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Voice over LTE (VoLTE) Optimization
Contents
1.
Introduction
3
2.
VoIP Client Options
5
3.
Radio Network Optimization
6
4.
Voice Quality Optimization
11
5.
Handset Power Consumption Optimization
17
6.
Summary
19
7.
Further Reading
19
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1.
Introduction
Mobile operator networks carry tens of billions of minutes of voice in 2G and 3G technologies. Most LTE operators serve voice calls via
architecture.
multimedia services. The main reasons for adopting VoLTE are summarized in Figure 1.
Provide faster call setup time
Migrate from dual radio CDMA + LTE devices to LTE only devices
Enhance voice quality with wideband codec
Take benefit of low band LTE for extended coverage
Enable simultaneous voice and LTE data
Improve spectral efficiency
Provide evolution from voice to rich next generation IMS services
Prepare evolution to LTE only deployments
Fig. 1. Motivations for VoLTE.
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a number of aspects of VoLTE optimization in radio networks and in power consumption. The white paper also compares VoLTE with CS
operator voice can be run over Wi-Fi radio. If evolved packet core is
handset support.
white paper. The radio network optimization solutions are considered in this paper on the optimization of handset power consumption. The contents are summarized in Figure 2.
Radio network optimization
End user quality optimization
Terminal power consumption optimization
Fig. 2. Contents of this paper.
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2.
VoIP Client Options
interworking with legacy CS networks. The VoLTE client can also for voice packet prioritization. It is also possible to have a non-native VoLTE client from third parties which runs on top of the application
1.
Native VoLTE client integrated in the handset chip set. The number of commercial handsets with native VoLTE clients is growing rapidly.
2.
Non-native VoLTE clients. Third party applications which can
and Viber.
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3.
Radio Network Optimization
The success rate and the retainability of a VoLTE call must match and exceed the level provided by CS connections. The key performance rate and call completion success rate. Network optimization also aims at The network optimization includes parameter optimization and feature
and 54% no activity. The throughput shows the impact of the codec bit kbps with the codec rate of 23.85 kbps and 8.8 kbps with the codec rate of 12.65 kbps.
using voice activity detection. The lower average throughput in this of the Mean Opinion Score MOS. This same application with Enhanced
on the codec they used and the particular implementation of features such as codec rate adaptation or voice activity detection. 45
42.8
40
35.8
35
kbps
30 25 20
17.6
17.3
15 10
10.2
8.3
8.8
5 0
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SIP EFR
SIP AMR OTT AP1 OTT AP2 WB
OTT AP3
VoLTE VoLTE 23.85 kbps 12.65 kbps
Fig. 3. Measured throughput
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The throughput measurements shown in Figure 3 include full IP
header can be larger than the voice packet if header compression is maximizing VoLTE capacity. 45
Header compression
40 Header size (byte)
35 30 25 20
Original header size Uplink header size Downlink header size
15 10 5 0
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VoLTE uplink performance in the weak signal can be enhanced with TTI bundling which allows the handset to repeat the same transmission in four consecutive 1 ms TTIs. TTI bundling makes the uplink more
up substantial radio resources. TTI bundling is switched on only when the handset hits the edge of the coverage area. TTI bundling runs between the base station and the handset. 80.0
PUSCH BLER comparison 72.7
70.0
BLER (in %)
60.0
With TTI bundling Without TTI bundling
50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
9.0
0.0
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in highly loaded cells. Figure 6 shows an example VoLTE call setup success rate in a live network including tens of millions of VoLTE calls during the excellent VoLTE availability can be achieved even in the loaded network. The network carried tens of billions of packet calls at the same time. Another important factor for VoLTE is reliable mobility. The handover success rate can be optimized with RF planning and new features included Optimization. This enables radio level connection re-establishment in the event of handover failure.
100
VoLTE call setup success rate
98
96 (%) 94
92
90
Three-month period
Fig. 6. VoLTE call setup success rate.
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can be handed over to a CS connection in a 3G or 2G network. This
leg change. The SRVCC probability also depends on the parameter shows the probability of SRVCC in an example network. The SRVCC probability is reduced by 7% to below 3% by network optimization. More than a million SRVCC attempts are included in this graph. SRVCC functionality is available for QCI1 connections but not for OTT
10%
Percentage of VoLTE Calls Using SRVCC
9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0%
Three-month period
Fig. 7. Probability of VoLTE call using SRVCC.
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4.
