Regimes: 1. Jinnah + Initial Problems (1947 – 1946) 2. Liaqat Ali Khan (194 – 19!1) ". #ali$ %h&lam #&hamma' (19!1 19!!) 4. Is$in'ar #ira (19!! – 19!7) !. A*&b A*&b Khan (19! (19 ! – 1969) 6. a*ha a*ha Khan (1969 – 1971) 7. ,reation o- en/al . 0&l-iqar Ali h&tto (1971 1977) 9. 0ia &l aq (1977 – 19) 1. enair h&tto (19 – 199) + (199" – 1996) 11. 3aa 5hari- (199 – 199") + (1997 – 1999)
International Relations: In'ia 5A 5o8iet nion55::&ssia ,hina A-/hanistan ritish ,ommonealth 3; an/la'esh Iran <&r$e* %&l- 5tates
Jinnah as Governor General + Initial Problems Initial Problems: :a'=li--e Aar'> ?. #an* #&slim #a@orit* areas (%&r'as&rB Ceroe&r) ere /i8en to in'ia ?.
#ilitar* Asset Di8ision ?.Pa$istan nee'e' 4 o--i=ers ?.Fa' onl* 2!. 500 British brought in ?.3o or'nan=e -a=toriesB ….^Jinnah made them send 60m or ordinance actories ?.5&lies sent to Pa$istan ere ol'B ornB 'ama/e'. ,anal Eater Dis&te B?Aril 194 In'ia stoe' ater s&l* to Pa$istanB ?.FA/rarian G=onom* threatene' ….May 19!" #emporary agreement till $a%istan gets other sources &y Jinnah ….^T e m p o r a r y agreement :e-&/ee Iss&e ?.n-air :a'=li--e aar' (%&r'as&rB Ceroe&r) ?.2m homelessB Di--erent /ro&s t&rne' on ea=h other ….Pakistan and India worked together in an attempt to evauate and aommodate. ….Jinnah declared himsel '$rotector general o minorities( )et up relie und ….Jinnah )hited center to *ahore ?
!ther "ontributions o Jinnah# $%tate bank o &akistan in '()* ….+hus economic and monetar policies developed $"ivil service reconi-ed, rules drated ….insisted ocials to work or nation’s sake
Eh* as there a :e-&/ee Iss&e #&slims in ron/ areasB %&ras&rB Ceroe&r ere not -airl* artitione' #&slims in In'ia ere s&b@e=t to 8iolen=eB lar/e s=ale massa=res b* in'&sB 5i$hs
?.Pa$istan nee'e' 4 o--i=ers ?.Fa' onl* 2!. ! ritish bro&/ht in ?.3o or'nan=e -a=toriesB ….^ Jinnah ma'e them sen' 6m -or or'inan=e -a=tories ?.In'ia ha' "6>64 ratio. 5&lies sent to Pa$istan ere late ol'B ornB 'ama/e'
:a'=li--e aar' &n-air ?In'ia /ot Ceroe&r ?In'ia /ot %&r'as&r ?In'ia /ot ,al=&tta (s&rro&n'in/ areas ere #&slim ma@orit*B JinnahHs re-eren'&m as 'enie')
LIAQAT ALI KHAN AS PRIM MINISTR !"#$% & "#'"( 5&==esses ;b@e=ti8es :esol&tion intro'&=e' in =onstit&ent assembl* ?.%&arantee' Islami= 5tate ith Islami= lasB @&sti=eB basi= h&man ri/htsB reli/io&s -ree'om. ?.A==ete' b* basi= rin=iles =ommittee th&s start to =onstit&tion ma$in/ as be/&n ;b@e=ti8es resol&tion aease' lemas ith the Islami= re-eren=es. ?.5&ort -or LAKHs /o8ernment in=rease'. in 19!6) Cirst reort o- basi= rin=iles =ommittee re@e=te' ?.C&rthere' GastEest 'i8i'e ?.,onstit&tion ma$in/ 'ela*e' P:;D intro'&=e'B /a8e oer to 'ismiss eole -rom o--i=e ?.#eant to re8ent =orr&tionB b&t /a8e o--i=ials oer to remo8e oonents ?.JinnahHs 8ision o- 'emo=ra=* 'ama/e' Eh* =onstit&tion ma$in/ as 'ela*e' in 19!Eh* basi= rin=iles =ommittee =riti=ie'> Parit* o- seats beteen Gast an' Eest =riti=ie' b* Gast Pa$istan .?=laime' the* 'eser8e' hi/her seats It s&//este' r'& as national lan/&a/e .?:e@e=te' b* G.PB the* ante' en/ali 5tron/er ,entral %o8t =riti=ie' .?Pro8in=ial lea'ers ante' ro8in=ial a&tonom*.
