Module 3:
Remark
M3-C1
Overview of Occupational Health
M3-C2
Occupational Health Standard
M3-C3
Introduction and Fundamentals of Toxicology 1.
a) List out the factors that influence the toxicity/damaging effect of substances on the body. 1.) Method of exposure to chemical determined the rate of absorption and its target organ. 2.) Type of chemical entering the body determine the different toxic effects. 3.) Chemical and physical characteristics of the material determine its absorption rate. This include the molecule size, volatility, solubility etc. 4.) Intensity of exposure. This includes the dosage, frequency and duration of exposure. A higher does most likely have a more hazardous effect than a lower dose. 5.) Interaction of various materials. Simultaneous exposure to various chemicals may increase or decrease its toxicity effect. 6.) Age. Elderly person has a different physiology and metabolic rate than younger individuals. 7.) Gender. 8.) Genetics, immunity, hormones and diet
b) Describe the mode of entry of substance into the body 1.) Inhalation: Most common route of entry (gases, vapors, dusts or mists) 2.) Skin absorption: Common for fat soluble chemicals (liquid or droplet), Some substances are absorbed through the skin and enter the bloodstream. Broken, cut or cracked skin will allow substances to enter the body more easily. 3.) Ingestion: Less common (personal hygiene, work practices). Chemicals that get in or on food, cigarettes, utensils or hands can be swallowed 4.) Injection: Happened when injection needles are used, may occur through mechanical injury from "sharps".
2.
Describe the main processes upon chemical entered the human body. Refer to textbook module 3 page 55 Chemicals goes through 4 main processes upon entering to disposal from the human body: - Absorption: Process where toxic chemical entering the body. Most common route of entry is through 1) Inhalation: gasses enter through inhalation and are absorbed into the lungs 2) Skin absorption: absorbed if the skin is damaged or torn. - Distribution: Process where the chemical and its metabolites are distributed into the body. - Metabolism: Process in which the absorbed chemical takes another form 1) Bio activation: Non-toxic materials changed to toxic 2) Detoxification: Toxic materials changed to non-toxic - Excretion: Process of disposing the absorbed material and its metabolite from the body.
3.
2 main factors to determine the chemical toxicity 1.) Method of exposure to chemical determined the rate of absorption and its target organ. 2.) Type of chemical entering the body determine the different toxic effects. 3.) Chemical and physical characteristics of the material determine its absorption rate. This include the molecule size, volatility, solubility etc. 4.) Intensity of exposure. This includes the dosage, frequency and duration of exposure. A higher does most likely have a more hazardous effect than a lower dose. 5.) Interaction of various materials. Simultaneous exposure to various chemicals may increase or decrease its toxicity effect. 6.) Age. Elderly person has a different physiology and metabolic rate than younger individuals. 7.) Gender. 8.) Genetics, immunity, hormones and diet
4.
Characteristics of chronic exposure (relative to acute) 1.)
Acute exposure: usually occurs for a short duration (second/minutes), usually in high doses. Eg, spillage or chemical release. The effect (急性暴露)
2.)
Chronic exposure: is long term exposure is small doses. It happens daily, weekly and at times, throughout whole duration of working (慢性暴露)
5.
is known as acute effect
in a certain factory. The effect is known as chronic effect. Eg. Exposure to asbestos or tobacco smoke.
True statement about PEL (boundary between safe & unsafe dose) Permissible exposure limit means: - A ceiling limit - Maximum exposure limit - An eight-hour time-weighted average airborne concentration (TWA), TWA levels are usually lower than ceiling values. Most toxic materials have a certain level which if exposed does not cause any harmful effects. This does is known as threshold dose, also known as No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). NOAEL is the basis for the determination of the Permissible exposure limit.
M3-C4
Overview and Basic Principles of Industrial Hygiene 1.
Name 6 (six) common analytical methods in occupational hygiene laboratory analysis.
