NEBOSH International General Certificate – Certificate – Module 1 Summary Definitions Welfare = Looking after the basic needs of people. of people. Environment = The surroundings in which the organization operates including land, air, water, natural
Benefits of Good of Good Health and Safety
fine or restriction of activities. of activities.
Practice: Increased levels of compliance. of compliance. Improved production. Improved staff morale. staff morale. Improved company reputation. Reduced accidents.
resources, fauna, flora and
Reduced ill health.
humans and their inter‐
Reduced damage to equipment.
relationships. Ill Health:
Reduced staff complaints. staff complaints. Reduced staff turnover. staff turnover. Reduced insurance premiums.
Acute = Short‐term exposure with
Reduced fines and compensation
immediate effect, usually reversible.
payouts
Chronic = Long‐term or repeated exposure with delayed effect, often irreversible.
Accident = An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which results in loss. Incident/Near miss = An unwanted,
Punishment for individuals ‐ could be jail, be jail, fine, restriction of offices of offices held or all of the above.
Direct costs of Accidents of Accidents Lost time of injured of injured worker and any continued payments to worker or family. Damage to equipment, tools, property, plant or materials. Medical or hospitalization costs. Time and materials to clean up after the accident.
Reasons for Good Health and Safety Practice:
Indirect costs of Accidents of Accidents (hidden costs)
Moral
Lost time by other workers (curiosity,
Legal
sympathy, morale)
Financial
Lost time – time – assisting, investigating,
Employer’s responsibilities:
unforeseen, unplanned event
The employer must provide:
with the potential to result in
Safe environment.
loss.
Safe buildings.
Hazard = Something with the
Punishment of organizations of organizations ‐ usually a
Safe plant and equipment. Safe systems of work. of work.
potential to cause harm.
Competent staff.
Physical
Adequate supervision.
Chemical
Adequate instructions.
arranging for new staff, preparing reports. Failure to fill customers’ orders on time.
Hidden Costs of Accidents: of Accidents: Accident investigation. Payments to injured person. Payments for non‐productive time. Replacement labour.
Biological
Training for replacement labour.
Ergonomic
Business interruption.
Psychological
Risk = The likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the of the harm. Safety Culture = The product of individual and group values,
Worker’s responsibilities: To protect themselves and those around them. Co‐operate with their employer. Report any situation that presents a significant danger. To receive adequate information, instruction and training.
attitudes, competencies and
The worker (or representative) (or representative) should
patterns of behavior of behavior that
be consulted by consulted by their their employer employer on on all
determine the commitment to and proficiency of an of an organisation’s Health and Safety. Immediate or direct cause of an of an
aspects of health of health and safety. and safety.
Loss of reputation. of reputation. Repair or replacement of damaged of damaged plant. Legal fees. Insurance.
Uninsured costs (8‐36 times greater than insured costs)
Sources of Information of Information Internal Sources: Risk assessments.
Legal System
Inspection reports.
Civil Law:
Accident/incident records.
The aim is to compensate an injured
Medical reports.
accident = The unsafe act or
party for loss suffered.
Safety representatives.
condition that caused the
There are 2 types of civil of civil liability:
accident. The root or underlying cause of an of an
Safety committee reports.
a)
Fault liability
Company safety policy.
b)
No fault liability
Maintenance reports.
Fault liability: Injured party must prove that:
External Sources:
accident = The failure of
There was a duty of care of care owed.
management systems and
Duty of care of care owed was breached.
Authorities
procedures that allowed an
The breach caused the
Professional institutions – institutions – IOSH
unsafe act or condition to occur
loss/injury/ill health/death.
Government organizations –Enforcing organizations –Enforcing
World Health Organisation – Organisation – ILO
No Fault liability: The injured party does
e.g. poor risk assessment
Suppliers and manufacturers.
not have to prove that the employer was
Consultants and specialists.
procedure, lack of supervision, of supervision,
negligent.
Insurance companies and workers
no defect reporting system.
unions.
Criminal Law: The aim is to punish and deter individuals and organizations from behaving in a way that is unacceptable to society.
1|P a g e
NEBOSH International General Certificate – Module 1 Summary Elements of HSG65 Health and Safety Management Systems: POP MR A
3 Arrangements (WHAT) ‐ Set out in detail the systems and procedures for implementing the safety policy ‐ for example safe systems of work.