MALIK GH)LAM M)HAMMA* AS G,RNR GNRAL !"#'" to "#''( Eas Cinan=e #inisterB too$ =ontrol a-ter LAKHs assassination a-ter ers&a'in/ Kha@a 3aim&''in.
5&==esses Intro'&=e' a ! *ear an' a 6 *ear lan -or 'e8eloment. De8eloment o- G=onomi= 5e=tors li$e A/ri=&l&treB In'&str* (e./> GP J&te #illB imortant as J&te as main eort) ?.ele' to De8elo Pa$istan e=onomi=all* Lar/e reser8es o- 3.%as ere 'is=o8ere' at 5&iB alo=histan in 19!2B this stren/thene' Pa$istanHs e=onom* as no the -&el req&irements o- Pa$istanHs in'&stries =o&l' be met an' oer se=tor req&irements ere easil* -&l-ille' #ana/e' to alle8iate riotin/ '&e to -oo' shorta/es b* ers&a'in/ the 5 to sen' a million tons o- Eheat. Cail&res> :iotin/ haene' '&e to shorta/e o- -oo' ?.As ell as '&e to Ahme'is resent in the /o8t. ,i8il /o8t =o&l' not =ontrol these riots. #ilitar* el as so&/ht b* #%# hi=h oene' the 'oor -or -&t&re martial las. 19!2 Khaa@a 3aim&''in resente' the se=on' reort o- the asi= Prin=ile ,ommittee in Asembl*. ?.
ISKIN*AR MIR-A AS G,RNR GNRAL.PRSI*NT "#''/"#'01 "#'0/"#'% 5&==esses an' Cail&res. Intro'&=e' ;ne nit 5=heme hi=h ma'e all the searate ro8in=es into one ro8in=e. Pa$istan no ha' 2 ro8in=es. +ele' ,onstit&tional ,risis o- 'i8i'in/ seats beteen the to si'es. GP 'eman'e' more seats be=a&se ma@orit*. ,riti=ie' b* smaller &nits as smaller &nits -elt that the*H' be 'ominate' b* P&n@abB the bi//est an' most 'e8eloe'. ,onstit&tion o- 19!6 bro&/ht inB state' that Pa$istan o&l' be an Islami= stateB #&slim Presi'ent +5atis-ie' lemas ho ante' a &rel* Islami= 5tate #inorities 'isaointe' an' -elt li$e se=on' =lass =itiens. +oth r'& an' en/ali re=o/nie' as national lan/&a/e ,omm&ni=ation an' tele=omm&ni=ation ro@e=ts starte' +Kara=hi airort =reate'B :aila* an' Dismisse' 4 P#Hs in 2 *earsB ro&/ht in A*&b Khan hen he -eare' Gast Pa$istan oliti=ians ?.Abro/ate' his on =onstit&tion
Eh* the ;ne nit 5=heme as intro'&=e'> Peole o- the 4 ro=in8es ere lo*al to their on lo=al eole an' areaB #ira belie8e' that =reatin/ one ro8in=e o&l' &ni-t* an' in=rease atriotism. %o8ernment een'it&re o&l' 8e re&'e=e' sin=e there o&l' be onl* one ro8in=eial /o8t. ,onstit&tion easier to a/ree &on. Eh* the ;ne nit 5=heme as &no&lar> GBP sa it as mo8e to ta$e aa* their ma@orit*B as no seats ere eq&al 5maller &nits o- EP sa it as a threat to their searate i'entities ?.-eare' P&n@ab Domination ?.Ceare' that their reso&r=es o&l' be &se' b* other ro8ines.
