olevel Chemistry 5070 Complete Notes

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Crrargcpf Crrargcpf crrccpv~ crrccpv~ la efc~vfefdp efc~vfefdp al ec~~( |ahvef( pgef cd` pferfcpvf$

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Efpja`~ la nahhfnpgdi ic~~f~$

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G`fdpglgncpg G`fdpglgncpgad ad al Ic~f~$

Evjceec` Jc~~cd Dc`ffe

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Hcofh

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@f~ngrpgad Lhceecohf hgsvg`~$ Hgsvg`~ yjgnj gidgpf ad nadpcnp ygpj gidgpgad ~avnf~$

Jcelvh Jcelvh ~vo~pcdnf~ ~vo~pcdnf~$$ Jcd`hf ygpj ncf cd` c|ag` nadpcnp ygpj ~mgd$

Lhceecohf ic~f~$ Ic~f~ yjgnj cf naerf~~f` hgsvflgf` a `g~~ah|f` vd`f rf~~vf$ Ncpnj lgf |fw fc~ghw$

Pazgn ~vo~pcdnf~$ \fw rag~adav~ ~a `a dap ~efhh gp a pavnj gp ygpj wav lgdif~$

Azg`g{gdi ~vo~pcdnf~$ Jfhr lgf pa ovd |fw lgfnfhw$

Naa~g|f ~vo~pcdnf~$ Mffr all pjf ~mgd( apjfyg~f gp yghh gpnj cd` ovd$

Fzrha~g|f ~vo~pcdnf~$ ^vo~pcdnf~ yjgnj fcnp |fw |gahfdphw cd` fzrha`f$

Lhceecohf ~ahg`~$ Ic~f~ yjgnj cf naeov~pgoh naeov~pgohf f a fegp c lhceecohf ic~ yjfd yfp$ Ncpnj Ncpnj lgf |fw fc~ghw$ fc~ghw$

_c`gacnpg|f ~vo~pcdnf~$ ^vo~pcdnf yjgnj ig|f all jce lvhh c`gcpgad~; chrjc( ofpc a iceec cw~$

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E fc~v  fe fd p ; Ec~~ Ec~~( \ah ahv v e f( Pg e f cd ` Pferfcpvf Ec~~ 

Ec~~ al c ~vo~pcdnf ~vo~pcdnf g~ pjf ceavdp al ecppf gp nadpcgd~$

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Ec~~ g~ efc~vf` gd mghaice~ *mi' cd` ice~ *i'$ 3222 ei 5 3i 3222 i 5 3 mi 3222 mi 5 3 padf

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Pjff cf pya ecgd `f|gnf~ pa efc~vf ec~~ al c ~vo~pcdnf; Ofce ochcdnf Fhfnpadgn ochcdnf

Dcef Ofce Ofce ochcd ochcdnf nf

Rgnpvf

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Fhfnpadgn ochcdnf g~ fc~w pa v~f cd` ncd efc~v efc~vf f pa cnnvcnw al 2$223 i |fw svgnmhw$

Fhfnpadgn ochcdnf

\ahvef 

\ahvef al c ~vo~pcdnf ~vo~pcdnf g~ pjf ceavdp al ~rcnf gp annvrgf~$

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Vdgp la efc~vgdi efc~vgdi |ahvef g~ nvogn nfdpgefpf~ *ne '( nvogn `fngefpf~ *`e '( nvogn efpf~ *e '

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cd` hgpf$ hgpf$ Nad|f~gad al |ahvef~

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Lahhaygdi Lahhay gdi crrccpv~ crrccpv~ cf v~f` la efc~vgdi |ahvef~ Dcef

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Rgnpvf

@f~ngrpgad Efc~vf~ crrazgecpf |ahvef

Ovfppf

G~ cnnvcpf pa pjf dfcf~p 2$3 > ne $ Pjf |ahvef |ahvef al al hgsvg` fsvgf` fsvgf` g~ vd all lae lae pjf oappae oappae pjavij pjavij pcr$

\ahvefpgn lhc~m

Efc~vf~ lgzf` |ahvef~ al 322 > > > ne ( ?62 ne ( 3 `e

Efc~vgdi nwhgd`f

G~ cnnvcpf pa dfcf~p ne $ _fc` all pjf |ahvef ygpj pjf fwf hf|fh cp pjf oappae al pjf efdg~nv~$

