NBR ISO 10012 - 2004[1] (1)

Lmigbêd ag wyc gxilwympc {drd [gqrcoräy Y#D Iù{md me{rgyyd {glc Ymyqged Qdrjgq IGBZgo

BC_ED O_DYMLGM_D

DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4? [rmegmrd gamêéc 9;";1"?;;1

Pälmad d {drqmr ag 94";7"?;;1

Ymyqgedy ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc ’ _gtwmymqcy {drd cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc g gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc Egdywrgegbq Egdywrgegbq edbdjgegbq y}yqgey ’ _gtwmrgegbqy `cr egdywrgegbq {rcigyygy dba egdywrmbj gtwm{egbq

[dldprdy%ihdpg6 Ymyqgedy ag jgyqéc" Egamêéc" _gtwmymqcy" [rcigyycy ag egamêéc" Gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc Agyirm{qcry Edbdjgegbq Edbdjgegbq y}yqgey" Egdywrgegbq" Egdywrgegbq" _gtwmrgegbqy" Egdywrgegbq {rcigyygy" Egdywrmbj gtwm{egbq MIY ;9"4?;"4;> 4:";?;

Böegrc ag rg`græbimd DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 ?; {äjmbdy © DOBQ ?;;1


DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

© DOBQ ?;;1

Qcacy cy amrgmqcy rgygrpdacy" D egbcy twg gy{gim`midac ag cwqrc ecac, bgbhwed {drqg agyqd {wolmidêéc {cag ygr rg{rcawvmad cw wqmlmvdad ge twdltwgr `cred cw {cr twdltwgr egmc, glgqrñbmic cw egiïbmic, mbilwmbac `cqciù{md g emirc`mleg, yge {gremyyéc {cr gyirmqc {gld DOBQ"

Ygag ad DOBQ Dp" Qrgvg ag Edmc, 49 ’ ?8¶ dbadr ?;;;9%=;; ’ _mc ag Fdbgmrc ’ _F Qgl"6 . 77 ?4 9=:1%?9;; @dx6 . 77 ?4 ???;%4:0? dobqKdobq"crj"or zzz"dobq"crj"or Me{rgyyc bc Ordyml

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© DOBQ ?;;1 ┋ Qcacy cy amrgmqcy rgygrpdacy


DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

Yweärmc

[äjmbd

[rg`äimc"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""mp Mbqrcawêéc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""" p 4

Cofgqmpc g ide{c ag d{lmidêéc""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4

?

_g`græbimdy bcredqmpdy""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4

9

Qgrecy g ag`mbmê÷gy"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ag`mbmê÷gy"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""" 4

1

_gtwmymqcy jgrdmy""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" jgrdmy"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""? """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?

7 7"4 7"? 7"9 7"1

_gy{cbydomlmadag ad amrgêéc"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" amrgêéc""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""" 9 @wbêéc egqrclùjmid """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""9 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""9 @cic bc ilmgbqg """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""9 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""9 Cofgqmpcy ad twdlmadag """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""9 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""9 Dbälmyg iråqmid {gld amrgêéc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""" 9

0 0"4 0"? 0"9 0"1

Jgyqéc ag rgiwrycy""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" rgiwrycy """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1 _giwrycy hwedbcy """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1 _giwrycy ag mb`credêéc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1 """""""""""""""""""""""""1 _giwrycy edqgrmdmy """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""7 @crbgigacrgy gxqgrbcy""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" gxqgrbcy""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""" 0

: :"4 :"? :"9

Ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid g rgdlmvdêéc ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""": Ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""": """""""""""""""""""""""""""""": [rcigyyc ag egamêéc"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" egamêéc""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4; """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4; Mbigrqgvd ag egamêéc g rdyqrgdomlmadag """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""" 4?

8 8"4 8"? 8"9 8"1

Dbälmyg g eglhcrmd ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""49 Jgbgrdlmadagy""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""49 Dwamqcrmd g ecbmqcrdegbqc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""" 49 Icbqrclg ag béc%icb`cremadagy béc%icb`cremadagy """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""" 41 Eglhcrmd""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""40

