“AN ANALYTICAL ANALYTICAL STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL STRESS LEVEL AMONG THE DRIVERS OF TOWN AND MOFUSSIL SERVICE; COMPARATIVE INSIGHT; IN TAMILNADU STATE TRANSPORT CORPORATION CORPORATION (TIRUNELVELI) LT LTD: D: NAGERCOIL NA GERCOIL REGION,” By ABISH RAGHUL GANESH R L (Re!N"!#$%&'&''&) (Re!N"!#$%&'&''&) A PRO*ECT REPORT S+-.//e0 /" /1e FACULT FACULTY Y OF MANAGEMENT MANAGEME NT STUDIES I2 345/.46 7+67.66-e2/ "7 /1e 5e8+.5e-e2/9 F"5 /1e 4450 "7 /1e 0e5ee "7 MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN HUMAN RESOURCE
ANNA UNI VERSI TY CHENNAI600 025 JUNE 2012
1
A
ABSTRACT
This study concentrates on the stress level among the drivers of town and mofussil service, a comparative insight; In Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Limited Nagercoil region, (TNSTC) The analysis is made with primary o!"ective, to assess the level of stress among the drivers of town and mofussil service in (TNSTC) Nagercoil region, region, #anithootam (I$II) The secondary o!"ective of the study is to find the factor causing stress among drivers, study a!out the %inds of stress among drivers, to ma%e a comparison of the stress levels !etween the drivers of town and mofussil service, and to identify the copping strategy to reduce stress The study is !ased on primary and secondary source of data Self design pre tested &uestionnaire has !een used as a tool for data collection The schedule method was underta%en The interview was conducted in Tamil the sample unit of this research is #anithootam (I$II) which includes town and mofus mofussil sil service, service, the sample sample si'e si'e of this this study study is * of driver driverss in (TNSTC (TNSTC)) Nagerc Nagercoil oil region, region, #anithootam (I$II) the period of the study is from +ecem!er -- to .arch - The tools and methods used to analy'ing were Chi/ s&uare test, Spearman0s #an% Correlation, 1eighted 1e ighted average method, .an whiteny 2 tests The findings of the study are town and mofussil are highly dissatisfied with safety e&uipment facility in the !us .ost of the drivers are suffer due to traffic Their wor% hours are more than -3 hours per duty duty .ost of the drivers suffer to drive safely according to the the schedule schedule provided provided No special facilities facilities for older drivers and for drivers with health pro!lems +rivers highly suffer from head light of opposite vehicle Town Town service service drivers drivers are sufferin suffering g to drive drive old !uses without without proper proper maintai maintained ned .ost of the Town service drivers feel negative stress #esearcher found that town service drivers are facing more stress than mofussil service The suggestio suggestions ns is managem management ent should should apply apply new schedule schedule,, happy happy wor%ers wor%ers are product productive ive wor%ers, wor%ers, so the manageme management nt should should provide provide recreati recreation on facilit facilities ies li%e li%e gym facility facility,, yoga yoga facility facility,, and rela4ation facility I hope the findings and suggestions will !e helpful to reduce the stress of the drivers
2
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION &:&: INTRODUCTION I NTRODUCTION ABOUT TOPIC
5rgani'ational life is &uite stressful stressful 1or% 1or% pressures, tight schedules, meetings that never seem to end on time, unhelpful colleagues, critical !osses, incompetent su!ordinates and a host of other irritating factors may all have a cumulative effect in ma%ing the lives of modern/day e4ecutives &uite misera!le 6s we all %now, %now, stress is the !ody0s reaction to any demand made on it 7erception of events, whether positive or negative, activates stress It is, therefore, a highly individual individual affair affair 1hat is stress stressful ful to 890 may not !e so to another another :ut it is fairly fairly easy to conclude that everyone lives under a certain amount of stress In fact, the only people without stress stress are dead 6t the same time, time, it is certainly certainly wrong to conclude that stress stress is always !ad .ild stress may may improve productivity It may force people to focus more sharply on the pro!lem pro!lem and produce produce solution solutions s owever owever,, if stress stress is severe severe and persists persists for long periods, periods, it can !e harmf harmful ul
Stress Stress can can !e disrupt disruptive ive to an indivi individua duall as any acciden accident t
It can lead lead to poor
performance on the "o!, e4cessive use of alcohol or other o ther drugs, poor po or attendance or even overall poor health In fact, there is growing evidence that undue und ue stress is related to the diseases that are ma"or causes of death/coronary heart disease, stro%e, hypertension, dia!etes, cancer, cirrhosis and suicide Stre Stress ss may may !e under underst stood ood as a stat statee of tens tensio ion n e4per e4perie ienc nced ed !y indi indivi vidua duals ls faci facing ng e4traordinary demands, constraints or opportunities opportunities The pressures of modern modern life, coupled with the demands of a "o!, can lead to emotional im!alances that that are collectively la!eled 8stress0 of achievement achievement and the e4citement e4citement of a challenge challenge Stress Stress is the spice of life and the a!sence a!sence of stress ma%es life life dull, monotonous and spiritless There is, in fact, growing evidence that people need a certain amount of stimulation and that monotony can !ring on some of the same pro!lems as over/wor% over/wor% The term 8stress0 8stress0 normall normally y refers to e4cessive e4cessive stress caused !y e4traordinary e4traordinary demands (which cause us to lose something we desire), constraints (things that %eep us from doing what we desire) or opportunities 3
TWO FACES OF STRESS C"29/5+
Constructive stress acts in a positive manner for the individual and the organi'ation, (eg,) winning a contest, or falling in love Constructive stress can indicate a situation where the individual is in !alance or within tolera!le limits The low to moderate amounts of stress can act in a constructive or energi'ing way .oderate stress can increase effort, stimulate creativity and encourage diligence in one0s wor% It can !e e&uated with tension that causes you to wor% hard !efore e4ams, pay attention in class, and complete pro"ects and assignments on time The same positive results of stress can !e found in the wor%place De9/5+
+estructive stress is not healthy for the individual and organi'ation +istress would indicate effects that are out of !alance or outside the tolerance limits <4cessive stress may lead to overload and !rea% down a person0s physical and mental systems 7erformance can suffer as people e4perience illness !rought on !y very intense stress ands=or react to high stress through a!senteeism, turnover, errors, accidents, and dissatisfaction and reduced performance .anagers see% the positive performance edge provided !y constructive stress 6t the same time, they must also pay attention to destructive stress and its li%ely impact on people and wor% performance in a negative way 5ne of the most difficult tas%s here is to ascertain the optimum level of stress for yourself and for person you supervise in the wor%place OPTIMUM LEVEL OF STRESS
The concept of an appropriate dosage of stress is highly important Stress literature indicates that the ultimate goal is to reduce stress It may !e, !ut not necessarily >or some people, that of stimulation is very low They are !ored and need more e4citement and challenge If stress is a neutral concept, then the goal is to reduce distress and maintain constructive stress Thus, we are concerned with maintaining !alance and e&uili!rium, reali'ing that it is a dynamic process :alance here implies several things 4
>or e4ample? 2ncertainty can lead to distress, !ut so can certainty or over control 7ressure can produce distress, !ut so is lac% of contact or lim!o #esponsi!ility can lead to distress, !ut so can lac% of responsi!ility or insignificance 7erformance evaluation can lead to distress, !ut so can lac% of feed!ac% regarding your effort #ole am!iguity can lead to distress, !ut so can "o! descriptions that constrain individuality >or these and other factors, the important %ey is to find out an appropriate amount of stress for the organi'ation in general and for each individual in particular N4/+5e "7 S/5e99
6s pointed out previously, stress is a state of tension e4perienced !y individuals facing e4traordinary demands, constraints or opportunities Stress can !e either positive or negative >or e4ample, some new wor% situations can !ring us positive challenges and e4citement 8while we must constantly face stress/producing situations 1e cannot avoid them all, and we cannot fight them all >or the most part, we choose to go along with them The am!iguous !oss, the preferred opportunities, the multifarious relationships, increased mo!ility, heavy traffic, the e4tra "o!, ris%y investments/in general, @life in the fast laneA/ which most of us e4perience, can !e viewed as a series of stress/producing situations Conse&uently, each of us faces in a wee% more of these stressors than our parents faced in a lifetime Instead of arising and su!siding, stress stays with us and !uilds up Stress is additive as it persists and grows, we !egin to e4hi!it a wide variety of symptoms and effects which, for the most part, are dysfunctional and which, for some, are crippling or even fatal Individuals can have a variety of reactions to "o! stress They can react emotionally !y feeling frustrated or an4ious, happy or e4cited, !ored or depressed They may e4perience mental !loc%s, !e hypersensitive to criticism or have trou!le concentrating 7eople can respond to stress !ehaviorally; they may eat more, drin% more, lose their appetites; or stop going out socially and mi4 with people freely 7eople can also respond to stress psychologically, as e4plained !y ans Selye in his famous !oo%, The Stress of Life, -B 5
T1e Ge2e546 A043/4/."2 Sy205"-e
Selve considered stress a non/specific response to any demand made upon an organism e called the three phases of the defense reaction that a person esta!lish when stressed as the Deneral 6daptation Syndrome (D6S)
Selve called the defense reaction, general !ecause
stressors had effects on several parts of the !ody; adaptation refers to a stimulation of defenses intended to help the !ody ad"ust to or deal with the stressors, and syndrome shows that individual pieces of the reaction ta%e place more or less together The three distinct phases are %nown as? alarm, resistance and e4haustion The alarm stage is the initial mo!ili'ation !y which the !ody meets the challenge posed !y the stressor 1hen a stressor is identified, the !rain sends forth !iochemical messages to all of the !ody0s systems #espiration increases, !lood pressure raises, pupils dilate, muscles tense up and so forth If the stressor continues, the D6S proceeds to the resistance stage
The signs of
resistance stage include tension, an4iety and fatigue The person is now fighting the stressor 1hile resistances to a specific stressor may !e high during this period, resistance to other stressors may !e low 6 person has only finite sources of energy, concentration, and a!ility to resist stressors Individuals are often more illness/prone during periods of stress than at other times <4haustion occurs if the stressor continues and the !ody e4hausts its a!ility to adapt The symptoms of this stage are similar to the alarm reaction If the stress persists unduly, severe wear and tear will occur, resulting in damage to a local area or death to the organism as a whole This is, more or less, a 8fight or flight0 response ere, the autonomic nervous system ma%es do'ens of immediate responses to prepare the !ody for physical action 1hen pedestrians are crossing the street and suddenly see a car speeding toward them The alarm reaction prepares their !odies to &uic%ly get out of the way Some of the ma"or responses that the !ody ma%es during the alarm reaction are triggered of !y the 8emergency0 hormone adrenaline shooting into the !loodstream
6
SYMPTOMS OF STRESS
There are a num!er of !iological, psychological and !ehavioural changes, which can !e symptomatic of individual stress B."6".<46
