FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL CURSO SEMINARIO DE TESIS
INVEST INV ESTIGA IGACIÓN CIÓN CIE CIENTI NTIFIC FICA: A: PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA Profesor Edidson Fuentes Profesor www.profesoredidsonfuentes.com
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INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y TESIS DE GR GRAD ADO O – EL PROBLEM BLEMA A Contenido 1.- Planteamiento del problema. 2.- La problemática. 3.- Matriz de problemas. 4.- Jerarquización de problemas. 5.- Formulación de objetivos. 6.- Límites y justificación de la investigación.
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1.- Plantea lanteami mie ent nto o de d el prob p roblema lema Es el Paso 2 del proceso de investigación Idea o tema enfocado E l próximo paso paso es plantear plant ear el problema.
Paso 2 Plantear el problema. Establecer objetivos. Justificar la investigación.
Problema Probl ema y proble problemáti mático co
plante nteam amien iento to de dell proble problema ma es El pla el punto de partida partida del conocimie conocimiento nto científico. (Popper, 1978). Plante Pla ntea ar un problema problema es argumentar una problemática que se presenta en un contexto (un entorno físico o de situación).
(Daros, 2002)
“ lo lanzado delante”. Problema , en griego, significa “lo delante”. Problemático es lo que dificulta el avanzar en:
1
En una comprensión Porque Porque se está está ante ante un un problema desde el punto de vista del
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Ele leme mentos ntos de la problemá problemática tica ¿Qué se entiende por problemática?
(Eid, 2010).
El planteamie planteamiento nto del problem problema a comienza comienza con la percepc percepción ión de una porción de la rea realidad lidad cuyo comportamie comportamiento nto es atípico . Esta porció porción n de la realidad realidad se constituy constituye e en la objeto de un proceso proceso de contextual contextualizació ización n en el espacio espacio y en el tiempo. problemática que es objeto Esta porción de la realidad es atípica, ni buena, ni mala, solo atípica, porque porque se carece carece del conocimiento teórico suficiente para explicarla satisfactor satisfactoriamen iamente te y solo se la puede puede llegar a describir.
La problemáti problemática ca tiene dos lemen lementos tos 1
Los problemas , que son los elementos constituyentes de la problemática en un determinado contexto.
Contexto donde está inmersa la problemática Problema B
Problema A Problema C
Problema F
Problema D Problema
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Relacio Re laciones nes entre problemas pro blemas Las relaciones son de dos clases 1
2
(Eid, 2010).
Relación Re lación unívoca u nívoca (de una sola sola vía). Por consiguien consiguiente te es causal, causal, de natural naturaleza eza cuantitativa. Problema
Problema
A
B
Relación Relación que puede puede leerse. leerse. A genera, causa o provoca B. B es generado, generado, causado causado o provocado provocado por A.
Relación biunívoca (de dos vías). Por consiguiente es no-causa no-causal, l, de naturalez naturaleza a cualitativa. Problema
Problema
A
B
Relación Relación que puede puede leerse: leerse: A interactúa dinámicamente dinámicamente con B, o viceversa. viceversa.
Una relación relación biunívoca biunívoca presup presupone one que al menos menos uno de de los problema problemas s deberá deberá relacionars relacionarse e con
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Méto Mé todo do para el el pla pl ant ntea eamient miento o del problema pro blema ¿Qué método se describe en este manual? Se describe el Método Oxford , acuñado en la Universidad de Oxford, el cual cual incorp incorpora ora el prin princip cipio io y el el enfoqu enfoque e de la Teoría Gene General ral de Sistemas y herramientas para análisis relacional y determinación de jerarquías. Cabe destacar que este este método método se se ha constituido en un EE.UU, y ha ha sido sido adoptado adoptado como un estándar ANSI en EE.UU, de referencia para el Me Mercos rcos ur Académico y para el área académica de la iniciativa CLARA (Comunidad Latino America Americana na de Redes Redes Académicas, Académicas, constituida en Rio de Janeiro Janeiro el 2004). 2004). (Siles, (Siles, Eid, 2009). 2009).
¿En qué consiste el método?
(Siles, (Siles, Eid, 2009). 2009).
arqui ui zar los problemas de la porción de la realidad atípica, facilitando En identificar y jer arq con ello la formulación de los objetivos de la investigación como una respuesta a la problemática. El método se puede operativizar (Sile Eid, Eid, 200 2009) 9) 5 fases (Sile
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2.- La problemática Es la Fase 1 del método Fase 1 Contextualizar la problemática.
La problemática es la porción de realidad atípica. Es atípica atípica porque porque se se carece carece del conocimiento teórico suficiente para explicarla satisfactoriamente y solo se la puede puede describir describir.. Para contextualizarla , es aconsejab aconsejable le redactar redactar un párraf párrafo o donde donde se identifique identifique una serie de situaciones no deseadas , vacíos de conocimiento, ausencia de algo, etc., pero sin indicar para para qué se quiere resolver la problemática.
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Lluvia de proble problema mass Es la Fase 2 del método Contexto de problemática A identifi i dentificar car problemas
Fase 2 Generar lluvia
En esta fase, fase, se realiza, realiza, en primer primer lugar, lugar, un análisis análisis del contenido de la problemátic problemática, a, es decir decir de sus problemas . Se identifica y formula la mayor cantidad posible de problemas contenidos en la problemá problemática, tica, a modo de una una llu lluvi via a de pro proble blema mass . Es importante ser capaz no solo de conceptuar
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Formu ormulación lación de d e problemas problemas Ejemplo de formulación Ejemplo 3
Satisfacción Satisfacc ión de los clientes
Problemática. Los índices de satisfacción de los clientes por los servicios servicios prestados prestados por una organizaci organización ón han tenido tenido un progresivo progresivo descenso en los últimos últimos 6 meses, principalmente en lo relacionado al tiempo de entrega de los productos adquiridos. Al des descr cr ib ibir ir un uno o de d e los lo s pro p robl blemas emas , lo más aconsejable aconsejable es formularlo formularlo
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Selecci Se lección ón de d e 3 a 5 pro probl ble emas de investig invest iga aci ción ón ¿Cómo se realiza la selección en la fase 2 del método? Contexto de problemática A s elecci onar problemas
Fase 2 Generar lluvia
(Siles, (Siles, Eid, 2009). 2009).
Luego de generada la lluvia de problemas , se procede a seleccionar aquellos que merecen ser investigados. La selección se realiza a través de un análisis reflexivo sobr sobre e la importancia y relación que tiene cada problema con el tema, en cuanto a la coherencia que debe tener y su pertinencia.
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3.- Matri atrizz de Pro Probl blema emass Es la Fase 3 del método Problemas seleccionados A analizar relaciones
(Siles (Siles,, Eid, Eid, 2009)
Para elaborar la matriz de problemas , se debe, inicialmente, analizar la relación que existe entre los 3 a 5 problemas seleccionados. La matriz es una estructura matricial de 4 columnas, columnas, que que sintetiza sintetiza la relación (entrada y/o salida) que establece cada problema con los demás.
Fase 3 Elaborar la
Ejemplo para 3 problemas
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4.- Jera Jerarqu rquiza izació ción n de problemas pro blemas
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5.- Formu ormulación lación de objetivos
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Formu ormulación lación de obj obje etiv tivos os
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Conc once eptos de objetiv objetivos os
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Guía para la redacc redacció ión n de obje obj etitivo voss
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