SU.M,MARY
Chapter ._
!h
( ( -
HX
( ( -
i"-i
c o n c en en t ated 'H .50
-c-(-
water
-C~(
!W
h a o 'g 'g :e :e l w a ~ e r, X·OH
( c -
KM
i!:jtj
cold
-c-(-
acidified KMn04.
hot
,,-/
'-
ve
02
lk
at
,,
ys
vJater
es
(a) With With olut olution ion ofbromin ofbromin in tetra tetrachl chloro orome meth than an (Roomte (Roomtemp mp rature rature): ): Th redd reddis ish-b h-brow row colo colour ur of bromi bromi is deco decolo louri urize zed. d. Test Testin in brom bromin in
of alke alkene ne
with with
Br2,
solu soluti tion on
.-
-_
(b Test Testin in
of alke alkene ne
c-
it
potassium potassium mangan manganate( ate(VII) VII)
Heat ow with with an acid acidif ifie ie olut olutio io of pota pota iu ma ga at (VII) (VII) Th purp purp co ou of pota pota iu ma ga at (VII) (VII) is deco deco ouri ourize zed. d. [0
Halog Halogen enoa oalk lkan anes es
ra (a Chlo Chloro roal alka kane ne (b Brom Bromoa oalk lk ne
hite hite pr cipi cipita tate te Cr am prec precip ipit it te
R-X
halo haloge geno noal alka kane ne with with etha ethano noli li silv silver er nitr nitrat at
H+
R-OH
AgX(s)
Benzene
re
ra
ri :A
+HNO,
.(l
Test Testin in of benz benzen enes es it conc conc tr ed ci
+H
..:
.....................................
Th -OH group
Ad soli soli phos phosph phor orus us(V (V chlo chlori ride de (Roo (Roo temp temper erat atur ure) e) ve ff PCl -POCl HCl(g) R-OH RCI PCl
RCOOH ca
on
grou grou
RCOCI
--
al ehyd ehyd
Ad 2,42,4-di dini nitr trop ophe heny nylh lhyd ydra razi zine ne An ra re
POCl
Test Testin in
HCI(g)
of -O
......
eton etone) e)
(Roo (Roo
temp temper erat atur ure) e)
N0
N0
~C
Test Testin in
N-
of carb carbon onyl yl
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine:
..................................
Aldehydes
2Cu
RCHO
3H
RCOO-
Cu 0(s) reagents
RCHO
2[Ag(NH
)l
RCOO-
2Ag(s)
3NH3
arbo arboxy xylic lic acid acid
dd qu ou
sodi sodium um carb carbon on te (Roo (Roo Na C0
2RCOOH
--
temp temp ratu rature re
Effe Efferv rves es nc
2RCOONa
acid acid with with sodi sodium um carbonate
CO
io
fo COO(b
COOH(s)
irontl ll chlo chlori ride de (Roo (Roo
ff
temp temper erat atur ure) e)
fo 3C
COO-
Fe
...............................
COO)3Fe(s)
Effer Efferve vesc scen ence ce is obse observe rved. d.
...... HN0
RNH2
Test Testin in fo benz benzoa oate te ions ions with with lp ic (b iron iron(l (lll ll chlo chlo id
-.>0
ROH
Tes~ Tes~in in fo prim primar ar sw nitr nitric ic acid acid
N2
10 Amides
arme arme
it
aque aqueou ou
sodi sodium um hydr hydrox oxid id
RCONH
id
RCOpNa
NH3
....
.(!j
cyl chlori chloride de
-.
RCOCI (b
aque aqueou ou
HCI(g)
RCOOH
silv silver er nitr nitrat at
RCOCI Ph
RCOOH
ol
re
form form
rwsr
....
Sr
(b
dd qu ou iron iron(l (lII II hl ride ride (Roo (Roo ur le olut olut on form form d. 3C
0H
temp temp ra ure) ure)
Fe + -
0)3Fe
Phe ylamines ylamines ......................................