These include lac% of appetite, craving for food when under pressure, fre&uent indigestion or heart!urn, constipation or diarrhea, insomnia, constant tiredness, tendency to sweat for no good reason, nervous twitches, nail/!aiting, headaches cramps, and muscle spasms, nausea, !reathlessness without e4ertion, fainting spells, fre&uent crying or desire to cry, impotency or frigidity, ina!ility to sit still without fidgeting, high ! lood pressure P9y<1"6".<46
6 num!er of psychological changes can !e symptomatic of e4cessive or persistent stress These include negativism, e4pression of !oredom, dissatisfaction, irrita!ility, anger over unimportant issues, feelings of persecution, apathy, resignation, fantasy, forgetfulness, ina!ility to concentrate, procrastination, ina!ility to ma%e decisions, uncertainty a!out whom to trust, inner confusion a!out duties or roles, intolerance toward am!iguity, pro!lems in dealing with new or strange situations, a tendency to mis"udge people etc Common general psychological stress symptoms include an4iety and depression Be14=."546
:ehavioral include constant irrita!ility with people, feeling una!le to cope, lac% of interest in life, constant or recurrent fear of disease, a feeling of !eing a failure a feeling of !eing !ad or of self/hatred,, difficulty in ma%ing decision, a feeling of ugliness, lac% of interesting other people, awareness of suppressed anger, ina!ility to show true feelings, a feeling of !eing the target of other people0s animosity, loss of sense of humor, feeling of neglect, dread of the future, a feeling of having failed as a person or parent, a feeling of having no one to confide in, difficulty in concentrating, the ina!ility to finish one tas% ! efore rushing onto the ne4t, an intense fear of open or enclosed spaces or of !eing along 6mong the more common indicators are the sudden changes in weight, smo%ing ha!its, or use of alcohol Changes in appearances such as dress, comple4ion, or hairstyle may occur during a stressful period 7
S"+5
Stressors are the things that cause stress It is important for a manager to understand and !e a!le to recogni'e stressors !ecause they cause "o!/related stress, which influences wor% attitudes and !ehavior ORGANI>ATIONAL FACTORS O<<+34/."246 0e-4209: Some "o!s are more stressful; than others "o!s
6ccording to the National Institute for 5ccupational Safety and ealth, the following "o!s are considered more stressful Certain "o!s seem to contain a high amount of in/!uilt stress in the form of time pressures, too many meeting, difficulties in meeting standards, inter/personal games etc, especially at higher levels 6ccording to 7arasuraman and 6lutto, at lower levels also stress/producing situations emerge on technical grounds (e&uipment !rea%down) or role frustration (low status, inade&uate supervision) 6s rightly pointed out !y #o!!ins, @assem!ly lines can put pressure on people when their speed is the more potential stress there is @
Eo!s where temperatures, noise levels,
o!no4ious or to4ic levels are high, dangerous or undesira!le can increase an4iety 5vercrowding could lead to the same results !ecause of fre&uent interruptions to wor% R"6e <"276.
6 #ole is nothing !ut a general set of guidelines indicating how persons holding certain positions should or ought to !ehave >or e4ample, top managers are e4pected to !e decisive and aggressive, while salespersons are e4pected to !e friendly and cheerful Teachers e4pected to !e sympathetic and considerate whereas the 7rincipal of a college is e4pected to !e tough and demanding These e4pectations, unfortunately, may cause lot of discomfort and stress to the parties involved This is especially true in situations a!out how he or she should !ehave 2nder these circumstances, role conflict e4ists, and the person in &uestion may find himself pulled in different and incompati!le directions >our type of role conflict .ay generally come to surface;
8
Intra sender conflict occurs when one persons as%s you to accomplish two o!"ectives that are in apparent conflict If your !oss as%s you to hurry up and finish your wor% !ut also decrease your pay for your mista%es, you would e4perience this type of conflict Inter sender conflict occurs when two or more senders give you incompati!le directions Four !oss may want you to complete a crash pro"ect on time, !ut company policy temporarily prohi!its authori'ing overtime payments to clerical assistance Inter role conflict results when two different roles you play are in conflict Four company may want you to travel percent of the time, while your spouse threatens a divorce if you travel more than percent of the time 7erson/role conflict occurs when the role that your organi'ation e4pects you to occupy are in conflict with your !asis values Four company may as% you to fire su!standard performers, !ut this could !e in conflict with your humanistic values R"6e 4-.+./y
#ole am!iguity occurs when position holders are uncertain a!out limits of their authority and that of others, company rules, "o! security and the methods used to evaluate their wor% #esearch studies have indicated that the more am!iguity a person reported, the lower the person0s utili'ation of intellectual s%ills, %nowledge and leadership s%ills It was also found that role am!iguity was significantly related to low "o! satisfaction and to feelings of "o! related threats to mental physical well !eing R"6e "=e56"40
Imagine for a moment a!out an e4ecutive who is attempting to dictate a letter, tal% on three phones, conducting an interview and writing s report all the same time There is no use trying to do too much in too little time Constant interruptions, changing hats every five minutes, a constant stream of visitors, a mountain of files and papers to process and a num!er of su!ordinates loo%ing up to his volu!le advice and guidance/all increase the &uantitative and &ualitative overload 7ersons who e4perience such conditions show clear signs of stress and report health pro!lem 9
R"6e +20e56"40
6t the other e4treme, having nothing to do or !eing as%ed to do too little in one0s wor% can also is &uite stressful Sales people in a store with no customers, standing around all day with nothing to do could said to e4perience role underload 6ssem!ly line wor%ers also generally e4perience role under load #arely do they perform more than one or two tas%s day after day Ironically, role underload can lead to many of the same pro!lems as role overload; low self/esteem, increased fre&uency of nervous symptoms and complaints, increased health pro!lems 5ne of the most unfortunate outcomes of role underload is passivity 1or%ers with role underload report that they feel !oth physically and psychologically weary; even when they are not at wor%, they do not show much interest in social activity or physical e4ercise Two factors succinctly e4plain the relationship !etween underload and stress .ost persons wish to feel useful and needed Thus, when they find that they are doing very little and achieving ne4t to nothing in their "o!s, their self/esteem may !e threatened Secondly, people want stimulation They do not li%e the idea of staring !lan%ly into space all the time They prefer to interact with the wor% around them and something worthwhile No wonder, "o!s that demand too little can !e unpleasant, !oring and stressful I2/e53e59"246 5e64/."291.3
6nother source of stress in organi'ations is poor interpersonal relationship with others, !e they supervisors, cowor%ers, su!ordinates or clients 1hen interpersonal relationship at wor% is not pleasant, employees develop a generali'ed an4iety, a feeling of fear a!out upcoming meeting and interactions
Three aspects of interpersonal relationship at wor%, in particular, have a
negative influence on "o! stress? amount of contact with people in other department and organi'ational climate
I2e77e
Stress can result from a lac% of communication or from a lac% of the right %ind of communication at the right time 1e !egin to see the world differently and we tend to interpret 10
communication efforts differently >or sample, there is nothing more stressful than finding that you have arrived at an appointment with your !oss at the wrong time Fou misunderstood the appointed time, your !oss is upset and you are edgy Re93"29..6./y
6ny type of responsi!ility can !e !urdensome for some people +ifferent types of responsi!ility function differently as stressors 5ne way of classifying this varia!le is in terms of responsi!ility for people versus responsi!ility for things The more responsi!ility for people reported, according to one research study, the more li%ely the person was to smo%e heavily, have high !lood pressure and show higher cholesterol levels 5n the contrary, the more responsi!ility for things the employee reported, the lower these indicators were *" <142e
Individuals and wor% undergo constant changes as organi'ations try to !ecome more competitive and aggressive in the mar%etplace These changes can cause stress for the "o!holder >or e4ample, a !an% may computeri'e its accounting function 6s a result, a "o! that did re&uire certain decisions and calculations may !ecome merely a data collection and entry position for the computer 6s with most changes, "o! change entails a certain amount of uncertainty that may ultimately lead to stress Change can !e especially stressful for individuals afraid of losing their "o!s O542.?4/."2 C6.-4/e
or e4ample, a manager wishes to assign a few e4tra duties to an individual for a special pro"ect !ut union regulations do not permit it Stress can also result from prohi!itive physical setting such as heat, cold, safety ha'ards, air pollution, uncomforta!le spatial arrangements, shift wor% etc, 6part from the physical surroundings, the psychological climate within a company is also important 1hen day/to/day life in an organi'ation is characteri'ed !y unfriendly, hostile e4changes, employees feel the tension all around They do not trust each other and do not e4press their concerns openly They are unsupportive of each other and spend 11
little time helping each other with pro!lems Li%ewise, if employees are not encouraged to participate actively in organi'ational activities, stressful situations may develop
6ddit 6ddition ionall ally y, factor factorss li%e li%e insuff insuffici icient ent author authority ity pressu pressures res toward toward
conformity faulty "o! designs also produce lot of stress for people wor%ing within a company I-34
Traumatic Traumatic e4periences in life (death of a loved one, divorce, loss of family estate etc) can have significant impact on the psychological psychological well/!eing of an individual #esearch studies have also indicated the fact that when individuals undergo e4tremely stressful changes in their lives, their personal health often does suffer Ty3e A 420 Ty3e B Pe59"246./.e9
Cardiologists >riedman and #ose man have identified several personality characteristics of people who are most prone to stress stress Such people, called as Type Type 6 personalit personalities, ies, gravitate gravitate toward occupations that encourage heavy wor% They are fre&uently found to !e heavy smo%ers smo%ers They are am!itious, am!itious, hard driving driving and set tough targets for themselves themselves They are willing willing to oppose others others to get what they want They ta%e on increasing increasing amounts amounts of wor% and world at incredi!le speed on order to meet deadlines They are fiercely competitive competitive and would li%e to win all the time Type Type :0s, :0s, on the other hand, wor% at a steadier pace They do not wor% against the cloc% They set reasona!le reasona!le targets targets for themselves themselves and do not feel the pressure They are li%ely to 8let things things roll off their !ac%s0 rather rather than fight every issue Some of the typical typical characterist characteristics ics of Type Type : personalities may !e stated thus? The type 6 could !e compared compared to a racehorse racehorse and the : to a turtle turtle Though the recent recent studies studies &uestion the relationship !etween type 6 !ehavior pattern and stress, it has !een generally agreed that type 60 s are more prone to stress than type :0s <4ternals us Internals and the !elief in e4 ternal locus of control?
