MEM 643-ORGA GANI ZATI ON DEVELOPME MENT AND
LEADERSHI P
EFFECTI VENESS
NON ONTHE HEOR ORETI CAL I NFLUENCESON ORGA GANI ZATI ONAL THOU OUGH GHT
Academi mi ct heori zi ngi shardl yt heonl yf orcet hatdevel opsour under st andi ngofeducat i onalor gani zat i onandbehavi ouri nt hem m. .t wo power f ulandhi ghl ypr agma mat i ceme mer gi ngi nfluenceshavel arge l yi gnor ed t r adi t i o nalo r g a ni z a t i o nt he o r yy o u ha v es ubs t ant i al l ybut t r e s s e dt heki ndsof t hi nki ngj us tde s c r i be d.Oneo ft he s ei st hee ffe c t i v es c ho ol sr e s e a r c h,t heo t he r i st hemu muchl ar ge r,br oadersc hoolr ef or m mov em me entt hatgat her edmo mom me ent um i nt he1980s.
Effecti veschool si nr esearch.Thenowsubst ant i albodyofr esear ch l i t e r a t ur eone ffe c t i v esc ho ol shadi t sor i g i nsi nde s pai r .I n1970s ,bi gc i t y school swer egener al l yper cei vedasper f ormi mi ngsobadl yt hatsome mewer e begi nni ngt owonder ,“canbi gci t yhi ghsc hool sbemadet owor kf ort hepoor , et hni cmi mi nori t yst udent s?Doanybi gci t yhi ghschool sexi sti nwhi chst udent achi eve ment :l eve lsat i sf act ory?Andi ft heydowh whatcanwel earnf r om t hem t hatwi l lhel pust oi mpr oveot hersc hool s?”Andanal ysi soft hereadi ngac hi e v e me me ntt e s ts c or e s ,s o me me al be i tatt het i me,af e wi nne rc i t yhi g hs c ho ol s we r ecl ear l yper f or mi ngbe t t ert hanot her s . Fi ndi ngsoft heeffe ffecti veschoolr esearch. Fi r s tawo r do fc aut i o n.Ev e r s i nc et hefir s tr e s e ar c ho ne ffe c t i v es c ho ol sbe g ant oappe ari nt hel i t e r a t ur ei n t he1970s,t her ehavebeenr epeat edeffort st osynt hesi zet hefindi ngsand ext r actt heessenceofwhati tt el lus.Byt he1980sconsi der abl eagr eeme menthad eme mer gedamongst udent sofeffect i ves chool sr ese ar chast owhatt hekey findi ngswer e. Fi v ebas i cas s umpt i o nsofe ffe c t i v es c ho ol s .Fi r s tl e tusl o okatt hebas i c assumpt i onst hatunder l i net heconceptofeffect i veschool s. 1.What everel seaschoolcanandshoul ddo,i t scent r alpur posei st o t each:successi sme measur edbyt hest udent s’ pr ogres si nknowl edge, s ki l l sandat t i t ude s.
2.t heschooli sresponsi bl ef orpr ovi di ngt heoveral lenvi r onmenti nwhi ch t eachi ngandl earni ngoccur . 3.School smustbet r eat edhol i st i cal l y:part i aleffort st omaket he i mpr ove mentt hatdealwi t ht heneedsofonl ysomeoft hest udent sand br eakupt heuni t yoft hei ns t r uct i onalpr ogr am ar el i kel yt of ai l . 4.Themostcruci alcharact eri st i csofaschoolaret heat t i t udesand behavi or soft het e ac her sandot hers t aff,notmat e r i alt hi ngssuc has t hes i z eoft hel i br a r yort heag eo ft hephy s i c alpl ant . 5.Per hapsmosti mport ant,t heschoolaccept sr esponsi bi l i t yf ort he successorf ai l ur eoft heacademi cperf ormanceoft hest udent s. St udent sar efirml yregar dedascapabl eofl earni ngregardl essoft hei r et hni ci t y ,sex,homeorcul t ur albackgr oundorf ami l yi ncome.“Pupi l s f r om poorf ami l i esdonotneed adi ffer entcurr i cul um,nordoest hei r po v e r t yex c us ef ai l ur et ol e ar nbas i cs ki l l s .“St e war tPur kyand Mar shal lSmi t hasser t ,addi ng.Di ffer encesamongsc hool sdohavean i mpactonst udentachi ev ementandt hosedi ffer encesar econt r ol l edby t heschoolst aff. Tho ug ho neo ft heo ut s t andi ngc har ac t e r i s t i co fe ffe c t i v es c ho olasi s t hatt he yt aker e s po ns i bi l i t yf o rme e t i ngt hee duc at i o nalne e dso ft hes t ude nt s t og r e at e rde gr e et hant he i rl e s s s uc c es s f ulc ount e r par t s ,t hi ss t i l lac onc e pt t hatmanyeducat i onalpr act i t i oner sfinddi fficul tt oaccept .Especi al l yi nt hose sc hool ssee mi ngl yover whel med. Thust heeffect i veschool sr esearchsuggesti ncr easedi nvol vementof t eacher sandot herst aff member si ndeci si onmaki ng,expandedopport uni t i es f o rc ol l abo r a t i v epl anni ng ,andfle x i bl ec hang es t r at e g i e st hatc anr e fle c tt he uni q uepe r s o nal i t yofe ac hs c ho ol .Theg oali st oc hang et hes c ho olc ul t ur e ,t he meansr equi r ess t aff member st oassumer esponsi bi l i t yf orschool i mpr ovement ,whi chi nt urni spr edi cat edont hei rhavi ngt heaut hori t yand supportnecessary. .t ocr eat ei nst ruct i onalpr ogr amst hatmeett heeducat i onal ne e dso ft he i rs t ude nt s . Seeki ngan effect i veschool sf ormul a.Theearl yeffect i veschool sr esearch wasqui c kl yse i z eduponast hebas i sf orde v el opi ngpr ogr amsf ori mpr ov i ngt he perf ormanceofschool s.Effect i veschool s,r ant hatearl ymessage,shar et he f ol l o wi ngc har ac t e r i s t i c s: St r ongl eader shi pbyt hepri nci pal Hi ghexpect at i onsf ors t udentachi evementont hepart soft het eacher s andot he rs t affmember s • •
