NORMA TÉCNICA GUATEMALTECA
COGUANOR NTG 41075
Métodos de ensayo para tubos de concreto y secciones de pozos de visita.
Esta norma es esencialmente equivalente a la norma ASTM C497M-05 en su la cual está basada, con una modificación en el ensayo de tapas para pozos de visita y contiene la designación propia de las normas técnicas guatemaltecas.
Aprobada 2013-08-09
Adoptada Consejo Nacional de Normalización:
Comisión Guatemalteca de Normas Ministerio de Economía
Edificio Centro Nacional de Metrología Referencia Calzada Atanasio Azul 27-32, zona 12 Teléfonos: (502) 2247-2600 Fax: (502) 2247-2687 www.mineco.gob.gt
[email protected]
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
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Prólogo COGUANOR La Comisión Guatemalteca de Normas (COGUANOR) es el Organismo Nacional de Normalización, creada por el Decreto No. 1523 del Congreso de la República del 05 de mayo de 1962. Sus funciones están definidas en el marco de la Ley del Sistema Nacional de la Calidad, Decreto 78-2005 78 -2005 del Congreso de la República. COGUANOR es una entidad adscrita al Ministerio de Economía, su principal misión es proporcionar soporte técnico a los sectores público y privado por medio de la actividad de normalización. COGUANOR, preocupada por el desarrollo de la actividad productiva de bienes y servicios en el país, ha armonizado ar monizado las normas internacionales. El estudio de esta norma, fue realizado a través del Comité Técnico de Normalización de Concreto (CTN Concreto), con la participación de: Ing. Emilio Beltranena Coordinador de Comité Ing. Gabriel Granados Representante PRECSA Ing. Max Schwartz Representante INFOM Lic. Rodrigo García Representante MIXTO LISTO Ing. Joaquín Rueda Representante Cementos Progreso Ing. Dilma Mejicanos Representante CII-USAC Ing. Leonel Morales Representante CEMEX Guatemala Ing. Roberto Chang Representante AGIES Ing. Sergio Quiñónez Representante PRECÓN Arq. Jorge Luis Arévalo Representante SOLARC
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
Ing Estuardo Herrera Rodas Representante ICCG Ing. Israel Orellana Representante FORCOGUA Arq. Paulo César Castro Representante MACROMIX Lic. Luis Velásquez Representante Cementos Progreso Ing. María Alejandra Vega Representante CEMEX Guatemala Ing. Sergio Sevilla Representante CIFA Ing. Ing. Oscar Sequeira Representante AGCC Ing. Estuardo Palencia Representante PROQUALITY Ing. Joel Velarde Representante MEGAPRODUCTOS Ing. Marcelo Quiñónez Representante FORCOGUA Ing. José Manuel Vásquez Representante MIXTO LISTO Ing. Orlando Quintanilla Representante FHA Ing. Xiomara Sapón Roldán Representante ICCG Ing. Ramiro Callejas Representante FHA Ing. Marlon Portillo Representante Municipalidad de Guatemala
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
Ing. Javier Quiñónez Representante CONCYT Ing. Luis Alvarez Valencia Representante ICCG Ing. Héctor Herrera Representante COGUANOR
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
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Índice
1 2 3 4
Página Objeto…………………………............................................................ Documentos Citados……………....................................................... Terminología…………….…............................................................... Ensayo de carga externa de aplastamiento por el método de los tres apoyos………………………………………………………………. Ensayo para tapas de pozos de visita………………………………… Ensayo de resistencia de núcleos……………………………………. Ensayo de absorción …………………………………………………… Ensayo de presión hidros tática ………………………………………... Ensayo de permeabilidad………………………………………………. Ensayo de los peldaños del pozo de visita…………………………… Ensayo de cilindros de concreto………………………………………. Ensayo de lubricantes para empaques………………………………. Ensayo de jun tas al corte………………………………………………. Ensayo de alcalinidad de la mezcla de concreto…………………… concreto……………………
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Medición de las dimensiones y el volumen. de un empaque de hule……………………………………………………………………….. 16 Ensayo hidrostático de la junta fuera de centro…………………….. centro……………………..