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1.) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
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2.) Electron Microscopy (Transmission and scanning microscopes)
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3.) Gas Chromatography (GC)
到的答案。
4.) High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Refer
5.) Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICAP)
textbook
6.) Ion Chromatography (IC)
module 3
7.) Optical Microscopy (Phase-contrast and polarized-light microscopes)
page116
8.) Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry 9.) X-ray Diffraction 10.) Gravimetric
M3-C5
Chemical Hazard Management 1.
Discuss the safe procedures of chemicals that should be carried out during receiving, handling, storing and disposal. 1.)
Receiving of chemicals at workplace
1.) Item verification： Ensure order is the same as what is received and done by at least 2 trained and experienced staff 2.) check labels on packaging or containers： All labels must have the following information , i.e chemical name, hazard signs and symbols, risk phrases and safety warnings, supplier information 3.) Check the availability of hazard information：Ensure the supplier provides CSDS. 4.) Check the integrity of packaging and container： Check for leakage, change of shape, rust or flaws and weakness of the package or container. Soiled /rejected packages must be returned to the suppliers.
2.)
Chemical storage
1.) Chemical storage must take the following into consideration： 2.) Storage area is in isolation from processing area through either separation by fire proof guard or in a separate building 3.) Avoid storing materials that may have reactions to each other together. Segregation should be with space or physical barriers 4.) Reduce the risk of physical damage such as using proper risk management or rack organizing processes. 5.) Fire proof walls , doors or obstructions to prevent the spreading of fire/smoke 6.) Limit the quantity of materials stored to the quantity required for operation to minimize the outcome of potential accidents 7.) Store chemicals in a safe and efficient manner, with a good ventilation system, Temperature and humidity controls should also be in place
3.)
Handling
1.) The employer must train the employee to understand the risk: CSDS, label. before using chemicals and how to handle chemical spills 2.) Proper training and be informed of the potential risks and the safety measures required
3.) Use of PPE 4.) Practice safe working procedures and activities. 4.)
Disposal
1.) Label the chemical waste according to the EQA (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 1989 2.) Temporary waste storage area to protect the chemicals from the weather and spill control 3.) Safe work procedures and use of PPE when handling waste 4.) Safe disposal according to DOE guidelines
M3-C6
Chemical Monitoring 1.
The requirements for employee exposure monitoring or personal monitoring had been incorporated in the Factories and Machinery Lead Regulations (1984), Asbestos Process Regulations (1986), Noise Exposure Regulation (1989) and Mineral Dust Regulations (1989). a.) What is meant by the term personal monitoring? Personal monitoring use to determine if there is compliance with the exposure limits of the standard and to monitor the exposure level of a worker to a specific hazard. A sampling devices/equipment is placed on the worker where the sensor of sample collector is positioned close to the route of entry of the hazard. b) Why is it particularly important in the occupational environment? 1) To monitor the level of contaminants (living or non-living) in the work environment 2) To prevent occupational disease by identifying the potential for excessive inhalation and absorption of toxic chemicals before any significant adverse health effects occur; 3) To assess the risk to employees’ health; and evaluate the effectiveness of workplace controls, such as personal protective equipment and engineering control methods. c) Outline the various steps involved in a personal monitoring program for exposure to hazardous substance such as lead. 1. Determine who exposure to the hazardous substances above the action level. 2. Take representative samples of exposed employees who is exposed to the greatest airborne concentration level in the workplace. This is the basis for initial determination 3. If the initial determination shows employees exposure to the hazardous substances is above the action level, employer shall conduct employee exposure monitoring.