Policy:
Targets Important because: They give evidence of management commitment. They motivate staff by giving them
Sets out Health and Safety aims and objectives of the organisation and Management commitment. Safety policy should be signed by the most senior person in the organisation because: It shows management commitment. It gives the policy authority. The person who signed it has ultimate responsibility.
Organisation: 5Cs
Issues included in Organization: health and safety responsibilities
Ineffective Health and Safety
allocated.
Policies
Competence. – From recruitment through to staff transfers and training. ‐ KATE
Control. – Policies, procedures, auditing, supervision and management involvement. Allocating responsibilities accountabilities, instruction, supervision to achieve control of H&S.
Cooperation. – is assisted by consultation
Clear roles and responsibilities.
and demonstrates management
Competence. KATE
commitment ‐ internally between
Control. (policies, procedures)
individuals, groups, departments,
Co‐operation obtained through
including consultation with H&S reps and
consultation.
externally between clients suppliers and
Communication. (Should flow in all
contractors.
directions)
Communication. – Needs to flow in all directions. Verbal, written, visible,
Planning and Implementation:
example
Generate SMART objectives. Identify hazards, assess risks and decide
something to aim for.
Clear roles and responsibilities for all
No commitment or leadership. No annual objectives. Health and safety not given enough priority. Insufficient resources provided. Personnel do not understand the aims. Too much emphasis on employee responsibility. No measurement of performance. Management unaware of their role. No training of management in their responsibilities.
Employer’s responsibilities towards Employees: Provide safe plant and equipment. Information, instruction, training and
Issues included in Arrangements:
supervision (ITIS).
how risks can be eliminated or
Sets out in detail how the requirements of
Safe place of work, access and egress.
controlled.
the policy will be met This will include
Safe environment and welfare facilities.
procedures and arrangements for planning,
Provide a Safety policy.
organisation, control, monitoring and review.
Consult and inform employees.
The procedures might include:
Perform risk assessments.
Set standards against which performance can be measured.
Measuring Performance Used as a means of determining the extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented. It should be both:
Proactive . – Safety performance measurements made before an accident happens
Reactive . – Safety performance
Risk assessments. COSHH assessments – Control of substances hazardous to health. Safe systems of work.
Provide effective health and safety management. Competent health and safety assistance. Health surveillance.
Permits to work. Eectrical work, hotwork, confined spaces.
Precautions for visitor safety Signing in.
Manual handling.
Providing identification badges.
Policies and procedures – Fire, First aid
Providing personal protective
measurements made on information
Training programmes.
resulting from accidents and ill‐health.
Maintenance of plant and equipment.
Site induction e.g. fire precautions.
Housekeeping.
Escorting visitor to area of work.
Storage, transportation, handling.
Remain with visitor back to reception
Reviewing Performance Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether
Radiation, dust, noise, fumes. PPE personal protective equipment.
equipment.
area. Signing out visitor and removing badge.
performance is adequate.
The safety policy should be Audit Systematic critical examination of each
reviewed: After:
Duties of Employees: Protect themselves and others from danger.
stage of an organisation’s
Prosecutions
Co‐operation with employer.
management systems and procedures.
Enforcement Action
Not to interfere with anything provided
Compensation Claims
Components of Safety policy: 1 Statement of Intent (WHAT) ‐ Demonstrates Management’s commitment to health and safety and sets the H&S aims and objectives
2 Organization (WHO) ‐ To identify H&S
Review period expires Professional Advise
Inform employer of dangers and
Accidents or Incidents. Changes in:
problems with health and safety arrangements.
Organisation. Processes.
roles & responsibilities and reporting
Materials.
lines within the company. This
Premises.
involves Competence Control Co‐
Legislation.
operation and Communication
for safety. Follow instructions and training given.
Work patterns. Risk assessments. 2|P a g e
NEBOSH International General Certificate – Module 1 Summary Requirements of Safety practitioner: Knowledge and understanding of the work involved. Understanding of principles of risk assessment. Knowledge of current health and safety applications.
Membership of trade organisations. Suitable training for employees. Arrangements for sub contractors. Suitable risk assessments etc.
