{ÿv{his vbgsnmbgqis b AB_BDI_ sb{zbm oimi i hmï ~rb nq{nh rghanabs ab zhan% ai `{ngab iobngi ab zhan eî ji{n _ÿ ns rghanabs nmh`îzbhs sïi nq{nh{-i igbs ~rb cn{mightnm oim n gnqr{btn ab sbrs AB_BDI_ + Is irq{is sÿohis ai @nkhgbqb oimbàn{nm n bgq{n{ gi ~rn{qi Bahsig sb ebzngqir% b ebgqnmbgqb onmhgcir ni {bai{ ab vn{n i v{ÿv{hi nssbgqi abeb Bahsig nhgan bsqnzn zhzbgai ~rngai hsqi noigqbobr Qïi `{ngabmbgqb mb hmv{bsshigir ~rb br jrh i zb{% b ecb jneir sik{b n bvb{hägohn Beb si{{hr nmvenmbgqb% b ahssb% + _br sigci b{n mnhs rmn {bnehanab ~rb zioä viab hmn`hgn{ hsqi vn{n qb{ shai + Beb gïi no{bsobgqir gbgcrmn bvehonàïi nahohigne æ aboen{nàïi abeb ?>?

ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI

Bsqns {brghòbs jhon{nm qïi {bneísqhons ~rb br jh~rbh mba{isi ans oigsb~õägohns abebs)abens% b is absoigqhgrir ar{ngqb zî{his mbsbs Ns bvb{hägohns b{nm qïi mhsqb{hisns% br qhgcn mbai sb br is oigqhgrnssb ~rb br vb{ab{hn zhsïi ai jnqi ~rb ns {brghòbs b{nm bvb{hmbgqn vr{nmbgqb ab mhgcn hmn`hgnàïi Rgs sbhs mbsbs abvihs ~rb br qhzbssb absoigqhgrnai n v{îqhon ~rb br jrh absvb{qnai rmn gihqb% ir vbgsnmbgqi ~rb br b{n% ~rngai br zh Ehgoieg ~rb sb ebzngqn n mbr enai an onmn Beb ahssb% + I mrgai v{bohsn{î ab sbrs sb{zhàis ei`i Bsqî n vigqi ab sij{b{  rm vb{íiai ab onis ~rb onrsn{ïi is cimbgs b mrecb{bs vn{n vb{ab{ jè% b sb qi{gn vëghoi jb{hai V{issh`n oim sbr q{nkneci b oimvebqb srn jheisijhn Hssi è srn mhssïi bm zhan _b zioä gb`eh`bgohn hsqi% vn{n ~rne~rb{ onrsn qrai ~rb% zioä sb{î {barthai n rm bsqnai v{hmhqhzi% b sbdn oimvbehai vn{n {bvnssn{ is ohoeis vbeis ~rnhs zioä vnssir ar{ngqb mhecn{bs ab ngis + Br gïi vrab oigqn{% n mngcï sb`rhgqb% sb br qhgcn sigcnai hsqi% ir qhgcn bsqnai gn zb{anab noi{anai% b br grgon qbgci absab nocnai ji{n ~rne b{n% mns br sbh ~rb i sigci% sb jissb rm sigci% b{n qïi zízhai bm mhgcn mbgqb i v{ÿhmi ahn ~rb br {bqimbh mhgcns {brghòbs n gihqb sb`rhgqb Bm gissn v{ÿhmn {brghïi% is sÿohis ab mbr @nkhgbqb ~rb qrai n{~rhzn{nm drgqi gi ~rn{qi% b sb ebzngqir gis er`n{bs noisqrmnais abebs)abens æ Mbsn ab Oigsbeci% bg~rngqi Ehgoieg bebzir rm oivi b ahssb% + Onznecbh{is% gis abhb kbkb{ rmn qi{{nan n rm nmh`i ~rb zieqir æ aik{n + ?>1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Abvihs ahssi% br oimbobh n no{bsobgqn{ is sÿohis gizis n mbr @nkhgbqb% nqè n`i{n hsqi oigshsqb bm mnhs ~rb ohg~õbgqn% bgq{b bebs i O{hsqi% _q i Vnre% @nehebi% Oivb{ghors% N{hsqÿqbebs% Venqïi% _ÿo{nqbs% Cimb{% Zieqnh{b% K{rgi% _vhgitn% A{rmmiga% Lngq% _ocivbgcnrb{% Gbpqig% Oigjrohrs% Bekb{q Crkkn{a% K{ngg% Hg`b{sie% Phesig% b Pheehnm Dnmbs Bsqn è gn v{hmbh{n zbt ~rb br qhzb n oi{n`bm vn{n mbgohign{ hsqi Ngqbs% br vb{mngboh ~rhbqi gi nssrgqi% vi{~rb br sirkb% ab mhgcn v{ÿv{hn nqhqrab oim {benàïi n qne nssrgqis ~rb br sb{hn bgqbgahai mne sb br abso{bzbssb mhgcn bvb{hägohn hgoimrm Br jrh hgobgqhznai vn{n {barth{ mhgcn bvb{hägohn æ vî`hgn hmv{bssi n`i{n% vi{~rb br sir n`i{n mbgis hgqb{bssnai sik{b i ~rb bebs ahtbm + ~rb br bsqnzn vbeis ngis ~rb vnssir Rm ans kägàïis ab mnqr{hanab è ~rb æs zbtbs q{nt rmn mnhi{ oi{n`bm vn{n sb{ zb{anabh{n% bmki{n hssi ~rb bssbs ~rb gïi bgqbgabm% viab vbgsn{ ir viab ahtb{ Vn{n ~rb gïi br sbdn bgqbgahai mne% br absbdi n~rh vn{n aboen{n{ bgjnqhonmbgqb% ~rb br nhgan oigshab{i mhgcns {brghòbs ab @nkhgbqb oimi sbgai vr{nmbgqb hmn`hgî{hi% mns br shgqi hgqhqrenai vn{n sr`b{h{ ~rb% bg~rngqi is sÿohis ab mbr @nkhgbqb viabm sb{  vr{nmbgqb jhoqíohis% b ns {brghòbs bhsqbgqb sÿ bm mhgcn v{ÿv{hn hmn`hgnàïi% bebs mb oigarth{nm bm onmhgcis `ei{hisis ab nzbgqr{n% {bnobgab{nm rmn nznehnàïi ab zb{anabh{n `{ngabtn% bmvbgci o{hnqhzi bgoi{ndnai% b hgobgqhzn{nm n bv{bssïi ab vbgsnmbgqi cigbsqi Bm ne`rm er`n{ gn oben-bsq{rqr{n ai oè{bk{i% jhon shqrnai rm ÿ{`ïi ~rb i{ahgn{hnmbgqb {bobkb zhk{nàòbs ab vbgsnmbgqi ocnmir + oi{organs + Qïi eig`b% ohägohn gïi absoik{hr igab bsqb ÿ{`ïi ai sbqi sbgqhai ?>2

ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI

jhon shqrnai% mns hsqi gïi è hmvi{qngqb I jnqi vb{mngbob ~rb is sb{bs crmngis {bobkbm oigcbohmbgqi v{bohsi% vi{ jigqbs ahjb{bgqb ab is sbgsis jíshois @b{nembgqb% qne oigcbohmbgqi è {bobkhai ~rngai n mbgqb bsqhzb{ abknhi an hgjerägohn ab bohqnàïi bq{ni{ahgî{hn ^rne~rb{ bmb{`ägohn ~rb absvb{qn ns bmiàòbs% b onrsns i oi{nàïi vn{n knqb{  mnhs {nvhanmbgqb ~rb gi{mne viab% b `b{nembgqb jnt% q{n`n i sbqi sbgqhai bm nàïi ^rne~rb{ rm ~rb bvb{hmbgqir rm v{ÿhmi nohabgqb bg~rngqi ah{h`hgai% snkb ~rb bm qne ionshign% i sbqi sbgqhai zbm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ni sneznmbgqi an vbssin% b ndrans% ngqbs ab sb`rgais ab ahzhsïi% bzhqngai i nohabgqb Bsqbs jnqis sïi mbgohignais v{behmhgn{ n rmn aboen{nàïi ab jnqi ~rb br jn{bh n`i{n% hsqi è% ~rb ar{ngqb mhgcns {brghòbs oim is + Oigsbecbh{is + Hgzhsízbhs br noci mhgcn mbgqb mnhs {bobvqhzi vn{n haèhns% vbgsnmbgqis% b oigcbohmbgqi ~rb mb eionehtnm vbei sbqi sbgqhai Br vissi q{rqcjreex ahtbm ~rb br abzi oimvebqnmbgqb n mbrs + Oigsbecbh{is + Hgzhsízbhs o{èahqi ocbhi vn{n qnhs haèhns% jnqis% ir oigcbohmbgqi oimi br {bobkh vi{ + hgsvh{nàïi + Bm oigqn`bgs ab ionshòbs% ~rngai br bgj{bgqbh bmb{`ägohns% ne`rgs abebs nsshm sbvreqr{n ~rb mhgcn zhan bsqnzn bm dbivn{ax% br jrh mhen`{isnmbgqb vnssnai oim `rhn bsqns ahjhoreanabs vben hgjerägohn ab mbrs + Oigsbecbh{is + Hgzhsízbhs Mbr v{ivÿshqi i{h`hgne namhghsq{ngai {brghòbs ab Oigsbeci oim sb{bs hmn`hgî{his% b{n simbgqb hssi ab hmv{bsshign{ mhgcn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% vbei v{hgoívhi ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi% oim ob{qns on{noqb{ísqhons ~rb br absbdbh na~rh{h{ Bm mnhs {bobgqbs ngis% mhgcn ?>:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

bvb{hmbgqnàïi nssrmhr rmn qbgaägohn oimvebqnmbgqb ahjb{bgqb Br zir n`i{n vn{n mbrs oigsbecbh{is hmn`hgî{his oim qiai v{ikebmn ahjíohe ~rb oigj{igqn mb b mbrs oehbgqbs Is {bsreqnais sïi j{b~õbgqbmbgqb sr{v{bbgabgqbs% bmki{n br gïi oimvebqnmbgqb absqn ji{mn ab Abehkb{nàïi Zioä% oen{i ~rb% {boigcbobr ~rb bsqb onvíqrei oik{b rm nssrgqi oim ~rb rmn mnhi{hn ans vbssins gïi bsqî jnmhehn{htnan I sbqi sbgqhai è rm nssrgqi ~rb sb{î ab `{ngab hgqb{bssb b kbgbjhohn{î æ vbssin ordn vigqn{hn è normren{ {h~rbtn znsqn% mns gïi v{bohsn ab {bhzhgahonàïi n nqbgàïi abssbs ordis absbdis sïi mnhs miabsqis Cbg{x Ji{a% hgarkhqnzbembgqb bgqbgab b jnt rsi v{îqhoi ai sbqi sbgqhai I gb`ÿohi znsqi abeb b ivb{nàòbs jhgngobh{ns jntbm hsqi gbobssî{hi vn{n beb bgqbgab{ b rsn{ bsqb v{hgoívhi I {bobgqb Qcimns RM Bahsig bgqbgabr b rsnai i sbqi sbgqhai oim {benàïi ni absbgziezhmbgqi ab hgzbgàòbs% bsvbohnembgqb bssbs ~rb bgziezbm vnqbgqbs kîshons oim {benàïi æs ~rnhs beb qbzb gbgcrmn bvb{hägohn crmngn b gbgcrm oigcbohmbgqi normrenai vn{n i `rhn{% oimi b{n i onsi bg~rngqi beb bsqnzn q{nknecngai gn mî~rhgn jnengai% b n mî~rhgn ab ~rna{i oimizbgqb ^rnsb qiais `{ngabs eíab{bs% oimi Gnviebig% Khsmn{l% Ding ab N{oi% O{hsqi% Kraacn% Oigjrohrs% b Mnimè% oimv{bbgahai% b v{iznzbembgqb jbt rsi ai sbqi sbgqhai ~rnsb oigqhgrnmbgqb N vi{àïi v{hgohvne an `{ngabtn abebs)abens oigshsqhr gi oigcbohmbgqi abebs) abens absqb v{hgoívhi ?>0 

ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI

I sbqi sbgqhai gïi è ne`i n~rbeb viab sb h{ b viab zbsqh{ æ zigqnab Cnkhehanab vn{n rsn{ bsqb `{ngab viab{ zbm ebgqnmbgqb% vi{ nvehonàïi ais irq{is v{hgoívhis bskiànan gbsqb ehz{i [n{nmbgqb jnt ~rne~rb{  hgahzharne bgq{b bm oigcbohmbgqi bborqîzbe ai sbqi sbgqhai ngqbs an hanab ab ~rn{bgqn Mnhs j{b~õbgqbmbgqb i oigcbohmbgqi gïi bsqî ahsvigízbe nqè n vbssin è kbm vnssnai ohg~õbgqn% b hsqi% vben {ntïi ~rb ns ji{àns bsvh{hqrnhs% oim ~rb i sbqi sbgqhai è {benohignai nsshm ab vb{qi% gïi nmnar{bob b jhon rqhehtîzbe boern vi{ ngis ab mbahqnàïi% b`i-bnmb% b vbgsnmbgqi sè{hi Gïi hmvi{qn ~rb zioä è% ir i ~rb viab qb{ shai sbr v{ivÿshqi ebgai bsqb ehz{i% zioä viab `ngcn{ vi{ hsqi sbm bgqbgab{ i v{hgoívhi abso{hqi gbsqb onvíqrei Hsqi è bsvbohnembgqb zb{anab sb sbr v{ivÿshqi v{hgohvne ji{ hssi ab normrenàïi ab ahgcbh{i ir irq{ns oihsns mnqb{hnhs I onvíqrei gi sbqi sbgqhai jih hgoeríai% vi{~rb i ehz{i è v{idbqnai oim n jhgnehanab ab nv{bsbgqn{ rmn jheisijhn oimvebqn vben ~rne is hgahzíaris viabm rgb{{hg`ex `rhb bebs nqhg`hgai qrai ~rb bebs vb{`rgqnm ab zhan I vigqi ab vn{qhan ab qian n {bnehtnàïi è AB_BDI I vigqi qb{mhgngai è n~rben mn{on ab OIGCBOHMBGQI ~rb oigart vn{n oimv{bbgsïi-oimv{bbgshzi ab b`i% bg~rngqi bgqbgabgai ab irq{is% bgqbgabgai ans ebhs ab Gnqr{btn% {boigcbohmbgqi b oimv{bbgsïi ab JBEHOHANAB Bsqb qhvi ab bgqbgab{ sÿ bgq{n bm srn nkrgaëgohn vi{  jnmhehn{hanab oim% b rsi ai v{hgoívhi ai sbqi sbgqhai% oigsb~õbgqbmbgqb n~rbeb v{hgoívhi qbzb ~rb sb{  hgoeríai oimi rmn vn{qb absqn jheisijhn% vn{n i kbgbjíohi abssbs ~rb bh`bm mnhs ~rb ahgcbh{i ?>3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Qbgai ehai i onvíqrei% zioä abzb qb{ iksb{znai ~rb bg~rngqi ebgai hsqi% zioä jih b{`rhai n rm gízbe neqi ab bohqnàïi mbgqne Bsveägahai. Zieqb giznmbgqb n`i{n n hsqi rm mäs ab% ebhn mnhs rmn zbt% b iksb{zn ~rb srn mbgqb vengn{î rm nhgan gízbe mnhs neqi ab bohqnàïi [bvhqn bsqn bvb{hägohn ab zbt bm ~rngai% bg~rngqi gïi angai gbgcrmn v{biorvnàïi oimi mrhqi ir oimi vb~rbgi zioä nv{bgab gn ionshïi% b bzbgqrnembgqb zioä sb nocn{î bm vissb ab rm viab{  ~rb i vb{mhqh{î n sb ehz{n{ absëghmi% mbai ab mbsq{b% srvb{nai v{io{nsqhgnàïi% b rqhehtn srn hmn`hgnàïi ehz{bmbgqb Bgqïi zioä qb{î sbgqhai i qi~rb an~rbeb absoigcbohai + ne`i + ~rb jih i bsví{hqi oimizbgqb ab qiai zb{anabh{nmbgqb `{ngab eíab{ ab vbgsnai{% n{qhsqn% môshoi% bso{hqi{% bsqnahsqn% Bgqïi zioä bsqn{î bm vishàïi q{ngsmran{ sbrs AB_BDI_ gn oigq{nvn{qb jíshon ir jhgngobh{n abebs)abens qïi jnohembgqb ~rngqi zioä viab abhqn{ b viab abhn{ ni v{hmbh{i shgne ab ivishàïi JÈ Z_ QBMN. Onvíqreis v{èzhis abso{bzb{nm oimi absbgziezb{ JÈ% vi{  Nrqi-sr`bsqïi% Absbdi b i _rkoigsohbgqb Is v{ÿhmis v{bsbgqbs ab onvíqrei abqnecn{nm hgsq{ràòbs vn{n i aimíghi ab MBAI N~rh sb{î nocnai rmn abso{hàïi ocbhn ais sbhs mbais ~rb sïi n onrsn ab qiai i absëghmi% qhmhabt% v{io{nsqhgnàïi% hgahjb{bgàn% hgabohsïi% b n jneqn ab nmkhàïi% b`i-oigjhngàn% hghohnqhzn% nrqioigq{ieb% b bgqrshnsmi I v{ior{b orhanaisnmbgqb oimi zioä bsqran bsqbs sbhs hghmh`is% oimi bebs sÿ viabm bhsqh{ bm srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb igab n v{bsbgàn abebs)abens sb{î ar{n absoik{h{ ?>8 