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4. If the initial determination show no employee is exposed to the concentration above action level, tehe employer make a written record of such determination. 5. If the employee exposure at or above the action level but below PEL, monitoring is repeated at least every 6 months until at least 2 consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart, are below the action level at which time the employer may discontinue monitoring for the employee 6. If the employee exposure is above the PEL, monitoring is repeated at quarterly until at least 2 consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart, are below PEL but at or above the action level at which time the employer may repeat
monitoring for the
employee at frequency specified in 5. d) Briefly explain the purpose of personal sampling, area sampling, grab sampling and integrated sampling Personal sampling –To monitor the exposure level of a worker to a specific hazard, . A sampling devices/equipment is placed on the worker where the sensor of sample collector is positioned close to the route of entry of the hazard. Area sampling – Area sampling is to monitor the level of contaminants in an area/workplace and also monitoring the integrity and results of the hazard monitoring system. Monitoring equipment is placed in specific locations in the workplace, whether near or a distance away from the source of hazard. Grab sampling – Use for grab or instantaneous sampling, Its characteristics are: (i) Spontaneous level of pollution/hazard reading ; (ii) shows the condition of the work environment at a specific time as measurements and sampling is only valid for the short span of time Integrated sampling – use for sampling airborne contaminants in the work environment. Its characteristics are (i) sample is collected and analyzed later (ii) provides higher accuracy readings on the employees exposure to airborne contaminants as time frame for sampling usually covers a longer working shift. e) Method of sampling to workers (Area? Person?) Area sampling f) Air sampling to separate and collect contaminant M3-C7
Chemical Health Risk Assessment
M3-C8
Chemical Safety Data Sheet 1.
What are the information contained in MSDS? 1. Chemical product identity and supplier details 2. Composition of chemicals for identification of hazardous properties 3. Identification of hazard 4. First aid measures 5. Fire control measures 6. Measures to handle accidental exposure 7. Handling and storage 8. Exposure control and personal protection 9. Physical and chemical characteristics 10. Stability and reactivity 11. Toxicological information 12. Ecological information 13. Disposal information 14. Transportation information 15. Date of CSDS preparation
2.
a)
CSDS – why important CSDS contain information related to hazardous chemicals or preparations which are important in the safe use and handling of chemicals at the workplace., it enable users of hazardous chemicals to:
b)
Understand the safety recommendations and their rationales
Be aware of the consequences of failure to comply to the recommendations
Identify the symptoms of over exposure to hazardous chemicals
Provide input towards the development of strategies and recommendations for safety in the use of hazardous chemicals
CPL 1997 regulation – state 4 important information from CSDS and each give 2 examples (i)
Chemical product and company identification - Product information (product name, trade name, chemical name), identification ( manufacturer name and address)
company
(ii) Physical and chemical properties – appearance, odor (iii) First aid measures – skin contact, eye contact, ingestion (iv) Handling and storage – handling, storage (v) Firefighting measures – extinguishing media, firefighting instruction, special hazards c)
When CSDS to be reviewed (2 situations) when new information on a specific hazardous chemical becomes available
M3-C9
Classification, Packaging and Labelling 1.
List the four classification of hazardous chemicals based on their physico-chemical properties and five classification based on their health effects. 1.) Based on the Physicochemical properties: Comparing test data on Physicochemical characteristics vs Physicochemical Criteria in CPL Schedule 1, Part A: I.
Explosive: may explode under the effect of flame/sensitive to shocks/friction
II.
Oxidising: highly exothermic reaction with other chemicals, particularly flammable chemicals.
III.
Extremely Flammable: Flash point <0c and boiling point ≦35c
IV.
Highly Flammable: Flash point≧21c and ≦55c.
V.
Flammable: Flash point < 21c, ignite when contact with air ambient temperature.
2.) Based on Health Effects: Comparing test data on Chemical effects vs Chemical effects Criteria in CPL Schedule 1, Part B: I.
Very Toxic: Substances and preparations which if inhaled/ingested/penetrated into skin may involve extremely serious acute or chronic health risks or even death. LD-50 (oral) <25mg/kg
LD-50 (dermal) <50mg/kg
LC-50 (inhalation) <0.5mg/liter I.
Toxic: Substances and preparations which if inhaled/ingested/penetrated into skin may involve extremely serious acute or chronic health risks or even death. LD-50 (oral) 25-200mg/kg
LD-50 (dermal) 50-400mg/kg
LC-50 (inhalation) 0.5-2mg/liter II.
Harmful: Substances and preparations which if inhaled/ingested/penetrated into skin may involve limited health risks. LD-50 (oral) 200-500mg/kg
LD-50 (dermal) 400-2000mg/kg
LC-50 (inhalation) 2-20mg/liter IV. V.
Corrosive: Substances and preparations which may, on contact with living tissues, destroy them. Irritant: Non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, can cause inflammation.