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
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1. OBJETO 1.1 Esta norma establece los procedimientos para el ensayo de los tubos de concreto y de las secciones de pozos de visita. Los métodos de ensayo descritos se usan en ensayos de producción y aceptación para evaluar las propiedades previstas en las especificaciones. 1.2
Los métodos de ensayo se presentan en el siguiente orden: Sección
Ensayo de carga externa de aplastamiento por el método de los tres apoyos Ensayo de tapas de pozos de visita Ensayo de resistencia de núcleos de concreto Ensayo de absorción Ensayo de presión hidrostática Ensayo de permeabilidad Ensayo de los peldaños del pozo de visita Ensayo de cilindros de concreto Ensayo de lubricantes para empaques Ensayo de juntas al corte Ensayo de alcalinidad de la mezcla de concreto Medición de los empaques Ensayo hidrostático de la junta fuera de centro
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1.3 Los especímenes de ensayo no se deben exponer a una temperatura inferior a 4°C durante las 24h inmediatamente anteriores anteriores a la realización realización del ensayo. ensayo. 1.4 Si cualquiera de los especímenes falla debido a problemas mecánicos del equipo de ensayo o a una preparación inadecuada del espécimen, se debe descartar y tomar otro espécimen. 1.5 Los especímenes deben seleccionarse de acuerdo con las especificaciones para el tipo de tubo o tipo de sección de pozo de visita que se esté ensayando. ensayando. 1.6 Esta norma no pretende señalar todos los problemas de seguridad, si los hubiere, asociados con su uso. Es responsabilidad responsabilidad del usuario de esta norma establecer las prácticas de seguridad y salubridad apropiadas y determinar la aplicabilidad de disposiciones regulatorias antes de su uso. 2.
DOCUMENTOS CITADOS
2.1
Normas NTG (ASTM)
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
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NTG 41017 h1 (ASTM C39/C39M)
Método de ensayo. Determinación de la resistencia a la compresión de especímenes cilíndricos de concreto.
NTG 41049 (ASTM C42/C42M)
Método de ensayo. Obtención y ensayo de núcleos perforados y vigas a aserradas de concreto.
NTG 41064 (ASTM C617)
Práctica para el cabeceo de especímenes cilíndricos de concreto.
(ASTM C670)
Práctica para la preparación de enunciados sobre precisión y sesgo para los métodos de ensayo de materiales de construcción.
(ASTM C822)
Terminología referente a tubos de concreto y productos relacionados.
NTG 41067 (ASTM C1231/C1231M)
Práctica para el uso de tapas no adheridas en la determinación de la resistencia a compresión de cilindros de concreto endurecidos.
(ASTM D2240)
Método de ensayo. Determinación Determinación de la dureza del hule, por el durómetro.
(ASTM E4)
Práctica para le verificación de las máquinas de ensayo.
3.
TERMINOLOGIA
3.1 Definiciones – Para definiciones de términos relativos a tubos de concreto véase la terminología de ASTM C822. 4. ENSAYO DE RESISTENCIA AL APLASTAMIENTO APLASTAMIENTO POR EL METODO DE LOS TRES APOYOS 4.1 Resumen del método de ensayo – El ensayo se hace en una máquina de ensayos diseñada para aplicar una fuerza de aplastamiento sobre un espécimen, en un plano a través del eje vertical que se extiende a lo largo del espécimen.
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
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4.3.2 La máquina de ensayo debe ser completamente completamente sólida y rígida, de manera que la distribución de la carga no sea afectada apreciablemente por la deformación o cedencia de cualquier parte. apoyos. El espécimen de ensayo ensayo debe 4.3.3 Se debe usar el método de los tres apoyos. estar apoyado sobre un soporte inferior de dos listones longitudinales paralelos y la carga se aplica por medio de una viga superior. (Véase Fig. 1, a), b), c),d)). A criterio del fabricante, el soporte inferior, o la viga de soporte superior o ambos deben extenderse toda la longitud del espécimen o cualquier porción de la longitud del espécimen.