Ability to contribute to decision making process. Be able to communicate with workers during working hours. Be free to contact labour inspectors.
Managing of contractors on site Appointment of coordinator.
Capacity to apply to tasks required.
Pre‐contract meeting.
Ability to identify problems.
Progress meetings.
Ability to assess the need for action.
Regular inspections.
Ability to design and develop strategies.
Safety committee.
Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies.
Method statements.
Promote and communicate health and
Accident and incident reporting.
Be able to contribute to negotiations in the undertaking of health and safety matters. Have reasonable paid time to exercise their health and safety functions. Have recourse to specialists for advise on particular health and safety problems.
Client set example.
Matters on which employees are to
Understand current best practice.
Safety propaganda.
be consulted
Awareness of own limitations.
Plant documentation.
Willingness to learn.
Training competency.
safety.
Membership of a professional body IIRSM IOSH. Competence based qualification.
Functions of the safety practitioner Advise management. Carry out inspections. Investigate accidents. Record and analyze accident data. Assist with training. Contact external bodies. Liaison with the work force. Keep up to date with new safety standards. Liaison with contractors.
External parties the Safety practitioner will communicate with.
Reducing the risks to Contractors
New organisation of work patterns.
before and during the building
New personal protective equipment.
project
Planning and organisation of any training
Before: contractors. Identification of hazards associated with the job. Checking the health and safety
Suitable risk assessments. Suitable training for employees. Method statements.
and worker’s union/volunteers. Equal representation from management and safety representatives.
Appointment of co‐coordinator. Pre‐contract meeting.
During:
Contractors.
Accident/incident reporting.
Consultants and engineers.
Clients sets an example.
Manufacturers and suppliers.
Safety propaganda.
Clients and customers.
Monitor training program.
Police.
Safety committee – effective meetings Agenda may include relevant items such as: Study of statistics. Examination of audit reports. Analysis of inspector’s report. Consideration of safety representative’s reports. Development and monitoring of work safety rules and safe systems of
Functions of the Safety Representative Investigate potential hazards and dangerous occurrences.
Checking health and safety aspects of
health and safety matters. committee is between the employer
Safety committee.
Identification of suitable bidders.
between employees and employer on No set structure. Formation of a safety
Insurance company.
contractors
Object is to promote co‐operation
aspects of the bids.
Regular inspections.
Management strategy for
Safety committee
Establishing site rules.
Fire and rescue service.
Media.
required.
Careful selection of suitable
Progress meetings.
Public.
their health and safety. New processes and technology.
The enforcing authority. EHS
Specialist health practitioners.
Introduction of measures that affect
Investigate complaints from employees. Make representations on general matters of health and safety to
work. Appraisal of effectiveness of safety training. Monitor adequacy of health and safety communication. Establish a link with the appropriate inspectors.
employer. Carry out workplace inspections.
Factors that influence the
Contractors agree to clients rules.
Examine causes of accidents.
effectiveness of safety committee
Managing the contractors on site.
Consult with enforcement authorities.
Balanced representation.
Identification of hazards related to job.
Attend safety committee meetings.
Influence in decision making.
bids.
Checking contractor work.
Respect of management.
Importance of consulting Selection of a suitable contractor Experience with type of work. Reputation. Suitable reference or recommendation. Previous work record. Adequacy of safety policy. Enforcement history. Accident and ill‐health data.
Worker’s committees and representatives should: Be given adequate information on health and safety matters. Be consulted when major health and safety changes are envisaged. Given protection from dismissal when
Commitment from members. Good leadership and chairmanship. Good communication channels. Access to information or specialist advice. Formalised procedures with agendas. Relevant (not trivial) agenda items. Agenda not led by industrial relations.
carrying out duties as a representative. 3|P a g e
NEBOSH International General Certificate – Module 1 Summary Safety Culture = The product of individual and group values,
Health and safety seen as a low priority.
Barriers to verbal communication .
Lack of supervision.
Hearing or speech defects.
Reorganization and uncertainty.
Noise.
attitudes, competencies and
Distance.
patterns of behavior that determine
Promoting a positive health and
Language – jargon.
the commitment to, and proficiency
safety culture:
Lack of knowledge.
of an organisation’s health and
Senior management commitment.