2.
List down the key information that must be included on the label of container containing a hazardous chemical. Describe why this information are necessary (a) The name of the hazardous chemical and supplier details (name, address, contact number). (b) Danger symbols and indication of danger as specified in Schedule II; (c) Specific risk properties as specified in Schedule III (Risk phrases) (d) Safety precautionary measures as specified in Schedule IV. (Safety phrases) The above information are necessary, because required by legislation: 1.) OSH (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of hazardous chemicals) regulations 1997, Reg. 7. A supplier shall ensure that every packaging is labelled clearly and indelibly with the above information. 2.) OSHA 1994, Sec 66.
M3-C10
Chemical Hazard 1.
Toxic substances may cause health problem if it enters the bloodstream. Name four (4) types of entry routes and give example for each of the routes. a. Direct contact: Direct contact with corrosive chemical such as acid or alkaline will burn the skin or body. b. Inhalation: Chemicals that spread in the air (dust, mist, fume, gas, vapour), example: Asbestos, mineral dust, lead, organic solvent. c. Skin Absorption: Mostly chemical in liquid form are easily absorbed into the skin. Example organic solvents, pesticides. d. Ingestion: Hand, food, cigarettes polluted with chemicals digested into the stomach unconsciously. e. Injection: Sharp object (e.g., needle) punctures the skin and injects a chemical (or virus) directly into the bloodstream
M3-C11
Ventilation 1.
a)
What is the purpose of general dilution ventilation? General dilution ventilation – air ventilation by means of supplying and exhausting a large volume of air of the area through natural or mechanical method. It allows chemicals release to mix with the air in a room which is then diluted to an
acceptable level of exposure. It is used to discard low concentration of non-toxic and low toxic substances generated from a small source that is non-central. To create air flow, control pollution and control of heat and humidity
b) Describe the components of local exhaust ventilation. b)
2.
Design a Local Exhaust Ventilation System
Air movement is necessary to assist the body’s natural cooling mechanism. ASHRAE recommend air movement between _______ and _______
3.
2 forms effect the effectiveness of general ventilation system Conditions where air dilution is less effective 1.) Contaminant is very toxic and high in concentration 2.) Smoking is allowed in the area 3.) Release changes with time
4.) Large source of contaminant 5.) Breathing zone is too close to the source of contaminant 6.) External air is more polluted than the internal air 7.) Existing heating system, ventilation system and air conditioning system (HVAC) is incapable of treating air 4.
a)
Purpose of LEV
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a)
What is the purpose of a LEV To supply clean air / Oxygen, to create air flow, to control air pollution, to prevent fire and explosion, control of heat/humidity for comfort, control contaminants in the air to maintain a healthy level of air quality
b) 2 requirements of FMA 1967 that use LEV 1) Sec 22. Provisions relating to health effective
and
suitable
provision
shall
be made
for securing
and
maintaining
adequate
ventilation
by
the circulation of fresh air in every part of a factory and for rendering harmless, so far as practicable, all gases, fumes, dust and other impurities that may be injurious to health arising in the course of any process or work carried on in a factory 2)
FMA (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations 1970, Regulation 25. Ventilation. FMA (Lead) Regulations 1984, Regulation 18. Mechanical ventilation and recirculation of air. FMA (Asbestos Process) Regulations 1986, Regulation 6. Exhaust equipment to be provided. FMA (Mineral Dust) Regulations 1989, Regulation 14. Control equipment
c)
Advantage of LEV
c)
Explain the advantages of the local exhaust ventilation system 1.) Captures contaminant at source and removes it from the workplace. 2.) Better control of exposure for highly toxic airborne chemicals 3.) Prevents the accumulation of contamination 4.) Lower rate of volume flow 5.) Requires smaller amount of makeup air since smaller amounts of air are being exhausted. 6.) Less energy costs since there is less makeup air to heat or cool
M3-C12
Indoor Air Quality 1.