12
6 person0s person0s !elief in locus of control is related related to suscepti!ility to "o! stress 7eople with an internal locus of control feel feel that their fate is pretty much under their control <4ternals loo% to outside forces as controlling controlling their fate They generally feel that events and forces !eyond their contro controll determ determine ine their their fates fates
Intern Internals als generally generally descri!e descri!e their their "o!s "o!s as less less stres stressfu sfull than than
e4ternals The underlying cognitive mechanism seems to !e that if people !elieve that they can control potential adverse forces in their "o! environment, they are less prone to the stressor of worrying a!out them 5ther reasons? In the race to the top, many aspirants who do d o not ma%e it ultimately, e4perience feeling of failure, frustration frustration and resentment >amily responsi!ilities responsi!ilities sometimes clash with organi'ational demands demands 7eople e4perience e4perience role conflicts conflicts !ecause wor% and family pace overlapping overlapping demand upon their limited limited time <4cessive <4cessive rules and regulations regulations could could also act as powerful forces forces of stress Foung managers with great ideas and ideals often find the organi'ational organi'ational environment too restrictive and over!earing 1hen they fail to get their ideas or ideals ideals translated into action, action, they may e4perience a great amount of stress C"29e8+e2
Stress Stress reveals itself itself in a num!er of ways 1hen constructiv constructivee stress is e4perienced, e4perienced, the result is usually improved "o! performance which is self/rewarding to an e4tent0 propelling the individual to do !etter in future M424e-e2/ "7 S/5e99
It is not true that employe employees es do not want any stress at wor% wor% 6s the current current research research evidence indicates, employees are energi'ed and motivated motivated !y moderate amounts of stress stress 1hat most people want in the wor%place is a challenging "o! assignment followed !y moderate doses of competitive competitive spirit, spirit, constructiv constructivee conflict and 'eal to get ahead of others others There is variety variety of ways in which individuals cope, or deal with stress stress at wor% :roadly, these could !e classified into two categories? individual coping strategies and organi'ational coping strategies INDIVIDUAL COPING STRATEGIES STRATEGIES 13
T.-e -424e-e2/
Ina!ility to manage time could create stressful situations on the "o! &uite fre&uently 2nfinished wor%, critical remar%s from !oss and colleagues, comments from su!ordinates in hushed tones, misplaced papers, may all ma%e the life of an e4ecutive &uite misera!le E@e5<.9e:
7hysically inactive individuals have a higher incidence of heart attac%s and death than do active active individuals individuals <4ercise, <4ercise, as most of the studies indicate, indicate, reduces depressio depression, n, an4iety and pho!ias 1hen you do the e4ercise e4e rcise regularly, the day/long tension on the "o! is given a decent !urial Fou focus more on your !ody than on your mind It may !e useful to recount the !enefits of e4ercise Not surprisingly, surprisingly, many organi'ations nowadays encourage their e4ecutives to !e physically fit and active
Companies li%e Infosys Technologies, Technologies,
companies have created in/house physical ph ysical fitness facilities for the !enefit of employees Me0./4/."2 420 5e64@4/."2:
.ind gets the needed rela4ation when we engage in a creative ho!!y li%e painting, reading, gardening etc The wonderful effects effects of prayer prayer as a rela4ation rela4ation measure have !een well documented in our ancient scriptures .editation also helps helps in putting putting out nagging thoughts to rest rest .edit .editati ation on is way of focusing focusing on somethin something g in a rela4e rela4ed d state state in a serene serene and &uiet &uiet environment environment Fou can focus on muscular rela4atio rela4ation, n, an image, image, an o!"ect, o!"ect, a sym!ol, sym!ol, a point or anything anything you li%e The advocates of Transcenden Transcendental tal .editation .editation have scientific scientifically ally proved the !eneficial impact of the techni&ue on human !rain in recent times The practice of T. involves the use of a meaningless meaningless sound called a 8mantra0 8mantra0 6 trained trained instructor instructor individuall individually y assigns the mantra to the mediator; and proper use of the mantra is said to automatically reduce the level of e4citation and disorderly activity of the nervous system and to &uiet the mind while maintaining its alertness 5ne sits comforta!ly with with closed with closed eyes and repeats the mantra for a!out minutes twice a day B."7ee04< 14
:iofeed!ac% is another popular rela4ation techni&ue This techni&ue uses sophisticated e&uipment to o!serve some of the internal !ody processes and to report this in o!serva!le ways The e&uipment is used to measure s%in temperature, muscular tension, heart!eat and !lood pressure This information is given to the person in the form of soun ds, lights or wavy lines on a graph 1hen you loo% at your !rain waves or !lood pressure, you can !egin to control them !y o!serving the internal and e4ternal conditions that caused them to change 5nce you are aware that your internal !ody responses are in a state of stress, you can !egin to ma%e ad"ustments !y altering the environment your own frame if mind to reduce your an4iety, tension, stress levels etc 6n article pu!lished in the industan Times, dated G---BB3 catalogues other individual coping strategies thus? •
Heep a pet?
•
Say your prayers?
•
Sing aloud?
•
Laughter the eli4ir
•
Sleep right
•
:e good at loving
•
Spend time with children
•
Ta%e a wal%
•
.a%e friends
•
•
Cultivate interests
•
+are to dream
ORGANI>ATIONAL COPING STRATEGIES
Stress management includes stress prevention also organi'ational coping strategies 15
This is !est achieved through certain
R"6e <645./y
+efine employee roles clearly
>actors such as freedom to thin% and act independently, a certain amount of informality with
%ey
employees,
clear
communications,
participative
decision/ma%ing,
friendly
conversations/all help in reducing stress levels in an organi'ation If practiced regularly, they also reveal a supportive organi'ational climate where every!ody is willing to contri!ute his !est and share the rewards thereafter There s very little room for disruptive political games, and conflicts to occur, vitiating the whole atmosphere 6 friendly, supportive climate !uilds trust and confidence among employees and they will !e &uite happy to e4tend a helping hand to management, whenever re&uired
C6e45 <45ee5 34/19
16
To reduce uncertainly, each employee must !e sure of where he is heading for say, after years within the same organi'ation 6 clear career path and the "o! rewards and !enefits that follow committed service would go a long way in preventing or reducing stress levels greatly C"-342y.0e 35"54--e59
6 variety of programmers can !e used to manage wor% stress These include .anagement can help reduce stress in the wor% environment !y holding team meetings, using proper management techni&ues, employing effective communication system, and reducing uncertainty among employees
BURNOUT
6 phenomenon that is receiving great attention in recent times is the pro!lem of !urnout Denerally spea%ing/ everyone is a potential candidate for !urnout owever, the most li%ely candidate to face this serious pro!lem is the over/achiever
In the words of aer!ert E
>reuden!erger, !urnout is state of fatigue or frustration !rought a!out !y devotion to a cause, way of life or relationship that failed to produce the e4pected reward It may !e defined as the total depletion of physical and mental resources caused !y e4cessive striving to reach an unrealistic wor%/related goal In his !oo%, :urn 5ut, +r >reuden!erger poses a set of &uestions designed to !e a self/test to help us find out if we are in danger of !urnout :urnout is fre&uently associated with people whose "o!s demand close relationships with others under tension/filled circumstances The dangerous part of !urnout is that it is contagious 6 highly cynical and pessimistic !urnout victim can &uic%ly transform an entire group into !urnouts It is, therefore, important to put out the fires early
&: COMPANY PROFILE 17
INTRODUCTION
Hanya%umari is the southern part of India in Hanya%umari dist there are several villages 6nd in the olden days people travelled through !ull carts, horse and through wal% 1hen Hanya%umari dist was under the control of Travancore/Cochin State .r 7ioneer Humaraswamy was the first man who operates the !us in Hanya%umari +ist with 3 seats conse&uently on the state reorgani'ation act Hanya%umari dist was merged with .adras state government during Novem!er -B ence, the services operated !y the Travancore state were ta%en over !y the .adras state transport department 6t the time there were only two !ranches .adras !ranch and Hanya%umari :ranch In -B-, for the administrative convenience the .adras state transport was divided in to J regions namely, .adras region Trichy region Salem region Hanya%umari region 6t this stage more or less all, the government of Tamil Nadu nationali'es the routes operated !y the private companies in the Hanya%umari dist To avoid the accumulation of funds earned !y the private companies and also for the administrative purpose the .adras state transport department was divided in the a!ove J regions in -B- >inally in conse&uence of the nationali'e of the !us services, the government of the Tamil nadu decided to form Transport Corporation So the Dovernment set of t committee under the chairmanship of .r C#7atta!i #aman The committee recommended inter aria which the via!le si'e of corporation may !e G to in fleet strength ie when the no of fleet strength e4ceeds a!out the corporation will !e !ifurcated and it includes the infrastructure facilities wor%shop facilities etc 18
6ccepting this recommendation of the committee the government of Tamil Nadu decided to !ifurcate the %atta!omman transport corporation which had the fleet strength of more than in to two namely Hatta!omman transport corporation ltd 1ith Tirunelveli as head &uarter and Nesmony transport corporation ltd with Nagercoil as head &uarter 6t the time there are-G state owned Transport Corporation 6ll over Tamil Nadu namely 7allavan Transport Corporation limited Thiruvalluvar Corporation limited 7andian #oadway Corporation Cholan Corporation limited Cheran Transport Corporation limited 6nna Transport Corporation limited Thanthai periyar transport corporation limited .aruthupandian Transport Corporation limited Hatta!omman Transport Corporation limited Eeeva Transport Corporation limited 7attu%otai a'hgiri Transport Corporation limited Tamil Nadu state transport corporation (.adurai division III) Nagercoil !ifurcated from the nesamony transport corporation in the year -BB, There are various services li%e Town service 7oint to point service
19
Kery fast service >ast passenger service Super fast etc 6t present the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Ltd, Nagercoil region, (TNSTC) has -- !ranches name, #anithootham I #anthootham II #anithottam III Hanya%umari Kiven%anandapurum .onday .ar%et Colachel Thiruvattar .arthandam Hu'hithurai Chetti%ulam The ten !ranches are functioning effectively under the control of divisional manager and !ranch managers The wor%shop is controlled !y the wor% manager with the assistance of the officer The following sections are functioning at the head office Nagercoil Commercial section 7ersonal and administrative section 20
6ccount section Secretary section Civil section La!ours welfare Section .edical section Security Section Legal section .IS $ <+7 Section 1or%shop 5ffice 7urchase Section .ain stores The corporation in governed, !y !oard of directors nominated !y the government of Tamil Nadu The total strength of the employees under the Nagercoil head is,
STAFF STRENGTH OF THE EMPLOYEES UNDER THE NAGERCOIL +rivers
21
Conductors
-
Technical Staff
G
Traffic Supervisor
3
Technical supervisor
-
6dministrative staff officers and Contingency staff
G
Total
J-
M.99."2 "7 TNSTC:
The .ission of Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd (TNSTC) is providing corporation level for the common people
C43./46 I2=e9/-e2/ "7 TNSTC:
The entire capital of TNSTC limited is invested !y the Dovernment of Tamil Nadu The total capital investment is #sJ3J corers
Se5=.