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Anemphas i sonbas i cski l l s Anor der l yenvi r onme nt . Fr equentandsyst emat i ceval uat i onofst udent s,and I ncr easedt i meont eachi ngandl earni ngt ask
Emer gi ngappr oacht oeffect i veschool s.PukeryandSmi t hhavei dent i fied t hi r t e e nc har ac t e r i s t i c sofe ffe c t i v es c ho ol sf r o mt her e po r t e dr e s e ar c h.The y f al li nt ot wogroups.Thefir stgroupofni nechar act eri st i cscanbei mpl ement ed qui ckl yatmi ni malcostbyt headmi ni st r at i ve.Theyar e: 1.Sc hoolsi t emanage mentanddemocr at i cdeci si onmaki ngi nwhi c h i ndi v i duals c hoo l sar ee nc our ag e dt ot akeg r e at e rr e s pons i bi l i t yf o r ,and ar eg i v e ng r e at e rl at i t udef o re duc at i onalpr obl e ms ol v i ng . 2.Supppo r tf r o mt hedi s t r i c tf o ri nc r e as i ngt hec apac i t yofs c ho ol st o i de nt i f yands o l v es i g ni fic ante duc at i o nalpr o bl e ms;t hi si nc l ude s r educi ngt hei nspect i onandmanagementr ol esofcent r alofficepeopl e whi l ei nc r eas i ngsuppor tandencour age me ntofsc hooll e v ell e ade r shi p andc o l l abo r a t i v epr o bl e ms o l v i ng . 3.St r ongl eader shi pwhi chmaybepr ovi dedbyadmi ni st r at orbutal somay bepr ov i dedbyi nt e gr at edt er msofadmi ni s t r at or s,t eac her sandpe r haps ot her s. 4.St affs t abi l i t y ,t of ac i l i t at et hede v e l o pme nto fas t r ongc ohe s i v es c ho ol c ul t ur e 5.Apl anned,coordi nat edcurr i cul um t hatt r eat st hest udent s’ educat i onal needswi t ht heneedshol i st i cal l yandi ncr easest i mespentonacademi c l e ar ni ng . 6.School wi dest aff deve l opmentt hatl i nkst hesc hoolor gani zat i onaland i nst ruct i onalneedswi t ht heneedst hatt eacher st hemsel vesper cei ve shoul dbeaddr es se d; 7.Parent ali nvol vementpart i cul arl yi nsupportofhomewor k,at t endance, anddi s c i pl i ne ; 8.School wi der ecogni t i onofacademi csuccess,bot hi nt er msofi mpr ovi ng academi cperf ormanceandachi evi ngst andardsofexcel l ence; 9.Emphasi z et i meont eac hi ngandl ear ni ngf orexampl e,r educe i nt e r r upt i o ns ,s t r e s spr i mac yoff o c us e de ffo r t st ol e ar n,a ndr e s t r uc t ur e t e ac hi ngac t i v i t i es . Thesecondgr oupoff ourcharact eri st i cst hathavegr eatpowert or enew andi nc r e a s ee ffe c t i v e ne s sov e r t i me .The s ef o urs c ho olc har ac t e r i s t i car e:
10.Co l l abo r at i v epl anni ngandc ol l e g i alr e l at i o ns hi pst hatpr o mo t ef e e l i ng so f uni t y ,encour ageshari ngofknowl edgeandi deasandf ost erconsensusamong t hesei nt heschool ; 11. Senseofcommuni t yi nwhi chal i enat i onbot ht eacher sandst udent s-i st o r educedandasenseofmut ualshari ngi ss t r engt hened. 12. Shar edcl eargoal sandhi ghachi evabl eexpect at i ons,whi chari sef r om col l aborat i on,col l egi al i t yandasenseofcommuni t yandwhi chserve t ouni f yt hosei nt heor gani z at i ont hr ought hei rc ommonpur poses; 13. Or deranddi sc i pl i net hebes peakt heser i ousnes sand purposef ul nessoft heschoolast hecommuni t yofpeopl e,st udent s, t eacher s,andst aff,andot heradul t s,t hati scoher edbymut ual agr eementonsharedgoal s,col l abor at i on,andconsensus. Cl e ar l y ,t hecr i t i c als c hoolc har a ct e r i s t i c sl i s t e di nt hes ec ondgr o upar e mor ecompl ex,t hatt hosei nt hefirs tgr oup,mor edi fficul tt oachi eveand sust ai novert i me,yett heycombi net opr oducegreatpowert oest abl i sh t hei mpr o v e me nto fe duc at i o nale ffe c t i v e ne s sasac e nt r alf o cuso fl i f e wi t hi nt hesc hool .
Pr e par edby:ROLANDO C.CABI C
