Pathophysiology and Schematic Diagram of Typhoid Fever

Common Complications of Typhoid Fever        

Intestinal !leeding or perforation Sepsis "yocarditis "eningitis #steomyelitis Pneumonia Pancreatitis $elirium% psychosis

Schematic Diagram of Typhoid Fever Predisposing Factors: Age: Infants and youths/ elderly Prevalent in temperate climates High incidence in fall

Precipitating Factors: Improper food handling and sanitation Contaminated water supply Living in overcrowded areas/ poor housing Poor hygiene/ hand washing Low gastric acidity (Use of antacids)

Ingestion of food or water contaminated with Salmonella typhi

 he !acteria adheres adheres and and invades the gut wall of the the gastrointestinal gastrointestinal tract

It enters the distal ileum (Peyer patches)

apsular antigen that avoids neutrophil !ased inammation& It induces host macrophages to attract more macr

pt the macrophage*s cellular machinery for their own reproduction which is carried through the mesenteric lym

racic duct then the lymphatic system and then through the tissues of the liver% spleen% !one marrow% and lymp

 he !acteria continue continue to multiply multiply until it reached a critical density density (+%,,,%,,, to to cause an infection)& infection)&

duces apoptosis of the macrophages and lea-ing into the !lood stream (!acteremia) and to the rest of the !od

TYPHOID F!"

 he gall!ladder gall!ladder is infected infected through through e.tension of infection of !acteria or via !acteremia& !acteremia&

S&typhi reinvades the gastrointestinal tract as well as the Peyer*s patches

he !acteria  he !acteria that remained that that does present not re re infect in the the system host host of is the shed  host into intopauses the stool and continuos to multiply which ma-es th