:easons -or #artial La in 19!> :ai' =han/e in P#Hs> ,h&n'ri/arB 5&hraariB Ceroe Khan 3oon.. ,a&se' A'ministrati8e roblemsB A*&b th&s -elt the nee' to ste in. Is$in'ar #iraHs 'esire to sta* in oerB he -o&n' that 5&hraar'i ha' &nite' the oliti=al lea'ers o- P&n@ab an' en/al a/ainst him he t&rne' to the militar* so he =o&l' retain oer. %h&lam ha' /i8en himsel- the ri/ht to 'ismiss oer a-ter the =ase o- the 'issol8in/ othe =onstit&ent assembl* in 19!4B As the sit&ation 'eman'e' it. :e-&/ee Problems ,onstit&t&ent Assembl* members ere lan'lor's ;b@e=ti8es resol&tion ha' no time -rame asi= Prin=iles ,ommittee -irst reort re@e=te' 19!2 reort re@e=te' 19!4 ,risis Also> Death o- Jinnah + Death o- LAK
A2)3 KHAN AS ,RLR* 4 PAKISTAN !"#'% & "#0#( :e-orms o- A*&b> Politi=al> Intro'&=e' D s*stem (nion =o&n=il M 5&b Distri=t M Distri=t M Di8isional)B K in n&mberB hal- -rom east hal- -rom est. +G=ellent 5*stem as =ommon eole roblems o&l' be easil* =omm&ni=ate' +etter osition -or Pa$istanB as 8otin/ 'one -or A*&b imro8e' his osition as lea'erB th&s he =ol' remo8e #artial La +Also /oo' sin=e no he =o&l' sa* he as 'emo=rati= ,onstit&tion o- 1962 :ename' to Islami= :e&bli= o- Pa$istanB -ail&re sin=e he =ame &n'er ress&re. Presi'ental -orm o- %o8tB as he ha' ee=&ti8eB @&'i=iallama$in/ oers – Demo=ra=* ith Dis=iline. n'emo=rati=B as these oers sho&l' be 'i8i'e'. I- roblems haene' in the -&t&reB he o&l' be blame'. aene' in 196. + 19!9 Lan' re-orms an' %reen :e8ol&tion +Lan' re-orms o- 19!9 set a bar -or lan'sB ma'e lar/er -arms into more e--i=ient smaller -arms Lan' re-orms remaine' on aer be= lan'lor's asse' on lan' to relati8esB tenants. +%reen re8ol&tion en=o&ra/e' -armers to &se mo'ern metho'sB o&t&t in=rease'B better in=omeB better e=onom* #an* tenants be=ame @obless #ostl* en@o*e' b* the ri=hB the oor ere &nable to rea its bene-its In'&strial> ;il :e-iner*B %roth :ateB 22 Camilies +Gstablishe' ;il :e-iner* in Kara=hiB Pa$istan =o&l' no imort =r&'e oil instea' ore-ine' oil +Positi8e G=onomi= Poli=ies le' to /roth rate o- 7N (best in AsiaB " that o- In'ia) ;nl* 22 -amilies =ontrolle' most o- the ealthB oor =o&l'nHt bene-it Fmost o- these ere o- Eest Pa$istan
5o=ial +Eith Ameri=an ai' -irst -amil* lannin/ roblem as starte'B an* 'e=rease in o&lation /roth =an be attrib&te' to him lemas oose' itB =onsi'ere' it nislami=B so lar/el* &ns&==ess-&l +Camil* or'nan=es in 1961B all marria/esB 'i8or=es no ha' to be re/istere'. &sban' nee'e' 1 st i-eHs ermission be-ore -&rther marria/es. EomenHs ri/hts s&orte' 'esite lema oosition. +A=tion ta$en a/ainst re-&/ee roblemB %eneral Aam Khan as aointe' as :ehabilitation minister. +#an* s=hoolsB =olle/es et= ere set & +F,&rri=&l&m reor/anie'. Corei/n Poli=* +5i/ne' In'&s Eater
AA KA3 + 5G,;3D PA:
5&==esses> Cinishe' the ;ne nit 5=heme hi=h ha' been hea8il* =riti=ie'B bro$e Pa$istan ba=$ into searate ro8in=es. Anno&n=e' that seats o&l' be roortionate to the o&lationB lease' Gast Pa$istan ;r/anie' Cirst ele=tions on basis o- one man one 8oteB most -air ele=tions in Pa$istan istor* Cail&res> Abro/ate' 1962 ,onstit&tionB Cinishe' the D s*stem Postone' the -irst session o- the nel* ele=te' assembl* in'e-initel*. Di'nHt let #&@eeb ta$e oer 'esite the -a=t that he on the ele=tions -airl*. a*ha 'ela*e' the 3ational Assembl*Hs meetin/s a-ter Aami Lea/&eHs 8i=tor*. GP -elt that the* ha' been betra*e' an' so rebelle' a/ainst a*haHs /o8t to sho their oosition to his &n@&st a=ts. a*ha starte' a militar* a=tion a/ainst GP to s&ress their oosition. 1s ere $ille'.