Indoor Air Quality – (Temperature, air movement) Most common problem related to indoor air quality 1.) Temperature – too warm, too cold or draft 2.) Humidity – air too dry cause eye and respiratory system irritation 3.) Slow air flow -
due to lack of air supply in the HVAC system, cause dead zones
4.) Odours – bad odour 5.) Physical symptoms – occupants may report symptoms such as dry eyes, respiratory problems, headaches, fatigue.. caused by contaminants in the air. M3-C13
Biological Monitoring and Medical Surveillance 1.
What are the 4 types of monitoring system used in occupational health surveillance/ Outline the type of health surveillance that can be carried out for workers? 1.) Biological monitoring such as measuring and evaluating the hazardous substances or the metabolites in the blood ,urine and air 2.) Medical tests 3.) Medical examinations / assessment 4.) Review of medical record and occupational history 5.) Review of medical records and exposure due to work activities
2.
What is the purpose of health surveillance? To monitor and identify the changes in his/her health conditions as a result of exposure to hazardous materials. It is carried out to obtain additional information on dose absorption and its biological effects. It is a form of control measure that is employed to control the level of pollution from hazardous substances and ensure that the safety and health of an employee in a workplace.
3.
Biological monitoring to human? Amount of hazardous substances & metabolites
4.
Health Surveillance aspects except? (Budget)
M3-C14
Biological Hazard
M3-C15
Report Writing
M3-C16
Ergonomic 1.
Ergonomic definition (work related to man) Is a discipline in the health and safety industry that study the human relation with equipments, machineries, procedures and working environment. It concentrates on effort to optimize human ability with the job done.
M3-C17
Ergonomic Risk Factors
M3-C18
Shift Work 1.
Work on shift: define, explain effects of shift work Shift work is in which groups of workers rotate through set periods throughout the day, includes: 1) Any type of job that is carried out in the daytime. 2) Outside of normal daily working hours 7pm to 7am
Effects of shift work can be divided in to 3 factors: 1.) Stress from circadian rhythm(昼夜节律): The time of cycle of a day that affects the psychological and physiological(生理) conditions of an employee。 2.) Stress from lack of sleep can result in emotional disturbances, health and work capacity and performance 3.) Stress from social & domestic problem can result in lack of responsibility in the household, towards spouses, children and parents. M3-C19
Mental Workload
M3-C20
Occupational and Psychological Stress 1.
List 2 types of stress intervention（调解）program 1.) Developing skills in managing stress: Include social, communication, language, presentation, problem solving skills
2.) Slow down or Reducing reactions on stress: Such as meditation, yoga, relaxation methods (breathing exercise and relaxing the progressive muscles) and leading a healthy lifestyle (exercising and balanced diet) 3.) Monitoring stress symptoms using stress diary method: Employee to note down all the stress symptoms faced daily in a diary. Before going to bed, employee is required to read the diary and evaluate themselves and make the effort not to repeat the same symptoms the next day. -Cognitive action method: Reaction towards stress is from our mind. Alter the way of thinking or mindset on a particular matter that is considered to be stressful to non-stressful. M3-C21
Physical Hazards: Noise, Radiation, Vibration, Pressurized Environment, Thermal Stress 1.
a) What is the difference between sound and noise? Sound – changes of pressure in the air, water and specific medium that is identifiable by the human ear. Generated by mechanical vibration. Noise – any unwanted sound (Continuous, fluctuating, impulse, interval noise) b) At what level is it necessary to begin using some type of personal protective hearing devices? ≧85dB(A)
2.