Attitude.
safety performance.
Ownership of health and safety at all
Duration – speed.
levels. Effective consultation.
Health and safety notice boards.
Internal influences on health and
Effective communication.
Information should include:
safety management standards:
Training for all levels of employees.
Information for employees regulation
Shared perception of risks.
poster.
resources directed to production and
Standards of acceptable behavior.
Health and safety policy.
not enough to health and safety.
Learning from experience through
Evacuation procedures.
Production demands – Too many
Management commitment. Communication. Competence.
monitoring and review. Balance between health and safety and production.
Targets for accident reduction.
Why employees fail to comply with External influences on health and
safety procedures even when
safety
competent:
Social expectations – society expects certain safe behavior. Legislation. Enforcement. Insurance companies. Trade unions.
Contact details for safety representatives.
Employee representation.
Economic.
First aid arrangements.
Maximize effectiveness of health and safety notice board: Locate in a prominent area.
Lack of motivation. Unrealistic working procedures. Lack of management commitment. Over familiarisation with the task. Repetitive work leading to boredom. Peer group pressure. Willful disregard of laid down
Dedicated to health and safety only. Information displayed is relevant and current. Information in a neat orderly state. Make boards eye‐catching through colour and graphics.
procedures.
Indicators of a company’s health
Fatigue and stress.
Training should be given at the
and safety culture:
Lack of information.
following stages:
Accident rates.
Job insecurity.
On joining the organisation – (Induction
training)
Absenteeism. Sickness.
Types of communication.
Before starting work – (Job specific)
Staff turnover.
Written Communication:
At regular intervals – (Refresher training)
Complaints. Compliance with legislation and internal policies. Morale.
Benefits of a positive safety culture: Increased levels of compliance. Improved production.
Letters, memos, reports, notices,
new material, new technology, revision
procedures etc. Advantages
Disadvantages
Permanent record.
May be unread.
Reference.
One way.
Consistent message. Often no feedback. Accurate detail.
Time consuming.
Wide audience.
Cost.
Authoritative.
Misinterpretation.
Improved staff morale. Improved company reputation. Reduced accidents. Reduced ill health. Reduced damage to equipment. Reduced staff complaints. Reduced staff turnover. Reduced insurance premiums.
Factors that can cause a health and safety culture to decline: Lack of communication. Perception of a growing blame culture. Lack of leadership and management commitment. Lack of monitoring. Failure to implement remedial action. Lack of consultation and employee involvement.
Whenever work practice changes e.g. of systems of work. Before moving to a new job.
Induction Training is important because: Establishes a safety culture. Shows management commitment.
Barriers to written communication.
Identifies responsibilities.
Illiteracy.
Identifies hazards and precautions.
Competence.
Employee made aware of hazards.
Level of written material.
Imparts knowledge.
Presentation.
Employees recognize and report hazards.
Quality of information.
Sets the scene for future performance.
Quantity.
Induction training programme
Attitude.
Management commitment to safety.
Verbal Communication:
Company safety policy.
Instructions, interviews, meetings, lectures.
Consultative procedures. Role of safety representatives.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Emergency procedures.
Direct.
No record.
Two way.
No reference.
First aid arrangements.
Quick.
Unstructured.
Instant feedback.
Inconsistent message.
Specific hazards.
Easy to do.
Too much for memory.
Health surveillance procedures.
Flexible.
Limited audience.
How to report accidents.
Welfare and amenity provisions.
Poor working environment.
PPE.
External influences – unions.
Drugs and alcohol policy. 4|P a g e
NEBOSH International General Certificate – Module 1 Summary Exposure to chemicals.
Job specific training programme Safe system of work, permit to work.
Employer should keep training
Lead.
records because:
Biological exposure.
Equipment training.
Proof of employees’ competence.
PPE training.
Identify when refresher training is
Fire training.
Ionizing radiation. Extremes of temperature. Ergonomic issues like prolonged
needed.
Safety inspections.
standing.
Review effectiveness of training.
Stress.
Assess progress against targets.
Additional health and safety training Increase in accidents or incidents.
Provide evidence in legal actions.
Result of an accident investigation. Dangerous occurrences. New processes or technology. Job change.
are adequate.