The service profile of TNSTC Nagercoil region was divided in to two types, namely - Town services 22
.ofussil Services TOWN SERVICES:
In this service the !uses are operated with in G Hms ie Inter district it include 7assenger cum goods service Kery fast service Circular Service Limited Stop Services Time Saving Services There are a!out J3 scheduled town services which are provided !y the corporation MOFUSSIL SERVICES:
This service the !uses are operated a!ove G Hms These services include, Limited stop Service Super Stop services >ast passenger services 7oint to point services
23
The Indian #oadways play a crucial role in connecting the different parts of India 5ver the years independence there has !een an e4tensive development of the networ% of roads across the length and !readth of India #oads networ% of India is the largest road networ%s (GG-J million %ilometers) in the worlds India0s road networ% consists of national highways, state highways, district roads and village roads National ighways are found all over the country They are indispensa!le as far as communication !y roads is concerned National highways connect states, states capitals, !it cities and ports National highways carry appro4imately J* of the total traffic !ut they are only * of the entire road networ% 1here as state highways are considered as the main roads of the state .a"or cities of the states and capital of the state are connected !y state highways 1hile district roads are connecting with ma"or roads and village roads Killage roads provide lin%age to other roads in order to meet their daily needs and access to near!y mar%ets HISTORY
#oadways in India have come a long way Starting from the pugs dandies (a small paths created naturally due to fre&uent wal%s) of earlier times to the present/days #a"path of +elhi, the country has crossed many spheres of road travel The thread that !inds the nation together is truly a deserving metaphor for a road networ% that is one of the largest in the world In the 6tharva Keda, we find references to road construction and information on precautions to !e ta%en
Hautilya0s 6rthasashtra mentioned a!out mechanism of roads for
chariots and stresses upon the traffic rules and road safety 1ith the development of culture and trade, cities li%e Kaishali, Sravasti, #a"agriha, Huru%shetra, and 2""aini had roads to facilitate socio/economic interminglings 2""aini capital of 6vantis, was an important trade center and connected with northern trun% routes to modern :haruch, an important seaport #oad
also
provided
wor%ed
human
as
in
roads
a
corridor
!eings
to of
the
development
communication
of for
civili'ations, venturing
out
never frontiers of achievements PRESENT SCENARIO
Today, alternative modes of transportation are on the anvil Fet, amidst all this, road transport is still the dominant mode of transportation/ !oth for moving goods and passengers 24
and to
India has a huge networ% of road comprising of national highways, state highways, ma"or district roads and village and other roads ere are the list e4isting roadways in India with their respective length at present?/ Total Length GGla%hs (6ppro4) National highways
BGJ %m
State highways
-G-3BB %m
+istrict roads
JG %m
Killage roads
%m
IMPORTANCE
#oads are commerce
#oad
the
vital are
lifelines most
of
the
economy
preferred
modes
ma%ing of
possi!le
trade and
transportation
and
considered as one of the cost effective modes of transportation #oad are easily accessi!le to each individual #oads facilitate movement of !oth men and materials anywhere within a country It helps in socio/economic development as well as !rings national integration It provides lin%ages to other modes of transportation li%e railways, airways, and shipping, etc 6n efficient and well esta!lished net wor% of roads is desired for promoting trade and commerce in any country and also fulfills needs of transportation system for sustained economic development 6n efficient and well esta!lished net wor% of roads is desired for promoting trade and commerce in any country and also fulfills needs of transportation system for sustained economic development #oad transport is contri!uting GB* to D+7 where as all transportation modes are contri!uting a total of * to D+7
ROAD TRANSIT SYSTEMS INDIA
6ll the states in India have their own state road transport corporation This corporation not only ta%es care of providing transit facility within their own state !ut also to the neigh!oring 25
states
This helps the pu!lic in transportation and gives them the choices to travel with
Travelling in different states of India is very easy, if you are aware a!out the transit facility !eing offered !y different state road transport corporations or underta%ings or institutions authori'ed !y the .inistry of transportation or !y the state government authorities ollowing is a list of Transport Corporation that is providing transport facility to passenger in lndia Harnata%a state road transport 6ndhra 7radesh state road transport 26
Tamil Nadu state road transport .aharastra state road transport Doa state road transport imachal 7radesh state road transport Du"arat state road transport #a"asthan state road transport %erela state road transport 2ttar pradesh state road transport Eammu %ashmir state road transport 7un"a! state road transport +elhi state road transport .i'oram state road transport 6runachal pradesh state road transport
SRTC OVERVIEW
Harnata%a state transport corporation 7u!lic transit facility in %arnata%a is provided !y different stategovernment authorities for !etter facility to its passengers Thereare a!out four units providing pu!lic transit namely :angalore metropolitan transport corporation (:.TC), North wertern %arnata%a road transport 27
corporation (N1H#TC), North east Harnata%a state transport corporation (N
6ndhra 7radesh State #oad Transport Corporation 6ndhra 7radesh 7radesh state road Transpor Transportt Corporation Corporation provides provides transit transit facility facility in the state state of 6ndhra 7radesh 7radesh It has in its fleet appro4ima appro4imately tely -3 M !uses +ue to its strength strength in terms of the fleet, the num!er of miles it covers daily, the total num!er of employees and connections to the ad"acent states, 67S#TC is considered as the largest state transport underta%ing in the world 67S#TC 67S#TC runs intercity and inter district district !uses within the state state of 6ndhra 7radesh It also runs inters interstat tatee routes routes connect connecting ing to the ad"ace ad"acent nt states states of Tamil amil Nadu, Nadu, 5rissa 5rissa,, Harnat Harnata%a a%a and .aharashtra TC G"4 /54293"5/4/."2
Hadam!a Transport Corporation The Hadam!a Transport Corporations or the HTC of the Dovernment of Doa runs a large large num!er of Inters Interstat tatee and Interci Intercity ty !us servic services es Trave Travels ls to Doa are also provided provided !y .aharashtra state road Transport Corporation of .aharashtra and Harnata%a state road Transport Corporation of Harnata%a 7rivate companies provide !us services to Doa from from almost all of the states in India Intercity !us services cover almost all of Doas Doas and are very popular amongst the transit passengers and are used !y so many people every day day HTC is a government of Doa road transport underta%ing and it is heavily su!sidi'ed !y the government PSRTC O=e5=.e
7un"a! State #oad Transport Corporation Initially the corporation started operating with a meager investment of #s lac%s and the fleets of !uses covering --,- daily scheduled %ilometers on - routes with GJ employees employees 6t present, present, the 7#TC 7#TC has appro4imately appro4imately 3 M !uses, B routes (including (including inter/ inter/ 28
state state routes) covering covering a daily mileage mileage of GGG3 %ilometers %ilometers The 7#TC 7#TC provides services services not only on intercity routes !ut also lin%s the remotes villages with the near!y towns and cities
&:: REVIEW OF LITERATURE LITERATURE -
The fre&uency of !us passengers passengers accidents, accidents, performance performance of safe driving, "o! stressors stressors,, stress reaction and recognition from others :ased on the results, a model assuming that stress reaction reaction caused !y "o! stressors stressors distur!ed the !us drivers safe driving and was associated associated with passengers accidents in the !us was verified to some degree
29
suggested much room for intervention .oreover, the recognition from others of their "o! was confirmed to act as a control factor of the stress reaction
6ccord 6ccording ing to the schedu schedule, le, provid providing ing servic servicee to passen passenger gers, s, and drivin driving g safely safely are among the most important important psychosocial psychosocial demands demands of the !us drivers "o! !us drivers drivers cope with these varying and conflicting demands G
7sychological factors of !us drivers insta!ility that were related to !us passengers accidents according to the hypothesis model !ased on the stress concept of La'arus and >ol%man (-B3J) J
5ccupational stress adversely affects productivity, a!senteeism, and "o! turn/ over, and contri!utes to health/related pro!lems The effects of organi'ational level and gender on the specific sources of occupational stress stress assessed !y the Eo! Eo! Stress Survey (ESS) wor% stress was more strongly related to concerns a!out their role in the power structure of an organi'ation, whereas whereas female female employees employees reported e4periencing e4periencing more severe stress when there was a conflict conflict !etween "o! re&uirements and family relationships