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4.3.4 Los soportes inferiores inferiores deben ser ser de listones de madera o bandas bandas rígidas de hule. Los listones de madera deben deben ser rectos, con una sección sección transversal transversal no menor de 50mm de ancho y no menor de 25mm ni mayor de 38mm de altura, con las esquinas superiores superiores internas redondeadas redondeadas a un radio de 13mm. Las bandas de hule rígido deben tener una dureza de durómetro ASTM D2240, no menor de 45 ni mayor de 60. Deben tener una sección rectangular, con un ancho no menor de 50mm, un espesor no menor de 25 ni mayor de 38mm, con las esquinas superiores internas redondeadas a un radio de 13mm. 4.3.5 Los soportes inferiores se deben asegurar a una una viga de madera o de acero o directamente a una base de concreto, cualquiera de las cuales proporcione suficiente rigidez para permitir la aplicación de una carga máxima sin una deflexión mayor de 1/720 de la longitud del espécimen. espécimen. La base rígida debe tener por lo menos 150mm de ancho. ancho. Los lados interiores interiores verticales de los listones o bandas deben estar paralelos y estar separados a una distancia no mayor de 25mm por 300mm de diámetro del espécimen, espécimen, pero en ningún caso, menor que 25mm. Las caras de apoyo de los soportes inferiores no se deben desviar de una línea recta horizontal; vertical en más de 2.5mm/m de longitud, en condiciones sin carga. 4.3.6 El soporte superior debe debe ser una viga viga rígida de madera con una una banda de hule rígido o sin ella. La viga de madera debe ser sólida, libre de nudos y recta y alineada de extremo a extremo. Debe ser sujetada sujetada a una viga de acero o de acero revestida de madera, de dimensiones tales que la deflexión bajo carga máxima no debe ser mayor de 1/720 de la longitud del espécimen. La carga de apoyo del soporte superior, no se debe desviar de una línea recta en más de 2.5mm/m de longitud. Cuando se usa una banda banda de hule rígido en la cara de apoyo, esta debe tener una dureza de durómetro, ASTM D2240 no menor de 45 ni mayor de 60. Su ancho no debe ser menor de 50mm y su espesor no menor de 25mm ni mayor de 38mm y debe ser sujetada a una viga de madera que cumpla con los requisitos anteriores. 4.3.7 Antes de la realización del ensayo y mediante acuerdo mutuo entre el comprador y el vendedor y previo a la colocación del espécimen, se puede fundir una tira de mortero de yeso de alta resistencia, que no exceda de 25mm de espesor, sobre la superficie de de los soportes superior superior e inferior. El ancho del listón listón superior e inferior debe ser de un máximo de 80mm/m de diámetro del espécimen, pero en ningún caso inferior de 25mm.
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4.1 Calibración – El dispositivo de carga debe proporcionar una exactitud de ± 2% de las cargas de ensayo especificadas. especificadas. Se recomienda usar una curva de calibración. Las máquinas usadas para los ensayos ensayos de carga de tres apoyos deben deben ser verificados de acuerdo con la práctica ASTM E4. 4.5 Acondicionamiento – A opción del fabricante no son necesarios los requisitos de humedad indicados en 1.3. 4.6
Procedimiento
4.6.1 Se coloca el espécimen sobre sobre los dos listones del soporte inferior, inferior, de tal forma que el tubo descanse firmemente y con el apoyo más uniforme posible en cada listón. 4.6.2 Se marcan los dos extremos del espécimen en un punto intermedio entre los listones de soporte inferior y luego se establece el punto diametralmente opuesto en cada extremo. Se coloca la viga de soporte soporte superior alineada con estas estas marcas. reforzado se puede usar cualquier cualquier velocidad de 4.6.3 Para tubos de concreto reforzado aplicación de carga hasta un máximo de 109.4KN/metro lineal de tubo, por minuto, hasta el 75% de la resistencia de diseño especificada. En este momento, la velocidad de aplicación de carga se debe reducir a una tasa uniforme máxima de 4.3.8 kN/metro kN/metro lineal de tubo, por minuto. minuto. Si se están determinando determinando la resistencia de diseño y la resistencia última a la rotura, no es necesario mantener mantener una tasa específica de carga, una vez vez que se ha alcanzado alcanzado la resistencia de diseño. Para los tubos de concreto no reforzado, se puede usar cualquier tasa de aplicación de carga hasta un máximo de 109.4 kN/metro lineal de tubo, por minuto hasta el 75% de la resistencia última a la rotura especificada. En este momento la velocidad de
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ninguna relación con la resistencia última a la rotura como se define en las condiciones de ensayo de los tres apoyos.