What is the purpose of noise monitoring and what is the commonly used unit to measure sound? How would you conduct a noise monitoring program at your workplace? -Purpose of noise monitoring to determine if any employee may be exposed to noise level at or above the action level -Common used unit to measure sound : Frequency (# of vibrations per second , measured in Hertz), Amplitude (peak magnitude or maximum movement of the sound waves, in uN/M2) - Noise monitoring program: Basically, there are two different instruments to measure noise exposures: the sound level meter and the dosimeter. A sound level meter is a device that measures the intensity of sound at a given moment. Since sound level meters provide a measure of sound intensity at only one point in time, it is generally necessary to take a number of measurements at different times during the day to estimate noise exposure over a workday. If noise levels fluctuate, the amount of time noise remains at each of the various measured levels must be determined. To estimate employee noise exposures with a sound level meter it is also generally necessary to take several measurements at different locations within the workplace. After appropriate sound level meter readings are obtained, people sometimes draw "maps" of the sound levels within different areas of the workplace. By using
a sound level "map" and information on employee locations throughout the day, estimates of individual exposure levels can be developed. This measurement method is generally referred to as "area" noise monitoring. A dosimeter is like a sound level meter except that it stores sound level measurements and integrates these measurements over time, providing an average noise exposure reading for a given period of time, such as an 8-hour workday. With a dosimeter, a microphone is attached to the employee's clothing and the exposure measurement is simply read at the end of the desired time period. A reader may be used to read-out the dosimeter's measurements. Since the dosimeter is worn by the employee, it measures noise levels in those locations in which the employee travels. A sound level meter can also be positioned within the immediate vicinity of the exposed worker to obtain an individual exposure estimate. Such procedures are generally referred to as "personal" noise monitoring. Area monitoring can be used to estimate noise exposure when the noise levels are relatively constant and employees are not mobile. In workplaces where employees move about in different areas or where the noise intensity tends to fluctuate over time, noise exposure is generally more accurately estimated by the personal monitoring approach. In situations where personal monitoring is appropriate, proper positioning of the microphone is necessary to obtain accurate measurements. With a dosimeter, the microphone is generally located on the shoulder and remains in that position for the entire workday. With a sound level meter, the microphone is stationed near the employee's head, and the instrument is usually held by an individual who follows the employee as he or she moves about. Manufacturer's instructions, contained in dosimeter and sound level meter operating manuals, should be followed for calibration and maintenance. To ensure accurate results, it is considered good professional practice to calibrate instruments before and after each use. HOW OFTEN IS IT NECESSARY TO MONITOR NOISE LEVELS? The amendment requires that when there are significant changes in machinery or production processes that may result in increased noise levels, remonitoring must be conducted to determine whether additional
employees need to be included in the hearing conservation program. Many companies choose to remonitor periodically (once every year or two) to ensure that all exposed employees are included in their hearing conservation programs.
3.
Give the effect of noise (i) Damage and loss of hearing - conduction due to damage to the ear drum/or ossicles bones in the middle ear. Due to high impulse noise and effects one ear - neuro sensory
due to damage to the hair follicles in the inner ear. Due to overexposure to loud noise, in most cases both ears
(ii) emotional disturbances and sensitive (iii) communication problems (iv) loss of hearing and hearing related injuries (v) Tinnitus (vi) Psychological disturbances (vii) High blood pressure 4.
Discuss components of the noise conservation (保护)program. Key elements of an effective hearing conservation program include: Workplace noise sampling including personal noise monitoring which identifies which employees are at risk from hazardous levels of noise. Informing workers at risk from hazardous levels of noise exposure of the results of their noise monitoring. Providing affected workers or their authorized representatives with an opportunity to observe any noise measurements conducted. Maintaining a worker audiometric testing program (hearing tests) which is a professional evaluation of the health effects of noise upon individual worker's hearing. Implementing comprehensive hearing protection follow-up procedures for workers who show a loss of hearing (standard threshold shift) after completing baseline (first) and yearly audiometric testing. Proper selection of hearing protection based upon individual fit and manufacturer's quality testing indicating the likely protection that they will provide to a properly trained wearer. Evaluate the hearing protectors attenuation and effectiveness for the specific workplace noise.
Training and information that ensures the workers are aware of the hazard from excessive noise exposures and how to properly use the protective equipment that has been provided. 5.