+riving a !us in ur!an areas is considered to !e a highly stressful occupation, one which also involves e4posure to air pollutants generated !y motor vehicles No cancer sites were found to !e significantly elevated in the proportionate mortality analyses !y race These findings are consistent with the growing !ody of literature lin%ing "o! strain with cardiovascular disease among !us drivers -) Fasuyu%i Fasuyu%i Famada, Famada, .oto%i .i'uno, @ :us drivers mental conditions and their relation to !us passengers accidents with a focus on the psychological stressA Eournal of uman .ei"man, . 6 Hompier@2r!an !us drivers cope with time pressure, passengers, and traffic safetyAEournal of 5ccupational ealth 7sychology (-BB3) Kolume? Kolume? G, Issue? , 7ages? -B/-G) La'arus and >ol%man (-B3J) J) :irgit 6ust, #ichard 7eter, Eohannes Siegrist@Stress .anagement in :us +riversA International Eournal of Stress .anagement (-BB) Kolume? Kolume? J, Issue? J, 7u!lisher? Springer, 7ages? B/G ) K #afnsson, DunnarsdOttir @.ortality among ur!an !us driversA International Eournal of
The research study of Eamal . finds that "o! stressors were significantly related to employ employees0 ees0 psychoso psychosomat matic ic pro!le pro!lems, ms, "o! satisf satisfact action ion,, unproduc unproductiv tivee time time at the "o!, "o!, and a!senteeism Type 6 !ehavior was found to !e an important moderator of the Stress outcome relationship
:rief 6 7 and E . 6tieh, argues that it is not safe to assume that "o! conditions that have an adverse impact on affective reactions to the "o! will also have a negative impact on overall su!"ective well/!eing 30
3
6ccording to Stephen 7 #o!!insP, stress related headaches are the leading cause of loss of wor% time in 2 S industry B
Cooper and .arshallP visuali'e stress as characteristics of !oth the focal individual and his environment They designate the internal and e4ternal concoctive forces as 8pressures0 or 8stressors0 and the resulting stal% of the organism on stress -
Individuals can have a variety of reactions to "o! stress They can react emotionally !y feeling frustrated or an4ious, happy or e4cited, !ored or depressed They may e4perience mental !loc%s, !e hypersensitive to criticism or have trou!le concentrating 7eople can respond to stress !ehaviorally; they may eat more, drin% more, lose their appetites; or stop going out socially and mi4 with people freely 7eople can also respond to stress psychologically,
)
Eamal . @Eo! stress/prone Type 6 !ehavior, personal and organi'ational Conse&uencesA, Canadian Eournal 6dministration Sciences, -B3 pp G/J
$)
:rief 6 7 and E . 6tieh, @Studying "o! stress? 6re we ma%ing mountains out of molehillsQA Eournal of occupational !ehavior, -B3 pp--/
%)
Stephen #o!!ins, @5rgani'ational :ehaviorA, 7rentice all, 2H, -B3B pp JBB/ Cooper C L and .arshall E, @2nderstanding <4ecutive StressA, The .c.illan 7ress Ltd, -B3 p J
#)
&') ans Selye in his famous !oo%, The Stress of Life, -B
CHAPTER II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
#esearch methodology refers to the method that the researcher uses in performing research operation It descri!es the various steps that are generally adopted !y a researcher in studying the pro!lem along with the logic !ehind them It is a way is understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically 31
!& TITLE OF THE STUDY The Title of the pro"ect is @6n analytical study of occupational stress level among the drivers of town and mofussil service; a comparative insight; In Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Ltd, Nagercoil region, (TNSTC)A
! SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the study is has !een limited to the drivers wor%ing in town service and mofussil service in Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Ltd, Nagercoil region, (TNSTC) #anithootam (I$II)A
! HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY o? There is no signification difference !etween the stress levels o f drivers in Town service and mofussil service -? There is signification difference !etween the stress levels of drivers in Town service and mofussil service.
! OB*ECTIVES OF THE STUDY P5.-45y "e
To assess the level of stress among the drivers of town and mofussil service in (TNSTC) Nagercoil region, #anithootam (I$II) Se<"2045y "e
To identify the factor causing stress among drivers 32
To study a!out the %inds of stress among drivers To ma%e a comparison of the stress levels !etween the drivers of town and mofussil service To identify the copping strategy to reduce stress
! SAMPLING TECHNIUE The sampling techni&ue of this study is non pro!a!ility sampling since Convenience sampling is used to collect data
! SAMPLE UNIT The sample unit of this research is drivers in Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Ltd, Nagercoil region, (TNSTC) #anithootam (I$II)A which includes town and mofussil service
!$ SAMPLE SI>E The sample si'e of this study is * of drivers in Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Ltd, Nagercoil region, (TNSTC) #anithootam (I$II)A
B542<1
D5.=e59 (T"/46 3"3+64/."2) 33
S4-36e 9.?e
R42./1""/4- I
-
3
-J
J3
J
(.ofussil service) R42./1""/4- II
(Town service) T"/46
!% DATA COLLECTION P5.-45y D4/4
Self design pre tested &uestionnaire has !een used as a tool for data collection Ruestionnaires are prepared .ost of the &uestions are consist of multiple choices The schedule method was underta%en The interview was conducted in Tamil 7roper care was ta%en to frame the interview schedule in such a manner it should !e easily understood in view of educational level of the employees Denerally &uestions are prepared and as%ed to the drivers of TNSTC, Nagercoil region, #anithootam (I$II) Se<"2045y D4/4
Secondary data was collected from Internets, various !oo%s, Eournals, and Company #ecords
!# PERIOD OF STUDY The period of the study is limited to +ecem!er -- to .arch - in Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Ltd, Nagercoil region, (TNSTC)
!&' RESEARCH DESIGN
34
#esearch design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to com!ines relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure In this study e4ploratory research design has to !e used for o!taining the relevant results
!&& TOOLS OF ANALYSIS Karious methods of techni&ues used in analy'ing include •
Chi/ s&uare test
•
Spearman0s #an% Correlation
•
1eighted average method
•
.an whiteny 2 tests
!& STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM • • • • •
+rivers are suffering due to high traffic +rivers are suffering to drive safely according to the schedule provided +rivers are highly suffered from head light of opposite vehicle +rivers are suffering to drive old !uses without proper maintained .ost of the drivers are suffering from occupational diseases
35
!& LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The ma"or limitation of the current study is its limited scope The scope of the study is e4tended to include drivers from two region, two division, two transport corporations li%e S
CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
TABLE: !&
AGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
to G years
22
15.71%
to G years
10
10%
Gto J years
65
46.43%
Gto J years
63
63%
Jto years
35
25%
Jto years
13
13%
a!oveyears
18
12.86%
a!oveyears
14
14%
140
100%
100
100%
TOTAL
TOTAL
S"+5
I27e5e2
service drivers are !elong to the age group of to G years, JJG* of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers are !elong to the age group of Gto J years, * of Town service drivers and -G* of mofussil service drivers are !elong to the age group of Jto years, -3* of Town service drivers and -J* of mofussil service drivers are !elong to the age group of a!ove years
CHART :&
AGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
37
TABLE: !
WORING EPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
05.=e59
60
42.86%
to years
44
44%
10
7.14%
to - years
10
10%
-to - years
14
10%
-to - years
7
7%
-to years
10
7.14%
-to years
13
13%
to years
32
22.86%
to years
13
13%
6!ove
14
10%
6!ove
13
13%
140
100%
100
100%
to years to - years
TOTAL
TOTAL
S"+5
I27e5e2
service drivers has wor% e4perience !etween to years, -J* of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers has wor% e4perience !etween to - years, -* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers has wor% e4perience !etween - to - years, -J* of Town service drivers and -G* of mofussil service drivers has wor% e4perience !etween -to years, 3* of Town service drivers and -G* of mofussil service drivers has wor% e4perience !etween to years, -* of Town service drivers and -G* of mofussil service drivers has wor% e4perience a!ove years,
CHART :
WORING EPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS 39
TABLE: !
40
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei# SAFETY EUIPMENT FACILITY IN
THE BUS
NO "7 T"2 5e93"20e2/9 9e5=.
Pe5
17% 0% 0% 0% 83% 100%
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
28
28%
0 10 0 62
0% 10% 0% 62%
100
100%
I27e5e2
Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers are highly dissatisfied and -* of the Town service drivers and 3* of mofussil service drivers are highly satisfied
CHART :
SAFETY EUIPMENT FACILITY IN THE BUS
41
TABLE: !
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei# FACTOR CAUSES MORE STRESS
T"2
NO "7
Pe5
M"7+99.6 42
NO "7
Pe5
9e5=.
9e5=.
