PSYCHIATRY 1 61 61 O N E W H A M P SH SH I RI RI A V L I.I. W
. . W A S H II II IG IG T O II II 9. 9. D .C .C .
VOLUME 32, NUMB NUMBER ER 1, FEIlR FEIlRUA UARY RY 1969 1969 opyr opyrig ight ht 1969by 1969by he illia illia Alans Alanson on hitt hitt PsYch PsYchiat iatric ric Found Foundati ation on Inc
v.
Ekman has
affects,
his
co it
on er
be vi r.
body
attend
to
to provide
rg
and
leakage or dece decept ptio io
clue clues. s.
io
ve
ts whic whic
li expr expres essi sive ve [p
simulation is wi wrot wrote: e:
we
48-49] 48-49]
ll r. Lang Langle le Port Porter er Neur Neurop op chia chiatr tric ic Mr lI'rie lI'rieae aeft ft ll Neur Neurop opsy sych chia iatr tric ic Inst Instit itut ute. e. Re
'S
S ci ci e
lo
li
Fr
In titu titute te
Is
Aw
MH
Li
6 09 09 2
1>
lm
iz
ex re li
wrote:
si ns whic vi
chatters
distin
lf
wi~
mat
is
ce tive situa-
il
tula
ff
yp
than
nonverbal behavio
lt
le
t!0~
lt!-
In
ld
va
ld le efr
Il
ff Th legiti ate performance of everyda life "a te "p in th se th th fo kn ws in va just wh is ingto this solely ecauseof th effe it is likelyto have Th lt will be especially"inaccessible to hi But as in th case of les legiti ate performers th incapacity of th ordinary individua formulat in advanc th ovementso hi ll ex ress imself throug thes evic in wa th is ra tize an re-f rmed in is re ertoir acts In sh rt we all ac bette tha weknowhow. [pp.73-74 ff
la
th
fr
ff
's
ld
fo
io ls
ff fr
ly qu fo ve acts should be th th false.
th
fo
ll fo lt eceiver, co ce ls informatio
is
io wn fr
is ecepti co ce lin lf Al ve ti
le
za
th
fo ld
ri
ly
fo
se ll
DEFINITIONS
th
informave lu
fo
lt r-
xpli
le
fr
ti
kn
le
th ly
id
ta
xpre ve
is
le ka
livi
vi tive
li •T principa analytic
interest sense.
in
dyad,
le ka
to
fli ti
fe li
ri
lf-
severe anxiety. Eg la is io is fo
ti fe li
vi in lt ll qu te wa to fr lt r. it ld ig fe
je
la
es to is to Si
has s; resu ly his ow ti se
la
in
ft
ibit
intain th te in th thin whil refully certain essages
ti th
if re
ttin
io ll ff
in ibit
to
ic tive flow, re is in le sele tively it
fill spic
to
ls
requir
la li requir th applican si
to
in late co
in
th
le la in
la te
thfu
ti
li
ll ti
ld
co pressin th lips. thir fo im lati Mo
tr
tive
it
ti
fals ro
extensive achiev
rl
rf rm
la
th fe ts
im rf verb im lati jo form ti lu ile alter- eception involve ad in whic iv lf-d ti is ivid wh re th re th th rs is ss rily releva re
it in th fo
th ivid le ly ly
le is ly
ss it lize
if
ly
la ly if th vo io th
jo
th ti lo th onfidence that
concealed an ho
le
tt
rv
ti
ti im la fe li ti is ll-b extent of si lati is th relate to ho extenve li may e, ho an gaps ar create omissi n, ow ch tiva
ivisio re
th
ff fo le fo plicant to in ibit si in xp ri fo th
formatio
lt
ly
inform ti
ic
ivid
l. vi
is fe
"blo
thin
fr
ivid
lf-a fo lati
ld
fr
li
has conimself, th
fe ls term "r ressio ti wo ld refe to if tati lfti
"dis lete wh re
NV RB
LU
TO
IO
.se
has similarialter- an im
self-deception yp
deception. ed
inno-
hi
in both
pa to maintain
ci
ce to his own,
to
al
uc
s,
to appear to himself
these li
is less explic
saliency situations involved in this is th DI ENSION
ho
of
ti
If trying to conceal
fe is not
ul OF
of ECEP IV
pt SITUATIONS
in
ha
focused
also to
saliency an detectiv roles, is collaboration or antagonism maintenanc
of deception.
of
between
to
•Paranoid person ight be consid re to typl Interaction with salient expectations th they will be deceived. cally ente
(if
92
ve
occu becaus th motivated to wi
eceiver, even th ug ve ls lt in his lie.