Data management of and worker access to records regarding monitoring and noise sampling.
a) List out the problems caused by heat stress. a) Name and describe 5 (five) health problems that are associated with heat stress a) What are the diseases caused by heat stress Physiological changes that occur in the body to balance the internal body heat include 1.) Reduction of muscle activities that reduce ability to work 2.) Sweating 3.) Changes in the central nervous system such as dizziness, emotional disturbances If not identified in the early stages, can result in problem such as rashes, muscle cramps, fatigue, dizziness and faint, heat stroke b) Explain the safe measures that can be used to prevent heat stress. b) Name and describe 5 (five) safe work system that should be set up to prevent heat stress. b) How can you prevent Heat stress at the workplace? 1.) Admin controls – written policy and SOP, sufficient rest and hydration, reduction of exposure by limiting exposure duration and work time 2.) Engineering controls – proper ventilation for optimum elimination of heat from the workplace, distancing heat generating machinery and equipment from workers, isolation of machines and processes that produce high levels of heat 3.) PPE to protect body from high temperature 4.) Monitoring of temperature in the workplace using specific equipment to enable correct levels of heat exposure , proper record keeping of health effects due to heat stress. 5.) Training and education – heat stress hazard , signs and symptoms , first aid procedures, worker responsibility
6.
a. What is the different between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation? List 3 (three) example for each radiation Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons, is referred to as "non-ionizing radiation." Examples of this kind of radiation are ultraviolet, visible rays, laser , infra-red ,radio waves and microwaves. Radiation that falls within the ionizing radiation" range has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, thus creating ions. This is the type of radiation that people usually think of as 'radiation.' We take advantage of its properties to generate electric power,
to kill cancer cells, and in many manufacturing processes. Examples, alpha, beta, gamma, X-ray, radioactive waste, nuclear energy test
b. Name and describe the 3 (three) basic protection measures.
Administrative control - risk assessment on new equipment , emergency response plan,
written SOP , training for X-ray worker, maintenance and supervision,
risk communication
Engineering control – minimizing exposure at the optimum level. i.e minimizing exposure duration, working at the furthest distance, shielding, isolation and enclosure
Health monitoring – radiation protection survey , exposure monitoring (personal monitoring using film badge, area monitoring using survey meter) , review medical history, occupational history
7.
Which of the following radiation is not originated from radioactive materials? A)Beta rays
8.
B)X-rays
C)Gamma rays
D)Neutrons
E) Alpha particles
3 basic principles of ionizing radiation (Exposure / block / distance) 3 basic principles of ionizing radiation
9.
-
Justification –radiation may only be applied when deemed absolutely necessary
-
Optimial protection –ALARA “as low as reasanoble achievable” , base on shielding, time and distance
-
Absorbed dose – does not exceed permissible exposure limit
3. Sievert (Sv) is the unit of derived unit of ionizing radiation, dose times the quality factor of the radiation as compared to gamma-radiation. It is equal to the ________ times the quality factor and is equivalent to _____________.
10.
110 dBA. Worker exposure time? (1 hr / 15 min / 8 hrs / 30 min / none at all)
11.
The following is the use of infrared radiation (IR) EXCEPT A) Drying and baking of paints, varnishes, enamels and other protective coatings. B) Heating of metal parts for shrink fit assembly, forging, thermal aging, brazing and conditioning surfaces for application of adhesives and welding. C) Spot and localized heating for any desired objective. D) Curing polymers in some industrial processes.
E) Dehydrating of textiles, paper, leather, meat, vegetables, pottery ware and sand molds
12.
Name 3 types of ionizing radiation which are commonly found in industrial applications and describe their characteristics that influence the hazard that they may cause to the exposed person. 3 types of ionizing radiation : alpha , beta, gamma Heath effects (ionized radiation) depend on (i) intensity of the absorbed dose,
(ii) types of radiation (neutron and alpha cells are more
dangerous that photon x-rays (iii) organ sensitivities (reproduce tissues are more sensitive then thyroids)
13.
Explain how Heat stress are created at the workplace. Heat stress occurs when the body is exposed to high temperatures and heat inside the body exceed the ability of the body to eliminate it. The workers work at/with following have high risk of heat stress (a) steel factories (b)industries involving boiling process (c ) Boiler machines (d) military (e) sports – professional sportsmen
14.
a. Explain a work process that can pose health hazards to workers at your workplace. Identify n describe 4 types of those hazards, its location and source of generation b. Which of the above hazards identified pose the most significant risk to your fellow workers and why c. give your recommendations as to how the hazards in the questions can be controlled
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