Rgrfppf

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Ic~ ~wgdif

Efc~vf~ |ahvef al ic~ cd` g~ ec`f al ihc~~$

Rhc~pgn ^wgdif

Efc~vf~ ~echh |ahvef~ al  hgsvg`$

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Pgef 

Pgef g~ pjf gdpf|ch ofpyffd pya annvfdnf~$

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Pgef g~ efc~vf` v~gdi ~parycpnj$

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Efc~vgdi Efc~vgdi vdgp vdgp la la pgef g~ ~fnad` ~fnad` *~'$

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Ea~p ~parycpn ~parycpnj j efc~vf efc~vf pa cnnvcnw cnnvcnw al 2$23 ~$ <2 ~ 5 3 egd <2 egd 5 3 j ?0 j 5 3 `cw

Nad|f~gad al Pgef

Pferfcpvf 

@fiff al japdf~~ cd` nah`df~~ g~ nchhf` pferfcpvf$

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Pjf pferfcpvf al c hgsvg` a ic~ ncd ef efc~vf` efc~vf` v~gdi c pjfeaefpf$

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Efc~vgdi vdgp la pferfcpvf g~ N$

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Nah ahhh fnp npgg ad al Ic~f~ 

Pjf nahhfnpgad al c ic~ `frfd`~ ad yjfpjf pjf ic~ g~ jfc|gf a hgijpf pjcd cg( cd` ch~a gl pjf ic~ g~ ~ahvohf a gd~ahvohf gd ycpf$

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Jfc|w ic~ ncd of nahhfnpf` ow `aydyc` `fhg|fw$

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Hgijp ic~ ncd of nahhfnpf` ow ow vryc` `fhg|fw$

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Gd~ahvohf Gd~ahvohf ic~ ncd ncd of nahhfnpf nahhfnpf` ` ow pcrrgdi pcrrgdi pjf ic~ coa|f coa|f ycpf$ ycpf$

Rarfpgf~ al ~aef ic~f~ v~flvh pa `fng`f pjf efpja` al nahhfnpgad$ Ic~ Naha @fd~gpw ^ahvoghgpw *naercf` pa cg' *gd ycpf' Ceeadgc Nahahf~~ Hgijpf Fzpfefhw ~ahvohf Ncoad `gazg`f Nahahf~~ Jfc|gf ^hgijphw ~ahvohf Njhagdf Iffd!wfhhay Evnj jfc|gf ^ahvohf Jw`aifd Nahahf~~ Evnj hgijpf Gd~ahvohf Jw`aifd njhag`f Nahahf~~ ^hgijphw jfc|gf \fw ~ahvohf Azwifd Nahahf~~ Coavp pjf ~cef ^hgijphw ~ahvohf

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Dcef Vryc` `fhg|fw

Rgnpvf

@f~ngrpgad V~f` la ic~f~ yjgnj cf hf~~ `fd~f pjcd cg la fzcerhf ceeadgc( jw`aifd$

V~f` la ic~f~ yjgnj cf `fd~f pjcd cg la fzcerhf ncoad `gazg`f( njhagdf cd` jw`aifd njhag`f ic~$

@aydyc` @aydyc` `fhg|fw `fhg|fw

G `f `fdp dp gl glgg ncp gad al Ic~f~ Ic~ Njhagdf Jw`aifd Azwifd Ncoad `g `gazg`f Ceeadgc ^vhrjv ^vhrjv `gaz `gazg`f g`f

Naha cd` ~efhh Rchf i iffd( nj njamgdi ~efhh Nahahf~~( a`ahf~~ Nahahf~~( a`ahf~~ Nahahf~~( a` a`ahf~~ Nahahf~~( rvdifdp ~efhh Nahah Nahahf~~ f~~(( njam njamgdi gdi ~efhh ~efhh

Pf~p~ la ic~f~ Pf~p Ohfcnjf~ `c `cer hghgpev~ rc rcrf cd cd` pvd~ gp gp f f` ‚Rar~‗ ygpj c ihaygdi ~rhgdpf _fhgijp~ c ihaygdi ~rhgdpf Pvd~ hghgef yc ycpf eg eghmw Pvd~ `cer hgpev~ rcrf ohvf Pvd~ Pvd~ cng`gl cng`glgf` gf` rapc~~ rapc~~gve gve `gnja `gnjaec ecpf* pf*\G' \G' lae lae wfhha wfhhay y pa pa iff iffd d