ONVÍQREI >1 - I _BSQI _BGQHAI

Qnmkèm% sb ebmk{b oimi zioä ngnehsn is + _bhs Jngqnsmns ab Mbai% ~rb bebs bsqïi gnan mnhs ~rb jngqnsmns vi{~rb bebs sÿ bhsqbm gn mbgqb an vbssin _b ebmk{b% qnmkèm% ~rb jngqnsmn-o{hnàòbs ab absoigq{ienai onrsir n mnhi{hn ans vbssins ab angi jbt æs v{ÿv{hns mbgqbs abebs)abens% bgqïi% jngqnsmns viabm sb{ qïi vb{h`isi ~rngqi sb bebs zhzb{nm b bgq{n{nm gn qb{{n bm oi{vis jíshois I Jngqnsmn ai Mbai ab Vik{btn ~rb n`n{{ir ns mbgqbs ab mhecòbs ans vbssins bm >8;8 b{n qïi {bne ~rb onrsir n vhi{ abv{bssïi bmv{bsn{hne ~rb bsqb vnís ne`rmn zbt sirkb Neèm ahssi% bsqb jngqnsmn vn{qhoren{  nhgan nmba{igqn ne`rgs ab gÿs ji{n ab gissns hgqbeh`ägohns

?;6

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_  JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI Jnàn Hgzbgqî{hi ab Zioä% Oimi Zioä Ebr Bsqb Onvíqrei ab Oigoersïi% b Absoik{b ~rngqi ais + Jngqnsmns + bsqî _b ebzngqngai ab _br Miai NGQB_ AB zioä viab{ vñ{  ~rne~rb{ vi{àïi absqn jheisijhn bm rsi v{ÿsvb{i% srn mbgqb abzb bsqn{ v{bvn{nan {bobkb{ hsqi N v{bvn{nàïi gïi è ahjíohe Oimbàn oim bsqrai% ngîehsb% b oimv{bbgsïi ab q{äs hghmh`is ~rb zioä qb{î ~rb h{ Bsqns sïi HGABOH_ÏI% AÔZHAN% b MBAI. I sbqi sbgqhai grgon jrgohign{î bg~rngqi bsqbs q{äs gb`nqhzis% ir ~rne~rb{ abebs vb{mngbob bm srn mbgqb Is sÿohis absqb q{hi v{ijngi bsqïi v{ÿhmi {benohignais< igab n vbssin è nocnai% i irq{i aihs sïi æ mïi ígqhmis HGABOH_ÏI è n mran ab MBAI. _b ebmk{b ahsqi% oimi zioä ebhn O{xsqnehtbs ab hgabohsïi bm AÔZHAN% n aihs mhsqr{n b sb qi{gn MBAI. I + v{iobssi ab mhsqr{n + bsqî j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ebgqi Bsqn è rmn {ntïi vi{ ~rb bsqbs q{äs hghmh`is sïi qïi vb{h`isis Bebs `b{mhgnm b o{bsobm sbm i sb{ ab v{bsbgàn abebs)abens iksb{znai

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

I {bsqi absqb onvíqrei abso{bzb rm jhm ~rb abzb sb{  nqhg`hai ngqbs an jheisijhn% oimi rm qiai% viab sb{  visqi bm rsi v{îqhoi Qnmkèm ngnehsn rmn oigahàïi ~rb qbm% mns reqhmnmbgqb% gômb{is bgi{mbs {barthais ans vbssins vn{n vik{btn% b aboen{n rmn zb{anab ~rb abzb sb{ bgqbgahan vi{ qrai ~rb normrenm {h~rbtns% sb mbahai bm qb{mis ab ahgcbh{i ir rm bsqnai ab mbgqb ab mnhi{ znei{ ahsqngqb ~rb ahgcbh{i I v{ivÿshqi absqb onvíqrei è zh{n{ i {bjebqi{ ab nqbgàïi gn onrsn b n or{n ais sbhs mbais kîshois Ngqbs ab gÿs viab{mis aimhgn{  rm hghmh`i% gÿs qbmis ~rb snkb{ sbr gimb% sbrs cîkhqis% b sbr er`n{ ab aimhoíehi Oimi zioä ebhn% i ngnehsb orhanaisnmbgqb% b abqb{mhgb ~rb% sb ~rne~rb{% ais sbhs mbais oimrgs bebs v{bgab{nm n zioä Gïi sbdn bg`ngnai vbeis cîkhqis absqbs hghmh`is srqhs Æs zbtbs bebs vb{mngbobm bsoigahais gn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb igab bebs sïi ahjíobhs eionehtn{% b nhgan mnhs ahjíohe behmhgn{ I_ _BH_ MBAI_ KÎ_HOI_ Cî sbhs mbais kîshois% oim rm viroi ab oimkhgnàïi an ~rne qiai crmngi sij{b n rmn mbeiahn ir irq{i N mnhi{hn ans vbssins è nji{qrgnai sb bebs gïi sij{b{bm i hgqbh{i sbhs Gimbnai gn i{abm ai abebs)abens n mnhi{hn nvn{bohmbgqi oimrm% bebs sïi4 I mbai ab VIK[BTN I mbai ab O[ÍQHON } n mnhi{hn an vbssin I mbai ab _NÔAB AIBGQB } v{biorvnàòbs I mbai ab VB[AN AB NMI[ AB NE@RÈM I mbai ab HANAB ZBECN I mbai ab MI[QB ?;;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Qiais is irq{is mbais sïi ab hmvi{qëgohn sborgaî{hn% bebs viabm sb n`{rvn{ abknhi absqbs sbhs qíqreis I v{bzneägohn absqbs mbais% oimi rmn mneahàïi vn{n i mrgai% oi{{b bm ohoeis Ar{ngqb ~rnsb sbhs ngis% bg~rngqi n abv{bssïi b{n bm% gÿs q{ivbànmis vbei ohoei ab MBAI AB VIK[BTN Ar{ngqb n mrgai-`rb{{n% gÿs bsqîznmis vbei ohoei ab MBAI AB MI[QB Cî viroi sb`rhgai n `rb{{n% gÿs bsqîznmis vbei ohoei ab MBAI AB _NÔAB AIBGQB% oimi oimv{iznai vben bvhabmhn ab aibgàn ~rb sb bsvn{{nmir gi mrgai hgqbh{i Mbais sïi gnan neèm ab bsqnais ab mbgqb I bsqnai an vbssin ab mbgqb bsqî srdbhqi n oigq{ieb b ah{bàïi Mèahois% oimi qiai i mrgai snkb% è mbgis srdbhqi n nqn~rb nq{nzès ab aibgàn ~rb ebh`i i{ahgî{his% vben {ntïi ~rb is mèahois gïi QBMBM AIBGÀN Ji{nm oigcbohais mèahois% sbm mbai ir cbshqnàïi% vn{n oigqnqn{ obgqbgns ans vbssins jhshonmbgqb% ahî{hi oimi ~rb bsqnzn sij{bgai ab qnhs aibgàns oigqn`hisns vb~rbgi-vi% sbm jhon{ hgjbqnai N hmrghanab abebs) abens oigq{n n aibgàn oigshsqhr% bm `{ngab vn{qb% sb gïi simbgqb% gn jneqn nksierqn abebs)abens ab MBAI Cimbm gïi viab o{hn{ gnan ~rb beb gïi oigobkb v{hmbh{i gn ji{mn ab rm hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi _b`rhgai bsqn aboen{nàïi% zbm irq{n ab nhgan mnhi{  hmvi{qëgohn% hsqi è% is HMVRE_I_ ab VBG_NMBGQI ab CIMBM OIMBÀNM n _B Q[NARTH[ BM HMBAHNQNMBGQB i JÍ_HOI abebs)abens B^RHZNEBGQB% _B B__B_ VBG_NMBGQI_ _ÏI ZIERGQÎ[HI_ IR HGZIERGQÎ[HI_ Hmvresis vbgsnais ~rb sïi nvngcnais vbei èqb{% vi{ mb{n ocngob #vbgsnmbgqis ~rb ji{nm ehkb{qnais vi{ irq{ns mbgqbs( viab abqb{mhgn{ i absqhgi jhgngobh{i% bmv{bsn{hne% v{ijhsshigne% ir siohne an vbssin an mbsmn ?;?

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

mngbh{n ~rb sb`r{nmbgqb oimi jnt is hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rne o{hn vi{ hgqbgàïi b absí`ghi Gÿs bsqnmis n~rh vigai n jrganàïi vn{n n nv{bsbgqnàïi ab rm jnqi ab `{ngab hmvi{qëgohn vn{n n vbssin ~rb gïi bgqbgab vi{ ~rb ne`rmns vbssins vn{bobm qb{ + si{qb bg~rngqi irq{ns ab cnkhehanab h`rne ir mnhi{% q{bhgnmbgqi% bvb{hägohn% b onvnohanab ab oè{bk{i% vn{bàn absqhgnai vn{n migqn{  oim hgji{qôghi Bsqb jnqi viab sb{ bvehonai vben aboen{nàïi ~rb qiai sb{ crmngi qbm n cnkhehanab vn{n oigq{ien{ n v{ÿv{hn mbgqb abeb oimvebqnmbgqb% b oim bsqb oigq{ieb% ikzhnmbgqb% qian vbssin viab nk{h{  n mbgqb abeb ni vnssi vbsnai vbgsir hmvresis ~rb bsqïi sbgai ehkb{qnais nq{nzès ab irq{is oè{bk{is% ir jbocn ns vi{qns jh{mbmbgqb b namhqb sÿ hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi an v{ÿv{hn bsoiecn abeb Gnqr{btn aiqir i cimbm ab oigq{ieb nksierqi bm ohmn ab mns rmn oihsn% b hssi è VBG_NAI Bsqb jnqi% drgqir oim i jnqi nahohigne ~rb qrai ~rb i cimbm o{hn% oimbàn gn ji{mn ab rm vbgsnmbgqi% oigart rm mbsmi vb{qi ai v{hgoívhi vbei ~rne MBAI viab sb{  aimhgnai _b è zb{anab ~rb QIAI i VBG_NMBGQI QBM RMN QBGAÄGOHN vn{n _B ZB_QH[ ABGQ[I _BR JÍ_HOI B^RHZNEBGQB #b hsqi è zb{anab% neèm ab ~rne~rb{ ~rn{qi {ntiîzbe vn{n aôzhan(% è h`rnembgqb zb{anab ~rb gïi viabm sb{ q{narthais hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi ab mbai b vik{btn bm oigahàòbs ab oi{n`bm b `ngci jhgngobh{i Ns vbssins ab Nmè{hon oimbàn{nm n vbgsn{ bm vik{btn% bg~rngqi sb`rhgai i bsq{igai ab Pnee _q{bbq ab >8;8 Ebgqnmbgqb% mns sb`r{nmbgqb n~rbeb ?;1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

vbgsnmbgqi ab mnssn b{n o{xsqnehtba bm sbr jíshoi b~rhznebgqb ~rb b{n oigcbohai oimi rmn + abv{bssïi + Hsqi qbzb ~rb noigqbob{% bsqî bm oigji{mhanab oim ns ebhs ab Gnqr{btn I MBAI AB VIK[BTN Gïi viab cnzb{ gbgcrm noi{ai bgq{b VIK[BTN b [H^RBTN_. Ns arns bsq{nans ~rb oigartbm n vik{btn b {h~rbtns zhndnm bm ah{bàòbs ivisqns _b zioä ~rhsb{  {h~rbtns% zioä qbm ~rb {borsn{ nobhqn{ ~rne~rb{  oh{orgsqëgohn ~rb oigart vn{n vik{btn #Ns vnenz{n + {h~rbtns + bsqïi n~rh rsnai bm sbr sbgsi mnhs en{`i% sh`ghjhongai v{iv{hbanabs jhgngobh{ns% bsvh{hqrnhs% mbgqnhs b mnqb{hnhs( I vigqi ab vn{qhan ai onmhgci ~rb oigart n {h~rbtns è AB_BDI Bm onvíqrei rm% zioä {bobkbr hgsq{ràòbs ocbhns vn{n i v{ÿv{hi rsi ab AB_BDI Gbsqb onvíqrei% bm MBAI% zioä qbm hgsq{ràòbs oimvebqns vi{ v{bvn{n{ jntb{ rsi v{îqhoi ab AB_BDI vn{n srn mbgqb N~rh% bgqïi% è i er`n{ vn{n sb an{ rm absnjhi ~rb abjhghqhznmbgqb abqb{mhgn{î ~rngqi absqn jheisijhn zioä nksi{zbr N~rh bsqî i vigqi ni ~rne zioä viab zh{n{ i v{ijbqn b v{baht% oim v{bohsïi% hssi ~rb is onkis jrqr{is bm bsqi~rb vn{n zioä _b% ebgai bsqb onvíqrei zioä krson ahsvisqi nobhqn{ vik{btn% zioä viab kbm oimi sb abohan vn{n {bobkb{ vik{btn Bsqn è rmn abohsïi ~rb zioä gïi viab bzhqn{ _b zioä bh`h{ {h~rbtns% abqb{mhgb ~rb ji{mn% b ~rngqi sb{î bh`hai i snqhsjntb{ Zioä snkb n bsq{nan ~rb oigart n {h~rbtns Zioä jih abqb{mhgnai rm mnvn ab bsq{nan ~rb% sb sb`rhr% i mngqb{î gn~rben bsq{nan _b zioä gb`eh`bgohn jntb{ i oimbài% ir vî{n ngqbs ab zioä ocb`n{% ghg`rèm sb{î orevn{% mns ZIOÄ Bsqn ?;2

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

{bsvigsnkhehanab è srn Gbgcrmn îehkh i snezn{î ab nobhqn{ n {bsvigsnkhehanab sb zioä jnecn{ n`i{n ir {borsn bh`h{ {h~rbtns ab Zhan% vi{~rb n nobhqnàïi vbab mns rm oihsn- hgohabgqbmbgqb% n ôghon oihsn zioä viab oigq{ien{-b hssi è rm B_QNAI AB MBGQB Rm bsqnai ab mbgqb è ne`i ~rb n~rbeb nssrmb Gïi viab sb{ oimv{nai% abzb sb{ o{hnai Mbai ab vik{btn è rm bsqnai ab mbgqb% gnan mnhs. Mns è srjhohbgqb absq{rh{ ns ocngobs an vbssin ab {bnehtnàïi bm ~rne~rb{ bmv{bbgahmbgqi% rmn zb{anab ~rb jhoir bzhabgqb aiei{isnmbgqb ar{ngqb n abv{bssïi Bsqb mbai vn{nehsn n jnoreanab ab {ntïi% absq{ÿh n jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi% bqb{mhgn b`i-oigjhngàn% n{{rhgn bgqrshnsmi% absbgoi{ndn hghohnqhzn% oigart n hgob{qbtn ab v{ivÿshqi% bgoi{ndn v{io{nsqhgnàïi% bsj{b`n ji{n bgqrshnsmi b jnt vn{n nrqioigq{ieb rmn hmvisshkhehanab Ebzn i ocn{mb an vb{signehanab an vbssin% absq{ÿh n visshkhehanab ab vbgsnmbgqi v{bohsi% abszhn oigobgq{nàïi ab bsji{ài% aimhgn vb{shsqägohn% zieqns i h{-viab{ bm giqchg`gbss% absq{ÿh nmkhàïi% kboeiras n mbmÿ{hn b oigzhan j{nonssi bm qian ji{mn oigobkízbe< mnqn nmi{ b nssnsshgn ns bmiàòbs mbeci{bs ai oi{nàïi% absbgoi{ndn nmhtnab b oigzhan absnsq{b bm obm ji{mns% oigart n hgsñghn% mhsè{hn b hgjbehohanab-b qrai hssi nvbsn{ an zb{anab ÿkzhn ~rb gÿs mi{nmis bm rm mrgai ab bm ohmn abnkrgaëgohn ab qrai i oi{nàïi viab{hn absbdn{% oim gnan sb ebzngqngai bgq{b gÿs b gissis absbdis% oim bobàïi ab jneqn ab rm v{ivÿshqi abjhghai I Mbai ab Vik{btn è% sbm aôzhan% i mnhs absq{rqhzi ais sbhs mbais kîshois Jih oieionai æ onkbàn an ehsqn% vi{~rb è i mnhs ahjíohe ab aimhgn{ È bh`han oi{n`bm oigshab{îzbe aboen{n{ n zb{anab sik{b n i{h`bm absqb ?;:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

mbai% b nhgan mnhi{ oi{n`bm vn{n nobhqn{ n zb{anab abvihs ~rb jissb aboen{nai I mbai ab vik{btn o{bsobr ji{n an qbgaägohn cb{anan ab cimbm vn{n NQNON[ i mbmk{i an {nàn crmngn abeb BOIGIMHONMBGQB ^rnsb qiais nghmnhs nknhnm ~rb i cimbm bsqî hgobgqhznai nq{nzès ab hgsqhgqi% mns n onvnohanab abebs)abens vn{n vbgsn{ + bsqî ehmhqnan% bgqïi% bebs nqnonm rm ni irq{i jhshonmbgqb Q{hvreb% oim i sbgsi srvb{hi{ abeb ab hgqrhàïi% oim n onvnohanab vbgsn{ b n{`rmbgqn{% gïi oimn i mbmk{i an {nàn crmngn abeb oimvebqnmbgqb% beb snh mnhs snqhsjnàïi ab + i oimb{ + JHGNGOBH[NMBGQB I cimbm è qïi nzn{bgqi ~rb qian ebh oigobkízbe jih nv{iznan vn{n i snezn`rn{an{ ai mbmk{i an {nàn crmngn abeb Ab qians ns hanabs ai mrgai ~rne gÿs oigcbobmis ~rne~rb{ oihsn% n hanab gn ~rne gÿs zhzbmis vn{bob sb{  rm ~rb è bobebgqb vi{ onrsn an ahgcbh{i-eiror{n ab cimbm Rm cimbm è oigshab{nai mbgis ~rb i vÿ an qb{{n% n mbgis ~rb beb vissn bhkh{ rmn oigqn kngoî{hn `i{an< mns sb beb ahgcbh{i-grgon qbm n MBGQB OIMI BEB NA^RH[HR Hsqi-beb è rm + {bh + ir rm + qh{i + `{ngab< beb bsqî sik{b n ebh% beb {b`b bm vieíqhons% beb aimhgn bm gb`ÿohi% b i mrgai hgqbh{i sik{b beb n{ois bm {bsvbhqi ~rngai beb vnssn Gnan q{nt cimbm ~rb sij{b qngqi b crmheanab oimi VIK[BTN. _ÿ bssbs ~rb sij{b{nm vik{btn bgqbgabm i sh`ghjhonai ocbhi ahsqi Gïi è gbgcrmn mn{nzhecn ~rb i cimbm qbmb vik{btn Vi{ rmn ehgcn eig`n ab cimbm ab bvb{hägohns cb{anai nv{bgabr% sbm aôzhan% ~rb bm ne`rgs cimbgs gïi viabm sb{ oigjhnais% igab hmvi{qn ab ahgcbh{i b vissbs qb{{bsq{bs bsqî v{biorvnai Bsqn è rmn norsnàïi ?;0 

