Part 2: Social Sciences 1. Sociology: study of human groups, their customs and institutions institutions and their development at all times and places 2. Enculturation: the process of learning to become a responsible adult member of a society as defined by the norms of that society. society. It is shown when people talk, act and think is acceptable ways . Proverbs: a short, well!known saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice 4. Open Open-c -cla lass ss Soci Societ ety: y: Social status of a person is achieved through their effort not on their family background, ethnicity, ethnicity, gender or religion. religion.
". Folkways: norms for routine or casual interaction. #$. %ppropriate %ppropriate greeting and proper dress in different situations. situations. &raw a line between right and rude. 6. Values: culturally defined standards held by human individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, beautiful, beautiful, good or bad that serve serve as broad guidelines for social life.
'. Nors: patterns of beliefs that serve to guide, control and regulate conduct (. !ores: norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance. &istinguish between right and wrong. ). "eviant act: actions or behaviors that violate social norms #$. "i%%us "i%%usion ion:: spread of cultural traits from one sociocultural system to another
11. &nnovation: human action out of the ordinary*uni+ue*unprecendented ordinary*uni+ue*unprecendented #'. &nvent &nvention ion:: unique or novel device, method, composition or process. process. #(. !a) *e *eber ber! proposed a theory of authority a. +,ar +,aris isa ati ticc aut,o aut,ori rity ty: found in a leader who mission and vision inspire others. eader of a new social movement and one instilled with divine or supernatural powers such as a religious prophet. -avored by eber b. rait aitio iona nall aut,o aut,ori rity ty: %bility and right to rule is passed down via heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent. inconsistent. c. Func Functi tion onal al aut, aut,or orit ity: y: the right which is delegated to an individual or department to control specified processes, practices, policies or other matters relating to activities undertaken by persons in other departments. discharging statutory . /ega /egall aut aut,o ,ori rity ty:: fosters belief in competence of the individual discharging obligation
1/. Enogenous: having internal cause of origin
#0. !ar)ist1s !oel: socio!economic and political worldview or in+uiry based on a materialist interpretation of historical development a dialectical view of social transformation, an analysis of class!relations and conflict within society. a. !a2or criticis: overemphasis on importance of economic class to e$plain historical trends #6. Sanction: % reward for conformity or a punishment for nonconformity that reinforces socially approved forms of behavior #3. &nstitution: any structure of mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community #. 5ins,ip: 0he network of social relationships which link individuals through common ancestry, marriage or adoption. #. Subculture: % group within the broader society that has values, norms and lifestyle distinct from those of the maority '$. +ounity: % group of people who share a common sense of identity and interact with one another on a sustained basis '#. Pepinsky: effective form of social control among hinese communists is by group manipulation of guilt and shame.
22. 7ureaucracy: A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority,
the existence of written rules of procedure, staed by full-time salaried ocials, and striving for the ecient attainment of organizational goals. 2. Priary %unction o% religion in ,uan societies: establish orderly relationship between man and surroundings 2/. Priary groups: small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships. 2". Seconary groups: interact on a less personal level than primary, and relationships are temporary rather than long lasting. #stablished to perform functions and people3s roles are interchangeable. 24. Fascist syste: form of radial authoritarian nationalism. 5nify nation through totalitarian state that promoted mass mobili6ation of national community. 7iew political violence, war and imperialism as means to achieve national reuvenation and asserts that stronger nations have the right to e$pand their territory by displacing weaker nations. 2'. aste System vs lass System a. +aste syste: form of social stratification characteri6ed by hereditary transmission of style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in hierarchy and customary
social interaction and e$clusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution. b. +lass syste: people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being upper, middle and lower classes. 2(. Stereotypes: % rigid and infle$ible image of the characteristics a group. a. People initially interact with them rather than a true person 2). "iscovery: initial awareness of e$isting but unobserved elements of nature ($. +lairvoyance: ability to gain information about an obect, person, location or physical event through means other than the known human senses. (#. Psyc,okinesis: supposed ability to move obects by mental effort alone
2. Precognition: foreknowledge of an event especially as a form of e$trasensory perception ((. elepat,y: supposed communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses (4. Fi)ation: concept originating from Sigmund -reud. It is the state in which becomes obsessed with an attachment to another person, being or obect. (0. &enti%ication: psychological process whereby the subect assimilates an aspect, property or attribute of the other and is transformed, wholly or partially after the model the other provides.
4. 8epression: to repel one3s own desires and impulses towards pleasurable instincts by e$cluding the desire form one3s consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious. (3. 8egression: defense mechanism leading to temporary or long!term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult wa y.
(. Illusion: distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain normally organi6es and interprets sensory stimulation. (. 9allucination: perception in the absence of apparent stimulus which has +ualities of real perception. 4$. uitory iagery: form of mental imagery that is used to organi6e and analy6e sounds when there is no e$ternal auditory stimulus present
/1. Eietic iagery: !he "idetic #mage has been identi$ed in psychological
literature as a vision, as a source for new thought and feeling, as a material picture in the mind which can be scanned by the person as he would scan a real current event in his environment.