Dbgxc (mb`credqmpc- Pmyéc jgrdl ac {rcigyyc ag ice{rcpdêéc ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid egqrclùjmid """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""48 Omolmcjrd`md""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?;


mmm


DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

[rg`äimc D Dyycimdêéc Ordymlgmrd ag Bcredy Qíibmidy (DOBQ- í c @ùrwe Bdimcbdl ag Bcredlmvdêéc" Dy Bcredy Ordymlgmrdy, iwfc icbqgöac í ag rgy{cbydomlmadag acy Icemqæy Ordymlgmrcy (DOBQ#IO-, acy Crjdbmyecy ag Bcredlmvdêéc Ygqcrmdl (DOBQ#CBY- g ady Icemyy÷gy ag Gyqwac Gy{gimdmy Qge{crärmdy (DOBQ#IGGQ-, yéc gldocrdady {cr Icemyy÷gy ag Gyqwac (IG-, `credady {cr rg{rgygbqdbqgy acy ygqcrgy gbpclpmacy, agldy `dvgbac {drqg6 {rcawqcrgy, icbywemacrgy g bgwqrcy (wbmpgrymadagy, ldocrdqùrmcy g cwqrcyD DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4? `cm gldocrdad bc Icemqæ Ordymlgmrc ad Twdlmadag (DOBQ#IO’?7-, {gld Icemyyéc ag Gyqwac ag Qgibclcjmd ag Yw{crqg (IG’?76;;;";9-" C [rcfgqc imriwlcw ge Icbywlqd [öolmid icb`creg Gamqdl b¶ ;8 ag ?8"4;"?;;9, ice c böegrc [rcfgqc ?76;;;";9%;;4" Gyqd Bcred idbigld g ywoyqmqwm dy DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?%464==9 g DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?%?64===" Gyqd Bcred í gtwmpdlgbqg ë MYC 4;;4?6?;;9" Gyqd Bcred icbqíe c dbgxc D, ag idräqgr mb`credqmpc"

mp



DOBQ BO_ MYC M YC 4;;4?6?;;1

Mbqrcawêéc We ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc g`midv dyygjwrd twg c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc g cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc yéc dagtwdacy {drd ygw wyc {rgqgbamac g í me{crqdbqg {drd dqmbjmr cy cofgqmpcy ad twdlmadag ac {rcawqc g jgrgbimdr c rmyic ag rgywlqdac ag egamêéc mbicrrgqd" C cofgqmpc ag we ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc í jgrgbimdr c rmyic ag twg c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc g cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc {cyyde {rcawvmr rgywlqdacy mbicrrgqcy d`gqdbac d twdlmadag acy {rcawqcy ag wed crjdbmvdêéc" Cy eíqcacy wydacy {drd c ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc pdrmde ad pgrm`midêéc oäymid ac gtwm{degbqc ë d{lmidêéc ag qíibmidy gyqdqåyqmidy bc icbqrclg ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc" Bgyqd Bcred, c qgrec “{rcigyyc ag egamêéc― d{lmid%yg ëy dqmpmadagy `åymidy ag egamêéc ({cr gxge{lc, ge {rcfgqc, qgyqg, {rcawêéc, mby{gêéc-" _g`græbimdy d gyqd Bcred {cage ygr `gmqdy6 ‑

{cr we ilmgbqg dc gy{gim`midr cy {rcawqcy rgtwgrmacy,

‑

{cr we `crbgigacr dc gy{gim`midr {rcawqcy c`grqdacy,

‑

{cr crjdbmyecy lgjmyldacrgy cw rgjwldegbqdacrgy, g

‑

ge dpdlmdêéc g dwamqcrmd ag ymyqgedy ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc"

We acy {rmbiå{mcy ag jgyqéc gyqdoglgimacy bd DOBQ BO_ MYC =;;; qrdqd ad docradjge crmgbqdad dc {rcigyyc" _gicegbad%yg twg cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc ygfde icbymagrdacy icec {rcigyycy gy{giå`micy twg cofgqmpge adr yw{crqg ë twdlmadag acy {rcawqcy {rcawvmacy {gld crjdbmvdêéc" C ecaglc ag ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc d{lmiäpgl, wqmlmvdac bgyqd Bcred í d{rgygbqdac bd `mjwrd 4"