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Njfe Nj fegg~p ~pw w % 6292

Pjf Rcpgnvhcpf Dcpvf al Ecppf

Pjf Pj f Rc p g nv h cp f Dc Dcpp v f al Ecppf Gd p jg~ parg n( wav y gh h h fc d; 

@gllffdp ~pcpf~ al ecppf

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Ea|fefdp al rcpgnhf~ gd ~ahg`~( hgsvg`~ cd` ic~f~

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Fllfnp~ al al `gllv~gad `gllv~gad gd pfe~ pfe~ al rcpgnhf~ rcpgnhf~

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Mgdfpgn rcpgnhf pjfaw

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Gdpfnad|f~g Gdpfnad|f~gad ad ofpyffd pjff pjff ~pcpf~ al ecppf ecppf

Evjceec` Jc~~cd Dc`ffe

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^p cp f~ al E cp p f 

Ecppf g~ `flgdf` c~ cdwpjgdi pjcp jc~ ec~~ cd` pcmf~ vr ~rcnf$ ~rcnf$

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F|fw ~vo~pcdnf ~vo~pcdnf fzg~p~ gd pjff `gllffdp `gllffdp lae~ ~ahg`( hgsvg` cd` ic~$

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Chh pjff ~pcpf~ al ecppf fzrcd`~ *gdnfc~f gd |ahvef' yjfd pferfcpvf g~ gdnfc~f`$

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Chh pjff ~pcpf~ al ecppf nadpcnp~ *`fnfc~f gd |ahvef' yjfd pferfcpvf g~ `fnfc~f`$

Rarfpgf~ al Ecppf ^ahg`~ Hgsvg`~

Rarfpw

^jcrf

Ic~f~

^ahg`~ ^ahg`~ jc|f `flgdgpf `flgdgpf ~jcrf ^ahg`~ jc|f c lgzf` |ahvef

Hgsvg`~ pcmf pjf ~jcrf al  pjfg nadpcgdf Hgsvg`~ jc|f lgzf` |ahvef

@fd~gpw

^ahg`~ cf dap naerf~~gohf ^ahg`~ ^ahg`~ jc|f jc|f jgij jgij `fd~ `fd~gpw gpw

Fc~f al lhay

^ahg`~ `a dap lhay

Hgsvg`~ cf `gllgnvhp pa naerf~~ Hgsvg` Hgsvg`~~ jc|f jc|f c ef`g ef`gve ve `fd~gpw Hgsvg`~ lhay

\ahvef

Naerf~~goghgpw

Ic~f~ pcmf ~jcrf al  pjfg nadpcgdf Ic~f~ pcmf ad pjf |ahvef al pjfg nadpcgdf Ic~f~ cf fc~ghw naerf~~gohf Ic~f~ jc|f c |fw hay `fd~gpw Ic~f~ lhay

Mgd fp gn Pjfa Pjfa w 

Pjg~ g~ c pjfaw coavp pjf ycw rcpgnhf~ ea|f coavp coavp gd ~ahg`~( hgsvg`~ cd` ic~f~$

Rarfpw Rcnmgdi ofpyffd rcpgnhf~ Ccdifefdp al  rcpgnhf~ Lanf~ al  cppcnpgad ofpyffd rcpgnhf~ Eapgad al Rcpgnhf~

^ahg` \fw nha~f paifpjf

Hgsvg` Lvpjf crcp

Ic ~ Lvpjf~p crcp

Ccdif` gd fivhc ay~ Jfh` paifpjf |fw pgijphw

Dap Dap fiv fivhc hchw hw ccd ccdif` if`

_cd`a _cd`aehw ehw ccd ccdif` if`

Dap pgijphw jfh`

Lff pa ea|f

\gocpgad coavp lgzf` ra~gpgad

Njcdigdi rhcnf~

Ea|gdi gd chh `gfnpgad~

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^rff` al eapgad

Dap ea|gdi lae pjfg efcd ra~gpgad

Ea|gdi coavp

Ea|gdi |fw lc lc~p

@gciceecpgn frf~fdpcpgad al  pjf rcpgnhf~ gd fcnj al pjf rjw~gnch ~pcpf~ 

Yjfd c ~ahg` g~ jfcpf` pjf rcpgnhf~ icgd fdfiw cd` |gocpf eaf ~padihw( f|fdpvchhw pjf rcpgnhf~ jc|f fdavij fdavij fdfiw pa ofcm ofcm pjf lanf~ jah`gdi pjf rcpgnhf~ paifpjf paifpjf cd` njcdif gdpa hgsvg`$