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

knsqngqb vhongai% n vhi{ vn{qb ahsqi ~rb è ~rb è ZB[ANAB N mnhi{hn ab mnq{hmñghis bsqî hgobgqhznan vben {h~rbtn vissrían vi{ rm% ir nmkis ns vn{qbs oigq{nqngqbs Bgqïi% gïi è gbgcrmn mn{nzhecn ~rb is q{hkrgnhs ab ahzÿ{ohi bsqïi iorvnais Qïi ngshisi è i cimbm vn{n vissrh{ {h~rbtn ~rb beb na~rh{h{î hsqi ab ~rne~rb{ mngbh{n beb viab{-vi{  mèqiais eb`nhs sb vissízbe-vi{ irq{is mèqiais sb gbobssî{hi ir bvbahbgqb B`i-ngîehsb viab absoik{h{ j{n~rbtns ~rne gïi `isqn ab {boigcbob{ Bsqn ji{mn ab bnmb è bssbgohne n qrai ~rb bh`bm ab Zhan mnhs ~rb mbahio{hanab b vik{btn _b ebmk{b% oimi zioä zioä oigjb{b vigqi nq{nzès ab vigqi% ~rb zioä è i q{hkrgne b i dô{h% i nazi`nai v{iobssngai b i nazi`nai vn{n n abjbsn% b ~rb zioä è i abmngangqb b i norsnai% qnmkèm% ~rb zioä bsqî sbgai dre`nai Bgj{bgqb i s~rn{bex ab jnqis Ecb vb{`rgqb vb{`rgqns abjhghans b abmngan {bsvisqns ah{bqns ^rngai i bnmb qb{mhgir% zioä snkb{î mnhs ab zioä _b zioä gïi sbgqb ~rb zioä viab sb{ rm drht hmvn{ohne gbsqb b`i-bnmb% ocnmn ne`rèm ~rb i oigcbob kbm sb{zh{ oimi drht bg~rngqi zioä sb hgqb{{i`n{ Zioä krson n zb{anab Na~rh{n% gïi hmvi{qn n ~rb orsqi bmki{n vissn i bgzb{`igcn{  qbmvi{n{hnmbgqb. N mnhi{hn ans vbssins% sb vb{`rgqir i ~rb bebs qbmbm n mnhi{hn% {bsvigab{hn% + br gïi qbmi gnan + N {bsvisqn sb{hn hgbnqn% vi{~rb virons vbssins vb{obkbm ~rb bebs sïi bgonab{gnais% abszngqndisis% ochoiqbnai bsvh{hqrnembgqb b jhshonmbgqb vi{ ne`rmn ji{mn ab mbai Qïi srqhe b v{ijrganmbgqb sb sbgqnai è n ?;3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

bmiàïi ab mbai ~rb n~rbeb viab vnssn{ vi{ zhan on{{b`nan oim hsqi% bg~rngqi grgon {boigcbobgai srn v{bsbgàn _ÿ rmn ngîehsb oi{ndisn absoik{h{î n v{bsbgàn absqb hghmh`i rghzb{sne ^rngai zioä oimbàn{ qne rmn ngîehsb% v{ior{b v{ijrganmbgqb bm sbr on{îqb{ N~rh è rmn ehsqn ais shgqimns vn{n is ~rnhs zioä abzb{hn iecn{4 _HGQIMN_ AI MBAI AB VIK[BTN HGAHJB[BGÀN Oimrmbgqb bv{bssnai vi{ jneqn ab nmkhàïi< zigqnab vn{n qieb{n{ vik{btn< nobhqnàïi ab ~rne~rb{ zhan ab oimvbgsnàïi viab ijb{bob{ sbm v{iqbsqi< v{b`rhàn mbgqne b jíshon< jneqn ab hghohnqhzn% hmn`hgnàïi% bgqrshnsmi b nrqioigq{ieb HGABOH_ÏI I cîkhqi ab vb{mhqh{ vn{n irq{is jntb{ n vbssin bsqî vbgsngai Jhongai + gn ob{on + AÔZHAN @b{nembgqb bv{bssnai vi{ îehkhs b absorevns v{idbqir vn{n oik{h{ vn{n ohmn% bveh~rb ji{n% ir sb absorevb vn{n is j{nonssis an vbssin% æs zbtbs bv{bssir gn ji{mn ab hgzbdb abssbs ~rb qäm ähqi% ir nq{nzès ab o{hqhohshg` bebs V[BIORVNÀÏI Gi{mnembgqb bv{bssnai nocngai jneqn oim irq{is% rmn qbgaägohn vn{n vnssn{ neèm n {bgan an vbssin% gb`eh`bgohn ab nvn{bohmbgqi vbssine% bg~rngqi jntbgai on{{ngon b on{{ng~rbngai< hgqbmvb{ngob gi rsi ab kbkhan neoiÿehon% æs zbtbs vbei rsi ab gn{oÿqhois< gb{zishsmi% jneqn ab vi{qb% nrqioigsohägohn b jneqn ab b`i-oigjhngàn BM OHMN AB-V[BONRÀÏI I cîkhqi ab v{ior{n{ i enai gb`nqhzi ab qian oh{orgsqëgohn% bg~rngqi vbgsngai b jnengai ab vissízbe j{nonssi bm zbt ab oigobgq{n{ gis mbhis ab qb{ srobssi _nkbgai qians ns bsq{nans n ?;8 

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

absnsq{b% mns grgon v{ior{ngai is vengis vn{n bzhqn{  j{nonssi Bsvb{ngai vi{ + i qbmvi + ob{qi vn{n oimbàn{  n oieion{ haèhns b vengis bm nàïi% nqè ~rb n bsvb{n sb qi{gn rm cîkhqi vb{mngbgqb _b ebmk{ngai abssbs ~rb jnecn{nm% b bs~rbobgai bssbs ~rb qhzb{nm srobssi Zbgai i kr{noi gi {is~rhgcn% mns gb`eh`bgohngai i {is~rhgcn Vbsshmhsmi% oigarthgai n hgah`bsqïi% behmhgnàïi vik{b% nrqi-hgqihonàïi% {bsvh{nàïi {rhm b ahsvishàïi {rhm V[IO[N_QHGNÀÏI I cîkhqi ab qh{n{ nqè nmngcï ~rb ~rb abzb{hn qb{ shai ôeqhmi ngi qb{mhgnai @nsqngai knsqngqb qbmvi o{hngai îehkhs b absorevns vn{n qb{ jbhqi i q{nkneci Bsqb shgqimn è {benohignai ab vb{qi n bm ohmn ab-v{bonràïi% aôzhan b v{biorvnàïi [borsn vn{n nobhqn{ {bsvigsnkhehanab ~rngai viab sb{ bzhqnai Zigqnab vn{n ocb`n{ n rm noi{ai bm er`n{ ab vñs vn{n ohmn rmn k{h`n ar{n Ocb`ngai n rm noi{ai oim ahjhoreanabs bm zbt ab n{{bn{ b is rsn{ oimi vba{ns vhsngai vn{n nzngài Bsvb{ngai oim Zhan vi{  rm obgqnzi% bm zbt ab v{isvb{hanab bh`bgqb% ivreägohn% {h~rbtns% snqhsjnàïi b jbehohanab Vengbdngai i ~rb jntb{ _B B ^RNGAI OIECHAI VI[ J[NON__I% bm zbt ab ^RBHMN[ QIAN_ ns VIGQB_ B JNTB[ [BQH[NAN HMVI__ÍZBE J{n~rbtn ab% b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb jneqn qiqne ab nrqioigjhngàn% abjhghqbgbss ab v{ivÿshqi% nrqioigq{ieb% hghohnqhzn% bgqrshnsmi% nmkhàïi% j{r`nehanab b cnkhehanab ab {nohioíghi sï VIK[BTN B_VB[NGAI BM ZBT AB [H^RBTN_ BSH@BGQB_ Nssiohnàïi oim bssbs ~rb nobhqnm vik{btn bm zbt ab krson{ n oimvngchn abssbs ~rb bh`bm b {bobkbm {h~rbtns AHGCBH[I OIGZB[_N_. ??6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Ne`rgs vb{`rgqn{ïi% + vi{ ~rb zioä bso{bzbr rm ehz{i sik{b ahgcbh{i9 Vi{ ~rb mbàn {h~rbtns bm aÿen{bs% sÿ +9 Ne`rgs no{bahqn{ïi% b drsqnmbgqb nsshm% ~rb cî irq{ns ji{mns ab {h~rbtns mnhs absbdîzbe ~rb ahgcbh{i _hm% cî {h~rbtns ~rb gïi viabm sb{ mbahans bm qb{mis ab aÿen{bs% mns cî mhecòbs ans vbssins ~rb ah{ïi% mb + Aä qiai i ahgcbh{i ai ~rb br v{bohsi% b br nocn{bh qrai i ~rb br ~rb{i + irq{i N {ntïi v{hgohvne vi{ ~rb br bso{bzh bsqb ehz{i bm oimi na~rh{h{ ahgcbh{i ~rb è i jnqi ~rb i mrgai qbm mns reqhmnmbgqb nq{nzbssir rmn bvb{hägohn ~rb mhecòbs bs~rb{ais ab cimbgs b mrecb{bs vn{nehsn{nm oim i MBAI AB VIK[BTN I ~rb bsqb qhvi ab mbai jnt æ vbssin jih abso{hqi kbm vi{  Pbsqk{iil Vb`eb{% gi Mrgai-qbeb`{nmn ab Gizn Hi{~rb% zht4 + Ahgcbh{i è sÿ miersoi absonson ir ahsois ab mbqne ir sronqns ab vnvbe% b cî qbsir{is ai oi{nàïi b nemn ~rb ahgcbh{i gïi viab oimv{n{% mns n mnhi{hn ans vbssins% bg~rngqi sbgai sbm ahgcbh{i% gïi viab sb ebmk{n{ hsqi ab b srsqbgqn{ is bsví{hqis abebs)abens ^rngai rm cimbm qbm nknhi b ji{n b gn {rn% hgonvnt vn{n n{{rmn{ ~rne~rb{ bmv{b`i gnan% ne`i noigqbob ni bsví{hqi abeb ~rb viab sb{ iksb{znai gn hgoehgnàïi ais imk{is abeb% i di`i ai ocnvèr abeb% i vnssbhi abeb b i iecn{ abeb Beb gïi viab bsonvn{ rm sbgqhmbgqi ab hgjb{hi{hanab bgq{b vbssins oim bmv{b`i {b`ren{% bmki{n beb snhkn ~rb bebs abjhghqhznmbgqb gïi sïi i abeb h`rnen bm on{îqb{% hgqbeh`ägohn ir cnkhehanab Vi{ irq{i enai% + bsqbs vbssins-nqè i nmh`i-qnqi abeb rm sbgsi ab srvb{hi{hanab b i oigshab{n% qnezbt hgoigsohbgqbmbgqb% oimi rmn zíqhmn Beb viab vbah{  ??>

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

bmv{bsqnai ar{ngqb rm qbmvi% mns gïi knsqngqb vn{n oigqhgrn{ ai miai noisqrmnai abeb% b beb gïi viab oigqhgrn{ vbahgai bmv{bsqnai mrhqi qbmvi Mns vbahgai bmv{bsqnai bm sh mbsmi% ~rngai rm cimbm bsqhzb{ vbahgai bmv{bsqnai vn{n zhzb{ simbgqb% è rmn bvb{hägohn abv{hmhgai% b i ahgcbh{i jneqn i viab{ ab ahgcbh{i `ngci vn{n {bnzhzn{ is bsví{hqis abeb Oen{i ~rb% gbgcrm ahsqi nvehon n zn`nkrgais ir gb'b{jntb{-viàis cnkhqrnhs% mns sÿ vn{n cimbgs ab nmkhàòbs gi{mnhs b b`i-{bsvbhqi + MRECB[B_ B_OIGABM AB_B_VB[I + Mrecb{bs gi mbsmi v{bahonmbgqi abzbm sb{  ahjb{bgqbs Gÿs gïi vbgsnmis ab ne`rmn mngbh{n bm mrecb{bs gnan oigshab{ngai i nknhi-b-irqb{s Bebs bsqïi bsonssis gi k{bnaehgbs% bebs {n{nmbgqb sïi zhsqis mbgahongqb gns {rns% b bebs gïi sïi {boigcboízbhs bm mreqhaòbs vbeis mbsmis shgnhs oen{is ~rb habgqhjhonm is cimbgs bsqir{nais Oen{i ~rb% br gïi ~rb{i ahtb{ i cn`s n{{nsqngai ans {rns ab ohanab ~rb sïi i gômb{i ivisqi ais zn`nkrgais mnsorehgis oigjh{mnais Br ~rb{i ahtb{ ns mrecb{bs {ntinzbembgqb dizbgs% abobgqbs b hgqbeh`bgqbs Abzb cnzb{ mrhqis abebs% mns i absbsvb{i abebs)abens gïi è nvn{bgqb Qnezbt bebs sb mnqnm + ^rngai rm cimbm qbm nknhi b ji{n beb qbmvi bsqî rsngai ns mïis abeb vi{ vbgsn{ Beb viab zhndn{ mhecns vn{n orhan{ rm cimbm ab rm q{nkneci b absoik{h{ ~rb i q{nkneci bsqî ocbhi ir ~rb è rm abssbs q{nknecis sbm vn`nmbgqi ab knsb mns sÿ rmn oimhssïi gn zbgan ab ne`rmn kn`nqben hgôqhe ~rb ghg`rèm oimv{n{hn% boern ji{n ab vhbanab Zh{ngai ~rb nknhi% beb sb nocn nq{îs bm gbgcrmn vn{qb gn {rn oim h{ mns cî viroi bm ~rne~rb{ er`n{ Nsshm beb onmhgcn b onmhgcn Beb ??;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

oigqbmven bm dngbens ab eidn n eris ~rb gïi sïi vn{n beb% b sbgqb hgjb{hi{ b aî miai n vbssins ~rb vn{nm vn{n iecn{ oim rm hgqb{bssb nqhzi Beb zn`n gn bsqnàïi ab zhn jè{{bn ir sb ab{{rkn gn khkehiqbon nehzhn{ ns vb{gns abeb b snqr{n{ vn{n ohmn rm vb~rbgi onei{% mns hssi gïi bsqî v{ior{ngai rm q{nkneci% nsshm beb na~rh{b nganmbgqi giznmbgqb Beb viab gïi oigcbob{ hsqi% mns i nhmebssgbss abeb i an{hnm nqè mbsmi sb ns mbsmns ehgcns an jh`r{n abeb gïi jhtb{nm Beb viab sb{  zbsqhai kbm gns {irvns vn{qhans bm ohmn ab ais ahns ~rngai beb qbzb rm q{nkneci jhi% mns ns {irvns gïi viabm ahsjn{àn{ n hgoehgnàïi + AHGCBH[I JNT AHJB[BGÀN + Beb zä mhecn{bs ab irq{ns vbssins% oigqnai{bs ir kneoighsqns ir ~rímhois ir zn`ïi aî% iorvb ni q{nkneci abebs)abens b is hgzbdn ai jrgai an nemn abeb Bebs shmvebsmbgqb qäm ns hgabvbgaägohns abebs)abens% i b`i-{bsvbhqi abebs)abens b mngciia% b beb gïi viabm sb oigzbgob{ ~rb beb è rm cimbm kim% qnmkèm% ~rb bgq{bqngqi beb ahsorqb hsqi b ocb`n n rmn ci{n ab zb{bahoqi jnzi{îzbe abvihs ab ci{n + È sÿ ahgcbh{i ~rb jnt bsqn ahjb{bgàn gbeb Oim rm vb~rbgi ahgcbh{i beb sb sb{hn giznmbgqb + Ne`rgs bmv{b`nai{bs qh{nm v{izbhqi ans vbssins nknhi ~rb sïi b ji{n Ns n`ägohns vbgar{nm vb~rbgis on{qòbs oiei{hais ~rb ijb{bobm sneî{his mhsb{îzbhs vn{n bsqir{nais cimbm-!>; rmn sbmngn% !>2 vi{ sbmngn Rgs !>3 vi{ q{nkneci ab sbmngn sïi rmn nmbhn% b ~rne~rb{ rm oim !;2 vi{ sbmngn vn{n ijb{bob{ gïi vbgar{n i q{nkneci gn j{bgqb ab rmn n`ägohn bm rm on{qïi oiei{hai Br qbgci rm oensshjhonai oi{qnai ab ???