Voice Quality Optimization
acoustics may limit the maximum bandwidth provided by the speech 26.131. The bandwidth is illustrated in Figure 8. The CS connections
AMR - NB 80 - 3700 Hz 0.05 0.1
1
2
AMR - WB 50 - 7000 Hz 3
4
5
6
7 kHz
Fig. 8. Audio bandwidth of narrowband and wideband AMR.
the performance of the telephone transmission system by listening
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codec scored only slightly lower with 2.7. The same SIP client with an this and other third party SIP clients could be increased to 3.4 or 3.6 by tweaking some optional functionality such as deactivating voice transmit a constant data stream regardless of whether the speaker was talking or silent. The OTT VoIP applications scored between 4.1 to the native VoLTE client.
That codec will make it possible for VoLTE to match and beat the voice
4.5 4.0
MOS
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
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3G CS AMR-NB
SIP EFR
SIP AMR-WB
OTT AP1
OTT AP2
OTT AP3
VoLTE
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OTT VoIP as a function of network loading. VoLTE uses QoS Class
OTT VoIP decreases as a function of loading. The OTT VoIP call also
OTT VoIP-Good
OTT VoIP-Bad
VoLTE-Good
VoLTE-Bad
4.5 4.0
MOS
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0
OTT VoIP fails to work
1.5 1.0
2
21
192
382
762
1902
Effective number of non-GBR data users
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Mouth-to-ear delay as a function of loading is shown in Figure 11. the base station. The delay of OTT VoIP increases as a function of simultaneous data loading in the cell. OTT-Bad
VoLTE-Good
300
352
352
491
525
451
500
427
541
600
300
Mouth to Ear Delay (ms)
700
400
VoLTE-Bad 661
OTT-Good
200
OTT VoIP fails to work
100 0
2
21
192
382
762
1902
Effective non-GBR Load (users)
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the call establishment time compared to the legacy CS systems. The total time for call establishment depends on many factors such as whether the handsets were initially in RRC Idle or RRC Connected state when the call was originated and the latency experienced by the signaling network. The laboratory measurements show a VoLTE call depending on the operator network and transport architecture. The corresponding typical CS call setup time is four seconds and with CS
Call setup time
7.0
6.0
6.0
Seconds
5.0 3.8
4.0 3.0
2.4
2.2
2.0 0.9
1.0 0.0
idle - idle (field)
idle - idle VoLTE
connected connected
3G idle CSFB - CSFB idle CS voice
Fig. 12. Call setup time measurements.
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strategy for incoming VoLTE calls. VoLTE paging logic is executed in a
procedure by marking packets related to the incoming voice calls with Figure 13 shows an example of paging response delay distribution. A more aggressive timer value for paging a re-try timer could be applied
Number of Samples
1000
100
10
9.5
9
8.5
8
More
Delay between Paging and Service Request
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
Fig. 13. Paging response delay distribution in live network.
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5.
Handset Power Consumption Optimization
users. It can be extended by using advanced features in the radio network and by optimized handset design. The two main factors
The power optimization solutions are shown in Figure 14. Handset architecture optimization
• VoLTE integrated to the chip set • Application processor can enter sleep mode
Radio features including DRX
• Discontinuous reception (DRX) • Modem activity from 100% to below 50%
Fig. 14. Mobile handset power saving solutions.
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which however needs a lot of power. Power consumption can be minimized by integrating a VoLTE client to the modem processor.
reception allows the use of power saving sleep mode even between
instantaneous handset power consumption during a VoLTE call when the person is listening and not talking. The short power peaks happen power consumption is considerably lower between the packets. Current (mA)
600
Current (mA)
500 400 300 200 100
656.52
656.5
656.48
656.46
656.44
656.42
656.4
656.38
656.36
656.34
656.32
656.3
656.28
656.26
656.24
656.22
656.2
656.18
656.16
656.14
656.12
656.1
656.08
656.06
656.04
656.02
656
655.98
655.96
0
Time (s)
is shown in Figure 16. VoLTE power consumption can be reduced by even slightly below the 125 mA measured on the same codec on 3G CS using the same handset. The power consumption of the OTT VoIP application is substantially higher at 248 mA.
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300
Current (mA)
250
248
235
-50%
200 154
150
129
131
125
121
100 50 0
3G CS AMR-NB
3G CS AMR-WB
noDRX
DRX on with different settings
OTT VoIP
consumption for VoLTE than for OTT VoIP.
6.
Summary
setup times. This paper illustrates that optimization of radio features and parameters is needed to provide reliable VoLTE connections with high success rates and low drop rates. The live network results show that excellent key performance indicators can be obtained for VoLTE in optimized networks.
Reliability is obtained by using QoS features in the radio network and
7.
Further Reading
•
paper.pdf •
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