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Gl eaf jfcp g~ ~vrrhgf`( rcpgnhf~ gd hgsvg` ea|f evnj eaf lc~pf( yjfd oaghgdi ragdp g~ fcnjf` pjf rcpgnhf~ jc|f fdavij fdfiw pa ofcm pjf lanf~ cppcnpgdi pjfe paifpjf cd` pjv~ njcdif gdpa c ic~$

Nj cd cdif if~~ al ^p cp cpff 

Pjf nad~pcdp pferfcpvf cp yjgnj c rvf ~ahg` njcdif~ njcdif~ gdpa c hgsvg` g~ nchhf` gp~ efhpgdi ragdp $

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oaghgdi ragdp$ Pjf nad~pcdp pferfcpvf cp yjgnj c rvf hgsvg` njcdif~ gdpa c ic~ g~ nchhf` gp~ oaghgdi

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Efhpgdi g~ pjf njcdif njcdif lae ~ahg` pa hgsvg`$ hgsvg`$

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F|cracpgad g~ pjf njcdi njcdif f lae hgsvg` hgsvg` pa ic~ ic~ cp aae aae pferfcpv pferfcpvf$ f$

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Oaghgdi g~ pjf njcdif lae hgsvg` pa ic~ cp ~rfnglgn pferfcpvf$

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^vohgecpgad g~ pjf `gfnp `gfnp njcdif njcdif lae lae ~ahg` pa ic~ la fzcer fzcerhf hf ncoad ncoad `gazg`f `gazg`f g$f$ g$f$ `w gnf cd` ga`gdf cf ~vohgef~$

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^ahg`glgncpgad a Lff{gdi g~ pjf njcdif njcdif lae hgsvg` pa ~ahg`$ ~ahg`$

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Nad`fd~cpgad g~ pjf njcdif njcdif lae ic~ pa hgsvg`$ hgsvg`$

Pjf efhpgdi cd` oaghgdi ragdp~ al ~aef naeead njfegnch ~vo~pcdnf~ a a ^vo~pcdnf ^pcpf Efhpgdi ragdp! N Oaghgdi ragdp! N Azwifd Ic~ %?37 %3:> Dgpaifd Ic~ %?32 %37< Fpjcdah *chnajah' Hgsvg` %339 9: Ycpf Hgsvg` 2 322 ^vhrjcpf ^ahg` 336 000 Naeead ~chp ^ahg` :23 30<6 Narrf ^ahg` 32:> ?<22 Ncoad `gazg`f ic~ %9: %9:

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Jfcpgdi Nvr|f 

Pjf icrj ~jay~ pjf njcdif~ gd ~pcpf yjfd c rcpgnvhc ~ahg` g~ jfcpf`;

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Cp C( rcpgnhf~ cf nha~fhw rcnmf` gd c rvfhw ~ahg` ~pcpf ygpj adhw pjf coghgpw pa p a |gocpf coavp lgzf` ra~gpgad$

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Cp O( pjf rcpgnhf~ jc|f icgdf` ~vllgngfdp fdfiw pa ea|f lvpjf crcp( cd` gp ~pcp~ njcdigdi gdpa hgsvg`$ Pya ~pcpf~( ~ahg` cd` hgsvg` fzg~p jff$

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Cp N( pjf rcpgnhf~ cf cp rvfhw hgsvg` ~pcpf icgdgdi eaf jfcp fdfiw cd` cg~gdi gp~ pferfcpvf$

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Cp @( rcpgnhf~ jc|f icgdf` ~vllgngfdp fdfiw pa ea|f cd`aehw cd` ~frccpf |fw lc crcp$ Pjf hgsvg` ~pcp~ njcdigdi gdpa ic~$ Pya ~pcpf~ hgsvg` cd` ic~ fzg~p jff$

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Cp F( pjf rcpgnhf~ cf gd rvfhw ic~fav~ ~pcpf icgdgdi eaf eaf jfcp cd` g~gdi gd pferfcpvf$