30% 0.71% 50% 0% 20% 100%
5e93"20e2/9 15 3 72 0 10 100
15% 3% 72% 0% 10% 100%
I27e5e2
drivers and * of mofussil service drivers are suffer due to traffic, G* of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers are suffer due to over time, * of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers are suffer due to other factors and G* of mofussil service drivers are suffer due to dou!le duty
CHART :
FACTOR CAUSES MORE STRESS
43
TABLE: !
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei# FACTOR MAE FEEL IRRITATION
44
T"2 NO "7 9e5=.
Pe5
17.15% 57.14% 24.28% 0% 0.71% 100%
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
7 33 46 0
7% 33% 46% 0%
14 100
14% 100%
I27e5e2
service drivers and GG* of mofussil service drivers are suffer due to old !us, J* of mofussil service drivers and J3* of town service drivers are suffer due to high traffic, --* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers are suffer due to over load and -J* of mofussil service drivers are suffer due to other pro!lems
CHART :
FACTOR MAE FEEL IRRITATION
45
TABLE: !
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei# HOURS OF WOR ECEED # HOURS
PER DAY
46
T"2 9e5=.
Not at all #arely Sometimes 5ften Kery often TOTAL
24
17.15%
0
0%
8
M"7+99.6 NO "7 Pe5
7%
#arely
17
17%
5.72%
Sometimes
27
27%
6
4.28%
5ften
13
13%
102
72.85%
Kery often
36
36%
140
100%
100
100%
Not at all
TOTAL
S"+5
I27e5e2
of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers respondents very often, J3* of Town service drivers and -G* of mofussil service drivers respondents often, * of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents sometimes -* of mofussil service drivers respondents rarely and --* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents not at all
CHART :
HOURS OF WOR ECEED # HOURS PER DAY 47
TABLE: !$
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei# ENOUGH TIME TO DRIVE SAFELY,
ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE PROVIDED 48
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
102 10 0 0 28
72.86% 7.14% 0% 0% 20%
TOTAL 140 S"+5
100%
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
40 17 7 13 23
40% 17% 7% 13% 23%
100
100%
I27e5e2
schedule provided that, 3* of Town service drivers and J* of mofussil service drivers respondents not at all, -J* of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers respondents rarely, * of mofussil service drivers respondents sometimes and -G* of mofussil service drivers respondents often, * of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers respondents very often
CHART :$
ENOUGH TIME TO DRIVE SAFELY, ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE PROVIDED
49
TABLE: !%
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei# SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR OLD
DRIVERS AND DRIVERS WITH HEALTH PROBLEM
50
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
126 10 4 0 0
90% 7.14% 2.86% 0% 0%
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
TOTAL 140 S"+5
100%
TOTAL
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
60 20 10 10 0
60% 20% 10% 10% 0%
100
100%
I27e5e2
with health pro!lems that, B* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents not at all, -J* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents rarely, 3* of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers respondents sometimes and -* of mofussil service drivers respondents often
CHART :%
SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR OLD DRIVERS AND DRIVERS WITH HEALTH PROBLEM
51
TABLE: !#
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
T"2
NO "7
Pe5
SUFFER FROM HEAD LIGHT OF OPPOSITE VEHICLE
M"7+99.6 52
NO "7
Pe5
9e5=.
5e93"20e2/9
0 0 14 10 116
TOTAL 140 S"+5
0% 0% 10% 7.14% 82.86% 100%
9e5=.
5e93"20e2/9
10 7 0 27 56
10% 7% 0% 27% 56%
100
100%
I27e5e2
of mofussil service drivers respondents not at all, * of mofussil service drivers respondents rarely, -* of Town service drivers respondents sometimes, -J* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents often, and 33* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents very often
CHART :#
SUFFER FROM HEAD LIGHT OF OPPOSITE VEHICLE
53
TABLE: !&'
SUFFER TO DRIVE OLD BUSES WITHOUT PROPER MAINTENANCE
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
54
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
20 0 0 14 106
14.28% 0% 0% 10% 75.72%
TOTAL 140 S"+5
100%
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
36 24 20 7 13
36% 24% 20% 7% 13%
100
100%
I27e5e2
that, -J3* of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers respondents not at all, J* of mofussil service drivers respondents rarely, * of mofussil service drivers respondents sometimes, -J* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents often, and * of Town service drivers and -G* of mofussil service drivers respondents very often
CHART :&'
SUFFER TO DRIVE OLD BUSES WITHOUT PROPER MAINTENANCE
55
TABLE: !&&
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
IND OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
Pe5
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
7hysical stress 7sychological stress :oth 7hysical $
12
8.57%
32
22.86%
88
62.86%
05.=e5 7hysical stress 7sychological stress :oth 7hysical $
7sychological stress
None TOTAL
17
17%
17
17%
46
46%
20 100
20% 100%
7sychological stress
8 140
5.71% 100%
None TOTAL
S"+5
I27e5e2
service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers feel physical stress, 3* of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers feel psychological stress, 3* of Town service drivers and J* of mofussil service drivers feel !oth 7hysical $ 7sychological stress, and -* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers feel there is no stress in their "o!s
CHART :&&
IND OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
57
TABLE: !&
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
FACES OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
58
T"2 9e5=.
7ositive (eustress) Negative (distress) :oth 7ositive$ Negative None TOTAL
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
38
27.15%
78
55.71%
24
17.14%
0 140
0% 100%
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
66
66%
24
24%
10
10%
0 100
0% 100%
S"+5
I27e5e2
service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers feel positive stress, -* of Town service drivers and J* of mofussil service drivers feel negative stress, --J* of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers feel !oth positive $ negative stress
CHART :&
FACES OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
59
TABLE: !&
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
INCONVENIENCE DUE TO OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
60
T"2 9e5=.
igh !lood pressure eadache +igestive pro!lem Tension 5thers TOTAL
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
18
12.86%
24 42
17.14% 30%
34 22 140
24.29% 15.71% 100%
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
10
10%
10 20
10% 20%
20 40 100
20% 40% 100%
S"+5
I27e5e2
-3* of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers suffer from high !lood pressure, --J* of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers suffer from headache, G* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers suffer from digestive pro!lem, JB* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers suffer from tension, --* of Town service drivers and J* of mofussil service drivers suffer from other health pro!lem
CHART :&
INCONVENIENCE DUE TO OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
61
TABLE: !&
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AFFECTING
Pe5
M"7+99.6 62
NO "7
Pe5
5e93"20e2/9 05.=e5 20 Low performance 14 Low concentration 78 +isappointment and angry 4 >ight at home 24 5thers TOTAL 140
5e93"20e2/9 9e5=.ight at home 30 5thers TOTAL 100
14.29% 10% 55.71% 2.86% 17.14% 100%
10% 0% 60% 0% 30% 100%
S"+5
I27e5e2
service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers respondents low performance, -* of Town service drivers respondents low concentration, -* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents disappointment and angry, 3* of Town service drivers respondents fight at home, --J* of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers respondents other pro!lems
CHART :&
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AFFECTING
63
TABLE: !&
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
64
LEVEL OF STRESS
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
42 56 42 0 0 140
30% 40% 30% 0% 0% 100%
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
30 20 50 0 0 100
Pe5
30% 20% 50% 0% 0% 100%
S"+5
I27e5e2
G* of mofussil service drivers respondents very high, J* Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents high, G* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents moderate
CHART :&
LEVEL OF STRESS
65
TABLE: !&
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
66
*OB FEELING
T"2 NO "7 9e5=.
Pe5
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
GJB* J* * * -* -*
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
*
G G
G* G* * *
-
-*
I27e5e2
* of mofussil service drivers are highly satisfied, J* Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers are satisfied, * of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers are neutral with their "o!, and -* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers are highly dissatisfied with their "o!
CHART :&
*OB FEELING
67
TABLE: !&$
TIME FOR HOBBIES AND SPEND WITH CHILDRENS J FAMILY
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
68
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
56
40%
Not at all
16
16%
0
0%
5
5%
28
20%
10
10%
0
0%
5ften
20
20%
56
40%
Kery often
49
49%
140
100%
100
100%
Not at all #arely Sometimes
5ften Kery often TOTAL
#arely Sometimes
TOTAL
S"+5
I27e5e2
family that, J* of Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers respondents not at all, * of mofussil service drivers respondents rarely, * of Town service drivers and -* mofussil service drivers respondents sometimes, * of mofussil service drivers respondents often, and J* of Town service drivers and JB* of mofussil service drivers respondents very often
CHART :&$
TIME FOR HOBBIES AND SPEND WITH CHILDRENS J FAMILY 69
TABLE: !&%
COPPING STRATERGY PERSONALLY TO MANAGE STRESS
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
70
T"2 9e5=.
Not at all #arely Sometimes 5ften Kery often TOTAL
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
92
65.71%
Not at all
60
60%
6
4.29%
3
3%
18
12.86%
10
10%
4
2.86%
20
20%
20
14.28%
7
7%
140
100%
100
100%
#arely Sometimes 5ften Kery often TOTAL
S"+5
I27e5e2
B* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents not at all, JB* Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers respondents rarely, -3* of Town service drivers and -* mofussil service drivers respondents sometimes, 3* Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents often, and -3* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents very often
CHART :&%
71
COPPING STRATERGY PERSONALLY TO MANAGE STRESS
TABLE: !&#
72
TYPE OF STRATEGIES TO REDUCE STRESS
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
T"2 9e5=.
<4ercise .editation$ yoga #ela4ation None 5ther
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
14 16
10% 11.43%
4 92 14
2.86% 65.71% 10%
TOTAL 140 S"+5
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
100%
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
20 13
20% 13%
3 60 4
3% 60% 4%
100
100%
TOTAL
I27e5e2
-* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents e4ercise, --JG* Town service drivers and -G* of mofussil service drivers respondents .editation$ yoga , 3* of Town service drivers and G* mofussil service drivers respondents #ela4ation , -* Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers respondents none, and -* of Town service drivers and J* of mofussil service drivers respondents others
CHART :&#
TYPE OF STRATEGIES TO REDUCE STRESS 73
TABLE: !'