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

rm vnvbe eione ~rb bh`b rm kneoighsqn% rm kbm% vbgmng ehmvi% vn{n ebzn{ i{abgs ab qbebjigb vn{n rmn eidn ab sngaríocb ab >> AN MNGCÏ n ; AN QN[AB vn{n !3 rm mäs-gïi !3 vi{ sbmngn mns !3 vi{ mäs I ngôgohi qnmkèm aht% {beh`hïi ab f_qnqb ' zioä viab hmn`hgn{ i absnji{i k{rqne ab ~rne~rb{ rm ~rb bh`b rm kbm% vbgmng ehmvi vn{n >> obgqnzis vi{ ci{n ~rb hgzbsqh`n n {beh`hïi an zíqhmn9 Mns hssi è i ~rb bsqir{ir ns vbssins è ijb{bohai + I MBAI AB O[ÍQHON Cî viroi oimi q{hvreb i{h`hgnembgqb zbhi bsqb mbai% ghg`rèm abjhghqhznmbgqb viab aboen{n{% mns rmn oihsn è ob{qn - beb qbm hsqi bm rmn ji{mn neqnmbgqb absbgziezhan Ne`rgs no{bahqnm ~rb bsqb mbai jbt sbr nvn{bohmbgqi sik{b i qbmvi ~rb vieíqhons sb qi{gn{nm rmn + v{ijhssïi + Irq{is no{bahqnm viab sb{ eionehtnai æ hanab ~rngai ns mrecb{bs oimbàn{nm n sb hgqb{bssn{  oim + bsqheis + bm zbsqrî{hi ongsnqhzi v{hmbh{i Bsqb nrqi{% bg~rngqi gïi sbgai gbm crmi{hsqn gbm rm v{ijbqn% è hgoehgnai vn{n nq{hkrh{ i mbai kîshoi ab o{íqhon æ~rben vn{qb an gnqr{btn cb{anan ab cimbm ~rb gïi sÿ i hgohqn qimn{ i kbgs ai mbmk{i an {nàn crmngn abeb b mb{onai{hns% mns drsqhjhon{ n nàïi abeb vi{ O[ÍQHON ai on{îqb{ ai mbmk{i an {nàn crmngn abeb È rm jnqi kbm oigcbohai ~rb rm ena{ïi o{hqhon{î i cimbm ab ~rbm beb {irkn{-~rb is vieíqhois krsonm bso{hqÿ{hi% gïi bhkhgai ns v{ÿv{hns zh{qrabs abebs)abens b ~rnehjhonàòbs% mns qbgqngai mngocn{ is ivigbgqbs abebs)abens I mbai ab ikdbqis vb`nais ab o{íqhon bm mrhqns ji{mns% n mnhi{hn ab ~rne è hgsh`ghjhongqb b q{hzhne Vi{  ??1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

bbmvei% cimbgs onezi-bgonkbànais bsqïi onezis vi{  gbgcrmn irq{n {ntïi ~rb i mbai abebs)abens ab o{íqhon Onkbàns jhonm onezns vi{ onrsn ans jnhns ndrsqngai nvb{qnans ab ocnvèrs ~rb oi{qn{nm n oh{orenàïi ans {nítbs ai onkbei Cimbgs rsnm ocnvèrs% gïi vi{~rb bebs gn zb{anab is v{bohsnm% mns v{hgohvnembgqb vi{~rb + qiai i mrgai bsqî jntbgai hsqi + Ns ~rbans hgahzharnhs bm ehgcn b jnt h`rnembgqb% vn{n ~rb gïi ne`rm irq{i hgahzíari i O[HQHON Mrecb{bs {n{nmbgqb qäm onkbàns onezns% ir nqè mbsmi onkbei mn`{i% vi{~rb bebs rsnm ocnvèrs ~rb ndrsqn{nm ns onkbàns abebs)abens ehz{bmbgqb% i ôghoi v{ivÿshqi ais ocnvèrs ~rb sïi nai{gi Mns% gïi abzb sb{ srvisqi ~rb ns mrecb{bs sïi ehz{bs ai mbai ab o{íqhon _b ~rne~rb{ mrecb{ {bhzhgahon{ sb{  srvb{hi{ q{hvren{ oim {bjb{ägohn n bsqb mbai% ecb vbab ~rb onmhgcb% bg~rngqi rsngai rm ocnvèr an zhgahmn ab >386 {rn nknhi Is jnk{hongqbs nsqrqis ab zbsqh{ gïi bsqhzb{nm ebgqis onvhqnehtn{ bsqb mbai kîshoi ab o{íqhon% oim ~rb qiai i `ägb{i crmngi jih nmneahàinai Qian bsqnàïi is bsqheis bm mrhqis n{qh`is ab mrangàn ab zbsqrî{hi ongsnqhzn ^rbm bsqnkbebob is bsqheis9 Ob{qnmbgqb gïi i oimv{nai{ ab zbsqh{% mns i jnk{hongqb Vi{ ~rb beb mran qïi j{b~õbgqbmbgqb is bsqheis9 N {bsvisqn è ÿkzhn Beb mran is bsqheis nsshm beb viab zbgab{ mnhs {irvns Vben mbsmn {ntïi is jnk{hongqbs ab nrqimÿzbhs #oim ne`rgs bobàòbs {n{ns b mrhqi sbgsnqns( bsqheis ab mrangàn ab miabeis qian bsqnàïi Gbgcrm cimbm ~rb{ ah{h`h{ rm nrqimÿzbe ~rb gïi è ai mnhs {bobgqb bsqhei% bmki{n i miabei mnhs zbeci viab sb{ ab jnqi i ??2

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

on{{i mbeci{ Gÿs qbmis abso{hqi n mngbh{n gn ~rne ns vbssins sb oimvi{qnm abknhi an hgjerägohn ab mbai ab o{íqhon oimi nvehonai vn{n ns oihsns vb~rbgns b hgsh`ghjhongqbs ab zhan Gis abhb bnmhgn{  oimvi{qnmbgqi crmngi n`i{n ~rngai bsqb mbai njbqn{ ns vbssins oim {benàïi nis bzbgqis mnhs hmvi{qngqbs ab {benàïi crmngn Ebzb v{nqhonmbgqb ~rne~rb{ vbssin ~rb neongàir n hanab ab + mnqr{hanab + mbgqne vi{ bbmvei #ab ?2 n 16 ngis ab hanab% oimi rmn mèahn `b{ne(% b sb zioä vrabssb eb{ is vbgsnmbgqis sbo{bqis an mbgqb abeb% zioä nocn{hn rmn abso{bgàn mrhqi abohahan bm n mnhi{hn ans jîkrens bgshgnai nq{îs vben mnhi{hn ai ai`mnqhsqs b qbÿei`is ne`rgs aèonans Vi{èm% gïi j{b~õbgqbmbgqb zî zioä nocn rmn vbssin vn{n ~rb qbm n oi{n`bm nkb{qnmbgqb aboen{b n oigzhoàïi abeb gbsqb nssrgqi N mnhi{hn ans vbssins znh% sb nvb{qir ahsqngqb knsqngqb% mhgqn bm er`n{ ab namhqb ~rb bebs gïi no{bahqnm ns chsqÿ{hns nssiohnans oim n~rben ji{mn ab {beh`hïi ~rb sb`r{ir ns vbssins bm bso{nzhaïi ngqbs an hanab ab absoikb{qn ohbgqíjhon b baronàïi Vi{ ~rb jnt n vbssin oimrm% nqè mbsmi gbsqb ahn ab bsoen{bohmbgqi% {borb eig`b ab gb`n{ n oigzhoàïi abeb gns jîkrens ~rb n knsb an mnhi{hn sbdn ans {beh`hòbs ne`rgs aèonans nq{îs9 N {bsvisqn è% + vi{ onrsn ai mbai ab o{íqhon + Is cimbgs b mrecb{bs bsqhzb{nm ~rbhmnans æ bsqnon vi{ irsn{ bv{bssn{ abso{bgàn bm jngqnsmns Gïi è gbgcrmn mn{nzhecn gÿs cb{anmis rmn oigsohägohn ~rb gis jnt qbmn o{íqhon I qbmvi b{n% b gïi qïi eig`b gi vnssnai% ~rngai o{íqhon nhgan ebzir sbzb{i ~rb jnt bm ne`rgs vnísbs

??:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

I mbai ab o{íqhon {irkn i cimbm an hghohnqhzn abeb% absq{ÿh i viab{ abeb ab hmn`hgnàïi% ehmhqbs n hgahzharnehanab abeb% qimn n b`i-oigjhngàn abeb% b i jnt angi ab obm irq{is miais Vnhs jntbm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ns o{hngàns abebs)abens angi h{{bvn{îzbe nq{nzès ab o{hqhohshg` bebs N mïb ab rm ab mbrs nmh`is ígqhmis ab drzbgqrab i onsqh`nzn ~rnsb ahn{hnmbgqb oim rm hgqb{{rvqi{% bg~rngqi sbmv{b oimvebqngai i q{nkneci oim n aboen{nàïi% + Zioä virsn{î gn vbghqbgohî{hn ngqbs ab zioä qhzbssb zhgqb + ngis Ecb bgzhn{nm vn{n rm [bji{mnqÿ{hi æ hanab ab abtbssbqb O{íqhon è n rmn ji{mn ab sb{zhài ai ~rne qiai i mrgai qbm mrhqi Qiai i mrgai qbm rmn nàïi ahsqi ~rb è bgq{b`nai% `{nqhs% sb vbahr ir gïi Is mnhs v{ÿhmis vn{bgqbs an vbssin sïi j{b~õbgqbmbgqb is vhi{bs ijbgsi{bs Abzb{hn sb{ {boigcbohai oimi rm o{hmb #bm {bnehanab è rm o{hmb an vhi{ gnqr{btn(% vn{n ~rne~rb{ vnh oigsq{rh{ oimvebis ab hgjb{hi{hanab gn mbgqb ab rmn o{hngàn% vi{ o{íqhon absgbobssî{hn Bmv{b`nai{bs ~rb bgqbgabm gnqr{btn crmngn% na~rh{n i mbeci{ cî bm cimbgs% gïi vi{ o{íqhon% mns nq{nzès ab sr`bsqïi oigsq{rqhzn Vnhs viabm {bnehtn{ is mbsmis {bsreqnais oim ns o{hngàns abebs)abens O{íqhon vengqn{î MBAI gi oi{nàïi crmngi% ir {bssbgqhmbgqi% mns gïi oigsq{rh{î nmi{ ir njbqi _HGQIMN_ AI MBAI AB O[ÍQHON Bsqb mbai ~rnsb è qïi rghzb{sne ~rngqi i mbai ab vik{btn% b sbrs bjbhqis sïi an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb jnqne n {bnehtnàïi vbssine% v{hgohvnembgqb vi{~rb bsqb mbai absq{ÿh hghohnqhzn% b absbgoi{ndn i rsi ab hmn`hgnàïi Is shgqimns v{hgohvnhs ai mbai sïi4

??0 

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

NRQIOIG_OHÄGOHN @b{nembgqb bv{bssnai vi{  gb{zishsmi% qhmhabt bm oigzb{snàïi b oigcbobgai is bsq{ngcis% mizhmbgqi absndbhqnai ans mïis b mbmk{is% q{iongai ais iecis JNEQN AB VI[QB Bv{bssnai vi{ jneqn ab oigq{ieb ab zit% gb{zishsmi gn v{bsbgàn ab irq{is% visqr{n vik{b ab oi{vi% mbmÿ{hn vik{b VB[_IGNEHANAB Jneqngai bm jh{mbtn ab abohsïi% ocn{mb vbssine% b cnkhehanab vn{n abjhghqhznmbgqb bv{bssn{ ivhghòbs I cîkhqi ab nssrgqis enai-vhsngai bm zbt ais oigcbob{ s~rn{bex Oigoi{angai oim irq{is sbm bnmb orhanaisi ans ivhghòbs abebs)abens OIMVEBSI AB HGJB[HI[HANAB I cîkhqi ab bv{bssn{  b`i-nv{iznàïi vi{ vnenz{n ab kion b vi{ nàòbs% oimi rgs mbhis ab oik{h{ vn{n ohmn rm sbgqhmbgqi ab hgjb{hi{hanab Vnenz{ns + `{ngabs rsngai + vn{n hmv{bsshign{ irq{is% #j{b~õbgqbmbgqb sbm snkb{ i {bne sh`ghjhonai ans vnenz{ns( Irq{is hmhqngai bm zbsqhai% jnen b miais Isqbgqngai ab {bnehtnàòbs hmn`hgî{hns Hsqi æs zbtbs aî rm nvn{bohmbgqi ab srvb{jíohb ab rm sbgqhmbgqi ab srvb{hi{hanab BSQ[NZN@ËGOHN I cîkhqi ab qbgqn{ mngqb{ i {hqmi ai Digbsbs% + `nsqngai neèm an {bgan an vbssin JNEQN AB HGHOHNQHZN J{nonssi vn{n nk{nàn{  ivi{qrghanabs vn{n b`i-nzngài% qbmn bv{bssn{  ivhghòbs% jneqn ab oigjhngàn gns v{ÿv{hns haèhns an vbssin% angai {bsvisqns bznshzns n vb{`rgqns vb{`rgqn{nm vi{ srvb{hi{bs% cbshqnàïi ab mngbh{n b jnen% abobvàïi bm vnenz{ns b nàòbs JNEQN AB NMKHÀÏI V{b`rhàn mbgqne b jíshon% jneqn ab nrqi-nssb{àïi% ebgqhaïi neongàngai abohsòbs% ??3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

jnohembgqb hgjerbgohnan vi{ irq{is% i cîkhqi c îkhqi ab o{hqhohshg` irq{ns nq{îs ans vn{qb ab q{îs abebs)abens b is ehsigdbngai æs jnobs abebs)abens% i cîkhqi ab nobhqn{  ab{{iqn sbm v{iqbsqi% ~rb abhn rm bmv{bbgahmbgqi ~rngai ivisqi vi{ irq{is% srsvbhqi ab irq{ns vbssins sbm onrsn% jneqngai bm qnoqjregbss ab mngbh{n b jnen% {bvr`gëgohn vn{n nobhqn{ n orevn vi{ bg`ngis I MBAI AB _NÔAB AIBGQB Bsqb mbai viab sb{ eionehtnai n cb{bahqn{hbanab jíshon b siohne È v{ÿhmi nssiohnai% sik{b srn i{h`bm% oim ns onrsns ab mbai ab Hanab Zbecn b i mbai ab Mi{qb% vi{~rb oigart rm ab vb{qi æ ki{an ab + mrgais + qb{{ízbhs ~rnhs i cimbm gïi oigcbob% mns hgqb{bssngai ~rb beb ~rb qbm hgoimianai chsqÿ{hns jih bgshgnai vn{n ne`rgs N ivhghïi è rm viroi `b{ne% qnmkèm% n~rbens ob{qns viroi èqhoi vbssins sb iorvnans ai gb`ÿohi ab + zbgab{ snôab + gïi qhzb{nm rm vb~rbgi zb{ oim mngqb{ zhzi i mbai ab snôab aibgqb Gi v{hgohvne% i cimbm qbmb snôab aibgqb vi{ onrsn ais ~rna{is qb{{ízbhs ~rb ji{nm vengqnais gn mbgqb abeb ai ~rb viab noigqbob{ sb mi{qb abzb{hn i oiecb{ Beb qnmkèm qbmb hsqi vi{ onrsn ai vbaî`hi boigñmhoi ~rb viab {bhzhgahon{ Rm mèahoi {bsvbhqîzbe oneoreir ~rb 02" ab qians ns vbssins ~rb zhshqnm is mèahois vn{n sb{zhài ab v{ijhsshigne bsqïi sij{bgai oim chvioiga{hn #aibgàn hmn`hgî{hn( Vn{n hsqi jih misq{nai oigzhgobgqbmbgqb ~rb i mbai ab aibgàn% nqè mbsmi igab gïi cî n onrsn mnhs ebzb vn{n mbai% j{b~õbgqbmbgqb v{iart is shgqimns jíshois an aibgàn qbmhais Viab{isi b viab{isi è n mbgqb crmngn. Oigsq{ÿh ir absq{ÿh Di`ngai gbsqn j{n~rbtn oimrm ab mbai ab ??8 

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

snôab aibgqb% ahsvbgsnai{bs ab mbahonmbgqis vnqbgqbs oiecb{nm ji{qrgns Bsqn ji{mn ab hmvishàïi bm crmnghanab o{èaren jhoir qïi v{bznebobgqb rgs zhgqb ngis nq{îs ~rb n [bzhsqn _bmngne ab Gnzhis on{zibh{is namhghsq{ir rmn onmvngcn nmn{`n oigq{n ne`rgs ais vhi{bs ijbgsi{bs gi gb`ÿohi ab mbahonmbgqi vnqbgqb Ar{ngqb n + bvhabmhn ab hgjerbgtn + ~rb oimbàir ar{ngqb n `rb{{n mrgahne% i v{bjbhqi ab Ohanab ab Gizn Hi{~rb abr vnssis a{îsqhois vn{n oigjb{h{ i angi ~rb ns vbssins bsqnznm sb jntbgai vbei mbai hgb{bgqb abebs)abens ab snôab aibgqb Beb ocnmir is cimbgs ab  di{gne b ahssb n bebs% + Onznecbh{is% br shgqi hsqi gbobssî{hi ecb vbah{ ~rb gïi vrkeh~rb gbgcrmn mngocbqb ab srsqi {benqhzi ni fJer ' bvhabmhn N mbgis ~rb zioä oiivb{b oimh`i% gÿs qb{bmis rmn shqrnàïi ~rb gÿs gïi viabmis oigq{ien{ + Is di{gnhs abhn{nm ab vrkehon{ chsqÿ{hns sik{b i + hgjerbgtn% + b abgq{i ab rm mäs qhgcn shai oigjb{han n bvhabmhn v{isvb{nmbgqb Vi{ rmn sè{hb ab bvb{hägohns namhghsq{nan ne`rgs ngis nq{îs% b{n v{izir ~rb viabm sb{ jbhqns ns vbssins aibgqb nq{nzès ab sr`bsqïi Gÿs namhghsq{nmis bsqn bvb{hägohn onrsngai q{äs oigcbohais vn{n zhshqn{ ns + zíqhmns% + onan ab ~rbm jbt n vb{`rgqn% i ~rb i njeh`b9 Zioä vn{bob qb{{hzbembgqb aibgqb + I v{hmbh{i vb{`rgqnai{ gi{mnembgqb v{izioir rm si{{hsi% b rm abshgqb{bssnai + Ic% gnan% br sir ob{qi% + an zíqhmn I sb`rgai vb{`rgqnai{ gi{mnembgqb jih {bsvigahai oim n aboen{nàïi% + br gïi sbh bnqnmbgqb% mns br shgqi mne + I qb{obh{i vb{`rgqnai{ gi{mnembgqb jih oigcbohai oim n namhssïi cigbsqn ~rb n zíqhmn bsqnzn sbgqhgai gn zb{anab aibgqb ?16