@gllv~gad 

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@gllv~gad g~ dcpvch egzgdi al  rcpgnhf$ Gl wav `ar c `ar al gdm gd c ihc~~ al ycpf( wav yghh dapgnf clpf ~aef pgef pjf naha al pjf gdm yghh of ~rfc` f|fdhw gd ycpf$ Pjg~ g~ `vf pa `gllv~gad$ Gp g~ `gllv~gad pjavij yjgnj c ~efhh pc|fh~ pjavij mgpnjfd cd` fcnjf~ wav da~f gd ~aef apjf aae$ @gllv~gad pcmf~ rhcnf evnj eaf svgnmhw ygpj ic~f~( pjcd ygpj hgsvg`~ a ~ahg`~$

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Pjf cpf al `gllv~gad `frfd`~ `frfd`~ vrad pjf eahfnvhc ec~~ ec~~ al pjf rcpgnhf~ *~hayf( gl jfc|gf' cd` pferfcpvf *lc~pf( gl ycef'$

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Njfe Nj feg~ g~p pw w % 62 6292 92

Efpja`~ al Rvglgncpgad

Efpp ja Ef ja`~ `~ al R Rv vgg lg ncp g ad G d pjg p jg~ ~ p argn rg n( wav wav yg y g h h h fc d; 

@gllffdnf @gllffdnf ofpyffd rvf rvf ~vo~pcdnf~ ~vo~pcdnf~ cd` egzpvf~

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Pwrf~ al egzpvf~

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Efpja` al rvglgncpgad

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Efpja`~ al pf~pgdi rvgpw al ~vo~pcdnf

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Pwrf~ al egzpvf~ 

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Pwrf al  egzpvf Jaeaifdfav~ egzpvf~ *~ahvpgad~'

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Jfpfaifdfav~ egzpvf~

^v~r ^v~rfd fd~g ~ga ad al ~ahg` hg` gd hgs hgsvg`

I fh

Fevh~gad al pya geeg~ngohf hgsvg`~

Cfa~ah al fgpjf c hgsvg` a ~ahg` gd ic~

Lace al ic~ gd hgsvg` ^ahg` lace al ic~ gd ~ahg`

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Rahw~pwfdf lace( lace voof( ofc`

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@g~~ah|f pjf egzpvf gd ycpf$ Adhw ~chp yghh of `g~~ah|f`$

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@fncdpgdi cd` Nfdpglvigd Nfdpglvigdi i 

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Nfdpglvigdi

^frccpgdi Lvddfh 

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^vohgecpgad 

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Lcnpgadch Lcnpg adch @g~p @g~pghhcp ghhcpgad gad 

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Rcpgnhf~ Rf~fdp gd cd Cpae 

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Rfrccpgad al ^ahvohf ^chp~ Pwrf

Fsvcpgad

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Efpch cd` Cng`

Efpch - Cng` ↟ ^chp - Jw`aifd

_fcnpg|f efpch~

Efpch Azg`f cd` Cng`

Efpch azg`f - Cng` ↟ ^chp - Ycpf Ycpf

Efpch pch~ yjgnj `a dap fc fcnp ygpj `ghvpf hvpf cng`~ fsvgf jfcpgdi

Efpch Efpch Jw` Jw`az azg` g`f f cd` cd` Cng` Cng` Efpch Efpch Nco Ncoad adcp cpf f cd` cd` Cng` Cng`

Efpc Efpchh jw` jw`az azg` g`f f - Cng` Cng` ↟ ^chp ^chp - Ycpf Ycpf Efpc Efpchh - Cng` Cng` ↟ ^chp - Ycpf - Ncoad `gazg`f Cng` - Chmchg ↟ ^chp - Ycpf

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Pgpcpgad

Csvfav~ ncpgad Chvegdgve >Ch *cs' Hfc` *GG' ?Ro *cs' [gdn ?[d *cs' Nchngve ?Nc *cs' Narrf *GG' ?Nv *cs'

Csvfav~ cng` cd` chmchg yjgnj ra`vnf~ ~ahvohf ~chp clpf dfvpchg{cpgad fcnpgad$

G`fdpglgncpgad al ncpgad~ *ra~gpg|f efpch gad~' C``gpgad al `ghvpf DcAJ C``gpgad al `ghvpf DJ> Lfy `ar~ Yjgp Yjgpf f rf rfnngrgp grgpcp cpf~ f~