4.7
Cálculos
del ensayo de resistencia deben deben ser calculados en Newtons 4.7.1 Los resultados del por metro lineal. La longitud usada para el cálculo cálculo de los valores de resistencia debe debe ser la indicada por L en las Fig. 1. Para los tubos de extremos planos (sin espiga o campana) la longitud longitud L es la Longitud total. Para tubos tubos que que tienen tienen campana campana o espiga en uno de sus extremos, con el otro extremo plano, la longitud L será la distancia entre el extremo plano al centro de la junta, es decir que L es igual a la longitud total menos la mitad de la profundidad de la campana, o la longitud total menos la mitad de la longitud de la espiga. espiga.
4.7.2 La resistencia última en Newtons por metro lineal debe ser calculada dividiendo la carga máxima aplicada entre la longitud L. resistencia a la carga carga D en Newtons Newtons por metro lineal por mm de diámetro diámetro 4.7.3 La resistencia interno, o abertura horizontal, puede ser la resistencia de carga D a la grieta de 0.3mm, y se debe calcular dividiendo la carga de ensayo necesaria para producir dicha grieta, por la longitud de apoyo L y por el diámetro interior del tubo o abertura horizontal del mismo. La resistencia última de de carga D debe ser calculada dividiendo dividiendo la carga última aplicada al tubo, por la longitud de apoyo L y por el diámetro interior del tubo o abertura horizontal del del mismo.
4.8 Precisión y Sesgo – No es posible determinar el valor real de la resistencia de un tubo de concreto debido a que el ensayo es destructivo y no es posible obtener duplicados exactos de los especímenes. Por lo tanto no es posible hacer
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15/33
Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
loza de tapa, por medio de un bloque de madera de Ø300mm de diámetro y 100mm de alto. Véase FIG. 8. Se calcula la carga de ensayo como sigue: Pu = 1.3 D + 2.17 L (1 + I)
(1)
Donde Pu = D= L= I=
Carga mínima última de comprobación del diseño, N Carga muerta total sobre la tapa, N Carga viva calculada sobre la tapa, N Factor impacto, de 30% como mínimo
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
16/33
tubo y se ensayan, la relación longitud diámetro debe estar entre 1 y 2, después de que las superficies curvadas se hayan quitado del núcleo extraído.
6.4.2 Acondicionamiento de humedad – A menos de que la agencia para la cual se hacen los ensayos lo disponga de otra manera, los especímenes del ensayo del núcleo se deben sumergir en agua saturada de cal de acuerdo con las disposiciones de la norma NTG 41049 (ASTM C42/C42M. 6.5
Procedimiento
6.5.1 Preparación de los extremos y cabeceo – Los extremos de los especímenes de núcleos que se van a someter al ensayo de compresión, debe ser lisos, estar perpendiculares al eje y deben tener el mismo diámetro que el cuerpo del espécimen. Antes de realizar realizar el ensayo de de compresión, compresión, se cabecean cabecean los los extremos extremos del espécimen de acuerdo con los requisitos de la práctica NTG 41064 (ASTM C617). 6.5.2 Medición – Antes del ensayo se mide la longitud del espécimen cabeceado, con aproximación de 2.5 mm y se determina su diámetro di ámetro promedio con aproximación de 2.5mm, de medidas tomadas a un ángulo recto entre sí, cerca del centro de la longitud. 6.5.3 Los especímenes se ensayan de acuerdo acuerdo con la sección 5 del método de ensayo NTG 41017 h1 (ASTM C39/C39M) y la práctica NTG 41061 (ASTM C31/31M). 6.6
Cálculos e informe – La resistencia a la compresión de cada espécimen se
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
17/33
el ensayo de aceptación, el sesgo estadístico si lo hay entre el laboratorio del comprador y el laboratorio del fabricante, se debe determinar con una comparación basada en especímenes de ensayo tomados al azar de un tubo del tipo que se está evaluando.
7.