COPPING STRATERGY BY ORGANI>ATION TO MANAGE STRESS
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei#
74
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
116
82.86%
Not at all
37
37%
#arely
8
5.71%
#arely
43
43%
Sometimes
0
0%
16
16%
16
11.43%
5ften
4
4%
0
0%
Kery often
0
0%
140
100%
100
100%
Not at all
5ften Kery often TOTAL
Sometimes
TOTAL
S"+5
I27e5e2
that, 33* of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers respondents not at all, -* Town service drivers and JG* of mofussil service drivers respondents rarely, -* mofussil service drivers respondents sometimes, --JG* Town service drivers and J* of mofussil service drivers respondents often
CHART :'
COPPING STRATERGY BY ORGANI>ATION TO MANAGE STRESS 75
TABLE: !&
Classifcation o the Reson!ents "ase! on thei# SHARE
76
STRESSFUL PROBLEMS
T"2 9e5=.
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
Spouse
32
22.86%
friends
84
family
NO "7 5e93"20e2/9
Pe5
Spouse
50
50%
60%
friends
30
30%
0
0%
family
0
0%
others
0
0%
others
3
3%
none
24
17.14%
none
17
17%
140
100%
100
100%
TOTAL
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
TOTAL
Source: primary data
I27e5e2
service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers share with their spouse, * Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers share with their friends, G* mofussil service drivers share with others, --J* Town service drivers and -* of mofussil service drivers do not share with any!ody
CHART :&
SHARE STRESSFUL PROBLEMS 77
TABLE: ! LEVEL OF STRESS IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUP AGE GROU 78
P
VERY HIGH N" "7
N" "7
Re93"20e2/9
Re93"20e2/9
A"=e
HIGH
K
*
-
K
G
Re93"20e2/9
K
*
-
*
%
3
G-
&%
*
J-*
-
GGGG *
ye459 /"
3
-33*
G
*
*
ye459 /"
J
-*
-
G
-
*
*
ye459 T"/46
TOTAL
N" "7
ye459 /"
MODERATE
$
$
#
'
S"+5
* of respondents !elong to a!ove years feel very high level of stress in their "o!, J* of respondents !elong to age group !etween J to years feel very high level of stress in their "o!, G* of respondents !elong to age group !etween G to J years feel moderate level of stress in their "o!, * of respondents !elong to age group !etween to G years feel moderate level of stress in their "o!
ANALYSIS USING CHISUARE TEST
LEVEL OF STRESS (V9) AGE GROUP N+66 Hy3"/1e9.9 (H")
There is no significance relationship !etween the age group and level of stress A6/e524/.=e Hy3"/1e9.9 (H&) 79
There is significance relationship !etween the age group and level of stress TABLE : OBSERVED COUNT
Level of stress
S.no
Moderat
Total
Very high
High
20
12
0
32
20
16
12
48
e
Age group 1
Above years
!
" to years
#
# to " years
28
32
68
128
"
! to # years
4
12
16
32
72
72
96
240
Moderat
Total
Total
Source? 7rimary TABLE ! EPECTED COUNT
Level of S.no
stress
Very high
Age group
80
High
e
9.6
9.6
12.8
32
" to years
14.4
14.4
19.2
48
#
# to " years
38.4
38.4
51.2
128
"
! to # years
9.6
9.6
12.8
32
72
72
96
240
1
Above years
!
Total
Source? 7rimary +ata FORMULA
(5/<) χ
<
5
5!served fre&uency
<
<4pected fre&uency
COMPUTATION OF CHISUARE ( ) TABLE: : S!N"
O
E
(OE)
(OE)
(OE) E
-
B
-J
-3-
--
-
B
J
G
-3
/-3
-G3J
-3
81
J
-JJ
G-G
-3
-
-JJ
-
-3
-
-B
/
-3J
3
G3J
/-J
-3-
3
3
G
G3J
/J
JB
-
B
3
-
-3
3J
-
-
J
B
/
G-G
G
--
-
B
J
-
-
-3
G
-J
3
T5T6L
JG3
Source? 7rimary +ata
The calculated value JG3 +egree of freedom (#/-) (C/-) (J/-) (G/-) (G) () Level of significance * Ta!le value of +D> and * level of significance -B JG3 U -B / Calculated Kalue is greater than Ta!ulated Kalue ence, Null hypothesis is re"ected A<
(There is significance relationship !etween the age group and level of stress)
82
INFERENCE
Thus Chi/S&uare test infers that there is significance relationship !etween the age group and level of stress In this study the researcher found that when the age is increase, level of stress also increase in the driving occupation
ANALYSIS USING SPEARMANS RAN CORRELATION BASED ON FACTOR CAUSES MORE STRESS TABLE: : RANING COUNT F4
O=e5 /.-e
T"2
M"7+99.6
R42 ( R R42 ( R
9e5=.
9e5=.
&)
)
J
-
83
0.
0.
-
-
D"+6e 0+/y
-
J
-
-
T5477.<
3
-
-
O/1e59
3
-
J
G
-
-
O=e5 6"40
J
3
G
-
-
O60 +9
3
GJ
3
J
H.1 /5477.<
GJ
JJ
J
O/1e59
-
-J
-
J
TOTAL
&%!
Source? 7rimary +ata
V diW >ormula 5 -/
n (nW/-)
4 -3 3X(3) / -Y --J -/J 3 The Spearman coefficient is '!$%' INFERENCE
84
Thus spearman0s ran% correlation infers that sufficiently high degree of correlation In this study the researcher found that there is high degree of relationship !etween factor causing stress among town service and mofussil service
WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD BASED ON FACTOR CAUSES STRESS TABLE: :$ S47e/y e8+.3-e2/ 74<.6./y .2 /1e +9 T$
5e93"2
e.1/
9<"5e
$
0e2/9
ighly satisfied Satisfied Neutral +issatisfied ighly
24 0 0 0 116
5e93"20e
e.1/
9<"5e
2/9
5 4 3 2 1
120
ighly
28
5
140
0 0 0 116
satisfied Satisfied Neutral +issatisfied ighly
0 10 0 62
4 3 2 1
0 30 0 62
dissatisfied TOTAL
100
dissatisfied TOTAL 140 236 Mean score !#$%1"&'1.$(
232
Mean score
!#!%1&&'!.#! TABLE: :% H"+59 "7 "5 e@
T$
5e93"2
e.1/
9<"5e
$
0e2/9
5e93"20e
e.1/
9<"5e
2/9
Not at all
24
5
120
Not at all
8
5
40
#arely
0
4
0
#arely
18
4
72
Sometimes
8
3
24
Sometimes
26
3
78
6
2
12
5ften
14
2
28
102
1
102
Kery often
34
1
34
TOTAL
100
5ften
Kery often
TOTAL 140 258 Mean score !)%1"&'1.)"
252
Mean score
!!%1&&'!.!
TABLE: :# E2"+1 /.-e /" 05.=e 947e6y, 4<<"50.2 /" /1e 9<1e0+6e 35"=.0e0 T$
5e93"2
e.1/
9<"5e
$
0e2/9
5e93"20e
e.1/
9<"5e
2/9
102
1
102
Not at all
40
1
40
10
2
20
#arely
17
2
34
Sometimes
0
3
0
Sometimes
7
3
21
5ften
0
4
0
5ften
13
4
52
Kery often
28
5
140
Kery often
23
5
115
TOTAL
100
Not at all #arely
TOTAL 140 262 Mean score !$!%1"&'1.)*
262
Mean score
!$!%1&&'!.$! TABLE: :' S3e<.46 74<.6./.e9 7"5 "60 05.=e59 420 05.=e59 ./1 1e46/1 35"6e T$
5e93"2
e.1/
9<"5e
$
0e2/9
Not at all
126
5e93"20
e.1/
9<"5e
1
60
e2/9
1
126
Not at all 86
60
10
2
20
#arely
20
2
40
Sometimes
4
3
12
Sometimes
10
3
30
5ften
0
4
0
5ften
10
4
40
Kery often
0
5
0
Kery often
0
5
0
TOTAL
100
#arely
TOTAL 140 158 Mean score 1)%1"&'1.1#
170
Mean score
1*&%1&&'1.*&
TABLE: :& S+77e5 75"- 1e40 6.1/ "7 "33"9./e =e1.<6e T$
5e93"2
e.1/
9<"5e
$
5e93"20e
0e2/9
e.1/
9<"5e
10
5
50
2/9
Not at all
0
5
0
Not at all
#arely
0
4
0
#arely
7
4
28
Sometimes
14
3
42
Sometimes
0
3
0
5ften
10
2
20
5ften
27
2
54
Kery often
116
1
116
Kery often
56
1
56
TOTAL
100
TOTAL 140 178 Mean score 1*)%1"&'1.!*
188
Mean score
1))%1&&'1.))
TABLE: : S+77e5 /" 05.=e "60 +9e9 ./1"+/ 35"3e5 -4.2/e242
T$
5e93"2
e.1/
9<"5e
$
0e2/9
5e93"20
e.1/
9<"5e
e2/9
Not at all
20
5
100
Not at all
36
5
180
#arely
0
4
0
#arely
24
4
96
Sometimes
0
3
0
Sometimes
20
3
60
5ften
14
2
28
5ften
7
2
14
Kery often
106
1
106
Kery often
13
1
13
TOTAL
100
TOTAL 140 234 Mean score !#"%1"&'1.$*
363
Mean score
#$#%1&&'#.$#
ANALYSIS USING MAN WHITNEY U TEST BASED ON FACTOR CAUSES STRESS N+66 Hy3"/1e9.9 (H")
The stress facing !y town service drivers and mofussil service drivers are e&ual A6/e524/.=e Hy3"/1e9.9 (H&)
The stress facing !y town service drivers is higher than mofussil service drivers TABLE: : RANING COUNT F4
T"2 9e5=.