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Qbgqn hsqi bm rm oigcbohai sb zioä arzhan{ ~rb i jn{î hgoñmiai% mns gïi ebzn n bvb{hägohn mrhqi eig`b Cî rmn ob{qn sbhqn {beh`hisn ordis is sÿohis ebznm zhg`ngàn gis hghmh`is abebs)abens vbei + mèqiai ab cbhg` + Bebs ocnmnm hsqi + oieiongai rm jbhqhài + gn zíqhmn Cî bzhaägohn iv{bsshzn ~rb aibgàn æs zbtbs oimbàn gn ji{mn ab hmvresi ab vbgsnmbgqi gb`nqhzi Qne rm hmvresi viab sb{ vnssnai ab rm giqb n irq{i% nq{nzès ab sr`bsqïi% ir o{hir vi{ rm hgahzíari gn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb abeb Rm cimbm ~rb b{n sngqhjhonai oim mnhs snkbai{hn ~rb bsqb hgohabgqb viab{hn hgahon{% rmn zbt ahssb + ^rngai ~rne~rb{ rm mb vb{`rgqn oimi br shgqi% br sbmv{b ~rb{i {bsvigab{ i ab{{rkngai Is airqi{bs bgzhnm is vnohbgqbs bm oehmns gizis vn{n n snôab abebs)abens% vi{~rb rmn mrangàn ab + nqhqrab + mbgqne è gbobssî{hn N sbmbgqb ab mbai ab snôab aibgqb zhzb bm qian mbgqb crmngn V{biorvnàïi% mbai% absëghmi% abobvàïi gb`ÿohis nvnhignais b bmv{bsn{hnhs% onrsb bsqn sbmbgqb vn{n `b{mhgn{ b o{bsob{ N {bobgqb abv{bssïi bmv{bsn{hne mngqbzb ns airqi{ns gn oi{{han% vi{~rb qian ji{mn ab vbgsnmbgqi gb`nqhzi viab onrsn{  snôab aibgqb Abobvàòbs bm gb`ÿohi b visqi nvnhignai æ onkbàn an ehsqn ab onrsns ab mbai ab snôab aibgqb Rm cimbm dizbm sij{br rmn abobvàïi nvnhignai ~rb i bgzhir vn{n rm cisvhqne Vi{ mbsbs beb vnh{ir bgq{b zhan b mi{qb Bsvbohnehsqn bm qb{nvärqhons sr`bsqhzns jih ocnmnai I bsvbohnehsqn mrair ns bgjb{mbh{ns% bg~rngqi i oieiongai bm on{`n ab vÿezi{n ab rmn mrecb{ dizbm mrhqi bgongqnai{n ~rb oimbàir #vi{  ?1>

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

v{b-n{{ngdi oim i airqi{( jntb{ nmi{ n beb i v{hmbh{i ahn an ocb`nan aben gi q{nkneci Abgq{i ab q{äs sbmngns i vnohbgqb jih abson{{b`nai ai cisvhqne% bg~rngqi nhgan sij{bgai% mns oim rm mnenax oimvebqnmbgqb ahjb{bgqb BEB B_QNZN GIZNMBGQB NVNHSIGNAI I {bmèahi b{n rmn k{hgonabh{n% mns i vnohbgqb b n bgjb{mbh{n bsqnznm abvihs onsnans Nmkis bsqïi bm snôab kin gn ci{n absqn bso{hqr{n _HGQIMN_ AI MBAI AB _NÔAB AIBGQB Is shgqimns ahsqi mbai ~rnsb rghzb{sne è4 NRQI-_R@B_QÏI I cîkhqi ab rsi gb`nqhzi ab b`isr`bsqïi v{ior{ngai% b bsvb{ngai nocn{ is shgqimns ab qiais is qhvis ab aibgàn Aibgàn hmn`hgî{hn + absj{rqngai + b jnengai ahsqi oimi sbgai {bne I cîkhqi ab qbgqn{ qians + ns mians vnssn`bh{ns + b + hsms + {boimbganai vi{ irq{is oimi qbgai znei{ qb{nvärqhoi Jnengai oim irq{ns ab ivb{nàòbs% nohabgqbs b irq{ns ji{mns ab aibgàn Bvb{hmbgqngai oim ahbqns% bb{oíohis jíshois% {barthgai shsqbmns% sbm i{hbgqnàïi v{ijhsshigne Onsn ahjíohe or{n% mbahonmbgqis vnqbgqbs b + {bmèahis ab or{ngabh{i + CHVIOIGA[HN I cîkhqi ab jnen{ ab aibgàn% oigobgq{ngai n mbgqb bm aibgàn% b bsvb{n{ sbr nvn{bohmbgqi nqè ~rb rmn j{nqr{n gb{zisn noigqbob Gnan ~rb bgq{n bm `n{{njns viab or{n{ bsqn oigahàïi È qh{nai nq{nzès ab vbgsnmbgqi gb`nqhzi b gnan mnhs ~rb vbgsnmbgqi vishqhzi viab njbqn{ rmn or{n Chvioiga{hn% #rm qb{mi mèahoi vn{n aibgàn hmn`hgî{hn( è ahqi ~rb jnt bm ionshïi oimi mrhqi angi% oimi n aibgàn ~rb n vbssin qbmb viab{hn ?1;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

jntb{ N mnhi{hn ais onsis abgimhgnais ab + gb{zis + zbm ab aibgàn hmn`hgî{hn BSB[OÍOHI Mbai ab snôab aibgqb hgqb{jb{b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb oim v{ÿv{hi bb{oíohi jíshoi% b {bsreqn bm bm ohmn ab-vbsi% onrsngai n vbssin vn{n bzhqn{  zhan ni n{ ehz{b _R_OBQHKHEHANAB Mbai ab j{nqr{ns ab snôab aibgqbs nknhi n {bshsqägohn ab oi{vi ab Gnqr{btn% b o{hn rmn oigahàïi jnzi{îzbe vn{n ~rne~rb{ ji{mn ab aibgàn ~rb n vbssin viab oigqnqn{ È {benohignai j{b~õbgqbmbgqb i mbai ab snôab aibgqb ni mbai ab Vik{btn% bsvbohnembgqb gi onsi ai chvioiga{ínoi ~rb oigsqngqbmbgqb v{biorvn sik{b n visshkhehanab ab qb{  ~rb vn`n{ ns oigqns ab airqi{ cisvhqne jnqr{n% bqo Bsqb qhvi ab vbssin `nsqn mrhqi qbmvi v{bvn{ngai vn{n aibgàn% bg~rngqi jnengai sik{b mi{qb% ahgcbh{i boigñmhoi vn{n obmhqè{hi ahzhab% b absvbsns ab bgqb{{i% bqo B@I-MHMNGAI I cîkhqi ab jntb{ rm engob vn{n oigaieägohn% rsngai aibgàn hmn`hgî{hn oimi n hson #Ns vbssins {boi{{bm j{b~õbgqbmbgqb n bsqb q{r~rb vn{n bzhqn{ q{nkneci( I cîkhqi ab jhg`h{ aibgàn vn{n oik{h{ v{b`rhàn oen{n% ir sb{zh{ oimi rmn îehkh vi{ jneqn ab nmkhàïi HGQBMVB[NGOB I cîkhqi ab rsn{ îeoiie ir gn{oÿqhois vn{n absq{rh{ ai{bs oimi ai{bs ab onkbàn% gbr{ne`hn% bqo% bm zbt ab behmhgn{ n onrsn I cîkhqi ab eb{ sik{b aibgàn b v{biorvn{ bm ohmn an visshkhehanab ab bsqn{ jb{hai vi{ hsqi I cîkhqi ab eb{  ngôgohis ab mbahonmbgqi vnqbgqbs I MBAI AB VB[AN AB NMI[ ?1?

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

N jigqb i{h`hgne absqb mbai hgb{bgqb v{bohsn mns vb~rbgn abso{hàïi% vi{~rb o{bsobr ikzhnmbgqb ji{n ai cîkhqi vieí`nmi ab cimbm ab {irkn{ i oimvngcbh{i ai mbmk{i an {nàn crmngn abeb% b i cîkhqi abeb ab ebzn{ ehkb{anabs oim ben sbmv{b ~rb beb vñab Ohômb% b irq{ns ji{mns sbmbecngqbs ab v{nboi ab abmägohn o{bsobm ji{n ai mbai cb{anai ab cimbm an vb{an ab nmi{ ab ne`rèm Bsqb mbai è i mnhs aiei{isi ab qiais is sbhs mbais kîshois Di`n mnhs absq{rhàïi v{iznzbembgqb oim i oi{vi b mbgqb ~rb ~rnhs~rb{ ais irq{is mbais kîshois% oimi oigart j{b~õbgqbmbgqb n eiror{n vb{mngbgqb I mbai an vb{an ab nmi{ v{iznzbembgqb anqn nq{îs æ hanab ab vba{n% ~rngai is cimbgs {irkn{nm ns mrecb{bs vi{ ji{àn k{rqn Bebs oigqhgrnm {irkngai jämbns% mns n qèoghon abebs)abens mrair Bm zbt ab ji{àn% bebs rsnm vb{srnsïi n`i{n% n v{imbssn ab kighqns {irvns% on{{is ab miqi{% b irq{n + hson + mrhqi mnhs bjbqhzi ~rb ji{àn jíshon Is cîkhqis ab cimbm bsqïi h`rne n bebs bsqnzn ni nmngcbob{ ab ohzhehtnàïi% mns beb is bv{bssn ahjb{bgqbmbgqb Ngîehsb orhanaisn misq{ir ~rb ns mrecb{bs sïi mnhs srsobqízbhs n bsqb mbai ~rb is cimbgs Bsqb jnqi è bvehonai jnohembgqb Mrecb{bs nv{bgab{nm% ab bvb{hägohn% ~rb is cimbgs sïi vi{ gnqr{btn vieí`nmis% ~rb gbebs gïi sb{ïi oigjhnais gns mïis ab {hznhs _HGQIMN_ AI MBAI AB VB[AN AB NMI[ Is shgqimns ahsqhgqhzis absqb mbai sïi4 OHÔMB I cîkhqi ab sb{ srsvbhqi ab nmh`is b nmir igbs sbm ~rne~rb{ bzhaägohn {ntiîzbe ab ocïis srjhohbgqbs #Ohômb è rmn ji{mn ab v{nboi ab abmägohn ~rb æs ?11

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

zbtbs jhon zhiebgqi sbm n onrsn mnhs ebzb( I cîkhqi ab bsvisn norsnai{n ir mn{hai ab hgjhabehanab sbm ocïis _rsvbhqn `b{ne ab qiai i mrgai% jè nksierqn bm ghg`rèm NOCNAI AB JNEQN I cîkhqi ab nocn{ jneqn oim nmh`is% vn{bgqbs% sÿohis bmv{bsn{hnhs b jnmhehn{bs gn v{izionàïi mnhs ebzb% ir sbm ~rne~rb{ onrsn qrai ~rb DI@NGAI I cîkhqi ab di`n{% {irkngai% bg`ngngai% b sb n{{hsongai onsi oigq{î{hi% oim n oigzhoàïi ~rb nmi{ viab sb{ oimv{nai I cîkhqi ab `nsqn{ neèm ais mbhis an vbssin% ir oigq{nhgai aízhans% v{izb{  v{bsbgqbs vn{n jnmhehn{bs% oim i ikdbqi ab jntb{ rmn bhkhàïi jnzi{îzbe Hgsñghn% gb{zishsmi% jneqn ab vb{shsqägohn% j{n~rbtn ab zî% jneqn ab nrqioigq{ieb% jneqn ab b`i-oigjhngàn% qbmvb{nmbgqi {rhm I MBAI AB HANAB ZBECN Gi v{hgohvne% bsqb mbai o{bsob ji{n ab arns jigqbs V{hmbh{i% i vbgsnmbgqi ~rb hanab zbecn viab q{ntb{  oim hsqi VIK[BTN _borgan{hnmbgqb% b sbm aôzhan n jigqb mnhs oimrm ab i{h`bm% ab jnesis b o{rèhs bgshgis ai vnssnai ~rb qnmkèm jih mhsqr{nai kbm oim + ji`i b k{hmsqigb% + b irq{i orgghg`ex ab ki`hbs v{idbqn{nm vn{n bso{nzhtn{ i cimbm vi{ mbai Cimbm qbm arns {ntòbs mrhqi sïs vn{n i rm o{bsohmbgqi abeb ji{n an absoigjhngàn abeb ai mbmk{i an {nàn crmngn abeb ~rb viab n`n{{n{  ~rne~rb{ kbgs mrgangis ~rb beb viab vissrh{ gi mbai kîshoi ab hanab zbecn% b i irq{i sr{`hgai ais ~rna{is qb{{ízbhs ai neèm mrgahne ~rb jih vengqnai gn mbgqb abeb vi{ cb{bahqn{hbanab siohne ngqbs ab beb bgq{nssb bm vissb ocbhn an mbgqb abeb ?12

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

N visshkhehanab ab snôab aibgqb ~rb è mnhs oimrm oimi vbssins bgzbecbob mnhs% qnmkèm è rmn onrsn oigq{hkrhgai absqb mbai oimrm ab hanab zbecn B{iqhsmi qnmkèm bgq{n gn onrsn ai mbai ab hanab zbecn% oimi gbgcrm cimbm nv{bohn i vbgsnmbgqi ab ahmhgrh{ nq{nàïi ab sbi N onrsn mnhs oimrm ab mbai ab hanab zbecn è nssiohnan oim n visshkhehanab ab vik{btn Vii{cirsb + gïi è rmn kighqn vnenz{n Engàn rm j{hi gn mbgqb ab qian vbssin ~rb bgj{bgqn vn{n n visshkhehanab ab qb{  ~rb vnssn{ is ngis {borsngai abeb bm rmn jntbgan vik{b Irq{i ~rb oigq{hkrh onrsn ai mbai ab hanab zbecn% è n visshkhehanab ab vb{an ab ehkb{anab b hgabvbgaägohn% oimi hanab zbecn viab q{ntb{ oim hsqi n vb{an ab ehkb{anab jíshon b boigñmhon _HGQIMN_ AI MBAI AB HANAB ZBECN Is shgqimns ab oimmigbsq absqb mbai sïi4 N qbgaägohn vn{n {barth{ n zbeiohanab b absbgziezb{  rmn hgjb{hi{hanab oimvebi æ hanab ab mnqr{hanab mbgqne% ni {bai{ an hanab ab ~rn{bgqn% ~rb no{bahqn i b`i an vbssin jnesnmbgqb vn{n bsqn{ absehtngai + vi{  onrsn ab hanab #N zb{anab è n~rbeb cimbm n mnhi{hn ais ngis ôqbhs% mbgqnembgqb b bsvh{hqrnembgqb% è bssbs bgq{b ~rn{bgqn b sbssbgqn( I cîkhqi ab jnen{ nviei`bqhoneex ai b`i an vbssin oimi + simbgqb sbgai zbeci + vi{~rb n vbssin neongàir n hanab ab ~rn{bgqn% ir ohg~õbgqn% bm zbt ab hgzb{qb{ n {b`{n b bv{bssn{ `{nqhaïi vi{ qb{  neongànai n hanab ab snkbai{hn b bgqbgab{ bgqbgab{

?1:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

I cîkhqi ab bqb{mhgn{ hghohnqhzn% hmn`hgnàïi% b b`ioigjhngàn no{bahqngai i b`i an vbssin jnesnmbgqb mrhqi zbeci vn{n bb{ohqn{ bsqns ~rnehanabs I cîkhqi ai cimbm ir mrecb{ ab ~rn{bgqn vbgsi oim n vigqn{hn ab qbgqn{ sb nvn{bob{ mrhqi mnhs dizbm% b njbqngai mnggb{hsms ab miohanab< nsshm {haíorei hgsvh{nai{ vi{ nmh`is b bsq{ngcis I MBAI AB MI[QB N ne`rgs bsqb è i o{rbebsq ab qiais is mbais kîshois N {ntïi è ÿkzhn Viabm sb{ on{{b`nais i vng`s qb{{ízbe ab mbai nssiohnais oim i vbgsnmbgqi ab mi{qb% gn mnhi{hn ab onsis% ah{bqnmbgqb n jngnqhsmi {beh`hisi Vn`ïi + abgimhgnai + è mbgis nmba{igqnai ab mi{qb ~rb i mnhs + ohzhehtnai + Vn{n obgqbgns ab mhecòbs ab cimbm ab ngis qbm jbhqi ns vb{`rgqns sbm {bsvisqn hmÿzbhs% ab igab + b + igab + Ab igab br zhm% b igab br zir9 Ar{ngqb ns hanabs mnhs bsor{ns ai vnssnai% i mnhs bsvb{qi b nsqrohisi gïi bsqnzn ebgqi ijb{bob{ n {bsvisqn n bsqns vb{`rgqns% VN[N RM V[BÀI Qbsqbmrgcb% n`i{n% n jigqb v{hgohvne ab i{h`bm ai MBAI AB MI[QB + Bgq{b bm mhgcn kn{{non% nk{nob mhgcn jè% nobhqb mbrs ai`mns% b br ecb an{bh rm hg`{bssi ~rb i namhqh{î hmbahnqnmbgqb bm oèr ~rngai zioä mi{{b% + `{hqis rm eíab{ ab sboqn{hnghsm + Vb{mngbàn ji{n ab mhgcn kn{{non% + aht i mbsmi eíab{% + b viab i ikdbqi vb`nai ab ahnki zioä b i ~rbhmn ni eig`i ab bqb{ghanab + BQB[GHANAB è mrhqi qbmvi JI@I è rmn oihsn qb{{ízbe I vbgsnmbgqi ab onsqh`i bqb{gi% oim ji`i% gïi sÿ i ?10 

