English Grammar Notes
PARTS PARTS OF SPEECH “Different types of words which are used while speaking and writing a sentence.” In English language there are 9 parts of speech. 1)Noun 2)ronoun !) "er# $) %d&ecti'e ()reposition ) %d'er# *) +on&unction ,) Inter&ection -o so/e gra//arians9) gra// arians9) Articles is also include in parts of speech. 1) NOUN 0na/ing words)
“he na/e of person place or thing” Ea/ples %li3 4ana3 4ana3 5ahore3 5ahore3 4chool3 4chool3 +hair3 +hair3 en en 3 sun 3#oy 3#oy33 gold gold etc Kinds of Noun
here are ( types of noun. a) Com Common mon No Noun “he na/e of e'erything of sa/e class3 place or person” Ea/ples 6oy3 /an3 /os7ue etc b) Pro Proer er Nou Noun n !he na/e of any particular thing3 place or person” Ea/ples %li3 5ahore3 5ahore3 +hana#3etc +hana#3etc c) Collecti"e Noun used to na/e na/e the group group of persons3 persons3 places places or things” ! % word used Ea/ples +lass3 ar/y3 crowd3 etc d) Abstract Noun used to na/e na/e a 7uality3 7uality3 action action or state” state” ! % word used #$these nouns cannot #e seen or touched-8 Ea/ples onesty3 kindness3 lo'e3 po'erty3 childhood3 etc e) %aterial Noun “Na/e of the /aterial fro/ which /any things can #e #uild” Ea/ples Iron3 wood3 cotton3/ilk3 etc &) PRONOUN 0replace noun)
Prepared by Miss Zobia Aziz
Page 1
English Grammar Notes ! % word used in place of noun” Ea/ples I3 :e3 they3 she3 he3 it3 etc
Persons of Pronoun'
here are three persons of ronoun. • • •
1st erson;
!) +ER, -action words) “% word which shows action3 state or acti'ity “ Ea/ples lay3 went3 eat3 run3 sing3 sit3 co/e3 sleep3 spend3 sa'ed etc 8- is3 a/3 are was3were3 has3 ha'e3 had3 will3 shall etc also called helping 'er#-8 FOR%S OF +ER,S
here are three for/s of 'er#s 1) resent 2) past !)past participle 8- use your notes or English gra//ar #ook for learn these for/s -8 $) A./ECT0+E - descri#ing words) “% word used to descri#e the 7uality3 nu/#er or 7uantity of noun” Ea/ples Dark night3 #right /orning3 ten students3 fat /an3 dirty roo/ etc .EREES OF A./ECT0+ES Positi"e .e2ree;< si/plest for/ ;
Page 2
English Grammar Notes ! % word which /odifies the /eaning of a 'er#3 ad&ecti'e or another ad'er#.” It tells us how3 when3 where and how often action takes place. Ea/ples 1. 4he walks slo4l5. 2. 4he is "er5 #eautiful. !. e is too careless.
) PREPOS0T0ON0showing position) “% word which shows position of so/ething regards to another.” It tells us where so/ething is. Ea/ples %t3 on3 o'er3 into3 in3 to etc *) CON/UNCT0ON 0&oining words) “he word used to &oin two words or sentences to each other.” Ea/ples 2) e is poor but honest. 1) :e work and play together.
6) 0NTER/ECT0ON 0epress feelings) “he words that epress so/e sudden e/otion or feelings of happiness3 sorrow or wonder”
Ea/ples urrah=3 %las=3 >h=3 :ow=3 etc
9) ART0C7E “It is a kind of ad&ecti'e which is always used with noun or ad&ecti'e and gi'es so/e infor/ation a#out a noun.” T5es of article' here are two types of articles 1) .efinite article indicates that its noun is a particular one which is identifia#le to the listener. 8he? is definite article. 2) 0ndefinite article' indicates that its noun is not a particular one;<@a? and @an? are indefinite articles. A' if a word start with sound of consonant we us @a? #efore it.;< a ta#le3 a #ook3 a pen etc An' if a word start with sound of 'owels we use @an? #efore it.;< an ant3 an honest3 an A.% etc
PUNCTUAT0ON Prepared by Miss Zobia Aziz
Page 3
English Grammar Notes Princiles mar9s of unctuation 1) Full sto -:) !It is used in the end of sentence” Ea/ples a) I a/ a girl. #) I /et hi/ on the way. &) 0nterro2ation si2n# ;uestion mar9 -<) “% 7uestion is a sentence that asks so/ething. End a 7uestion with a 7uestion /ark.” Ea/ples a) Did you goB #) will you eat lunchB !) E=clamation si2n ->) ! %n ecla/ation is a sentence that shows strong feeling. End an ecla/ation with an ecla/ation point.” Ea/ples a) I can?t wait for /y #irthday= #) :hat a wonderful idea= 3 urrah=3 %las=3 etc $) Aostro?e -@s) !It is used to show ownership”
Ea/ple #) hese are /y friend?s #ook. a) his is %li @s house. 3) Comma -) It is used to a) to separate ite/s in a list e.g I like /ango3 apple3 #anana and orange. b) to separate two pair of words which has the word @and? #etween the/.
e.g he poor and rich3 the young and old. c) to separate /onth fro/ year. e.g&uly 2C3 2C1 d) to separate so/e words such as sir3 well3 yes3 no etc fro/ sentence. e.g No3 she is not here. e) to separate pair of wors e.g week weak3 plane plain3 dear deer. ) Colon -') It is used Prepared by Miss Zobia Aziz
Page 4
English Grammar Notes a) Aor Eplanation e.g e /ade three points Airst3 the co/pany was losing..
#) 6etween /inutes and seconds e.g11!C a/ *) 0n"erted commas -! !) It is used when the reader i/agines so/eone saying the words e.g she said3 “I a/ ill”. ,) H5?en -B) It is used a) o &oin co/#ination of word e.g4isterFinF5awetc #) o &oin the letter of words which are written on another place due to not enough space. opeFl ess e.g laughF ing 9) Caital 7etters It is used a) for first letter of a sentence e.g e is /y #rother. #) Aor first letter of any proper noun e.g akistani3 %G7a3 etc c) Aor first word of days3 /onths3 festi'als3 ri'ers3 seas3 /ountains3 deserts3 newspapers3 /agaGines3 holy #ooks3 su#&ects3 religious3 historical incidents3 titles of stories or essays and institute na/es etc e.g Honday3 anuary3 EidFulFfitar3 Juran3 Ka'i3 Isla/3 English3 Hy 4elf3 etc d) :hen @i? co/es alone it /ust #e capital
Prepared by Miss Zobia Aziz
Page 5