CHa-CH-R an carb carbon onyl yl comp compou ound nd
CHa-C-R groups
with with
alka alkali line ne iodi iodine ne solu soluti tion on
Yell Yellow ow prec precip ipit itat at
..
CHa-CH-R
form formed ed 412
5Nal
RCOONa
5H
CHI (s)
OH 31
CHrC-R
II
3Nal
3H
-... -... (CH3 (CH3CO COO) O)3F 3Fe( e(aq aq
3Cr
RCOONa
CHI (s)
CHaCOOsolu soluti tion on form formed ed
chloride
3CH COO-
FeCl
or th
th
C20i-.
dioa dioate te io
ions ions with with acid acidif ifie ie potass potassium ium mangan manganate ate(VI (VII) I)
2Mn0 than thanoi oi
18
....
2HgCl
re Hg C1
CO
2HCI
Ikylbenze Ikylbenzene ne
pota potass ssiu iu manganate(VII)
ryrl ryrl RCOOH
mercur mercury{l y{lI) I) chlori chloride de
8H
acid acid HCOOH.
rm .................................
10C0
5C20l-
mang mangan anat ate( e(VI VII) I)
@-
CR
is deco decolo lour uriz ized ed
@-
COOH
fo
requ requir ir
fo
id nt fy th
hemi hemi al re ct on to ccur ccur
(dia (dia on ra hite hite); ); sulp sulphu hu (rho (rho bi oxyg oxygen en (oxy (oxyge ge an ozon ozone, e, 03)'
an
Anod Anod
ccur ccur
Th el trod trod
to form form ydro ydroge ge
io
here here oxid oxidat atio io
ario arious us co pone pone ts in
mono mono lini linic) c)
mi ture ture
An ordi ordina nate te bond bonds. s.
+when +when di olve olve in wate water. r. tw bond bonded ed atom atoms. s.
to form form ydro ydroge ge
io
io
he
is ol ed in
at r.
numb number er ofmoles ofmoles 12.0 12.000 00
ofcarbo ofcarbonn-12 12 (6.0 (6.023 23
azeo azeotr trop op rema remain in
unch unchan ange ge
1023 ).
on dist distil illa lati tion on
to th atmo atmosp sphe heri ri
pres pressu sure re
to temperature. pressure. Apr
ll he gase gase pr sent sent
atoms. unit.
th init initia ia amou amou
reac reacti tion on with withou ou itse itself lf bein bein alte altere red. d.
subs substa tanc nc
th
ha di ocia ociate ted. d.
is oxid oxidis ised ed an redu reduce ce
simu simult ltan aneo eous usly ly
will distribute form form bo ds Cath Cath de
it on an th r.
Th
le trod trod
here here re ucti uction on occu occurs rs
ol en is
on tant tant
Th part part tion tion la cons consta tant nt pres pressu sure re is dire direct ctly ly prop propor orti tion onal al to it abso absolu lute te temperature.
co stan stan temp temper er ture ture
is no obey obey
fo conc concen entr tr te
olut olut on
Dynam Dynamic ic equilibriu equilibriu
arad araday ay's 's seco second nd la
reac reacti tion on nd th amou amou ffec ffectiv tiv
ubst ubstan an
of elec electr trol olys ysis is
Th
rela relati tive ve
rema remain in cons consta ta t. ions.
colli collisio sions ns
pr cess cess fo
Fraction Fractional al distillation distillation
acti activa vati tion on ener energy gy
boilin boilin points points
Elect Electroc rochem hemica ica cel
Free Free radica radica
epar epar ting ting liqu liquid id
ener energy gy into into elec electr tric ical al ener energy gy hemo hemoly lyti ti fiss fissio io of cova covale lent nt bond bond
Electrolysis
electr electrica ica curren current. t.