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

cimbm ab onrsns vn{n qbmb{ mi{qb% i onrsn j{b~õbgqbmbgqb vb{ab{ n {ntïi abeb Absq{ÿh hgqb{bssb bm zhan b jnt jbehohanab hmvissízbe Ar{ngqb mhgcn vbs~rhsn% {bzhsbh br rm ehz{i hgqhqreir + RM Onqîei`i ais Abrsbs + bm ~rne jih ehsqnai is ?6%666 abrsbs ~rb i cimbm qbm pi{schvba Vbgsb ghsqi. Q{hgqn mhe abebs% {bv{bsbgqnais vi{ qrai ab rm o{npjhsc vn{n rm cimbm È vb~rbgn mn{nzhecn ~rb ji{nm nmba{igqnais is cimbgs æ nv{ihmnàïi ab mi{qb Bg~rngqi i eíab{ {beh`hisi viab gïi viab{ v{izb{  oigarqn sb`r{n bm oèr% gbm% vi{ jneqn ab qne v{izhsïi% vb{mhqn i hgjbeht absob{ bm hgjb{gi% n visshkhehanab ai visqb{hi{ vn{bob qïi qb{{ízbe ~rb i mrhqi vbgsnmbgqi ahsqi sb abhqn sb`r{n an hmn`hgnàïi ab qne rm miai {bneísqhoi ~rb vn{nehsn {ntïi% b di`is vn{n ohmn i mbai ab mi{qb Bm zb{anab% _NKB GBGCRM CIMBM% b gbgcrm cimbm ne`rmn zbt sirkb% ~rb oèr ir hgjb{gi è oimi% gbm ~rne~rb{ cimbm snkb sb ~rne~rb{ er`n{ gn zb{anab bhsqb Bsqn mbsmn jneqn ab oigcbohmbgqi vishqhzi nk{b n vi{qn an mbgqb crmngn ni ocn{enqïi nsshm beb viab bgq{n{ b viab oigq{ien{ ~rb giqn oim n nàïi abeb ab v{bsqhah`hqnàïi b zî{hns mn{ons ab j{nrab vhbaisi b n{qhjíohi I mbai ab MI[QB gïi è n`i{n oimi qb{{n oimrm oimi b{n ar{ngqb n hanab ~rngai cnzhn gbgcrmn `{ngab jnoreanab b rghzb{shanabs Is cimbgs ab ohägohn zh{n{nm i {bjebqi{ ab zb{anab gi mrgai% b bsqn zb{anab bsqî ehz{ngai is cimbgs b mrecb{bs {nvhanmbgqb absqb mbai qb{{ízbe ab MI[QB Is cimbgs  dizbgs b mrecb{bs dizbgs ~rb j{b~õbgqnm ns jnoreanabs

?13

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

b rghzb{shanabs gïi sïi hmv{bsshignans jnohembgqb vi{ + ji`i + b + k{hmsqigb + Vben ndran ab khiei`hn% nsq{igimhn% `biei`hn% b irq{ns ohägohns {benohignans% ji{nm ahsvb{snais is mbais ans hanabs bsor{ns ~rb n`n{{n{nm ns mbgqbs ab cimbgs b absq{rí{nm n {ntïi abebs)abens Mnghoñmhis bsqïi ocbhis oim is cimbgs b mrecb{bs ~rb ji{nm jr{hisns% vi{ onrsn ai MBAI AB MI[QB Bsqb mbai è hgôqhe Mi{qb zh{î% gïi hmvi{qn i ~rb ~rne~rb{ rm viab vbgsn{ ghsqi Nobhqb oimi rmn gbobsshanab% b ahsq{hkrn i vbgsnmbgqi ab srn mbgqb Abzb sb{ rm% gbobsshanab% ir gïi zh{hn n qrai Qnezbt gïi è qïi {rhm ~rngqi jih vhgqnai I mrgai hgqbh{i è oimvisqi ab sÿ arns oihsns% BGB[@HN b N__RGQI Bm jíshons bebmbgqn{bs gÿs gïi nv{bgabmis gbm hssi hmvi{qb gbm bgb{`hn #ns ôghons arns {bnehanabs oigcbohans vn{n q{hvren{( viab sb{ o{hnai gbm viab sb{  absq{ríai Viabm sb{ q{ngsji{mnans nssrgqi b bgb{`hn% mns gbm gïi viab sb{ absq{ríai Zhan è bgb{`hn% sb è ~rne~rb{ oihsn _b gbm bgb{`hn gbm nssrgqi viabm sb{ absq{ríais% oen{i ~rb zhan gïi viab sb{ absq{rían Zhan% oimi irq{ns ji{mns ab bgb{`hn% viab sb{ vnssnan vi{ zî{his v{iobssis ab q{ngshàïi% ir mran% mns gïi viab sb{ absq{ríai Mi{qb è mb{n q{ngshàïi _b mi{qb gïi è gbgcrmn mb{n mrangàn% ir q{ngshàïi% bgqïi gnan zbm nq{îs ab mi{qb mbgis rm sigi eig`i% bqb{gi% onemi% b sigi gïi è gnan sb{ qbmhai Nsshm zioä viab bsj{b`n{ ji{n% sbmv{b% i mbai ab Mi{qb _HGQIMN_ AI MBAI AB MI[QB ?18 

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

Is shgqimns `b{nhs absqb mbai sïi4 I cîkhqi ab VBG_N[ ~rnsb mi{{bgai bm zbt ab jntb{ i n mnhi{hn ab ZHAN% abzhai% `b{nembgqb% jneqn{ ab v{ivÿshqi% ir jneqn ab rmn iorvnàïi snqhsjnqÿ{hn Bsqb mbai è mnhs v{bznebobgqb bgq{b i zbeci% mns æs zbtbs i mnhs dizbm è ns zíqhmns ahsqi I mnhi{ ab qiais is {bmèahis vn{n i mbai ab mi{qb è rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB VN[N [BNEHTNÀÏI% nvihnan vi{ sb{zhài ôqhe n irq{is Rmn vbssin iorvnan {n{nmbgqb qbm qbmvi vn{n vbgsn{ ~rnsb mi{{bgai Beb nocn zhan ~rb zhk{n vn{n v{biorvn{ sik{b mi{qb qnmkèm Æs zbtbs i mbai ab mi{qb è v{ÿhmi nssiohnai oim i Mbai ab Vik{btn igab n mi{qb an vbssin abhn{hn jnmhehn{bs hgah`bgqb Bm irq{is onsis% i mbai ab mi{qb è onrsnai vi{  aibgàn b i {imvhmbgqi oigsb~õbgqb nknhi ab {bshsqägohn ab oi{vi jíshon I oimmigbsq onrsn ai mbai ab mi{qb è4 aibgqb-snôab% vik{btn% jneqn ab iorvnàïi nv{iv{hnan% abobvàïi bm ohmn ab nmi{% eiror{n% jngnqhsmi {beh`hisi ZBECN V[BIORVNÀÏI AB CIMBM V{biorvnàïi è rm bsqnai ab mbgqb jrganai bm mbai Q{nknecn ebgqnmbgqb% mns vb{shsqbgqex È hgsharirs b srqhe Vnssi vi{ vnssi + sb onzn abgq{i + nqè ~rb vn{nehsn n vbssin bsqî n{`rmbgqngai jnoreanab% absq{ÿh nrqioigjhngàn b hghohnqhzn V{biorvnàïi è rmn ji{mn ab mbai oigqígri onrsnan bgqïi vi{ hgabohsïi è rm bsqnai ab mbgqb ~rb viab sb{ oigq{ienan Rmn mbgqb hgsb`r{n è absnmvn{nan Hgabohsïi jnt rmn mbgqb hgsb`r{n N mnhi{hn ais hgahzíaris jneqn n ji{àn ab zigqnab vn{n neongàn{ abohsòbs v{igqnmbgqb% b sb ebzngqn{ vi{ bebs abvihs ~rb bebs ji{nm jbhqis% nqè mbsmi ar{ngqb oigahàòbs ab gb`ÿohi gi{mnhs Ar{ngqb vb{íiais ab absnssissb`i boigñmhoi #oimi i mrgai ?26

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

{bobgqbmbgqb bvb{hmbgqnai(% i hgahzíari è abszngqndisi% gïi sÿ vben gnqr{btn hgb{bgqb abeb bsqn{  ebgqi n neongàn{ abohsòbs% mns beb è hgjerbgohnai vben hgabohsïi ab irq{is ni {bai{ abeb ~rb o{hn{nm rm bsqnai ab + hgabohsïi + ab mnssn Ar{ngqb n abv{bssïi n nqmisjb{n hgqbh{n% gi mrgai hgqbh{i% bsqnzn ocbhn oim + Jbn{bgtn + b + Pi{{xhqhs% + is aihs `b{mb ab aibgàn mbgqnhs ~rb oimbàn{nm n sb bsvn{{nmn{ abvihs ai j{bgbsh ab Pnee _q{bbq bm >8;8 Cî sÿ rm ngqíaiqi oigcbohai vn{n bsqbs `b{mb< è i cîkhqi ab ebmk{bqb b ABOH_ÏI jh{mb Neèm ahssi% è rm ngqíaiqi ~rb qiai hgahzíari qbm ~rb sb siehohqn{ Gÿs gïi v{biorvnmis bm ohmn ab oigahàòbs% rmn zbt gÿs neongànmis rmn abohsïi vn{n sb`rh{ rmn ehgcn abjhghan ab nàïi Br bgq{bzhsqbh rm cimbm ~rb sb{hn bebq{iorqnai arns ci{ns abvihs rmn zbt I cimbm oigabgnai b{n i mnhs q{ng~õhei ab rgs ihqi cimbgs ~rb bsqnznm gn mi{qboben oim beb N q{ng~õhehanab abeb mb hgohqir ecb vb{`rgqn{ oimi sbgqhn vn{n snkb{ ~rb beb bsqnzn bgq{ngai bm bqb{ghanab bm rm qbmvi or{qi Oim rm si{{hsi ab oigjhngàn gn jnob abeb% ahssb beb% + sbgqb kim Cî viroi vbgsb% h{mïi% mhgcns ahjhoreanabs qb{mhgn{ïi ei`i Br qhzb gnan mnhs ~rb ahjhoreanab qiais mhgcn zhan Jih rm sij{hmbgqi vn{n na~rh{h{ oimhan b zbsqhgai Ei`i br gïi v{bohsn{bh absqns oihsns Br sbgqh kim absab bgqïi br nv{bgah oim ob{qbtn ~rb br qbgci ~rb mi{{b{ mi{{b{ Br mb abohah bgqïi Oimi jneir beb ~rb beb abzi{ir rm dngqn{ ab v{ivi{àòbs srjhohbgqb vn{n q{äs cimbgs% oimbgai qiai ?2>

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

kionai an oimhan q{nthai n beb% b absj{rqngai nvn{bgqbmbgqb hsqi oimi mrhqi oimi sb gbgcrm absnsq{b i bsvb{nssb ABOH_ÏI abr bsqn {bsh`gnàïi ab cimbm ni absqhgi abeb. Abohsïi qnmkèm viab v{bzbgh{ n nobhqnàïi an vbssin ab oh{orgsqëgohns ab rgabsh{ba Is sbhs mbais kîshois sïi q{narthais bm rm bsqnai ab v{biorvnàïi% vi{ hgabohsïi I% sbmv{b ai mbai ab mi{qb% nehzhb% neongàngai rmn abohsïi vn{n nobhqn{ mi{qb oimi rm bzbgqi hgbzhqîzbe Ochoiqbhb i mbai ab vik{btn neongàngai rmn abohsïi vn{n sb an{ kbm ~rne~rb{  {h~rbtn zioä viab normren{ _BM V[BIORVNÀÏI Vigcn sbr vè gi vbsoiài ai mbai ab o{íqhon neongàngai rmn abohsïi vn{n gïi V[BIORVN[ sik{b ~rb irq{ns vbssins vbgsb% jnàn% ir ah`n Behmhgb i mbai ab hanab zbecn neongàngai rmn abohsïi vn{n nobhqn{  hsqi% gïi oimi rm hmvbahmbgqi% mns oimi rmn `{ngab kägàïi ~rb ebzn oim hsqi snkbai{hn% nrqioigq{ieb% b oimv{bbgsïi gïi oigcbohan n miohanab I nksiezn ai mbai ab snôab aibgqb vben abohsïi vn{n bs~rbob{ ab shgqimns Aimhgb i mbai ab vb{an ab nmi{ neongàngai rmn abohsïi vn{n sb an{ kbm sbm nmi{% sb hssi è gbobssî{hi Mnqb i cîkhqi ab v{biorvnàïi% bm qians srns ji{mns% eionehtngai rm `bgb{ne% abohsïi `b{ne ~rb gnan ~rb zhan qbm ~rb ijb{bob{ zneb i v{bài ab v{biorvnàïi Oim bsqn abohsïi zh{î vi{qb% vnt ab mbgqb% b q{ng~õhehanab ab vbgsnmbgqi ~rb q{n{î jbehohanab Rm cimbm ordn n mbgqb gïi sÿ bsqî ocbhn oim mbai absq{ÿh ns v{ÿv{hns ocngobs abeb ab nàïi hgqbeh`bgqb% mns% beb q{ngsmhqb bsqns zhk{nàòbs absq{rqhzns æs mbgqbs ?2;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ab qrai ~rb bgq{nm bm oigqnqi oim beb% b absq{ÿh% qnmkèm ns ocngobs abebs)abens Nqè mbsmi rm onoci{{i ir rm onznei snkb ~rngai sbr mbsq{b jneqn oi{n`bm< neèm ahssi% rm onoci{{i ir rm onznei nvngcn{ïi ns zhk{nàòbs ab mbai sb ehz{nans vi{ sbr mbsq{b% b sb oimvi{qn nab~rnanmbgqb Nknhb nknhi n ehgcn ab hgqbeh`ägohn gi {bhgi nghmne% n vbssin nocn bsqn mbsmn onvnohanab vn{n nvngcn{ ns zhk{nàòbs ab mbai Rmn mbe-nkbecn sbgqb mbai hmbahnqnmbgqb gn mbgqb ab rm vbssin-vi{~rb i absoigcbohai ab {ntòbs% rmn nkbecn vhon{î n vbssin ordn n mbgqb bsqî ehkb{qngai zhk{nàòbs ab mbai% mrhqi mnhs v{igqnmbgqb ~rb miebsqn{î ~rb n vbssin ordn giqn gïi {b`hsq{n gbgcrm mbai Ns zhk{nàòbs ab vnssn`bm ab mbai ab rm giqnm n irq{i an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb abv{bssn b qïi sb`r{nmbgqb ~rngqi i sim an zit crmngn vnssn an bsqnàïi ab {nahiahjrsïi ni di`i {bobvqi{ ab rm {îahi-b VBEI MÈAHI B@I-MB_MI Qbebvnqhn Qbebvnqhn mbgqne è rmn {bnehanab Vbgsnmbgqis vnssnm ab rm giqb n irq{i% ziergqn{hnmbgqb% sb ir gïi bsqb jnqi è {boigcbohai vi{ ir n vbssin ~rb ehkb{qn is vbgsnmbgqis% ir ns vbssins ~rb nvngcnm bssbs vbgsnmbgqis N vbssin ~rb aî bv{bssïi% vi{ vnenz{n ab kion% vn{n gb`n{ ir vbgsnmbgqis absq{rqhzis sïi v{nqhonmbgqb ob{qis bvb{hmbgqn{ is {bsreqnais abssns vnenz{ns gn ji{mn ab rmn vigqnvè-vn{qb ab q{îs + absq{rqhzn + N ehkb{nàïi ab hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi absq{rqhzis% sÿ% sbm n ndran ab vnenz{ns% qnmkèm v{iart rmn + v{ivhgn + ab mnhs miais ~rb rm Bm v{hmbh{i er`n{% b qnezbt mnhs hmvi{qngqb sb ebmk{n{% n vbssin ~rb ehkb{qn ?2?

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

vbgsnmbgqis ab rmn gnqr{btn absq{rqhzn% qbm ~rb sij{b{ angi vbei {imvhmbgqi nknhi an jnoreanab ab hmn`hgnàïi o{hnqhzn _borgan{hnmbgqb% n v{bsbgàn gn mbgqb ab ~rne~rb{  bmiàïi absq{rqhzn absbgziezb rmn vb{signehanab gb`nqhzn ~rb {bvbeb ns vbssins% b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb is oigzb{qb bm ngqn`ighsqns N qb{obh{n jigqb ab angi vn{n n vbssin ~rb bgq{bqèm ir ehkb{qn vbgsnmbgqis gb`nqhzis% mbgqh{ns gbsqb sh`ghjhongqb jnqi-bsqbs vbgsnmbgqi-hmvresis gïi sÿ bsqïi anghjhongai n irq{is% mns bebs beb s _B BGO[N BG O[NZ ZNM GN MBGQB MB GQB _RKOIG_OHBGQ _RKO IG_OHBGQBB AN VB__IN ~rb I_ EHKB[QN% b eî sb qi{gn rmn vn{qb ai on{îqb{ abeb N vbssin grgon bsqî qb{mhgnai oim rm vbgsnmbgqi% simbgqb ehkb{qngai hsqi ^rngai rm vbgsnmbgqi è ehkb{qnai% bsvn{{nmn bm qian ah{bàïi% vbei mèahi ai èqb{% mns qnmkèm sb vengqn vb{mngbgqbmbgqb gn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb an vbssin ~rb ehkb{qn hsqi _br gb`ÿohi bm zhan è% v{bsrmhzbembgqb neongàn{  srobssi Vn{n qb{ ähqi% zioä qbm ~rb nocn{ vnt ab mbgqb% na~rh{n ns gbobsshanabs mnqb{hnhs ab zhan% b nohmn ab qrai% nqhgdn JBEHOHANAB Qiais bsqns bzhaägohns ab srobssi oimbànm gn ji{mn ab hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi Zioä viab oigq{ien{ srn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb% zioä qbm i viab{ vn{n nehmbgqn{ ~rne~rb{ hmvresis ab vbgsnmbgqi vn{n hsqi zioä bsoiecb Oim bsqb v{hzheè`hi znh qnmkèm n {bsvigsnkhehanab ab rsn{ hsqi oigsq{rqhznmbgqb Zioä è i mbsq{b ab sbr v{ÿv{hi absqhgi qb{{bsq{b an mbsmn mngbh{n ~rb sb`r{nmbgqb oimi zioä qbm i viab{  vn{n oigq{ien{ sbrs v{ÿv{his vbgsnmbgqis Zioä viab hgjerbgohn{% ah{hdn% b bzbgqrnembgqb oigq{ien sbr v{ÿv{hi ?21