R42 ( R &)
88
M"7+99.6 9e5=.
R42 ( R )
safety e&uipment facility in the !us
-B
G
#
wor% e4ceed B hours per day
-3J
&'
enough time to drive safely, according to the schedule provide
-3
$
&&
special facilities for older drivers and for drivers with health pro!lems
--G
&
-
suffer from head light of opposite vehicle
-
-33
%
suffer to drive old !uses without proper maintenances
-
GG
&
TOTAL
R&
Source? 7rimary +ata FORMULA U -U >
U
U 2&2 2& (2&&) R&
N&2 -U
2&2 (2&2&) 89
R
U
&
#an% - #an% N- N
P M (M-) 2
///////
/ G
2 GM-/G
P m2 ////////////////////
G ////////////////////
&%
P (MM-)
G(-G)
Z2 ///////////////////// /////////////////
-
-
Z2
&% > !
!
90
#
The calculated value Level of significance * +egree of freedom [right tail test Ta!le value of \ [ * level of significance -J U -J Calculated Kalue is greater than Ta!ulated Kalue ence, Null hypothesis is re"ected A<
The stress facing !y town service drivers is higher than mofussil service drivers
INFERENCE
Thus .an 1hitney 2 test infers that the stress facing !y town service drivers is higher than mofussil service drivers In this study the researcher found that town service drivers are facing more stress than mofussil service
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS :& FINDINGS •
The researcher found out J* of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service
•
drivers are !elong to the age group of Gto J years, The researcher found out JG* of Town service drivers and JJ* of mofussil service
•
drivers has wor% e4perience !etween to years, The researcher found that 3G* of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service
•
drivers are highly dissatisfied with safety e&uipment facility in the !us The researcher found that * of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service
•
drivers are suffer due to traffic, The researcher found that B* of Town service drivers are suffer to drive old !uses in town areas and J* of mofussil service drivers are suffer due to high traffic in town
•
areas, The researcher found that G* of Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service driver0s duty hours are more than -3 hours per day It is higher than their duty hours, 91
•
The researcher found that G* of Town service drivers and J* of mofussil service
•
drivers are suffer to drive safely according to the schedule provided The researcher found that B* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service drivers highly dissatisfied with special facilities for older drivers and for drivers with
•
health pro!lems The researcher found that 3* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service
•
drivers highly suffer from head light of opposite vehicle The researcher found that * of Town service drivers are suffer to drive old !uses without proper maintained !ut G* of mofussil service drivers are not at all suffer to drive
•
old !us without proper maintenance The researcher found that G* of Town service drivers and J* of mofussil service
•
drivers feel !oth 7hysical $ 7sychological stress in their "o!s The researcher found that * of Town service drivers feel negative stress, and * of
•
mofussil service drivers feel positive stress in their "o!s The researcher found that G* of Town service drivers suffer from digestive pro!lem and
•
J* of mofussil service drivers suffer from other health pro!lem, The researcher found that J* of Town service driver0s respondent0s high level of stress
•
and * of mofussil service drivers respondents moderate level of stress in their "o!s, The researcher found that J* Town service drivers and G* of mofussil service drivers
•
are satisfied with their "o!s The researcher found that J* of Town service drivers and JB* of mofussil service drivers respondents very often, that they have time for ho!!ies and spend with children
•
and family, The researcher found that B* of Town service drivers and * of mofussil service driver0s respondents that they do not have any ha!it of copping strategy personally to
•
manage stress, The researcher found that -* Town service driver respondents .editation$ yoga, and
•
* of mofussil service driver0s respondents e4ercise, The researcher found that 3G* of Town service driver0s respondents that organi'ation not at all ta%e any copping strategy to manage stress and JG* of mofussil service driver0s
•
respondents that organi'ation rarely ta%e copping strategy to manage stress , The researcher found that * Town service drivers share with their friends and * of mofussil service drivers share with their spouse,
92
•
The researcher found that most of the respondents !elong to age group a!ove J feel very high level of stress in their "o!
•
In this study the researcher found that when the age is increase, level of stress also increase in the driving occupation
•
In this study the researcher found that there is high degree of relationship !etween factor causing stress among town service and mofussil service
•
In this study the researcher found that town service drivers are facing more stress than mofussil service
: SUGGESTIONS 6lthough stress is an in!uilt character of the "o! of transport drivers, the organi'ation could prove to !e some help in reducing the amount of stress if they implement the following recommended strategies •
The schedule provided to drivers are old and this will not applica!le for the present high traffic, so the management should apply new schedule , this will reduce the stress level
•
among the drivers 6nd also this will reduce the !ad incidents appy wor%ers are productive wor%ers, so the management should provide recreation facilities li%e gym facility, yoga facility, and rela4ation facility and other facilities which reduce the stress of driver Now a day the yoga is not properly followed is one of the
•
complaints of most drivers 7roper maintenance of !uses should reduce the stress and improve productivity; most of the town services drivers are suffer to drive old !us without proper maintenance 6nd drivers are highly suffer from head light of opposite vehicle, and highly dissatisfied with safety e&uipment facility in the !us so the management should ta%e action to maintain
!uses properly • The drivers should encourage participating in several training programs related to their •
stress reduction strategies >eed!ac% should !e o!tained on those sessions which would further !e helpful in demonstrating the need for additional training programs and activities
93
•
.ost of Town service drivers feel negative stress, so the management should ta%e care of it to !e a positive stress
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
Stress can !e !oth positive and negative, which has an impact on the employees performance at wor% If ta%en positively, the results are positive, and if ta%en in a negative way, may yield disastrous results >or most of the people, low to moderate amount of stress ena!le them to perform their "o!s !etter owever, a high level of stress or for that matter even a low level stress spread over a long period, eventually ta%es its toll, and the performance declines
94
APPENDI “6n analytical study of occupational stress level among the drivers of town and mofussil service;
a comparative insight; in Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Ltd, Nagercoil region, (TNSTC)A
.206y 35"=.0e y"+5 =46+46e .27"5-4/."2
Name?
6ge group?
a) to G
!) Gto J
+esignation? a) Town service driver
c) Jto
d) a!ove
!) .ofussil service driver
95
<4perience?
a) to years
!) to - years
d) - to years
:ranch?
c) - to - years
e) to years
a) #anithottam I
f) a!ove years
!) #anithottam
-) +o you satisfied with the safety e&uipment facility in the !usQ a) ighly satisfied
!) satisfied
c) neutral
d) dissatisfied
e) highly dissatisfied
) In your accordance which of the following factor causes more stressQ a)5ver time
!) dou!le duty
d) !rea% down of !us
c) traffic e)other (mention
it)
G) 1hich of the following factors ma%e you feel irritationQ a) 5ver load
!) old !us
d) !ad co/wor%ers
c) high traffic
e) others (mention it)
J) +o the normal hours of wor% e4ceed B hours per dayQ a) Not at all
!) rarely
c) sometimes
d) often
e) very often
) Is there enough time to drive safely, according to the schedule provideQ a) Not at all
!) rarely
c) sometimes 96
d) often
e) very often
) 6re there special facilities for older drivers and for drivers with health pro!lemsQ a) Not at all !) rarely c) sometimes d) often e) very often
) +o you suffer from head light of opposite vehicleQ a) Not at all
!) rarely
c) sometimes
d) often
e) very often
3) +o you suffer to drive old !uses without proper maintenancesQ a) Not at all
!) rarely
c) sometimes
d) often
e) very often
B) 1hat %ind of stress do you suffer in your "o!Q a) 7hysical stress
!) psychological stress
c) !oth 6$:
d)none
-) In your accordance which of the following faces of stress in your "o!Q a) 7ositive (eustress)
!)negative (distress)
c ) !oth 6$:
d) none
--) 6re you suffer from following in convenience due to "o! stressQ a) igh !lood pressure
!) headache
c)digestive pro!lem
d) tension
e) others
-) ow is "o! stress affecting youQ a) Low performance
!) low concentration
d) fight at home
c) +isappointment and angry
e)
other
-G) 1hat is the level of stress that you feel in your "o!Q a) Kery high
!) high
c) moderate
97
d) low
e) very low
-J) ow do you feel a!out your "o!Q a) ighly satisfied
!) satisfied
d) dissatisfied
e) highly dissatisfied
c) neutral
-) +o you have time for ho!!ies and spend with children and familyQ !) Not at all !) rarely c) sometimes d) often
e) very often
-) ave you ta%e any copping strategy personally to manage stressQ a) Not at all
!) rarely
c) sometimes
d) often
e) very often
-) 1hat are the types of strategies you follow to reduce stressQ a) <4ercise
!) meditation$ yoga
c) rela4ation
d) none
e) other
-3) +oes the organi'ation ta%e any suita!le steps to manage stressQ a) Not at all
!) rarely
c) sometimes
d) often
e) very often
-B) 1ith whom you share your stressful pro!lemQ a) Spouse
!) friends
c) family
d) others
e) none
) Hindly give your suggestion to reduce stress
98
BIBLOGRAPHY
BOO REFERRED
K S 7 #65, uman #esource .anagement, second edition, e4cel !oo%s, New +elhi SSH6NH6, uman #esource .anagement, SChand $ company ltd, New +elhi .6.5#I6C:, 7ersonal .anagement, imalaya pu!lishing house, .um!ai C# H5T6#I, #esearch .ethodology .ethods and Techni&ues, second revised edition, New age international pu!lishers, New +elhi 7 S N 7ILL6I, K :6D6K6TI, Statistics, SChand $ company ltd, New +elhi S C D27T6, >undamental of Statists, second revised $ enlarged edition, imalaya pu!lishing house, .um!ai
*OURNAL
57D5F6L $ 6N2 SIND L6T<#, stress level among the medical practitioners of pu!lic and private sector; a comparative insight? int " Indian culture and !usiness management, vol J, no -, pp -/-
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