Bo ve
le
ju
roles
xt ls
ve
ple. An ex
le
fi
ff
lla
lt
rati
xa
qu
ll
be "c l. il wife who doesn't wish to confront his infidelti ll te to tain tion. be colla rati to discover tain t. ly
story, he ve
ll
ot er th primar le
te ze
li ti
fo
lf-d detector -e
situatio s, lt
ve ib
le li
wi
vi
jo
inte vi sh ws
io
ly
lt
lo
it
le
te saliency
li
la ly
ve
sy le
ly
like
valu fo
lv th ra th
is ch racter
iv
An ce ti
th ve in
lt
In
te th role sy th th will fluct ate, er
is
st
in
would be applicable. onvincin eceptive lt
iv
fo
wh la
erformance
eg le etecto etecto eceiver. or antagonism refers Collaboration li xpli In riso
r, wish
to lt
intain ec ju
ju ti
la lt
wishing to uncover deception. t'
wo ld li
th
followi
sy
etry
93
le
iv
vi
lo
li
fo
to ac
lt kn
so collaboration to intain th ti lt ld barrassed to ve ecepti n. he enco nter riso er an le lt tive tu io An tive ll llo ll an
t' vi
th vi t- f-to
la iv
wh le
to be
xt fe k; need kn wle of ow to ro ra hi actions. will su gest that th internal fe la le va fa ff
thes
in xt rn fe body areas.
SE DING AC
ff iv
su ll
FEEDAPACITY, XT RN ND IN RN FEEDBA
he sendin
capacity
in
lf ic
is
le it
im lu vi
tl-
li
it ls
ldin fo ti it ldin fr
ll
l,
ra with ception.
th
lt -d
"m lt
lf in le lt "Y qu
lf fore will
lla
definirate
le
ve
th is rate to lo salie cy abou deception an collaboration to maintain th ti will size in it io wh
wishes tr
lt
la
to is
to im rily
le il te tor.
In
ly
is lf
ve
either leakag
lu
fr
Is
or deceptio clues. ,posture whde
fo verb vi r. we lieve, highly deter ined by basic characterolOgits th in ivid In rtic la by Identiflc~tlon odel an ye ar easily oc!l1f le xe Is certai vo atio s. onversatio al stures ar in term reguZatortl, le scribed them, maTlcBTII; stag fo th Interactio efinin th egre formality, task orientation. etc. Shifts Inposture note change In to ic ff ct role during on versations Conversationa postural pOSition are quit standardized In term of th social settin le ly possu th li ve th im lati ture Is quit easy an th stural ue rarely provid leakag or deceptio clues, eg care at al ab eceivi g. •This distinctio betwee acro an icro ex pressions will be discusse later. hile aggard
94
is
than are the hair,
is
them. mo no ea ng en
legs
respects th Their transmission' slower than
m a s k s or
te
than el
noticeable look downwards.
ck
is
this
in ten patterns
all
time
is
th
can be emitted is also is standing, his
movement than
as
than
staying
his
occu
un-
withou
EzternaJ, feedback-
toes
skirt
his
is
vious external havior conversations
ex-
alter'
ba
ul
gaze
to
least
desk,
with his
in
to
o'
win
on rb
be vi
term
refer to
be-
as
perceive an evaluated. is feedback external
shor as on otlon-pictur fram (1/50 of second) ca be perceived.That Ilhese micr expresthei bein embedded in othe expression whleh dIstract attention, their Infreq en y, or so learned perceptua habit of ignoring fast fac1al ex.p.ressions. cOdin scheme for describin In developin th relevant cu ropertie ot primary affect 20 separate fa ia It
te
changes
responsive
an Is ac firSt describe icro facial expressi ns as bein actually ot etecta le at rm viewing, ou ow research an th evidence from the neurophysiolog of VIsual perception strong-
be
willing
to
uil_
di1f-
verbalized.·
ther
is being
is
is
that
things
re al
re is is
de es is
la alter.
phenomenon
eg and
grooming.