©

DOBQ ?;;1 ┋ Qcacy cy amrgmqcy rgygrpdacy

p


DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

@mjwrd 4 ‑ Ecaglc ag ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc

Gyqd Bcred mbilwm qdbqc rgtwmymqcy icec crmgbqdêéc {drd me{lgegbqdêéc ag ymyqgedy ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc g {cag ygr öqml bd eglhcrmd ag dqmpmadagy ag egamêéc g ad twdlmadag ag {rcawqcy" Cy rgtwmymqcy d{drgige bc qgxqc ge idrdiqgrgy bcredmy" D crmgbqdêéc d{drgig ge idrdiqgrgy mqälmicy agbqrc ag wed idmxd ag qgxqc, d{ùy c {dräjrd`c d{rc{rmdac ag rgtwmymqcy" D crmgbqdêéc í ycegbqg {drd mb`credêéc g béc icbyqmqwm damêéc, lmemqdêéc cw ecam`midêéc ag twdltwgr rgtwmymqc" Crjdbmvdê÷gy qæe d rgy{cbydomlmadag ag agqgrembdr c båpgl acy icbqrclgy bgigyyärmcy g gy{gim`midr cy rgtwmymqcy ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc d ygr d{lmidac icec {drqg ac ygw ymyqged ag jgyqéc jlcodl" Gxigqc {cr dicrac, gyqd Bcred béc qge d mbqgbêéc ag damimcbdr, ywoqrdmr bge ywoyqmqwmr twdltwgr rgtwmymqc ag cwqrdy bcredy" Ygjwmr cy rgtwmymqcy gyqdoglgimacy bgyqd Bcred `dimlmqdrä c iwe{rmegbqc acy rgtwmymqcy {drd egamê÷gy g icbqrclg ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc gy{gim`midac ge cwqrdy bcredy, {cr gxge{lc, dy DOBQ BO_ MYC =;;46?;;;, ywoygêéc :"0, g DOBQ BO_ MYC 41;;464==0, ywoygêéc 1"7"4"

pm



BC_ED O_DYMLGM_D

DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

Ymyqgedy ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc ’ _gtwmymqcy {drd cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc g gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc

4

Cofgqmpc g ide{c ag d{lmidêéc

Gyqd Bcred gy{gim`mid rgtwmymqcy jgbírmicy g `crbgig crmgbqdêéc {drd d jgyqéc ag {rcigyycy ag egamêéc g ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid ag gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc wydac {drd adr yw{crqg g agecbyqrdr icb`cremadag ice rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy" Gld gy{gim`mid rgtwmymqcy ag jgyqéc ad twdlmadag ag we ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc twg {cag ygr wydac {cr wed crjdbmvdêéc twg gxgiwqd egamê÷gy icec {drqg ag we ymyqged ag jgyqéc jlcodl, g {drd dyygjwrdr twg cy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy yéc dqgbamacy" Gyqd Bcred béc qge d mbqgbêéc ag ygr wydad icec we rgtwmymqc {drd agecbyqrdr d icb`cremadag ice d DOBQ BO_ MYC =;;4, DOBQ BO_ MYC 41;;4 cw twdltwgr cwqrd bcred" [drqgy mbqgrgyydady {cage icbicradr ge wydr gyqd Bcred icec wed gbqrdad {drd ydqmy`dvgr cy rgtwmymqcy ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc bdy dqmpmadagy ag igrqm`midêéc" Gyqd Bcred béc {rgqgbag ygr we ywoyqmqwqc cw wed damêéc dcy rgtwmymqcy ad DOBQ BO_ MYC#MGI 4:;?7" BCQD Gxmyqge cwqrdy bcredy g jwmdy {drd glgegbqcy {drqmiwldrgy twg d`gqde cy rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc, {cr gxge{lc, agqdlhgy ag eíqcacy ag egamêéc, ice{gqæbimd ag {gyycdl g ice{drdê÷gy mbqgrldocrdqcrmdmy"

?

_g`græbimdy bcredqmpdy

Cy aciwegbqcy rgldimcbdacy d ygjwmr yéc mbamy{gbyäpgmy {drd d d{lmidêéc agyqd Bcred" [drd dy rg`græbimdy adqdady, ycegbqg d gamêéc imqdad yg d{lmid" [drd rg`grgbimdy béc adqdady, d ölqmed gamêéc ac aciwegbqc rg`grgbimdac (mbilwmbac twdltwgr damqdegbqc- yg d{lmid" D DOBQ edbqíe rgjmyqrcy ady bcredy dqwdlmvdady" DOBQ BO_ MYC =;;;6?;;; % Ymyqgedy ag jgyqéc ad twdlmadag ’ @wbadegbqcy g pcidowlärmc PME64==94- % Pcidowlärmc Mbqgrbdimcbdl ag qgrecy `wbadegbqdmy g jgrdmy ag egqrclcjmd" OM[E, MGI, M@II, MYC, MW[DI, MW[D[, CMEL