/2. %%ective isorer;!oo isorer: psychological disorder characteri6ed by elevation or lowering of a person3s mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder. 4(. Panic reaction: an acute overwhelming attack of fear or an$iety producing personality disorgani6ation that may persist
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anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling or lightheadedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months /". Sc,i=op,renia: a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in
the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation. 46. "opaine: neurotransmitter! chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other nerve cells. 43. Enkep,alin: involved in regulating nociception 8pain9 in the body. 4. Epinep,rine: many functions in body, regulating heart rate, blood vessel and air passage diameters. rucial part of fight or flight response.
/). ,ora=ine;+,lorproa=ine: synthetic drug used as a tran+uilli6er or sedative 0$. Percept: an obect of perception something that is perceived 0#. Subliinal: below the threshold of sensation or consciousness 0'. ,res,ol: magnitude or intensity that must be e$ceeded for a certain reaction
". Piaget3s stages of cognitive growth a. Sensoriotor: birth through 1(!2/ months! only aware what is i mmediately in front of them. 0hey focus on what they see, what they are doing and physical interactions with their immediate environment b. Preoperational: 0oddlerhood to childhood 8'9! 0hink about things symbolically. 0heir language becomes more mature and develop memory and imagination which allows them to understand the difference between past and future. c. Operational: ages '!12! demonstrate logical and concrete reasoning. 0hinking becomes less egocentric and increasingly aware of e$ternal events.
d. Foral operational: adolescence through adulthood! able to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts 04. Von 8estor%% e%%ect: aka isolation effect, predicts that an item that ;stands out like a sore thumb< is more likely to be remembered than other items. 00. >eigarnik e%%ect: people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks 06.
"(. an3s impulses most fre+uently conflict with moral standards of society: se$ and aggression 41. Selective attention: being able to focus one3s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli 6'. Sensory aaptation: change over time in the responsiveness of sensory system to a constant stimulus 6(. ?ust noticeable i%%erence: Smallest detectable difference between a starting and secondary level of particular sensory stimulus 64. 8oger1s Sel% ,eory: ?oger3s reected the deterministic nature of psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. @elieved that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self!actuali6e! to fulfill one3s potential and achieve the highest level of human!beingness we can.
60. Negative trans%er: the obstruction of or interference with new learning because of previous learning. 66. Spontaneous recovery: phenomenon of learning and memory which was first seen in classical conditioning and refers to a re!emergence of a previously e$tinguished conditioned response after a delay. 63. Operant conitioning: conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response. 6. Stiulus generali=ation: transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus 6. P,obias: an e$treme or irrational fear of or aversion to something 3$. +lassical conitioning: learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone 3#. "esensiti=ation: process of reducing sensitivity 3'. !oeling: for of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual 3(. "i%%usion o% responsibility: sociopsychological phenomemnon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present 8e.g. being in a public place9. 34. Proble wit, e)periental researc, in psyc,ology: &emand characteristics, hawthorne effect and halo effect. 30. "ean c,aracteristics: e$perimental artifact where participants form an interpretation of the e$periment3s purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation. 36. 9awt,orne e%%ect: the alternation of behavior by the subects of a study due to their awareness of being observed 33. 9alo e%%ect: tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area 3. 8ano assignent: e$perimental techni+ue for assigning subects to different treatments. 3. 9euristic availability: mental shortcut that relies on immediate e$amples that comes to mind. $.
#. 8eality t,erapy: approach to psychotherapy and counseling. -ocuses on realism, responsibility and right!and!wrong, rather than s ymptoms of mental disorders. '. Psyc,oanalysis: system of psychological theory and therapy which aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techni+ues such as dream interpretation and free association. (. 7e,avior t,erapy: the treatment of neurotic symptoms by training the patient3s reactions to stimuli 4. +lient-centere t,erapy: developed by arl ?ogers in which the client determines the focus and pace of each session. 0. 8ational eotive t,erapy: comprehensive, active!directive, philosophically and e mpirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and fulfilling lives. 6. +ontrast: to set in opposition in order to show or emphasi6e differences. 3. 9abituation: decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations . 8epetition: act or process or an instance of repeating or being repeated . Pro2ection: defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously reects his or her own unacceptable attributes by ascribing them to obects or persons in the outside world $. Suppression: ;conscious< e$clusion of painful memories, thoughts etc. #. Sigun Freu: father of psychoanalysis '. !aslow1s 9ierarc,y o% nees: theory of human motivation. @ottom of triangle is the more basic needs. a. %t the bottom of the triangle is p,ysiological! breathing, food, water, se$, sleep, homeostasis and e$cretion. b. Sa%ety! security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property. c. /ove;belonging! friendship, family, se$ual intimacy . Estee! self!esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others e. Sel% !actuali=ation! morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of preudice and acceptance of facts