A person shall be considered competent
Use a likelihood x severity matrix 5 x 5.
when he has sufficient knowledge,
Promotion or reorganization. New legislation.
Likelihood:
ability, training and experience to
1.
Very unlikely.
enable him to carry out the tasks
2.
Unlikely.
required of him and knowledge of his
3.
Likely.
own limitations.
4.
Very likely.
5.
Certain – imminent.
Factors to be considered: Evidence of qualifications.
Results of risk assessments.
Level of training.
Insurance company requirements.
Severity:
Membership of professional organisation.
Young person’s training.
Undertaking of written or practical
Young workers at risk because: No experience comparisons.
pressure.
Minor injury – no time off.
2.
Minor injury – 3 days off work.
3.
Injury, non‐disabling illness, over 3 days off work.
References or recommendations.
Open to influence and peer group
1.
assessments.
Overenthusiastic. More likely to take risks.
Evaluate the risks and decide whether the existing precautions
Changes in work patterns – night shift.
Results of inspections/audits.
3.
Competent persons
Changes in working procedures.
Enforcement action.
PPE
Provide evidence in investigations.
What is a risk assessment
Major disabling injury.
5.
Fatality.
1 – 7 = low risk. 8‐15 = medium risk.
A risk assessment is a careful
16 – 25 = high risk.
examination of what hazards are in the
Body not fully developed.
4.
work place and what precautions should be put in place to prevent
Precautions for young workers
4.
harm.
Record the significant findings. Significant hazards should be recorded.
should include:
Information such as the number of
Provisions of suitable work equipment. Organisation of work processes.
people affected, the adequacy of
Steps in the risk assessment process 1.
existing control measures and any
Identify the hazards.
Health and safety training.
Workplace inspections.
further precautions that may be
Mentoring.
Talking to the workforce.
necessary.
Supervision.
Non‐inspection techniques. – Break
Limited working hours.
down the job into tasks and evaluate each task to identify hazards.
Benefits of training.
Examination of documents. –
5.
Review the assessment and revise it if necessary. Reviews should be done: Changes in process.
Employee
Employer
Manufacturers data, material safety
Changes in materials.
Less suffering.
Less accidents.
data, legislation, codes of practice.
Changes in premises.
Quality of life.
Less absenteeism. Less claims and
Combined techniques. – Analysing the
Changes in legislation.
Job satisfaction.
results of safety audits.
premiums.
Accident and ill‐health data. –
Changes in work patterns. After an incident or accident.
Achieve standard.
Less legal issues.
Flexibility of staff.
Improve morale.
Monitoring accident statistics and
After prosecution.
Improve safety attitude.
Greater productivity.
investigation and ill‐health
After enforcement action.
Improve efficiency.
complaints to identify the causes
After compensation claims.
and then determining the hazards
After a policy review.
from the results.
After professional advice.
Consideration for training session
Near miss reports.
What employees need to know and what they do already know – gap analysis. Types of training already received. Employees responsibilities.
Methods of identifying hazards 2.
Decide who may be harmed and how.
Activities carried out.
What are the hazards.
Risks associated with activities.
How likely are they to occur.
Actions required by employees.
Consequences.
Different requirements for various staff.
Number of employees exposed.
Numbers involved.
Frequency and duration of the
Resources needed.
exposure.
Competence of trainers.
Effects of the exposure.
Communicating to employees and
Competence.
getting their commitment.
Sources and forms of harm can be identified via: Workplace inspection. (Proactive) Job task analysis. (Proactive) Manufacturers information. (Proactive) Risk assessment. (Proactive) Accident incident data. (Reactive)
Existing controls. Example: ‐ risk to pregnant women. 5|P a g e
NEBOSH International General Certificate – Module 1 Summary Overenthusiastic.
Identifying hazards for different states of operation Complex activities should be broken down into component parts.
Control measures for young persons: Induction training. Close supervision.
Safe system of work = A system of doing the work in the safest way
Mentoring.
practicable by performing a task
Clear lines of communication.
analysis to identify the hazards likely
Installation.
Restrictions on type of work.
Normal operation.
to be present and creating
Restriction of working hours.
Cleaning. Adjusting. Breakdown maintenance. Dismantling.