9

Qgrecy g ag`mbmê÷gy

[drd cy g`gmqcy agyqd Bcred, d{lmide%yg cy qgrecy g ag`mbmê÷gy ady DOBQ BO_ MYC =;;; g PME g cy ygjwmbqgy6 9"4 ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc

icbfwbqc ag glgegbqcy mbqgr%rgldimcbdacy g mbqgrdqmpcy, bgigyyärmcy {drd coqgr d ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid g c icbqrclg icbqåbwc acy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc 9"? {rcigyyc ag egamêéc

icbfwbqc ag c{grdê÷gy {drd agqgrembdr c pdlcr ag wed jrdbagvd

4-

Bcqd ad qrdawêéc6 Dacqdac bc Ordyml Ordyml dqrdpíy ad {crqdrmd b» ?=#4==7 ac MBEGQ_C


4


DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

9"9 gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc

mbyqrwegbqc ag egamêéc, {rcjrded ag ice{wqdacr, {daréc ag egamêéc, edqgrmdl ag rg`græbimd cw amy{cymqmpcy dwxmlmdrgy, cw wed iceombdêéc aglgy, bgigyyärmcy {drd gxgiwqdr we {rcigyyc ag egamêéc 9"1 idrdiqgråyqmid egqrclùjmid

{rc{rmgadag amyqmbqd twg {cag mb`lwgbimdr cy rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc BCQD 4

Gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc bcredlegbqg qæe pärmdy idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy"

BCQD ?

Idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy {cage gyqdr ywfgmqdy ë idlmordêéc"

9"7 ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid

icbfwbqc ag c{grdê÷gy bgigyyärmdy {drd dyygjwrdr twg we gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc dqgbag dcy rgtwmymqcy ac ygw wyc {rgqgbamac" BCQD 4 Ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid bcredlegbqg mbilwm idlmordêéc idlmordêéc cw pgrm`midêéc, twdltwgr dfwyqg cw rg{drc bgigyyärmc, g ywoygtügbqg rgidlmordêéc, ice{drdêéc ice cy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy {drd c wyc {rgqgbamac ac gtwm{degbqc, dyyme icec twdltwgr gqmtwgqd cw ldirg bgigyyärmcy" BCQD ? Ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid béc í dlidbêdad, dqí dqí twg, g d egbcy twg, d dagtwdêéc dagtwdêéc ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc {drd c ygw wyc {rgqgbamac qgbhd ymac agecbyqrdad g aciwegbqdad" BCQD 9 Cy rgtwmymqcy {drd c wyc {rgqgbamac mbilwge mbilwge icbymagrdê÷gy icbymagrdê÷gy qdmy icec icec de{lmqwag, rgyclwêéc, rgyclwêéc, grrc eäxmec#grrc eäxmec#grrc {gremqmac" BCQD 1 Cy rgtwmymqcy ag ice{rcpdêéc ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid yéc bcredlegbqg bcredlegbqg amyqmbqcy acy rgtwmymqcy rgtwmymqcy ac {rcawqc, g béc gyqéc gy{gim`midacy bgyqgy rgtwmymqcy" BCQD 7

We amdjrded acy {rcigyycy {rcigyycy gbpclpmacy bd ice{rcpdêéc ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid í d{rgygbqdac d{rgygbqdac bd `mjwrd ?"

9"0 `wbêéc egqrclùjmid

`wbêéc ice rgy{cbydomlmadag qíibmid g daembmyqrdqmpd {drd ag`mbmr g me{lgegbqdr c ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc

1

_gtwmymqcy jgrdmy

C ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpg dyygjwrdr twg rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy gy{gim`midacy yéc ydqmy`gmqcy" Crmgbqdêéc _gtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy gy{gim`midacy yéc agrmpdacy ag rgtwmymqcy {drd c {rcawqc" Gyqgy rgtwmymqcy yéc bgigyyärmcy qdbqc {drd c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc twdbqc {drd cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc" _gtwmymqcy {cage ygr gx{rgyycy icec grrc eäxmec {gremyyåpgl, mbigrqgvd {gremyyåpgl, `dmxd, gyqdomlmadag, rgyclwêéc, icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy cw hdomlmadagy ac c{grdacr" D crjdbmvdêéc agpg gy{gim`midr cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc g c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc twg gyqéc ywfgmqcy ëy {rcpmy÷gy agyqd Bcred" Dc agimamr c gyic{c g d gxqgbyéc ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc, agpge ygr lgpdacy ge icbymagrdêéc cy rmyicy g dy icbygtüæbimdy ag `dlhdy bc iwe{rmegbqc acy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy" C ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc icbymyqg bc icbqrclg ag {rcigyycy ag egamêéc mbamidacy g ge ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid ag gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc (pgr `mjwrd ?-, g acy {rcigyycy ag yw{crqg bgigyyärmcy" Cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc icbqmacy bc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpge ygr icbqrcldacy (pgr :"?-" Qcac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc twg `dv {drqg ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpg ygr ice{rcpdac (pgr :"4-"