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

nmkhbgqb% bg~rngqi jntbgai vn{n srn zhan i vn{n i ~rne zioä ~rb{ hsqi sb{-ir% zioä viab gb`eh`bgohn{  bb{ohqn{ i v{hzheè`hi ~rb è sbr% jntb{ srn zhan vn{n i{abgn{% sb engàngai nsshm gi mn{ en{`i ab + Oh{orgsqëgohn + igab zioä sb{î engànai vn{n oî b xig% oimi rmn jnqhn gns igans ai iobngi I _BMHGÎ[HI AB I AHNKI I _ÈQHMI MNE KÎ_HOI Neèm ais _bhs Mbais Kîshois% cî irq{i mnr vi{ ~rne ns vbssins sij{bm Oigsqhqrh rmn qb{{n {hon gn ~rne ns sbmbgqbs ab j{nonssi o{bsobm nkrgangqbmbgqb È qïi srqhe ~rb srn v{bsbgàn gïi è absoikb{qn j{b~õbgqbmbgqb Bsqn njehàïi gïi viab sb{ oensshjhonan oi{{bqnmbgqb oimi rm mbai B_QÎ V[IJRGANMBGQB _BGQNAI B MNH_ J[B^ÕBGQBMBGQB JNQNE ^RB QIAI_ I_ _BH_ MBAI_ Vn{n absbdi ab rm gimb mbeci{% gis abhb ocnmn{ bsqn _R_OBQHKHEHANAB mî vn{n GB@N[ HGJERÄGOHN_ Cimbgs ~rb sbmv{b normrenm `{ngabs {h~rbtns sb v{iqb`bm oigq{n bsqb mne. N vik{btn jb{hai grgon jnàn. Bssbs ~rb qäm srobssi bm ~rne~rb{ ocnmnan qäm ~rb v{bvn{n{ {bshsqh{ ni mne vn{n ns mbgqbs abebs)abens _b zioä bsqhzb{ ebgai bsqn jheisijhn oim n jhgnehanab ab normren{ {h~rbtns% zioä abzb{hn sb bnmhgn{ mrhqi orhanaisnmbgqb% abqb{mhgn{ sb zioä è srsobqízbe gb`n{  hgjerägohns _b zioä gb`eh`bgohn{ bsqn b`i-ngîehsb% zioä vb{ab{î sbr ah{bhqi vn{n nqhg`h{ i ikdbqi ab sbrs absbdis Jnàn is ngîehsb v{ior{ngai Abvihs ~rb zioä ebr ns vb{`rgqns v{bvn{nans vn{n bsqn b`i-ngîehsb% i sb`r{b n rmn oigqnkhehanab {í`han bm srns {bsvisqns Zî æ qn{bjn qïi orhanaisnmbgqb ~rngqi zioä v{ior{n{hn ~rne~rb{  irq{i hghmh`i ~rb zioä sirkb bsqn{ i bsvb{ngai bm bmkisonan b ehan{ oim srns v{ÿv{hns jneqns oimi zioä ?22

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

zî oim rm hghmh`i mnhs qng`ízbe Zioä viab sb v{iqb`b{ jnohembgqb oigq{n ena{òbs ab {iaizhn% vi{~rb n ebh v{izä oiivb{nàïi i{`nghtnan vi{ sbr kbgbjíohi% mns i + sèqhmi mne + kîshoi è mnhs ahjíohe aimhgn{% vi{~rb `ievbhn ~rngai zioä gïi bsqî nqbgqi ab srn v{bsbgàn% ~rngai zioä è nai{mbohai% b bg~rngqi zioä bsqî noi{anai Neèm ahssi% srn n{mn è hgqng`ízbe% vi{~rb oigshsqb bm simbgqb-rm B_QNAI AB MBGQB Bsqb mne qnmkèm è vb{h`isi vi{~rb `ievbhn abgq{i qngqns ji{mns ahjb{bgqbs ~rngqi cî bvb{hägohns crmngns Æs zbtbs zbm æ mbgqb vbens vnenz{ns kbm-hgqbgohignans ais v{ÿv{his vn{bgqbs an vbssin N irq{is qbmvis% bgjnan ab abgq{i% vben v{ÿv{hn nqhqrab mbgqne an vbssin _bmv{b è qïi mi{qnembgqb ~rngqi zbgbgi% bmki{n vissn gïi mnqn{ oimi abv{bssn OIMI _B V[IQB@B[ OIGQ[N HGJERÄGOHN_ AB GB@NQHZI _b v{iqb`b{ oigq{n hgjerägohns ab gb`nqhzi% sb ab srn v{ÿv{hn jnk{honàïi% ir i {bsreqnai ans nqhzhanabs ab vbssins gb`nqhzns ni {bai{ zioä% {boigcbob ~rb zioä qbm rm H[-VIAB[% b vñs hsqi bm rsi oigsqngqb% nqè ~rb oigsq{ÿh rmn vn{bab ab hmrghanab oigq{n hgjerägohns ab gb`nqhzi bm srn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb [boigcbàn i jnqi ~rb zioä% b qiai irq{i sb{ crmngi% è% vi{ gnqr{btn% v{b`rhàisi% hgahjb{bgqb% b srsobqízbe n qians ns sr`bsqòbs ~rb cn{mightnm oim srns j{n~rbtns [boigcbàn ~rb zioä è% vi{ gnqr{btn% srsobqízbe n qiais is sbhs mbais kîshois% b migqir cîkhqis oim n jhgnehanab ab oigq{n{hn{ qiais bsqbs mbais [boigcbàn j{b~õbgqbmbgqb n~rbens hgjerägohns ab gb`nqhzi q{nknecnm bm zioä ar{ngqb srn mbgqb srkoigsohbgqb% bgqïi bebs sïi ahjíobhs absoik{h{% b ?2:

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

mngqèm srn mbgqb jbocnan oigq{n qians ns vbssins ~rb abv{hmbm ir i absbgoi{ndnm ab ~rne~rb{ ji{mn Ehmvb ji{n sbr qÿ{n ab mbahonmbgqi% di`rb ji{n qian n víeren bg`n{{njn% b abhn ab neoizhqn{ n {bsj{hnais% ai{bs% ai{bs b aibgàn hmn`hgî{hn Abehkb{nanmbgqb krs~rb n oimvngchn ans vbssins vn{n ~rb i hgjerbgohnm VBG_B B NDN VN[N ZIOÄ Gïi B_VB[B ahjhoreanabs oimi bebs qäm rmn qbgaägohn vn{n gïi absnvigqn{ _bm aôzhan% n j{n~rbtn mnhs oimrm ab qiais is sb{bs crmngis è i cîkhqi ab abhn{ ns mbgqbs abebs)abens nkb{qi æ hgjerägohn gb`nqhzn ab irq{ns vbssins Bsqn j{n~rbtn nhgan mnhs è v{bdrahohne% vi{~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins gïi {boigcbob ~rb bebs sïi nmneahàinais vi{  hsqi% b mrhqis ~rb {boigcbobm hsqi% gb`eh`bgohb ir {borsb oi{{h`h{ i mne nqè ~rb sb qi{gn rmn vn{qb hgoigq{ieîzbe ais cîkhqis ahî{his abebs)abens Ndran{ bssbs ~rb absbdnm sb zb{ oimi sïi {bnembgqb bebs% n ehsqn sb`rhgqb ab vb{`rgqns bsqbzb v{bvn{nan Ebhn ns vb{`rgqns b aboen{b srns {bsvisqns bm zit neqn% nsshm zioä viab irzh{ srn v{ÿv{hn zit Hsqi jn{î hsqi mnhs jîohe vn{n zioä sb{ zb{anabh{i oim zioä VB[@RGQN_ AB QB_QB AB B@I-NGÎEH_B Zioä {boenmn j{b~õbgqbmbgqb ab + sbgqhmbgqi {rhm% + b gbssb onsi% i ~rb è n onrsn9 Zioä nocn jneqn oim irq{ns vbssins æ v{izionàïi mnhs ebzb9 Zioä j{b~õbgqbmbgqb oimbqb b{{is bm sbr q{nkneci% b gbssb onsi% vi{ ~rb9 Zioä è sn{oîsqhoi b ijbgshzi bm srn oigzb{snàïi9

?20 

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

Zioä bzhqn n nssiohnàïi ab ~rne~rb{ rm abehkb{nanmbgqb% b gbssb onsi% vi{ ~rb9 Zioä j{b~õbgqbmbgqb sij{b oim hgah`bsqïi9 Gbssb onsi% i ~rb è n onrsn9 Zhan vn{bob jôqhe b i jrqr{i absbsvb{nai n zioä9 Gbssb onsi% vi{ ~rb9 Zioä `isqn ab srn iorvnàïi9 _b gïi% vi{ ~rb9 Zioä sbgqb j{b~õbgqbmbgqb b`i-vhbanab% b gbssb onsi vi{ ~rb9 Zioä è hgzbdisi abssbs ~rb i srvb{nm9 Ni ~rne abahon zioä n mnhi{hn qbmvi% vbgsngai bm _ROB__I% ir ab J[NON__I9 Zioä bsqî `ngcngai ir nrqioigjhngàn vb{abai{n oimi zioä bgzbecbob mnhs9 Zioä nv{bgab ne`i ab znei{ ab qiais is bg`ngis9 Zioä bsqî vb{mhqhgai ne`rm {benqhzi ir oigcbohai vn{n i v{biorvn{9 Gbssb onsi% vi{ ~rb9 Zioä æs zbtbs + bsqî gns grzbgs + b n irq{is qbmvis gns v{ijrgahanabs ab absvigabgox9 ^rbm qbm n hgjerägohn mnhs hgsvh{nai{n bm zioä9 I ~rb è n onrsn9 Zioä qieb{n gb`nqhzi ir absbgoi{ndngai hgjerägohns ~rb zioä viab bzhqn{9 Zioä è absorhanai ab sbr nvn{bohmbgqi vbssine9 Gbssb onsi% ~rngai b vi{ ~rb9

?23

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Zioä nv{bgabr n srkmb{`h{ srns ahjhoreanabs + bsqngai mrhqi iorvnai vn{n sb{ nki{{bohai vi{ bebs9 Zioä sb ocnmn{hn rm + j{noi + hgzb{qbk{nai sb zioä vb{mhqhr vn{n irq{is jntb{ sbr vbgsnmbgqi vn{n zioä9 Zioä gb`eh`bgohn qimngai kngci hgqb{gi nqè ~rb nrqihgqihonàïi i jnt aibgqb-srnzb b h{{hqîzbe9 ^rngqns vb{qr{knàòbs bzhqîzbhs i nki{{bobm% b vi{ ~rb zioä is qieb{n9 Zioä {boi{{b n ehoi{% gn{oÿqhois% ir oh`n{{is vn{n n~rhbqn{ sbrs gb{zis +9 Gbssb onsi% vi{ ~rb zioä gïi qbgqn h{-viab{ ni hgzès9 ^rne~rb{ rm + i hmvi{qrgn +% b gbssb onsi% vi{ ~rb {ntïi9 Zioä qbm rm V[IVß_HQI V[HGOHVNE ABJHGHAI% b gbssb onsi% i ~rb è% b ~rb vengi i qbm vi{ neongàn{ hsqi9 Zioä sij{b ab ~rnhs~rb{ ais _bhs Mbais Kîshois9 Gbssb onsi% ~rne igbs9 I qbgcn rm mèqiai vbei ~rne zioä viab sb v{iqb`b{  oigq{n n hgjerägohn gb`nqhzn ab irq{is9 Zioä jnt rsi abehkb{nai ab nrqi-sr`bsqïi vn{n jntb{  srn mbgqb vishqhzi9 I ~rne nznehn zioä n mnhi{hn% srns vissbs mnqb{hnhs% ir sbr v{hzheè`hi ab oigq{ien{ sbrs v{ÿv{his vbgsnmbgqis9 Zioä è hgjerbgohnai jnohembgqb vi{ irq{is% oigq{n sbr v{ÿv{hi dre`nmbgqi9 No{bsobgqir cidb ~rne~rb{ oihsn ab znei{ n sbr qbsir{i ab oigcbohmbgqis ir bsqnai ab mbgqb9 Zioä bgj{bgqn s~rn{bex ns oh{orgsqëgohns ~rb i jntbm hgjbeht% ir bzhqn n {bsvigsnkhehanab9 Zioä ngnehsn qiais is bg`ngis b j{nonssis b qbgqn `ngcn{ vi{ bebs ir% zioä ebzn n nqhqrab ~rb hsqi sbr abzb{ gïi è9 Zioä viab gimbn{ q{äs ab srns j{n~rbtns ?28 

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

mnhs v{bdrahohnhs9 I ~rb bsqî jntbgai zioä vn{n is oi{{h`h{9 Zioä bgoi{ndn ~rb irq{ns vbssins q{n`nm ns v{biorvnàòbs abebs)abens n zioä vn{n oigaieägohn9 Zioä bsoiecb% ab srns bvb{hägohns ahî{hns% ehàòbs ir hgjerägohns ~rb ndranm bm sbr nzngài vbssine9 _rn v{bsbgàn qbm rmn hgjerägohn gb`nqhzn bm irq{ns vbssins oimi rmn {b`{n9 ^rb cîkhqis ab irq{ns vbssins i nki{{bobm n mnhi{hn9 Zioä ji{mn srns v{ÿv{hns ivhghòbs ir sb vb{mhqb sb{  hgjerbgohnai vi{ irq{ns vbssins9 Zioä nv{bgabr n o{hn{ rm bsqnai mbgqne ab mbgqb oim ~rb zioä viab sb v{iqb`b{ oigq{n qrai absbgoi{ndngai hgjerägohns9 _rn iorvnàïi i hgsvh{n oim jè b bsvb{ngàn9 Zioä bsqî oigsohbgqb ab vissrh{ ji{àns bsvh{hqrnhs ab viab{ srjhohbgqb vn{n i cnkhehqn{ vn{n mngqb{ srn mbgqb ehz{b ab qians ns ji{mns ab MBAI9 Jnt srn ndran ab {beh`hïi zioä mngqb{ srn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb vishqhzi9 Zioä sbgqb hsqi sbr abzb{ vn{n oimvn{qhecn{ ns v{biorvnàòbs ab irq{ns vbssins9 Gbssb onsi% vi{ ~rb9 _b zioä no{bahqn ~rb + vîssn{is ab rm {bkngci ab vbgn drgqi + i ~rb nv{bgabr zioä sik{b zioä bsqrangai is nmh`is ~rbm zioä nq{nh9

?:6

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

^rb oigbïi% sb ~rne~rb{% zioä zä bgq{b ns vbssins oim ~rbm zioä nssiohn ab vb{qi% b ~rne~rb{  hgjbehohanab ~rb zioä viab sij{b{9 Viab{hn sb{ vissízbe ~rb ne`rmn vbssin ~rbm zioä oigshab{n sb{ rm nmh`i è% bm {bnehanab% sbr vhi{  hghmh`i% vi{ onrsn an hgjerägohn gb`nqhzn abeb bm srn mbgqb9 Vi{ ~rb {b`{ns i jnàn drht ~rb è ôqhe b ~rbm bsqî anghjhongai n zioä9 _brs sÿohis ígqhmis sïi mbgqnembgqb srvb{hi{bs ir hgjb{hi{bs n zioä9 ^rngqi hgqb{znei ab qiai ;1 ci{ns zioä abahon4 rm srn iorvnàïi k sigi o di`i b {bennmbgqi a oigcbohmbgqi ôqhe na~rh{hgai b absvb{aíohi oen{i ^rbm bgq{b sbrs oigcbohais% rm i bgoi{ndn n mnhi{hn k v{bonràòbs zioä n mnhi{hn o i absbgoi{ndn n mnhi{hn a ndrans zioä n mnhi{hn ab irq{is miais I ~rb è srn mnhi{ v{biorvnàïi9 Vi{ ~rb zioä qieb{n hsqi9 ^rngai irq{is ijb{bobm ~rb zioä ehz{n% oigsbeci gïi siehohqnai% zioä nobhqn hsqi sbm aôzhan% ir ngnehsn i miqhzi abebs)abens9 I ~rb% nohmn ab qrai irq{i% i jnàn n mnhi{hn AB_BDI9 Zioä v{bqbgab na~rh{h{ hsqi9 Zioä vn{n eb`ngai srki{ahgn{ qiais is irq{is absbdis bsqb n~rh vn{n9 ^rngqis o{igimbq{nm ahn{hnmbgqb zioä abahon n na~rh{h{ hsqi9 ?:>

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

Zioä mran j{b~õbgqbmbgqb srn mbgqb9 Gbssb onsi% vi{ ~rb9 Zioä gi{mnembgqb qb{mhgn qb{ mhgn qrai i ~rb zioä oimbàn9 Zioä è jnohembgqb hmv{bsshignai vbei gb`ÿohi ab irq{ns vbssins ir qíqreis v{ijhsshignhs% `{nrs ab jnoreanab% ir {h~rbtn9 Zioä è hgjerbgohnai jnohembgqb vi{ ~rb irq{ns vbssins vbgsb ir ah`n ab zioä9 Zioä srv{b n vbssins vi{ onrsn ai bsqnai siohne ir jhgngobh{i abebs)abens9 ^rbm no{bahqn zioä i mnhi{ vbssin zhzbgai vn{n sb{9 Bm ~rb {bsvbhqi bsqî bsqn vbssin srvb{hi{ vn{n zioä9 N ~rngqi qbmvi bsqrangai b {bsvigabgai bsqns vb{`rgqns abahoir zioä9 #Vbei mbgis rm ahn è gbobssî{hi vn{n n ngîehsb b i {bsvigabgai an ehsqn hgqbh{n( _b zioä {bsvigabr qiais bsqb q{rqcjreex ab vb{`rgqns% zioä snkb mnhs ab zioä ~rb n mnhi{hn ans vbssins Bsqrab ns vb{`rgqns orhanaisnmbgqb% zieqb rmn zbt n bebs onan sbmngn ar{ngqb zî{his mbsbs% b sbdn sr{v{bbgahai æ ~rngqhn ab oigcbohmbgqi nahohigne ab `{ngab znei{ n zioä% zioä qb{î `ngci vbei mèqiai shmvebs ab {bsvigab{ i q{rqcjreex ab vb{`rgqns _b zioä gïi qbm ob{qbtn {benqhzi æs {bsvisqns vn{n ne`rmns ans vb{`rgqns% krson n abehkb{nàïi abssbs ~rb i oigcbobm kbm% bsvbohnembgqb bssbs ~rb gïi qäm gbgcrm miqhzi i ehsigdbngai% b sb zä vbeis iecis abebs) abens N bvb{hägohn bsqn{î sr{v{bbgabgai Zioä qbm OIGQ[IEB NK_IERQI bm ohmn ab mns rmn oihsn% b hssi è sbrs vbgsnmbgqis Bsqb è i mnhs sh`ghjhongqb b hgsvh{nai{ ab qiais is jnqis oigcbohai vn{n q{hvren{. [bjebqb i Ahzhgb ab cimbm gnqr{btn Bsqb ?:;

