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Classification of Knowledge in Islam Λ Study in Islamic Philosophies of Science
OSMAN BAKAR
Foreword by SEYYED HOSSEIN NASR
ISLAMIC TEXTS SOCIETY
CONTENTS Foreword by Seyyed Hossein Nasr Acknowledgments List of Transliterations Introduction General Domain of Study Classifications Chosen for Study The Nature and Scope of the Present Study Contemporary Scholarship on the Subject
Page xi xvi xvii 1 1 1 3 5
PART I. AL-FARABI Chapter 1. The life, Works and Significance of al-Farabi 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Al-Farabi's Educational Background and Scholarly Life 1.3. Al-Farabi's Works and Significance 2.
3.
9 9 10 21
Al-Farabi's Psychology in Its Relation to the Hierarchy of the Sciences 2.1 The Idea of the Unity and Hierarchy of the Sciences 2.2 The Bases of the Hierarchy of the Sciences 2.3 The Hierarchy of the Faculties of the Human Soul 2.3.1 The Sensitive Faculty 2.3.2 The Imaginative Faculty 2.3.3 The Rational Faculty
48 50 51 54
The Methodological Basis of the Hierarchy of the Sciences 3.1 Revelation, Intellect, and Reason 3.2 Religion, Philosophy and the Sciences 3.3 Al-Farabi's Theory of Knowledge
69 69 79 83
vii
43 43 46
4. The Ontological and the Ethical Bases of the Hierarchy of the Sciences 4.1 The Ontological Basts 4.1.1 The Subject-Matter of Metaphysics 4.1.2 The Subject-Matter of Natural Science 4.1.3 The Subject-Matter of Mathematics 4.1.4 The Subject- Matter of Political Science 4.2 The Ethical Basis 4.2.1 Al-Farabi's Theory of Virtue 5. Classification and Description of Linguistic Science and Logic 5.1 Classification and Enumeration of the Sciences 5.2 Characteristics of Al-Farabi's Classification 5.3 Division of Linguistic Science and Logic 5.3.1 The Science of Language 5.3.2 Logic 6.
Classification and Description of the Philosophical Sciences 6.1 The Mathematical Sciences 6.2 Natural Science 6.3 Metaphysics 6.4 Political Science 6.5 Jurisprudence and Dialectical Theology
95 95
97 99 100 103 106
107
121 121 124 126 127 128
137 137 139 142 143 145
PART II. AL-GHAZZÂLÎ Chapter
7. The Life, Works and Significance of al- Ghazzali 7.1 Religious and Political Background of al-Ghazzali 's Period 7.2 Al-Ghazzal's Early Education and Intellectual Interest
155 155 157
Contents 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8
8.
9.
Al-Ghazzali's Intellectual Crisis Post-Crisis Intellectual Life and Works Al-Ghazzali's Spiritual Crisis Spiritual Retreat and Scholarly Output The Authenticity of Some Works Attributed to al-Ghazzali Significance of al-Ghazzali 's Ihya and His Sufism
Al-Ghazzali's Classification of Seekers After Knowledge 8.1 Basis of Classification 8.2 Al-Ghazzali's Views Concerning the Four Classes 8.2.1 The Mutakallimün 8.2.2 The Philosophers 8.2.3 The Ta'lîmites 8.2.4 The Sufis 8.3 Significance of the Classification Al-Ghazzali's Classification of the Sciences 9.1 Basis of the Division into Theoretical and Practical Parts 9.2 Basis of the Division into "Presential and Attained Knowledge 9.3 Basis of the Division into Religious and Intellectual Sciences 9.4 Basis of the Division into "fard 'ayn" and "fard kifayah" Sciences 9.5 Classification of the Religious and Intellectual Sciences 9.5.1 Religious Sciences 9.5.2 Intellectual Sciences 9.6 Nature and Characteristics of the Religious Sciences 9.7 The Ethico-Legal Status of the Intellectual Sciences 9.8 Nature of the Theoretical-Practical Division
The Worldly and Other-Worldly Rational Sciences 9.10 Significance of the Division into "Presential and "Attained" knowledge 9.11 Conclusion
217
218 219
PART III. QUTB AL-DÎN AL-SHÏRÂZÏ Chapter 10. The Life, Works and Significance of Qutb al-Din al-Shîrâzï 10.1 Qutb al-t)in's Education and Intellectual Life 10.2 Qutb al-Din's Works 10.2.1 Philosophical Works 10.2.2 Religious Works 10.3 General Significance of His Works
229 229 236 237 242 243
11. Qutb al-Din's Classification of the Sciences 11.1 "Hikmat" as the Basis of Classification 11.2 Divisions of "Hikmat" 11.2.1 Theoretical Philosophy and Its Divisions 11.2.2 Practical Philosophy and Its Divisions 11.3 Non-Philosophical or Religious Sciences 11.3.1 Sciences of Fundamental Principles of Religion 11.3.2 Sciences of Branches of Religion
249 250 251
Conclusion The Philosophical Bases of the Three Classifications: Similarities and Differences