ENSAYO DE ABSORCIÓN
7.1 Resumen del ensayo – Este método de de ensayo ensayo trata del ensayo ensayo de un espécimen que es una muestra de la pared del tubo o un núcleo extraído extraído de ella. El espécimen de ensayo se somete primero a secado y luego a inmersión para determinar la absorción de agua del espécimen cuando se ensaya con los procedimientos descritos. descritos. Se presentan dos procedimientos alternativos alternativos para hacer el ensayo. El Método A es el ensayo estándar y para resolución de conflictos, y su duración total es de 3 a 6 días. días. El Método B se considera un método método acelerado que requiere alrededor de 1½ días para su realización. 7.2 Significación y uso – Esto método de ensayo es de control de calidad y su objeto es determinar el hecho de que los tubos t ubos terminados y transportables, cumplen con los límites de absorción señalados en las especificaciones.
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
18/33
7.4.2 Pasaje de los especímenes secos – Los especímenes secados al horno, se pesan inmediatamente después de retirarlos de este, a una temperatura de 105 a 110°C. 7.4.3 Inmersión y ebullición 7.4.3.1 Espécimen para el Método A – En un plazo de 24h se coloca con cuidado el espécimen seco ya pesado en un recipiente adecuado que contiene agua limpia a una temperatura de 10 a 24°C. Se usa agua agua destilada, agua de lluvia o agua agua potable del grifo de las que se conoce que no afectan los resultados del ensayo. Se calienta el agua agua hasta ebullición en un tiempo mínimo de 1h y máximo de 2h. No se debe aplicar vapor vivo al agua para acortar el periodo de pre-ebullición, hasta que se complete 1h de calentamiento por gas o por electricidad. La ebullición se continúa por 5h. Al final de este período de ebullición por 5 h, se apaga el calentamiento y se deja enfriar el espécimen en agua a temperatura ambiente por perdida natural de calor por no menos de 14h ni más de 24h. 7.4.3.2 Espécimen para el método B – En un plazo de 24h se coloca con cuidad el espécimen seco ya pesado en un recipiente adecuado que contiene agua limpia a
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
19/33
promedio de tres núcleos núcleos de 38mm de diámetro tomados de un bloque o tubo. tubo. La absorción, cuando se calcula con el método B se debe considerar satisfactoria cuando su valor no exceda de un valor que es 0.5% menor que la absorción designada en el Método A. Cuando la absorción del del Método B no cumple este requisito específico, el fabricante puede llevar a cabo un re-ensayo usando el Método A.
7.6 Ensayo de Absorción por remojo durante 10 min – La muestra usada para determinar la absorción por inmersión durante 10 minutos, puede ser la misma que se use después para el ensayo ensayo de absorción de 5h por ebullición. Luego del secado y del pesaje especificado en 7.4.1 y en 7.4.2, los especímenes se sumergen en agua limpia, durante 10 min, a temperatura temperatura ambiente. Se retiran las muestras y se pesan de acuerdo con con 7.4.4. Se calcula el porcentaje de absorción y se informa como como se describe en 7.5. NOTA 4 – No existe una correlación significativa entre los resultados obtenidos por este método y los obtenidos por los métodos A y B por 5h de ebullición.
7.7
Precisión y Sesgo
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
8.
20/33
METODO DE ENSAYO DE PRESIÓN HIDROSTATICA
sección de tubo o de pozo de visita se 8.1 Resumen del Método de ensayo. La sección sujeta a presión hidrostática y se observa para detectar fugas en la junta o en la superficie de las paredes. paredes. Se define la junta como la conexión conexión entre la sección de concreto del tubo o del pozo de visita que proporciona alineación y el correspondiente sello flexible y hermético al usar empaques de hule, bandas selladoras o selladores de juntas flexibles preformadas.
8.2 Significación y uso – Este es un ensayo de control de calidad que tiene por objeto determinar el hecho de que un tubo de concreto o sección de pozo de visita transportables, cumplen con los requisitos hidrostáticos señalados en las especificaciones para el tubo o sección instalada, para la junta o para ambas. 8.3
Procedimiento
8.3.1 El equipo para para la realización realización del ensayo ensayo debe ser tal, que que el espécimen espécimen bajo el ensayo se pueda llenar con agua hasta la exclusión de aire y luego someterlo a la presión hidrostática requerida, cuidando que no haya fugas suficientes en los
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
9.