Lfy `ar~ Yjgp Yjgpf f rfn rfngr grgp gpcpf cpf~~

Fznf~~ Rfn Rfngr grgpc gpcpf pf gd~ah gd~ahvo vohf hf

Yjgp Yjgpf f rfn rfngr grgp gpcpf cpf~~

Rfn Rfngr grgpc gpcpf pf gd~ah gd~ahvo vohf hf

Yjgp Yjgpf f rfn rfngr grgp gpcpf cpf~~

Yjgpf rfngrgpcpf~

Fznf~~ Rfng fngr rgpc gpcpf `g~~ `g~~ah ah| |f~ Nahahf~~ ~ahvpgad Rfng fngr rgpc gpcpf `g~~ `g~~ah ah| |f~ Nahahf~~ ~ahvpgad Rfng fngr rgpc gpcpf `g~~ `g~~ah ah| |f~ Nahahf~~ ~ahvpgad Rfngrgpcpf gd~ahvohf

Da fcnpgad

Rfn Rfngr grgpc gpcpf pf `g~~a `g~~ah| h|f~ f~ Nahahf~~ ~ahvpgad Da fcnpgad

Ohvf r rfngrgpcpf~

Rfngrgpcpf gd~ahvohf

Ohvf r rfngrgpcpf~

Rfngrgpcpf `g `g~~ah|f~

Yjgp Yjgpf f rf rfnngrgp grgpcp cpf~ f~ Yjgp Yjgpf f rfng fngr rgpc gpcpf~ pf~

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Pjf Njfeg~pw cd` v~f~ al Cng`~( Oc~f~ O c~f~ cd` ^chp~

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Gad *GG' ?Lf *cs' Gad *GGG' >Lf *cs'

Iff ffd r rfngr fngrggpcp pcpf~

Rfn fngrgpcpf pcpf gd~ gd~ahvohf

Iff ffd r rfngr fngrggpcp pcpf~

Rfngrgpcp pcpf gd gd~ahvohf

Oay ayd r rfng fngrgpcpf~

Rfn fngrgpcpf pcpf gd~ gd~ahvohf

Oay ayd r rfng fngrgpc gpcpf~

Rfngrgpcp pcpf gd~ahvohf

Ceeadgve DJ0 *cs'

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Da fcnpgad

G`fdpglgncpgad al cdgad~ *dficpg|f gad~' Pf~p Ao~f|cpgad C`` `ghvpf ~a`gve jw`azg`f Ceeadgc ic~ g~ ra`vnf` cd` c hgpphf hgpphf chvegdgve chvegdgve ray`f ray`f C`` `gh `ghv vpf jw jw`a `anjha njhag gnn cng cng` ` Fllf llf|f |f~n ~nfd fdnnf annv annv~ ~

Csvfav~ cdgad Dgpcpf % DA> *cs' Ncoadcpf ?% NA> *cs' Njhag`f % Nh *cs' Ga`g`f % G *cs' ^vhrjcpf ?% ^A0 *cs'

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C yjgpf rfngrgpcpf al ~gh|f njhag`f g~ laef` C wfhhay rfngrgpcpf al hfc`*GG' ga`g`f g~ laef` C yjgpf rfngrgpcpf al ocgve ~vhrjcpf g~ laef`

+5 Dgpgn cng` g~ c``f` c``f` pa `f~paw cdw ncoadcpf rf~fdnf

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Pjf fcnpgad fcnpgad pa ra`vnf ceeadgc ceeadgc lae dgpaifd dgpaifd *lae cg' cd` jw`aifd jw`aifd *lae ncnmgdi ncnmgdi agh' g~ f|f~gohf fcnpgad$

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Ecdvlcnpvf al  Lfpghg{f~

Ecdvlcnpvf al Dgpgn cng`

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Ecdvlcnpvf al ~vhrjvgn cng` *J ?^A0'

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V~f~ al ^vhrjvgn Cng` 

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Pjf Rfga`gn Pcohf al Fhfefdp~

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Iha~~cw

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Evjceec` Jc~~cd Dc`ffe

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Njfeg Nj feg~p ~pw w %6 %6292 292

Iha~~cw

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Evjceec` Jc~~cd Dc`ffe

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Evjceec` Jc~~cd Dc`ffe

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Iha~~cw

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Evjceec` Jc~~cd Dc`ffe

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Njfeg Nj feg~p ~pw w %6 %6292 292

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