.-
this
is
ti em arra se
If lt
is
ms to
too
rt
is
external feedback
is given
as
than direct-
act ends
be-
is
re interr gati
an
se re role ineq alit
Let
this discussion
vi
In fe
"ext th se sl 's
wh k"
vi vi ve
te mentary legs/feet.
vi
info
"v lt vi
ti
fa
than
wh
to
th ro
th je
is iv
le
abilit to ll t, ct la sequence ehavior, rallels th se in
cally
th
sp ifito ca aci-
at
ie ro rtie le /f In velo
/f
vi
th la le
ve
th fe
face tu t-
lative
id li ka
lo ly
th
external
fe
iffe
fa
ve
s.
voluntar events. Ou th so fo le ka
le
le
te
le
ve
xpla ve
fa
fe ly
le
fo
As
lu
his
th
xt
fe
va la le le le /f ff
li
io
se
it
Eg will xp ting or dissimulatin la ly
to
il
lifies
fa
Mo
in ib
lt
Eq
ll
If lo ly
it is
lr ad itiv
te la io va la li ri to ta in An
in
le
le to /f
with
ff
lu
to disre-
this body area
le
ve
la
ls
existi
le verb
le
le
to prelo
ls iffe en es trieval, id ev
fy
ts ju
th fe
employed to wi
xp to
ve
an ecepti adaptors."
cl es
il
info
ly ti la fe lisle in ly
ve
vi ff ct
is la
an
•W ve ti is five ty nonverba behaviors~mble s. illustrators regulators affect displays, an adaptors...,....i enns ir Ek which ve amon
le
ieve
consciously intended to be co unils wh th is embers subculture or cultur abou
index-finger
97
ff ct
cc
vi
scle fo
whic
ac
li
ll
so
la
in icates
seve
ri
ll
le
is la la
le ff
ic
opera
is la la
la
is la rule it in lt
ls sh
an
idiosy
ti vi
fr qu
im
s, to
ff
velo
stru enta
serv r. Mi ro is la
intain
activities
le
ty wa
th
vi
tive
rototy ic le he confusin asle
s, they re emitted by the ly
vi
wa
ll
le iate
wi
xp
lc
le
discourse, illustrating what Is bein said by em phasis pointing, pictOrial enactment, rhythmiC ve ts ki ti ti s. Re lators re thos nonverba action whic have as thei sole functio th management of th conversationa flo or exchange hile leakag an deceptio clue ca be anifes In emblems, Illustrators la we ll ve th le lm ta fo io ff plavs an adapters Ek
vi te in
ly life
Vmaske displa Micr is lays ls ll la ve ents associated wtth la ly ti ve fo la wh wn lo ti convey emotiona infor atio to observli ve
1968.
acro affect
vere r, ve sely is tt to simulate confidenc an candor velo fr ve Adaptors
ized
Izard.
le ka If ly le is la
lo tith ti al
io lu
ti
ti al inform ti with efi of slo otio projection.
t,
late
ic
ic
xp
trai
si
ff
la
vi
displays.
la le ff la e-intensified, neutralized
sex, la
ry
ve
la
inte sified ti
lu
disp 4ys.
late
is la
Re
Oc .,
tota th
thin
in th
io
la io iv kn
le
ld
vi ti
tivi le io
ly wh
i-
itte in ll
tu l,
th
lt
to with
wa
lt -a
ic je
adaptors. Self-a to vi le le fa li lo ry in t; to fo tive nd excr tive fu ctio s: to engage to groom, le if th tt tive lock so
-makin
an
vi we
fa
fort
ly
lv
le in ibit
to
ta
Fo
li
ly
verb
th
jo
vi
ri
ti
su
issi n. hief exce tion re icro ca facial is la s, whic rv le kti lu s. Be th fa lt la
ff
ti
lu
too lo
in th fa rati
lu with
fo
to
fe taffect. xt
iv
le ff ts Ex le il th la ts to lo th fr
re th th
sufficiently blended with surprise. li
im lati Eg iv le xt fe le fe th tors Ofte will fo ta le in in io il is
fa
ld
so fort
ll is im lati
in ibitio
speech Alter
le in ly to ty ic interp rs ta ts in to giving lu ve ents necessar taki ta ki fe in li with rawa fli t, ta li in sexu ontact Object-a aptors in lu ll to
le
is
is la ware is la
ll th ic f, whil th qu lc th se whic
full le tr
ff lf-d icro
is icro se
la lqu lc
ff
dis-
rd
le formatio
ring dece ti
ener lly
li with hi le to in iffere feet/legs.
/f
t. ic
ff th
fa
leva
la
th il th
fa la
la
is
l-
ry so rc li
io ve le
isre
fo
rdin
clues.
im late
ti
wh
ff
le
fa
spla
ld xp ty ic ll
icro
vi
be
isle
ll
fa ia
th leakag thro
im late
fa
fo
th le ka
it
On
wo ld
ha d, to receive co tradictory informa-
lo
ti
th
fo
ld in lu iv fo kicks, flirtatious leg displays, autoerotic or soothing le squeezing, abortive rest less flig ve ts ce ti cl le le
titive le
fr
's
ve
fa ia ll so la
th
le th
le fa
ve
ti
rovide leakag
la io te lf
alter,
te
eficie
fo
im
ll
la lt
ie
an
lu iffe
in
k. le
ll
ld
kn
lu
lt to
in
le /f eception cl es-fo
Obje tlu
tors
into th
rovi le l.