Half-life
Electrolyte Henr Henry' y'
irec irectl tl
lectr lectron on affi affini nity ty
la
IS
prop propor orti ti na to it part partia ia pr ssur ssur IS
inde indepe pend nden en
Electronegativity
of it path pathwa way. y.
Hybridisation Enantiomers
hybr hybrid id orbi orbita tals ls
superimposable. thal thal
Hydrog Hydrogen en bon
hang hang
in xces xces
of co
ox ge
nd
usti usti
ta dard dard co diti diti ns
lp
io
unde unde stan standa dard rd cond condit itio ions ns
elec electr tron on of anot anothe he very very elec electr tron oneg egat ativ iv atom atom (N Idea Idea ga
unde unde al cond condit itio ions ns Ideal Ideal solutio solutio
lp
solu soluti tion on that that
Raou Raoult lt's 's law. law.
io
r.
ions ions unde unde stan standa dard rd cond condit itio ions ns Ioni Ionisa satio tio
hang hang th ntha nthalp lp
be
acco accomp mpan anie ie
ener energy gy
hemi hemi al re tion tion
chan change ge of solu soluti tion on Isotopes
ol tion tion ofinfi ofinfini nite te ntha nthalp lp
ilut ilutio io
chan change ge of
un er tand tand rd cond condit itio ions ns
apor aporis isat atio io
number. attic attic
ener energy gy
unde unde stan standa dard rd cond condit itio ions ns Entha Enthalpy lpy of atomis atomisati ation on
stan standa dard rd cond condit itio ions ns Chat Chateli elier er's 's Prin Princip ciple le
unde unde stan standa dard rd cond condit itio ions ns nthalp nthalp
of neutra neutralisa lisatio tio
th
hang hang so that that th
quil quilib ibri ri
id quilib quilibriu riu
consta constant nt
elec electr tron on from from anot anothe he
subs substa tanc nce. e.
ewis ewis base base
elec electr tron on to anot anothe he subs substa tanc nce. e. of thei thei resp respec ecti tive ve stoi stoich chio iome metr tric ic coef coeffi fici cien ent. t.
Ligand
Faraday (F
of electrons electrons arad araday ay'S 'S firs firs
ordi ordina nate te bond bond la
of elec electr trol olys ysis is
Matter elti elting ng poin poin
thro throug ug
th elec electr trol olyt yte. e.
is re st blis blishe hed. d.
products. energy.
solid solid lattic lattice. e. non-metal.
anot anothe he
subs substa tanc nce. e.
carbon-12.
isot isotop op rela relati tive ve to
11
to
equation. Rate
ti es th
as ofat
ofcarb ofcarbon on-1 -1
rb n-
k[A]'[B:P'
is x. is y. Over Overal al orde orde of reac reacti tion on
on entr entr ti n.
y.
infi infini nite te dilu diluti ti
Sigma (a
wh re co ce tr tion tion
dissociated. elec electr trol olys ysis is to occu occur. r.
coefficient. (EON) Th
from from anot anothe he
pote potent ntia ia
subs substa tanc nce. e.
mole mole ul
form form la bu
iffe iffere re
truc tructu tura ra
fo mula mula subshell.
orbitals).
exis exis in equi equili libr briu ium. m.
bond bonded ed atom atoms. s. olid olid
A,
frac fracti ti
of XApOA
iq id stat state. e.
SUMMARY cataly catalyst st ( ( -
alog alogen en ( ( -
( ( -
concentrated
SO ( ( -
water
( ( -
OH halo haloge ge
wate water, r,
X-OH
( ( -
OH acid acidifi ified ed KMn0 KMn0 cold
acidi acidifie fie
( ( -
KMn0 KMn04, 4, ho
silv silver er cata cataly lyst st ( ( -
water
SUMMARY --
S0
C1
A1 C1
-A1 C1
RCOCI
--
AI CI
--
SO
;=
CI
--
-R Il
S03H
lb CI2
light
CH2C1
COOH
@-
@-CHO
©rCl
CH
CH
CI
AI2CI6
@-
and CI CH
CH AI2CI6
and
503H
CH
CH and S03H
©rNO' CH
co e.