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

Ahzhgb v{b{{i`nqhzn è is mbhis boershzis vbeis ~rnhs zioä viab oigq{ien{ sbr v{ÿv{hi absqhgi _b zioä gïi oigq{ien srn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb% zioä viab bsqn{ sb`r{i zioä oigq{ien{î gnan mnhs _b zioä abzb sb{ absorhanai oim srns vissbs% abhb bsqn{ oim {benàïi n oihsns mnqb{hnhs _rn mbgqb è srn v{iv{hbanab bsvh{hqrne. V{iqbdn b rsb oim i orhanai vn{n i ~rne Ahzhgb [ixneqx è hgqhqrenan Zioä b{n abqb{mhgnai rm H[-VIAB[ vi{ bsqb v{ivÿshqi Hgjbehtmbgqb% gïi cî gbgcrmn v{iqbàïi eb`ne oigq{n bssbs ~rb% ir vi{ absí`ghi ir h`gi{ëgohn% bgzbgbgb ns mbgqbs ab irq{is nq{nzès ab sr`bsqïi gb`nqhzn Bsqn ji{mn ab absq{rhàïi abzb{hn sb{ onsqh`îzbe nq{nzès ab vbgnehanabs eb`nhs vbsnans% vi{~rb viab b j{b~õbgqbmbgqb absq{ÿh ns ocngobs an vbssin ab na~rh{h{ oihsns mnqb{hnhs ~rb sïi v{iqb`hans nq{nzès ab ebh Cimbgs oim mbgqbs ab gb`nqhzi qbgqn{nm oigzbgob{ i Qcimns RM Bahsig ~rb beb gïi vrabssb oigsq{rh{ rmn mî~rhgn ~rb {b`hsq{n{hn b {bv{iarth{hn n zit crmngn% vi{~rb + bebs ahssb{nm% + ghg`rèm mnhs ne`rmn zbt qhgcn v{iarthai qne rmn mî~rhgn + Bahsig gïi is no{bahqir Beb sirkb ~rb n mbgqb vrabssb v{iarth{ ^RNE^RB[ OIH_N ~rb N MBGQB viab{hn OIGOBKB[ B viab{hn NO[BAHQN[% b n~rbeb oigcbohmbgqi b{n n oihsn ~rb b{`rbr i `{ngab Bahsig sik{b i {bkngci oimrm Cimbgs oim mbgqbs gb`nqhzns oigqn{nm vn{n J P Piiepi{qc% beb h{hn + qbgqn{ sbm ahgcbh{i + vn{n ah{h`h{ rmn eidn bm ohgoi b abt obgqnzi zbgans Beb gïi is no{bahqir Beb sirkb ~rb beb vrabssb jntb{ ~rne~rb{  oihsn% abgq{i ai {ntiîzbe% sb beb nvihnssb is vengis abeb oim jè Bb{ohqngai i ah{bhqi abeb vn{n mngqb{ ns ?:?

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

sr`bsqòbs gb`nqhzns ab irq{is cimbgs an mbgqb abeb ai enai ab ji{n% beb bmvhecir vn{n ohmn rmn ji{qrgn ab mnhs ab obm mhecòbs ab aÿen{bs Cimbgs oim mbgqbs gb`nqhzns oigqn{nm vn{n @bi{`b Pnschg`qig beb gïi vñab bsvb{n{ `ngcn{ oigq{n ns ji{àns hmbgsnmbgqb srvb{hi{bs ai k{hqëghoi% mns beb bb{ohqir i Ahzhgb abeb ah{bhqi vn{n NO[BAHQN[% bgqïi bsqb ehz{i jih vrkehonai abknhi an v{iqbàïi ans Bsq{bens b Jnhns% bg~rngqi i gimb ab Abrs Oi{gpneehs jih qiais mbgis bs~rbohai Arzhangai Qcimnsbs {hahoren{htn{nm absabgcisnmbgqb ~rngai n Cbg{x Ji{a bvb{hmbgqir i v{hmbh{i o{rabex abeb oigsq{rhr nrqimÿzbe gns {rns ab Abq{ihq Ne`rgs grgon ahssb{nm n oihsn jhon{hn v{îqhon Irq{is ahssb{nm ~rb ghg`rèm vn`n{hn ahgcbh{i vi{ qne rm nvn{beci ZNR AH__B% + BR OHG@H[BH O HG@H[BH N QB[[N Q B[[N OIM ON[[I_ ON [[I_ AB MIQI[ _B@R[I_% + B BEB JBT. N abohsïi abeb vn{n oigjhn{ gi v{ÿv{hi dre`nmbgqi abeb  dî bmvhecir eig`b vn{n ohmn rmn ji{qrgn mnhi{ ~rb ns v{ÿhmns ohgoi `b{nàòbs ai absobgabgqs abeb viab absvb{ahàn{ Vn{n i kbgbjíohi abssbs ~rb krson {h~rbtns znsqns% abhb sb ebmk{b ~rb v{nqhonmbgqb n ahjb{bgàn boershzn bgq{b n Cbg{x Ji{a b rmn mnhi{hn ai mnhs ab obm mhe cimbgs ~rb q{nknecn vn{n beb% è bsqb-znr QBM RMN MBGQB B OIGQ[IEN H_QI% I_ IRQ[I_ QÄM MBGQB_ ^RB BEB_ gïi QBGQNM OIGQ[IEN[ N Cbg{x Ji{a jih mbgohignan {bvbqhanmbgqb% vi{~rb beb è rm bbmvei bsvngqisi ahssi ~rb rm cimbm oim rmn mbgqb ai v{ÿv{hi abeb% b rm qbsqnmbgqi vn{n oigq{ien{ hsqi% viab {bnehtn{ I {b`hsq{i abeb knqb n jrganàïi ab abknhi an~rben îehkh qbmvi-rsnan% + br grgon qhzb rmn ocngob + Ji{a grgon qbzb rmn ?:1

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

ocngob% ir% mns beb O[HIR RMN IVI[QRGHANAB B NVIHIR H_QI OIM VB[_H_QÄGOHN NQÈ ^RB I JBT mnhs [HOI ^RB O[IB_R_ Giqb oigq{ieb è i {bsreqnai ab nrqiahsohvehgn b cîkhqi Zioä ir oigq{ien srn mbgqb ir i oigq{ien Gïi cî gbgcrm noi{ai ab oi{{bai{-miai I mnhs v{îqhoi ab qiais is mèqiais vi{ oigq{ien{ n mbgqb è i cîkhqi ab mngqb{ hsqi iorvnai oim rm v{ivÿshqi abjhghai% nvihnai vi{ rm vengi abjhghai Bsqrab i {b`hsq{i ab ~rne~rb{ cimbm ~rb neongàn srobssi giqîzbe% b zioä iksb{zb ~rb beb qbm oigq{ieb bm ohmn an v{ÿv{hn mbgqb abeb% neèm ahssi% ~rb beb bb{ohqn n~rbeb oigq{ieb b ah{h`b hsqi vn{n i oigsb`rhmbgqi ab ikdbqhzis abjhghais _bm bsqb oigq{ieb% srobssi gïi è vissízbe OHG^ÕBGQN-_BQB + ÎEHKH_ JNMI_N_ Vi{ Cimbm Zbeci _B Vbssins ~rb gïi qäm srobssi qäm rmn on{noqb{ísqhon ahsqhgqhzn bm oimrm Bebs oigcbobm qians ns {ntòbs vi{  j{nonssi% b qbm i ~rb bebs no{bahqnm vn{n sb{ îehkhs n{nvb{qnans vn{n bvehon{ n v{ÿv{hn jneqn abebs)abens ab {bnehtnàïi ji{n Ne`rmns absqns îehkhs sïi hgqbeh`bgqbs% b ne`rgs abebs sïi  drsqhjhoîzbhs vbeis jnqis Mns gïi viabm sb{ rsnans îehkhs vn{n ahgcbh{i I mrgai ~rb{ snkb{ ôghoi I oihsn-qbgcn NEONGÀNAI _ROB__I9 Rm ngnehsqn ab on{îqb{ oimvheir rmn ehsqn ai oimrmbgqb îehkhs rsnans Oimi zioä ebr n ehsqn% sb bnmhgn orhanaisnmbgqb% b abqb{mhgn ~rngqi absqns îehkhs% sb ~rne~rb{% è srn v{ÿv{hn v{iv{hbanab Qnmkèm% sb ebmk{b n jheisijhn nv{bsbgqnan gbsqb ehz{i jnt qiai rm absqns îehkhs iksiebqi _B br gïi qhzbssb rmn bsvisn b jnmíehn   ?:2

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

_B br qhzbssb knsqngqb + vrn{ +   _B br qhzbssb ahgcbh{i   _B br qhzbssb rmn baronàïi kin   _B br vrabssb n{{rmn{ rm bmv{b`i   _B br qhzbssb snôab kin   _B br sÿ qhzbssb qbmvi   _B qbmvis jissbm mbeci{bs   _B irq{ns vbssins mb bgqbgabssbm   _B oigahohign ni {bai{ ab mhm sÿ b{n ahjb{bgqb   _B br vrabssb zhzb{ mhgcn zhan giznmbgqb bm ohmn ab   _B br gïi qbmbssb i ~rb BEB_ + ah{hnm   _B br qhzbssb shai abqb{mhgnai rmn ocngob   _B br qhzbssb rmn ocngob n`i{n   _B irq{ns vbssins gïi qhzbssbm hsqi abgq{i vn{n mhm +   _B gnan noigqbob vn{n mb vn{n{   _B br sÿ jissb mnhs dizbm   _B br vrabssb jntb{ i ~rb br ~rb{i   _B br qhzbssb gnsohai {hoi   _B br vrabssb oigcbob{ + ns vbssins + ob{qns   _B br qhzbssb i qnebgqi ~rb ne`rmns vbssins qäm   _B br irsnssb mb njh{mb   _B br sÿ qhzbssb nk{nànai ivi{qrghanabs vnssnans   _B ns vbssins gïi sb`rhssbm mbrs gb{zis   _B br gïi qhzbssb ~rb mngqb{ onsn b orhan{ ns o{hngàns   _B br vrabssb boigimhtn{ rm viroi ab ahgcbh{i   _B i ocbjb sÿ mb nv{bohnssb   _B br sÿ qhzbssb ne`rèm vn{n mb ndran{ ndran{   _B mhgcn jnmíehn mb bgqbgabssb   _B br mi{nssb bm rmn ohanab `{ngab   _B br cî viroi vrabssb sb{ oimbànai   _B br sÿ jissb `{îqhs   _B br qhzbssb n vb{signehanab ab ne`rmns vbssins   _B br gïi jissb qïi `i{ai   ?::

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

_B mbrs qnebgqis jissbm oigcbohais   _B br vrabssb na~rh{h{ cî viroi rmn + j{nqr{n +   _B br sÿ vrabssb snh{ ab aízhan   _B br gïi qhzbssb jnecnai   _B br sÿ sirkbssb oimi   _B qiai i mrgai gïi mb ivrsbssb   _B br gïi qhzbssb qngqis v{biorvnàòbs   _B br vrabssb mb onsn{ n vbssin ob{qn   _B ns vbssins gïi jissbm qïi kikns   _B mhgcn jnmíehn gïi jissb qïi bq{nzn`ngqb   _B br bsqhzbssb sb`r{i ab mhm   _B si{qb gïi bsqhzbssb oigq{n mhm   _B br gïi qhzbssb gnsohai abknhi an bsq{ben b{{nan   _B gïi jissb zb{anab ~rb + i ~rb è sb{ sb{î +   _B br gïi qhzbssb ~rb q{nknecn{ qïi ar{i   _B br gïi qhzbssb vb{ahai mbr ahgcbh{i   _B br zhzbssb bm rm knh{{i ahjb{bgqb   _B br gïi qhzbssb rm + vnssnai +   _B br sÿ qhzbssb rm gb`ÿohi ab mbr v{ÿv{hi   _B irq{ns vbssins sÿ mb bsorqnssbm   _B $ $ $ b bsqb è i mnhi{ abebs qrai $ $ $ br qhzb n oi{n`bm vn{n sb zb{ oimi sir {bnembgqb br% br absoik{h{hn i ~rb bsqî b{{nai oimh`i% b oi{{h`b hsqi% bgqïi br viab{hn qb{ rmn ocngob vn{n `ngcn{ vi{  mbrs bg`ngis b nv{bgab{ ne`i an bvb{hägohn ab irq{is% vi{~rb br sbh ~rb cî ne`i B[[NAI oimh`i% ir br sb{hn n`i{n igab br qb{hn _HAI _B br qhzbssb `nsqnai mnhs qbmvi ngnehsngai mhgcns j{n~rbtns% b mbgis qbmvi oigsq{rhgai îehkhs vn{n is oik{h{ Îehkhs oigsq{rhgai oim ~rb bvehon{ j{nonssi ji{n è rm vnssnqbmvi gnohigne I cîkhqi è qïi zbeci ~rngqi n {nàn crmngn% b è jnqne n srobssi. Vi{ ~rb ns vbssins n`n{{nm i abebs)abens non{hohb îehkhs9 N {bsvisqn è ÿkzhn Bebs abjbgabm ns îehkhs abebs)abens vi{~rb BEB_ ?:0 

ONVÍQREI >2 - OIMI KR[EN[ I_ _BH_ JNGQN_MN_ JNGQN_MN_ AB MBAI

is O[HNM. N îehkh ab rm cimbm è n o{hngàn an v{ÿv{hn hmn`hgnàïi abeb È gnqr{btn crmngn vn{n abjbgab{ n v{ÿv{hn oè{bk{i-o{hngàn an vbssin Oigsq{rhgai îehkhs è rm cîkhqi v{ijrganmbgqb n{{nh`nai Cîkhqis sïi ahjíobhs ~rbk{n{% bsvbohnembgqb ~rngai bebs v{izäbm drsqhjhonàïi vn{n ne`i ~rb gÿs jntbmis I Venqïi qbzb bsqn zb{anab bm mbgqb ~rngai beb ahssb% + I v{hmbh{i b mbeci{ zhqÿ{hn è oig~rhsqn{ b`i _b{ oig~rhsqnai nq{nzès ab b`i è% ab qians ns oihsns% i mnhs zb{`igcisi b zhe + Irq{i jheÿsiji qbzb i mbsmi vbgsnmbgqi bm mbgqb ~rngai beb ahssb% + b{n rmn `{ngab sr{v{bsn n mhm ~rngai br absoik{h ~rb n mnhi{hn an jbhô{n ~rb br zh bm irq{is% b{n nvbgns rmn {bjebïi ab mhgcn v{ÿv{hn gnqr{btn + + _bmv{b jih rm mhsqè{hi n mhm% Bekb{q Crkkn{a + ahqi% + vi{ ~rb ns vbssins `nsqnm qngqi o{igimbq{b sb bg`ngngai abehkb{nanmbgqb o{hngai îehkhs vn{n oik{h{ ns j{n~rbtns abebs)abens _b rsir ahjb{bgqbmbgqb% bsqb mbsmi qbmvi sb{hn srjhohbgqb or{n{ n j{n~rbtn% ab gbgcrmn îehkh bgqïi sb{hn v{bohsnan + _bvn{ngai% br i ebmk{n{hn ~rb + Zhan è rm qnkrebh{i ab anmns% b i di`nai{ ivisqi zioä è QBMVI _b zioä cbshqn ngqbs ab mizb{% ir gb`eh`bgohn mizb{  v{igqnmbgqb% sbrs cimbgs sb{ïi bsj{b`nais ji{n n qîkrn ngqbs ab QBMVI Zioä bsqî di`ngai oigq{n rm sÿohi ~rb gïi qieb{n{î HGABOH_ÏI +. V{bzhnmbgqb zioä viab qb{ qhai rmn absorevn eÿ`hon vn{n gïi qhai ji{ànai Zhan n vnssn{ oim qrai ~rb zioä vb{`rgqir% mns n~rben îehkh bsqî n`i{n iksiebqn% ?:3

VBG_B B BG[H^RBÀN

vi{~rb zioä bsqî bm vissb an Mbsq{b Lbx ~rb absq{ngon n vi{qn æs {h~rbtns nkrgangqbs ab Zhan N Mbsq{b Lbx è hgqng`ízbe% mns è viab{isi. È i v{hzheè`hi ab o{hn{% bm srn v{ÿv{hn mbgqb% rm AB_BDI N[ABGQB vn{n rmn ji{mn abjhghan ab {h~rbtns Gïi cî gbgcrmn vbgnehanab vn{n i rsi an Ocnzb% mns cî rm v{bài ~rb zioä qbm ~rb vn`n{ sb zioä gïi rsn{ hsqi I v{bài è J[NON__I Cî rmn {boimvbgsn ab v{ivi{àòbs bsqrvbgans sb zioä vñs n Ocnzb vn{n rsn{ È n snqhsjnàïi ~rb zbm n qrai ~rb oig~rhsqnm b`i b Zhan ab ji{àn vn{n vn`n{ qrai ~rb è vb{`rgqnan N {boimvbgsn è mb{bobai{n ab sbr bsji{ài Zioä jn{î i oimbài b oigzbgob{î9 + _b gÿs bsqnmis {benohignais% + ahssb i Bmb{sig hmi{qne% + gÿs gis bgoigq{n{bmis + Jbocngai% vissn br vbài bmv{bsqnai i vbgsnmbgqi abeb% b aht% + _b gÿs bsqhzb{mis {benohignais% gÿs qbmis% vi{ bsqns vî`hgns% sb bgoigq{ir + JHM

?:8