/f
info
ti
li
im
full je
fusi
.. Overal
to
fo
le vely
vowe
fo
le in
le ka
lf
ti
/f
to losely pass.
la
li Ma
is la ly li
li
ec
le
le
le whic ic im la io lu qu lc la an im roperl perfor ed si lations. th fa
an
so rc
info
ib ti atio
ri
osture lik th le s/feet is li ited fo lo ve Bu it iffe tr le s/fe In te of eing ighl visible, and, importantly fo ou discussion ther ar well-establlshed standard of osture fo give social situations whil such ta rl well fo late fo le s/fe ve ts In tota tu ld likely th ld show inappr priate postur as form of leakag lu ll ld it iv fo re lm late th st ra si ti to ve fals
10
lu interm iate th ts as so rc le regard to se di ca acit an internal an external feed ack. ILLUSTRA.TIVE EXPERIMENTS
have conducte so preli inar experi ents empl ying record of natu ra curr es ce ti So ti -pictu film lr lfe
le
ie
films
ie
li inte vi
ff 's
fe la
xp
xi li
it lizati charge. At gage
le
could specify th concealed infor atio on only thre interviews wa to view sile tly
xp
in lu ed th inte view r' th ward sychiatrist'
im resim res-
vi
ke
Hypothesis: vi le
told th
iv
th info atio /f infor atio
th
ck List
le ka informatio
with ld ve ed
conveyed by body cues
tal
wa
itte
con-
ic
le ka
ve vi wi th /f -projectio sp ed wo ld fail to
wa vi we
"h ad
by 18
th
ie 's
te
inin
servers; ve
serv lm
if
essa "" ::49
to th hospi-
th is wh th diagnosi wa agitated depression 01" zo ia Sh iv tr tyli rochlori sy thera-
is
vi
body.
Ex mple of Alte -deception ie
wh
will
le 's Adje tive ve
I.
la io
will
le th
rm
li
ve
fo ta io
wo ld we
to
atte ptin
feelings
to
se ve
dis-
li
ll contro of affect an
ptimis ll vi si
le
fo
ll spit lizati this film with th patient.
ly
fr
tl
in alter- eception
lu
wn
to to
th
"b
ve
wh
wo
I NF O AGITATION. SIMULATING HEALTH AN
IO WELL-BEING
Head Body Messages
Head Messages Sensitive Friendly Cooperative Self-punishing
.I
se ve ence in th
Tense High strung Fearful Hurried Changeable Awkward Complaining Touchy Affected Restless Impulsive Impatient Rigid
ea
ss
ss la inform ti
both.
wh io
fo ve
we xp fu
IO
an
dy percenta es
s,
11 28 33
th
Hypoth.esis:
th
th
ly
le xp te
xp te ss
issi
in
71
/f
ll
ve
to se
cited seductive picture.
le
ve
lt
be-
tc.)
vi nl
le
to be concealed (anx-
te
00
he awareness.
sa
ly tain
54 54 54
Anxious Emotional Confused Defensive Worrying Dissatisfied Despondent
ftlm
the
le tive
ly
to
se effo ts to iv ly th vi vi cealed informatio in er face
ly
Self-deception Ezample
vi vi w, vi we
li
qu ti
le st
to
ie
pected to be concealed.
fl
film we fo le s/fe ve ts whic we considere to be flirtatious, autoerotic, an ap ropriate to just th le s/feet to
spit lizati li
ve
te is s-
wi enerally su ported ls fo th th
ve
ts
this 1ilm
ju /f im ressio se ve th le s/
02
~.ELF-DECEPrIoN: PATIEN IlrIPULSIV
Head Messages
He
Talkative Alert Cheerful Cooperative Serious
A, WITHHOLDIN INFORMATIO ABoU SEDUCTIVE, IlrIMATUBE BEHAVIOR AN SIMULATIN COOPERATIVENES
Bo
61
30
52
22
Body Messages
Head Bod'll
Confused Awkward Excitable Restless Impulsive ig trun Feminine
32 39 32
Head Body Messages
74 65 65 65
Emotional Active Changeable Nervous Defensive
74
74
to be
turbed, patient'
admission-to-the-hospital Selj-d.eceptilm:
Eza'lll:pl
was admitted to
tal
film.
sion. H?fPOtkesiB:
os
than
body
will nine
days
an to rationalize film was
health
wa viewed
:1 ob rv
ob
film
v-
film.