:easons -or the =reation o- an/la'esh>
G=onomi=> Lar/est eortB J&te as /ron in GPB b&t most o- the b&'/et sen'in/ as on the bor'er 'is&tes ith In'ia in EP. In'ia ha' no s&=h iss&es an' ere an/r* an' -elt 'eri8e' o- their on share in -orei/n tra'e D&rin/ A*&bHs r&le it as re8eale' that @&st 22 -amilies =ontrolle' almost al oPa$istanHs ban$in/ + in'&strial assetsB these ere almost all -rom EP. 5o=ial> Di-- beteen artB m&si=B 'ress st*le o- the Eest an' Gast alienate' both si'es. Presi'ent a*ha Khan starte' militar* a=tion a/ainst GP to s&ress their oosition. 1Hs ere $ille'B sit&ation as a//ra8ate' an' as ma'e orse rather than en'. It as ob8io&s that one &nit as not ossibleB GP 'isli$e' r&le -rom Islamaba'.
0LCIOA: ALI <<;
Domesti= Poli=ies> ,han/es in the #ilitar* In'&strial :e-orms A'ministrati8e :e-orms Corei/n Poli=*> 1972 5imla A/reement
197" ,onstit&tion G'&=ational :e-orms
A/ri=<&ral :e-orms ealth :e-orms
isit to 5o8iet nion
5hanges in the Militar6: +:emo8e' Imortant #ilitar* ;--i=ers -rom oerB ro&/ht in s&orters an' imro8e' :&le. ( +IC# as reall* hi/hB Li-e Ge=tan=* as reall* loB e re'&=e' these thro&/h :&rl ealth ,etners in 8illa/es as ell as asi= ealth nitsB hi=h ro8i'e' -ree health =are +All me'i=ines ha' to be sol' &n'er me'i=al namesB =heaer an' more a--or'able b&t also meant less in8estment b* -orei/n =omanies an' s&bstan'ar' me'i=ines A9ministration: +ni-ie' a* s=alesB remo8in/ &nne=essar* :eor/anie' ,5C into n&mero&s le8els an' let an*one @oin at an* le8el itho&t or$in/ their a* &B b&t oonents a==&se' him o- 'oin/ this to let him aoint his on eole at ositions he ante'. 4oreign Poli86: +5imla A/reement o- 1971B Pa$istani P;EHs ere ret&rne' +Kashmir a/reementB imro8e' In'oPa$ relations an' Pa$istani Ima/e +5o8iet nion 8isit in 1972B the* a/ree' to b&il' a steel mill in Pa$istan.
Eh* h&tto =ame to oer> Arm* ha' been 'e-eate' b* In'ia an' as at a lo ebbB a*ha (#artial La A'ministrator an' an' resi'ent ha' been 'is/ra=e'. Coo'B ,lothin/ an' 5helter as attra=ti8e an' aeale' to the ele=torate. h&tto ri//e' the ele=tions o- 1977B hi=h as aarent ith PPPHs sho=$in/ lan'sli'e 8i=tor*. In some areasB the res<s ere anno&n=e' e8en be-ore the 8otes ere =o&nte'. Ehen 0ia release' h&ttoB he trie' to reassert his oliti=al oer b* /ainin/ the s&ort o- the eole.