CH and 02
UMMARY React on
Rea
o f H a l og o g e no n o a lk lk an an e s
on
o f G r g na na r
R e aagg en en t
NaOH(aq), reflux
water
R-OH
+
concentrated ammonia
-
methanal, HCHO
R-NH2
( pr pr im im a r e t a no no l
KC
+
a lc lc o ho ho l
o th th e r a ld ld eh e h y de de s , R'CHO
R-CN
-
ethanolic R'COO RMgXe th th an an o
R 'O 'O N a
4 +
e t a no no l
s e o nd nd a
R'-O-R
ketone,
a le le o
"c
N aO aO H ( te te r a r
Na
-
a lc lc oh oh o l
R-Na L------------+RCOOH
magnesium e th th e
+R M g X
SUMMARY Re NaOH e le le c o po po s v e
me al
I ~
HC
f ~
RCOO-+H
RCOONa
effervescence
R'OH.
I ~
reduction
RCDel
me
SUMMARY ~: sodium 'C
SO
R'COOR
PCls KBr
SO
Red phosph phosphoru oru
ROH
Ex
so
12
S0 S0
140
Excessalcohol
RBr RI C=C R-O-R
HO R-C-R
(for (for seco second ndar ar
sodium
NaOH
RCOCI
R-C-O II
-
8'*8r
OH
OH
Br FeCI (aq) (@-OhFe
alco alcoho hol) l)
SUMMARY OH HC
R-C-CN
OH NaHS0
R-C-SO;Na+
-,
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
N-NH
R-C-H
Cr Toll Tollen en ehlin ehling' g'
RCOOH
reag reagen en
RCOO-
soluti solution on
silv silver er mirr mirror or
RCOO-
Reduction inc amalg amalgam am
ti
HC
to
HC
--'"
R-C-CN
OH
NaHS0
......
R-C-SO;Na+
N0
R-C-R'
-d init ophe opheny ny
hy ra
ne
--'"
R"
N-NH
R'
heat Reduction
inc amalg amalgam am
HC
....
R'COOH
--'"
R-CH-R'
--'"
RC
R'
CO
-@-
SUMMARY
ch£1pter
RCOOH R'OH
II
RCOOR'
-
R-C-CI-
NH
= R'NH2
cidi cidi
ydro ydroly lysi si
kali kali
yd
ly
ce
RCONH RCONHR'
RCOOH RCOONa
RCONH
R'OH R'OH
R'OH
duct ductio io
r _
P4010 P4010(D (Dehydration) ehydration) RCONH2 --+----__:___:_::__:__-.:;__-----=---Br
RCOOH
NH4+
CN
KO
Reduction
Smell CH COOCH Penthylethanoate
Apple
CH3COOCHzCH2CH2CH2CH3
Banana
thyl thyl buta butano noat at
CH3CH3CH2COOC2Hs
Pineapple
thyl thyl meth methan anoa oate te
HCOOCzH
um
SUMMARY Reac Reacti tion on of Alky Alkyla lami mine ne :_
ow
RNH/
ee-Oo Oo
RNH3+ ROH ~R_'C_O_C_I
_ _
effervescence
(N
R'CONHR
ee-Oo Oo
Reac Reacti tion on of Phen Phenyl ylam amin ines es @-NH/
~_:_H.:..:.N.:....:O:....:2::...' h-e-at-----------..._@-OH+efferveSCenCe(N
RCOCI
RCONH
Wh
L_::b:_:_ro=-ffi:_:__:_:_:_i
eact eactio ions ns of Be ze
iazo iazo iu
p rer e c p i a tet e ,
io @-OH
KI{aq)
..
CuCiJHCI
@-CI
CuCN/KCN
(Q)-
@-I
....
@-CN
OH/NaOH @-N=N
-@
OH