Types of hazards to look for. Mechanical hazards. Electrical hazards. Thermal hazards. Noise and vibration hazards. Radiation hazards. Toxic materials. Ergonomic design hazards.
Lone working Employer has a duty of care to persons
procedures including the precautions necessary to avoid or minimize the health and safety risks.
working alone without close or direct supervision: Single persons working on the
When is a safe system needed A safe system of work is needed when
premises.
the hazards cannot be physically
Persons working separately from the
eliminated.
others.
Cleaning and maintenance
Persons working outside normal
operations.
working hours.
Changes to work layouts, materials
Mobile workers working away from
etc.
their normal base.
Employees working away from base/alone.
Competence of risk assessors.
Lone working risk assessment
Breakdown emergencies.
A combination of knowledge, ability,
Should take into account the following:
Contractors on your premises.
training and experience (KATE)and
Does the workplace present any special
Loading, unloading and movement
personal qualities.
Is there safe access and egress.
A thorough understanding of the
Does the task present any special risks.
processes and procedures involved. Good communication skills.
Suitable and sufficient assessment The risk assessment will be suitable and sufficient if: The detail in the risk assessment is proportionate to the level of risk.
of vehicles.
risks.
Knowledge of own limitations.
Is there a risk of violence.
5 Steps of the safe system of work 1.
Materials.
Are young workers especially at risk.
Equipment.
Does the worker have any special
Environment.
medical conditions.
People involved.
Is the lone working likely to impose any
Purpose of the task.
additional physical or mental burdens
Work methods.
on the worker.
Legal requirements.
All aspects of the work activity must be reviewed taking into account the way the work is organized: All of the significant hazards and risks
Assess the task.
Are women especially at risk.
Standards.
Lone worker controls Training.
Existing controls.
2.
Identify the hazards.
Supervision.
Working at height.
Monitoring.
Working below ground.
The risks have been evaluated.
Periodic visits.
Machinery.
Employees and others at risk must be
Regular contact using telephone or
Electricity.
must be identified.
identified. Suitable control measures must be
Vehicles.
radios.
Chemical hazards.
Automatic or manual warning devices.
identified. The control measures must be appropriate to the nature of the work. The residual risk must be low. Priorities have been set. Takes account of non‐routine operations. Staff undertaking the risk assessment are competent. Risk assessment is valid for a reasonable amount of time.
Environment.
Hierarchy of control measures ERICPD Eliminate – can the hazard be removed cable.
Reduce – Can the risk be reduced at the
Lack of knowledge, ability, training and experience (KATE).
Monitor the safe system.
Designing a safe system by considering MEEP Materials. – Raw, unfinished, disposal Equipment and machinery. – Design
low voltage tools.
specification, ergonomics.
Environment. – light heat noise, space People. – Behavior, knowledge, skills.
part of a machine.
Control – Limiting the time or frequency of the exposure.
PPE – Can something be provided to reduce the injury in case of accident. E.g. Issuing safety helmets or boots.
More likely to take risks.
Discipline – Ensuring that the procedures
pressure.
Implement the safe system.
5.
e.g. reduce the risk of injury by using
Body not fully developed. More likely to respond to peer
4.
source or is there a safer alternative?
contained. e.g. Guard on a dangerous
Young persons at greater risk because:
Define safe method.
completely. E.g. Remove the trailing
Isolate – Can the hazard be enclosed or
Young persons
3.
and rules are being followed and
3 forms of workplace controls 1.
Technical. Equipment – design e.g. guarding. Access egress – wide aisles. Materials – choice of packaging to make handling easier.
taking action if not. 6|P a g e
NEBOSH International General Certificate – Module 1 Summary Environment – Local exhaust ventilation.
2.
Procedural.
Replacement. Training needs. Hygiene problems.
Policy and standards.
Supervision.
Procedures and rules.
Storage.
Permit to work. Purchasing control – buy good quality. Emergency preparedness.
3.
Behavioral.
Identify use and effectiveness of control measures. Make decisions on suitable remedial measures. Set priorities and establish realistic timescales.
Training in the use of PPE Legal and organizational requirements. Consequences of not wearing it. Protection offered.
Assess compliance with legal requirements. Provide information to board, committees etc.
Supervision.
Limitations of the PPE.