0IA L AO Islami;ation: &'oo' ;r'inan=es> ?Di--erent Islami= P&nishments -or 'i--erent thin/sB =&ttin/ o- hairB lashin/ -or a'<er* +:e'&=e' ,rime :ate rai'l*B lease' the lema. Partiall* Imlemente' (Am&tation) or imlante' ron/ (4 itnesses) 4e9eral Shariat 5o7rt: ?7lsor6> +5hos his =ommitment to Islamiation -or -&t&re /enerations ,o&rse as &nbalan=e' an' =ra*. o8erb&r'ene'B the* learnt it onl* to ass. ?.2 etra mar$s -or a-i in C5,B #P5B #atri=. +Goo9 in8entive –a' -or 3on #&slims Arabi= ,o&rse in the me'ia an' &ni8ersities. +Also ta&/ht O&ran in Arabi= ?San8tit6 o Rama9an? >reserve9 +ele' ens&re -astin/B 5e=ial
8onomi8> Denationalie' In'&stries. +:e'&=e' b&r'en on /o8ernmentB sin=e the* be=ame si=$ In'&stries +;--ere' them to ri8ate se=torB in=reasin/ In'&str* /roth Promise' no -&rther nationaliation + Cair =omensation i- it 'i' +#ore -orei/n in8estors :emittan=es sent -rom Pa$istanis Abroa' ho ent '&e to his oli=ies. +Aro&n' " – 4 billion earne'B hele' C.G +G=onomi= %roth as abo8e 6N hi/hest in the orl'. 5hanges in J79i8iar6> Intro'&=e' #ilitar* ,o&rtsB e8en tho&/h he ha' romise' to ma$e @&'i=iar* imartialB b&t ti/htene' /ri on it as ell as the ro8in=ial =onstit&tional or'er (P,;). Ehi=h ma'e @&'/es ta$e an oath an' erenHt alloe' to ta$e a 'e=ision a/ainst 0iaHs /o8t. Gstablishe' Islami= Parliament #a@lis e 5hoora. ;nl* a'8isor*B no real oer. Parliament s&orte' it an' in=rease' his s&ort. Politi8al Reorms> th amen'ment in the =onstit&tion o- 197" +%a8e resi'ent etensi8e oersB he =o&l' 'ismiss the P# + ,abinetB =o&l' 'ismiss assembl*. %o8ernment o- J&ne@o as a mere &etB man* P#Hs ere 'ismisse' -or lame reasons th&s stren/thene' his r&le. Presi'ents mis&se' this oer too o-ten in -&t&re an' 'ismisse' the ele=te' /o8ernments> enair in 199B 3aa& in 199". In 1979B :&ssians in8a'e' A-/hanistan +A/ree' to hel the .5. Lots o- imorts o- e=onom*B militar*B it as the s&mmit o- PAK 5 relations +Imro8e' relations ith Pa$istan as the* /a8e shelter to " million re-&/ees ho -le' to Pa$istan to es=ae the ar.
Eh* 0ia as &no&lar> A-/han #ir=ale le' to 'r&//iness an' /&ns an' =rime rate. 3ECP ha' to bear A-/han :e-&/eesB alo=histan as anno*e'.
Eh* as J&ne@o 'ismisse' b* 0ia in 19> J&ne@o =alle' an all art* =on-eren=es as this meant ,i8il %o8ernment as a=tin/ in'een'entl* J&ne@o 'i' an inq&ir* into the ;@hri =am in=i'entB ith intention to blame those in8ol8e'. #eant 0ia =o&l' be &nishe' as Arm* 5ta-- =hie-. 5ai' J&ne@oHs /o8t as not romotin/ Islami= ra=ti=esB an' as =orr&t.
Eh* 0ia intro'&=e' Islamisation> h&tto ha' intro'&=e' some so=ialist meas&res e./> nationaliation o- In'&stries et=. 5in=e there is no room -or reli/ion in so=ialismB 0ia intro'&=e' these re-orms to ro8e that e as a better lea'er than h&tto as he or$e' a==or'in/ to Pa$istanHs Islami= I'eolo/*. 0ia as aare that man* Islami= Politi=al Parties e./> Jamat e Islami ere in-l&ential in both ,i8il 5er8i=e an' the arm*.
enair h&tto :&le 19–199 an' 199"–1996> 5&==esses> :estore' Politi=al 5*stem an' 'emo=ra=* In Pa$istan b* en'in/ ban on tra'e an' st&'ent &nions '&rin/ 0iaHs time. :elease' Politi=al Prisoners. Problems o- &nemlo*mentB in-lationB oorhealth an' e'&=ation in=rease'. 5he ha' ori/inall* ma'e romises to sto the srea' o- these b&t <imatel* -aile' in 'oin/ an*thin/.
