1) U se
Past Perfect
Simple Past
The past perfect simple is used to describe one action that happened before another action in the past.
Action started and finished in the
James had cooked breakfast before we got up.
past
He told me they had paid the bill. The past perfect simple is used to refer to the action that happened first or earlier
Reda played football yesterday. I met Ahmed in Agadir a month ago.
The past simple to refer to the action that happened second or later
2) Signal words
Past Perfect
no unambiguous ones
Simple Past
yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002m etc
3) Form
Past Perfect Subject + Subject + had + past participle (V3) regular verbs: infinitive + ed / d / ied
Simple Past regular verbs: infinitive + ed / d / ied
watched
watched
loved (if we have -e at the t he end of the word, add
loved (if we have -e at the end of the word, add just -d.)
just -d.)
worr ied ied (consonant before -y ->Change - y to -i.)
worr ied ied (consonant before -y ->Change - y to -i.)
irregular verbs:
irregular verbs:
3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs
2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs
4) Ex ample ampl es
We use the same form of the auxiliary ( had had)) every time regardless of the subject. Past Perfect
Simple Past
4-1 Affirmative sentences
He had play played ed hockey. He'd play played ed hockey.
He play played ed hockey.
Past Perfect
Simple Past
4-2 Negative sentences played ed hockey. He had not play played ed hockey. He'd not play hadn't n't play played ed hockey. He had
He did not play hockey. didn't n't play hockey. He did
Past Perfect
Simple Past
4-3 Questions Had he play played ed hockey?
Did he play hockey?
In many cases a complete sentence is written in two parts with two different tenses : Time Expressions in Past Perfect Simple
The time expressions already, for, since, and yet may be used in the past perfect simple. She had already told him before I got a chance to give him my version. Remember the following rules for using other time expressions:
Use after , as soon as, the moment that , until before past perfect simple . E.g: After she had moved out, I found her notes.
I didn’t say anything until she had finished talking. Use before , when, by the time before past simple: Eg. Before I knew it, she had run out the door. By the time he phoned her, she had found someone new.
I had already had my breakfast when my friend knocked the door. A verb combination that often causes confusion in the past perfect simple is had had. Note: Had Had – A E.g. I had had enough to eat but I wanted dessert anyway. The first had is the auxiliary (or helping) verb and the second had is the V3 (or past participle) of the main verb to have . It means that even though I ate enough, I wanted dessert after that. It may look strange, but it is correct.
:
.
(. . : Last night , after I had watched television, I went to bed
)
play
(
had + past participle
I You He She It We You They
) .
past participle
had
I You He She It We You They
had had had had had had had had
had
played played played played played played played played
play
(
not not not not not not not not not
played played played played played played played played
had had had had had had had had had
.
had had had had had had had had
'd
I you he she it we you they
played ? played ? played ? played ? played ? played ? played ? played ?
had
: I’d washed my hands before I went to bed
Uses USE 1 Duration 1 Duration Before Something in the Past
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. " past. "For For five minutes" minutes" and "for "for two weeks" weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something something else in the past. "
" . .
"
"
. Examples: * They had been talking for over an hour before hour before Tony arrived arrived.. * She had been working at working at that company for three years when years when it went went out out of business. * How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? * Mike wanted wanted to to sit down because he had been standing all day at day at work. * James had been teaching at teaching at the university for more than a year before year before he left left for for Asia. * A: How long had you been studying Turkish studying Turkish before you moved moved to to Ankara? B: I had not been studying Turkish studying Turkish very long. long. :
USE 2 Cause 2 Cause of Something in the Past
Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.
Examples: * Jason was tired tired because because he had been jogging. jogging. * Sam gained weight weight because because he had been overeating. overeating. * Betty failed failed the the final test because she had not been attending class. attending class.
A. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect). (eat)………………………….. ………………………….. up up all the biscuit we (bake) (bake)………………………………….. ………………………………….... 1. My friend (eat) ………………………………the the tests we (write) …………………………………. 2. The teacher (correct) ……………………………… …………………………………..them them some of the candies I (buy) ……………………………… 3. I (give) ………………………………….. not)………………………….. the the note that I (lay) ……………………………………. …………………………………….on on the 4. My sister (see / not)………………………….. kitchen table for her. 5. We (want) ………………………………. ……………………………….to to watch a film that we (see / not) ………………………………..
before.
B. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple). 1. When he (wake up) woke up his mother (already / prepare) had already prepared breakfast. 2. We (go) …………………..to London because the Queen (invite) ………………………….us for tea.
(go)…………………to …………………to the telephone 3. He (hear) …………………..the news, (go) and (call) (call)……………………….. ……………………….. a a friend. 4. When she (start) (start)………………………..to ………………………..to learn English, she (already / learn)
…………………………….French. computer (crash)………………………. ………………………. 5. Jane (already / type) ………………….ten pages when her computer (crash) 6. By the time he (arrive) ……………………….at the pub, they (run) ………………………………..out of
beer. 7. Before that day we (never / think) …………………………………….of going to Japan. 8. I (know) ……………………………him for a long time before
I (meet) ……………………………………….his family. nobody (tell) 9. They (not / know) ………………………………..where to meet because nobody …………………………….them. 10. It (be) …………………….cloudy for days before it finally (begin) ……………………………to rain.
C. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1. Peter was Sally's best friend. She (know) …………………..…………………… him all her life. 2. The children were wet because they (play) ………………………………………. football in the rain. 3. We were very hungry because we (not / eat) ……………………………………….. 4. I was delighted when I found my keys. I (look) ………………………………………. for them for hours.
because she (work) …………………………………………….. since eight o'clock that 5. She was exhausted because morning. 6. Everything was white because it (snow)…………………………………………………………. 7. The passengers were cross because the airline (lose) …………………………………… everyone's bags. 8. I (not / see) ……………………………………….. Jacob for several years, but I recognised him immediately
A. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect). 1. My friend ate up all the biscuit we had baked. 2. The teacher corrected the tests we had written. 3. I gave them some of the candies I had bought. 4. My sister did not see the note that I had laid on the kitchen table for her. 5. We wanted to watch a film that we had not seen before
B. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple). 1. When he woke up, his mother had already prepared breakfast. 2. We went to London because the Queen had invited us for tea. 3. He heard the news, went to the telephone and called a friend. 4. When she startedto learn English, she had already learned French. 5. Jane had already typed ten pages when her computer crashed . 6. By the time he arrived at the pub, they had run out of beer. 7. Before that day we had never thought of going to Japan. 8. I had known him for a long time before I met his family. 9. They did not know where to meet because nobody had told them. 10. It had been cloudy for days before it finally began to rain.
C. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1. Peter was Sally's best friend. She (know) had known him all her life. 2. The children were wet because they (play) had been playing football in the rain. 3. We were very hungry because we (not / eat)
hadn’t eaten
4. I was delighted when I found my keys. I (look) had been looking for them for hours. 5. She was exhausted because she (work) had been working since eight o'clock that morning. 6. Everything was white because it (snow) had been snowing 7. The passengers were cross because the airline (lose) had lost everyone's
bags. 8. I (not / see) hadn’t seen Jacob for several years, but I recognised him
immediately