Health surveillance.
Compatibility with other types of PPE.
Competence. – KATE
Correct usage.
Motivation.
How to keep it clean.
Examining accident figures.
Communication.
Correct storage arrangements.
Claims records.
Perception.
When and how to replace.
Other reactive monitoring methods
Types of monitoring Reactive monitoring.
such as number of defects reported
Permit to work = A permit to work is a formal written system used to control certain types of potentially hazardous work.
Main purposes of First aid Preserve life. Prevent deterioration. Promote recovery.
Work requiring permits: Confined spaces.
Assessment of first aid needs
Hot work and cold work.
checklist
Electrical.
Design of permit to work system
Nature of the work.
Description of work.
Past accident injury types.
3.
Time limits.
Remoteness of emergency services.
4.
Description of hazards.
Travelling, remote and lone workers.
5.
Tests and checks prior to work
Need to train personnel in special
Authorization.
8.
Acceptance.
9.
Time extensions/Shift change procedures.
10.
Hand back.
11.
Cancellation.
All signatures must be legible.
Reasons why employees may not to wear PPE and Reasons PPE should be a last resort. Poor selection or fit. Lack of comfort. Incompatibility with other PPE. Fails to danger. Contamination. Misuse or non‐use. Relies on action being taken by the user. May create additional hazards. Difficulty in obtaining equipment. Relies on management commitment.
Proactive monitoring. Safety audit – A systematic, critical assessment of each aspect of the system and procedures.
2.
7.
mandates or court orders.
Nature and distribution of the workforce. Types of hazards and risks.
Further precautions.
company, prosecutions, legal
health and safety management
Job location/plant identification.
6.
enforcement action against
Size of the organisation.
1.
commencing.
following safety inspection,
procedures. Need to cover absence of first aiders.
Lengthy process carried out by a trained auditor, either internal or external. The aim is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the health and safety management system A structured way of assessing the health and safety performance that makes use of a scoring system
Workplace emergencies Arrangements to be considered when developing an Emergency Response
Plan: Type of emergency – fire, hazardous chemical spillage, bomb, flood, earthquake, tsunami. Emergency services contact and response times. Appoint persons to deal with emergency. Communication systems. First aid and medical facilities. Evacuation procedures. Effects on surrounding community. Post emergency action e.g. media, repair, investigation. Emergency procedure should be practiced so that weaknesses in the system are highlighted and corrected.
so that improvements can be measured.
Safety inspections – The straight forward observation of a workplace, activities and equipment. Usually carried out by the manager, employee representative and safety advisor. Often aided by the use of a checklist. The aim is to identify hazards and assess the use and effectiveness of the control measures. May be carried out routinely
Safety surveys – focusing on particular activities and may be carried out by a specialist.
Safety tours – unscheduled, less formal workplace inspections are carried out to check on issues such as housekeeping or the use of PPE.
Safety sampling – Targeting specific areas.
Benchmarking – Where an
Selection of PPE Identify the hazard. Choose type of equipment.
Reasons for monitoring Identify sub‐standard health and safety practices.
Compliance with standards.
Identify trends and patterns.
Comfort.
Compare actual performance against
Compatibility. Costs.
targets.
organisations performance in certain areas is compared with those of similar organisation.
Health surveillance ‐ Providing periodic health checks before symptoms appear
Useful in benchmarking. 7|P a g e
NEBOSH International General Certificate – Module 1 Summary Performance review – Did the organisation: Achieve its health and safety objectives. Implement effective control measures. Ensure the effectiveness of
Selecting the audit team.
Immediate and longer term action
Contact with the organisation being
after an accident
audited. Undertaking the audit. Draw conclusions. Report and presentation. Action by the organisation.
training, communication and consulting programmes. Learn from management system failures.
Full investigation to determine root cause. Make recommendations. Implement corrective action.
Disadvantages: Could be influenced by internal relationships.
It is only a snapshot in time.
Conclusions may not be taken seriously.
Some hazards may not be visible.
The auditor may make assumptions.
Some hazards may not be present at the
the inspection.
necessary. Set up investigating team.
Easier to arrange. Employees may not feel so threatened.
Unsafe practices may not occur during
Report to relevant enforcing authority if
Advantages:
Reduce the risk of accidents and
time of the inspection.
necessary. Isolation of the accident scene.