21/33
ENSAYO DE PERMEABILIDAD
9.1 Resumen del Método – Una sección del Tubo se mantiene llena de agua por un tiempo especificado y se observa la superficie externa para verificar la presencia de humedad. 9.2 Significación y uso – Este es un método de control de calidad para establecer el hecho de que los tubos terminados y transportables, cumplen con los límites de fugas establecidos en las especificaciones. 9.3 Procedimiento – Antes de comenzar el ensayo, se debe verificar que el tubo no presente humedad humedad visible. Se coloca el tubo con la espiga espiga hacia abajo, sobre sobre una alfombra de hule suave a su equivalente, pesado si es necesario, y se mantiene lleno con agua hasta el nivel de la base de la campana durante el período de ensayo. La inspección inspección inicial se lleva a cabo aproximadamente aproximadamente 15 min después después de iniciado el ensayo. Si en este periodo el tubo presenta humedad o puntos húmedos en su superficie externa, se continúa el ensayo por un periodo no superior a 24h, a opción del fabricante. El tubo se examina examina por el periodo adicional adicional para determinar la la existencia de humedad o puntos húmedos.
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
22/33
se va a ensayar. La primera carga debe aplicarse en el plano del peldaño mediante un dispositivo de extracción centrado en la barra del peldaño aplicando la carga a una tasa uniforme hasta hasta alcanzar la carga especificada. Entonces se se retira el depósito de extracción y se coloca el acoplamiento de ensayo centrado en la misma ubicación en el barrote y se aplica una segunda carga perpendicular al plano de la primera carga. Esta segunda segunda carga se aplica aplica a una tasa uniforme hasta alcanzar alcanzar la carga especificada.
10.5.1 Cargas máximas – La primera carga como se define en 10.5 debe ser de 1800N. La segunda carga carga como se define en 10.5 debe debe ser de 3600N.
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
23/33
molde y de un peso que genere una presión de 2.4 kPa sobre la superficie del concreto.
11.3.2.4 Se aplica vibración externa sobre cada capa, con una frecuencia de al menos 800 vibraciones por minuto y se continúa la vibración hasta que la pasta pasta de cemento empiece a salir por el borde inferior del martillo. 11.4. Procedimiento 11.4.1 Preparación del extremo y cabeceo – Los especímenes de cilindro que se
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
24/33
12.2.4 Al finalizar el periodo de tres días se determina nuevamente el volumen de las muestras y la dureza de las mismas de acuerdo con el método de ensayo ASTM D2240. 12.3 Ensayo de lavado para lubricantes “acuosos” 12.3.1 Un pedazo limpio de concreto del tubo debe ser completamente humedecido y luego recubierto con una capa de lubricante de 3mm de espesor, cubriendo un área de 100mm x 100mm.
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
25/33
12.3.3 Después de sacada al aire, el área del lubricante lavada debe ser dividida ente el área original recubierta recubierta y multiplicada por por 100. Este resultado resultado es el porcentaje de lavado. 12.4 Certificación 12.4.1 El fabricante f abricante del lubricante debe suministrar al comprador un certificado escrito indicado que el lubricante para el empaque ha cumplido con los requisitos de ensayo específicos para las muestras de empaques suministradas.
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
26/33
13.3.2 Se deben usar soportes de madera con una cara curvada que coincida con el diámetro exterior del cuerpo del tubo, para trasmitir la fuerza cortante de la máquina de ensayo a la junta de tubo. La cara curvada debe ser ser revestida con una banda de de hule dura de 25mm de espesor. Para elevar los tubos a ensayar, se necesita de soportes de madera o de material similar. 13.4 Procedimiento 13.4.1 Para realizar el ensayo se ensamblan dos tubos, con un tubo soportado en
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
27/33
13.6 Precisión y Sesgo – El ensayo de corte tiene el propósito de establecer un
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
28/33
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
14.4 Procedimiento
29/33
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
30/33
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Norma COGUANOR NTG 41075
31/33
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