Eh* 'i' enair -all -rom o--i=e in 199 5he -a=e' ,orr&tion on neotism =har/esB her h&sban' (0ar'ari) as a==&se' o=orr&tionB briber*B bla=$mailin/ an' $i=$ba=$s. er mother as aointe' as the senior #inister ith a ort-olioB an' her -ather in la as =hairman o- the arliamentar* &bli= a==o&nts =ommittee.
3AEA0 5A:IC
5&==esses> 5tarte' national re=onstr&=tion ro/ramme to 'e8elo in'&striesB re8ersin/ the e--e=ts o- 0.A h&ttoHs nationaliation oli=*. Pore than ! in'&strial &nits an' to ban$s an' P<,L ere ri8atie'. ? ,o oerati8e so=ieties ere state one' an' a==ete' b* 'eosits -rom members an' ro8i'e' them ith loans -or b&siness. &t this -aile' '&e to mismana/ement an' -&n's ent to 5hari-Hs -amil*. 5a8in/s o- the oor ere aste' an' 3aa&Hs re&tation as 'ama/e'. 5hariat ill as asse' in 1991 to ma$e O&ran an' 5&nnah the la b&t there as little 'one to en-or=e the la.
Eh* 3aa 5hari- -ell -rom o--i=e in 199">
I3 Eith 55:> G=onomi= 5&ort + 3e&tral 5tan=e o8er Kashmir b* :&ssia 1961 – 196" ele' =on=l&'in/ ea=e beteen Pa$istan an' In'ia a-ter 196! ar h&tto 8isite' in 1972 an' establishe' steel mill in 197" Liaqat :e@e=te' In8itation in 19! Pa$istan @oine' 5GA<; an' ,G3<; 19!4 – 19!! 2 In=i'ent 196 :ole o- :&ssia in In'oPa$ ar 1971 EI< 5A> isit to 5 b* LAK 19! Joinin/ ,G3<; an' 5GA<; 19!4!! :ole o- Pa$istan '&rin/ A-/han Ears 1979 isit o- enair in 1994 5 s&ort to In'ia '&rin/ 5inoIn'ian ar 1962 Arms Gmbar/ o8er Pa$istan '&rin/ 196! r 3&=lear test in 199 b* 3aa& Atta=$ on 5 embass* in Islamaba' in 1979 EI< :I G=onomi= el eten'e' Cinan=ial + Politi=al hea' '&rin/ the A-/han ,risis :ole o- K '&rin/ 196! In'oPa$ ar ritain re-eren=e o- In'ia in earl* *ears ritain re=o/niin/ an/la'esh as a searate nation ritain in8asion o- 5&e ,anal ,an=ellation o- membershi o- =ommonealth '&rin/ militar* re/imes EI< AC%A3I5 Jinnah remo8e' ol' ritish #ilitar* ost on D&ran' line 3e&tral 5tan=e b* A-/hanistan '&rin/ 196! In'o Pa$ ar el o- Pa$istan in A-/han Jiha' ;osition o- Pa$istan @oinin/ 3 Iss&e o- Pa$ht&nistan Atta=$ on Pa$istan Gmbass* 19!!
EI< ,I3A> ,i8il Ear o- ,hina In'o Pa$ Ear o- 1971 5ino Pa$ Crontiero&n'ar* A/reement o- 196" Pa$istan s&orte' entr* o- ,hina in 3 in 1964 ,hinaHs hel in 196! ar ,onstr&=tion o- Kara$oram i/ha* Interest o- ,hina in b&il'in/ other imortant ro@e=ts in Pa$istan Eh* Pa$istan Joine' 5GA<; in 1972> 5GA<; ma'e in 19!4 ith the &rose o- re8entin/ =omm&nism /ainin/ /ro&n' in 5o&th Gast AsiaB Pa$istan @oine' to re=ei8e s&ort (#ilitar* an' Politi=al) a/ainst In'ia. &t in 1971 arB the* 'i' not ro8i'e hel th&s it lost its aeal. Pa$istan @oine' it in 19!!B an *ear a-ter it as -orme' be=a&se /o8t o- Pa$istan -a=e' oosition ithin Pa$istan 'esite its -orei/n minister ha8in/ si/ne' it.