Identify witnesses.
Lower cost to the organisation.
Limitations of safety inspection
Calling for medical assistance if
Internal audits
Meet legal standards. ill‐health.
First aid for injured party.
External audits Disadvantages: Require more time to arrange.
Preparation before investigation Who should be involved and the depth of the investigation. Accident scene preserved. Gather relevant existing documents. Identifying the witnesses. Have legal requirements been met. Any equipment needed. Method to be
Higher cost to the organisation.
Safety inspection checklist Housekeeping. Electrical safety. Provision and use of PPE. Use and storage of hazardous substances. Manual handling. Traffic routes.
Employees may feel threatened.
Advantages: Auditor will be completely independent and unbiased. The auditor will ask questions and will not make assumptions. More weight may be given to their conclusions.
Machinery. Internal transport. Emergency equipment. Welfare facilities. Systems of work. Working environment.
Strengths of using a checklist to complete Health and safety inspections Enables prior preparation and planning. More structured and systematic.
adopted. Style of report and recipients.
Investigation team Line manager – has knowledge of the processes involved.
Supervisor – has knowledge of the process.
Safety representative – has legal right. Safety practitioner – to advise on health
Initial actions to be taken following a major injury accident at work
and safety implications.
Engineer – to advise on technical matters.
Make sure the area is safe to enter before entering as there could be
Senior manager – from a different department to be unbiased.
hazards surrounding the accident scene. Call the first aiders to attend to the injured person.
Undertaking accident investigation 1.
Call for an ambulance if needed.
Gather the information – Where, When, Who, What, Why.
Secure the area by barricading to prevent
MEEP – Materials, Equipment,
unwanted people from entering.
Environment, People.
Prevents issues from being overlooked.
Preserve the evidence.
Nature of work.
Ensure a consistent approach.
Identify witnesses.
Specialist examinations.
Immediate record available.
Collect evidence like taking photographs
Medical reports.
Easy method for comparison and audit.
or take sketches of the accident scene.
Interviews and witness
Notify the authorities as per legal
Weakness of using a checklist to complete Health and safety inspections Inflexible approach. Not reviewed or updated to account for changes. Inspections become routine and no follow‐up questions asked. No scope for secondary issues to be considered. Incompetent person conducting the inspection. Inspection procedure leading to human error or abuse.
Setting audit objectives.
Documents: Risk assessments.
Aims of accident investigation
Safe systems of work.
Determine the cause of an accident.
Incident/accident history.
Identify weaknesses in the management
Training records. Maintenance records.
system.
Equipment instructions.
Identify weaknesses in the risk
Monitoring records – dust,
assessment.
noise.
Demonstrate management commitment. Comply with legal requirements.
Supervision quotas.
Collect data to establish trends which
Inspection reports. Pre‐start equipment checks.
can be used to prevent future business losses. Provide information for Civil/Criminal actions. Provide information to insurance
Pre‐audit preparation procedure
statements.
requirements.
company.
2.
Analyse the information – What happened and why. Analysis should determine: Immediate/direct causes. Root/underlying causes. 8|P a g e
NEBOSH International General Certificate – Module 1 Summary 3.
Identify the risk control measures – possible solutions to be identified. The analysis may have identified that no control measures in place. Control measures in place but not used. Combinations of both. Measures should be evaluated for: The effectiveness of the control measures. Are the control measures practical. Will the control measures be used. Will the control measures remain effective.
4.
Take action – should have SMART objectives. Involves senior management. Highest priority risk control measures implemented first. Prioritize the order of control measures to be implemented. A senior manager nominated to be in charge of the implementation.
Reasons for reporting accidents Implement initial controls. Monitoring health and safety performance. Starting point for investigation. To comply with legal requirements. To prevent reoccurrences and further injuries/losses. To provide information for any subsequent claim. Review of risk assessments.
Accident data can: Show trends and patterns. Identify weaknesses in procedures and policies. Prioritize safety measures. Identify areas that require improvement. Set targets for reduction.
Employees can be discouraged from reporting accidents because: Ignorance of procedures. Peer pressure. Retribution by management. Preservation of the department’s safety record. Over‐complicated response to reports.
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