SELF-DECEPTION: PATIEN B, WITHHOLDIN INFOIUIATION ABoU CONFUSION, ANXIETY, AN DELUSIONS, SIMULATING WEIJ:.oBEING AN HEALTH
Head Messages Cooperative Friendly Cheerful Sensitive Affectionate Appreciative Pleasant
Head Body
59 59
28 18
55
32
Warm
Kind TaJkative Considerate Good-natured Honest
Body Messages
Tense Nervous Defensive Confused Cautious Worrying
Head. Body
33
53
H e a d & ; Body Messages
Active Changeable Alert
55 63
53
50
10
ic iv messages.
fo
ve
fo
wh th le ka ll
eh vi r,
ly st in epti in late
th se tory
tive
ff
t-in
im la
be
vm
losi
so
ve
sh
ld
li
vi in lu
lt If
vi
le ly th
le
is
ve
~r
th
be
li
leak
ti
ld
fo
on 18 wish
lo ti to th successfu (sometimes psychopathically se -c salesm An explanation Of.w le ve le be in with
lt
ly
tion. If
xp
.I
th
re th re rs lft th le ls ve issi lat-
to skil in
tive
ti
li
l. Bu le ve
lati
x-
affect an vice versa. Before
fo
12
fi ie lo ic in in
relate
fr
io
ra ti le whic
le
lv re we were corr fo ti
so
io
-:
ll
tal, la
sitive
thro va
/f
lu we ve th le Fu
ve turalistic wh th
em
lt -d
le
ti ible fo
xp ri
xc
tu ve lo vi li le le ka
ve
fi
li
fe
la to info ve
ve
vi
xt
th
le
la
verb
th
ve
ll
tr fo la of leakag an dece tion clues.
in ir
ll
hi
xclu
In
le
le wo ld
fo
to te de
.This
xi dece~
ve ~d to form of tu ti
11 is xpla Goffman.
io
nver al be avior.
te
Er In
10
be
his am ivalence
th
ere, th
probably be chan le into vi scio ly
fe li
le ve
th
fo
lt
le
li
ly
xpli
lo ca
t, th
scio sl
be
iv le
er
ve cc
ta le fo it
le ka ld
ll vi i. ., ic likely In
ld
verb vale it too, le vi
fe lu lt
ve spla s)
fo
si
il ze late
ve In co scio
li lt -d
fo
verbal an
io
ve
vi
to whi.ch fe
in re ar
la
to th se ctivities. ambivalenc
from deception,
ve
st
fe tati
th
le
clues.
ce ti cl es ec ette vi ta fe te fe k,
le ld tr in to verb li rs tilizi to fo xt
el ividin le ly of th ambivalence.
/o xi io is ve
th
fe l-
aril
ll vi to is iv le ce th le whic ve
in
in
vi
verbal ch
acceptable part
sh in
ti
cealed information la xpla fa ls
bele ecause eg
iv
se la
ly
lu s,
le k-
essa es
fa ia
vi
le
ff
fo il such
ve fe
to
consciou
epti
ld
io
ib li fe li
lu rts. Ou scri ti ti ld lp
ig
st
tt
to
ce tive situaif th
to nonverba
behavi-
10
vi r. More ver, we
ve
in
be problems
observer
to
to
ti
to
la
ve
ts
in
relatively as so is ld ls
to
tu
ll le /f li in te
be
or
If
thro deception.
lu -a
ll
to
verb
ld be r-
to th
start to
fe nonverba behavior
le
attentive
lu
ly
is
te
le ka
to
lu
LANGLEYPORTERNEUROPSYCHIATRIC INSTITt11'E STUDIESIN NONVEBIJAlBi:HA.VIOB 140 FOtJKT AVENUl!: SAN FRANCISCO,CAUFOBNL\ 94122
REFERENCES
ARGYLE, MICHAEL. personal Behavior BIRDWHlSTELL, RA guisti -Kinesic Studie
to th
LinUnderstandin
(E .)
proach; DARWIN, CHABLES.The Exp'1'usitm of the E_ tio7UJin Ma and Animals; Philosophica ibrary, 1955. DITTMANN ALLE T. PARLOW,MOBBlSB. an Fa tional Cues," PSYCHIATRY(1965) 28:239-244
Rera Resear h. in
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