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Ewadbêdy bc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpge gyqdr ge icbicraïbimd ice cy {rcigamegbqcy ad crjdbmvdêéc"

7

_gy{cbydomlmadag ad amrgêéc

7"4

@wbêéc egqrclùjmid

D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg ygr ag`mbmad {gld crjdbmvdêéc" D Dlqd Amrgêéc ad crjdbmvdêéc agpg dyygjwrdr d amy{cbmomlmadag acy rgiwrycy bgigyyärmcy {drd gyqdoglgigr g edbqgr d `wbêéc egqrclùjmid" Crmgbqdêéc D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid {cag ygr we ag{drqdegbqc öbmic cw gyqdr amyqrmowåad ge qcad d crjdbmvdêéc" D jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg gyqdoglgigr, aciwegbqdr g edbqgr c ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc g icbqmbwdegbqg eglhcrdr d ywd g`miäimd" 7"?

@cic bc ilmgbqg

D jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg dyygjwrdr twg6 d- cy rgtwmymqcy ag egamêéc ac ilmgbqg gyqéc ag`mbmacy g icbpgrqmacy ge rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy, o-

c ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc dqgbag dcy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy ac ilmgbqg, g

i-

d icb`cremadag dcy rgtwmymqcy gy{gim`midacy {glc ilmgbqg {cag ygr agecbyqrdad"

7"9

Cofgqmpcy ad twdlmadag

D jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg ag`mbmr g gyqdoglgigr cofgqmpcy egbywräpgmy ad twdlmadag {drd c ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc" Irmqírmcy ag cofgqmpcy ag agyge{gbhc g {rcigamegbqcy {drd cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc g ygw icbqrclg agpge ygr ag`mbmacy" Crmgbqdêéc Gxge{lcy ag qdmy cofgqmpcy ad twdlmadag ge am`grgbqgy båpgmy ad crjdbmvdêéc6 ‑

bgbhwe {rcawqc béc%icb`creg, bge {rcawqc icb`creg rgfgmqdac agpmac d egamê÷gy mbicrrgqdy, agpg ygr digmqc>

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bgbhwe {rcigyyc ag egamêéc {cag gyqdr `crd ag icbqrclg {cr edmy ag we amd yge ygr agqgiqdac>

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qcady dy ice{rcpdê÷gy egqrclùjmidy agpge ygr ice{lgqdady agbqrc acy {rdvcy dicradacy>

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béc {cag hdpgr rgjmyqrc dljwe mlgjåpgl ag ice{rcpdê÷gy egqrclùjmidy>

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qcacy cy {rcjrdedy ag qrgmbdegbqc acy qíibmicy agpge ygr ice{lgqdacy agbqrc ac ircbcjrded gyqdoglgimac>

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c qge{c ge twg c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc `midr `crd ag c{grdêéc agpg ygr rgawvmac {cr wed {grigbqdjge ag`mbmad"

7"1

Dbälmyg irmqmid {gld amrgêéc

D Dlqd Amrgêéc ad crjdbmvdêéc agpg dyygjwrdr d dbälmyg iråqmid ymyqgeäqmid ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc ge mbqgrpdlcy {ldbgfdacy, {drd dyygjwrdr ywd icbqåbwd {grqmbæbimd, dagtwdêéc g g`miäimd"D g`miäimd"D Dlqd Amrgêéc agpg

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9


DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

dyygjwrdr twg cy rgiwrycy bgigyyärmcy gyqgfde amy{cbåpgmy {drd dbdlmydr irmqmidegbqg c ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc" Cy rgywlqdacy ad dbälmyg iråqmid {gld amrgêéc agpge ygr wydacy {gld jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid {drd ecam`midr c ymyqged twdbac bgigyyärmc, mbilwmbac eglhcrmdy bcy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc (pgr ygêéc 8- g dbdlmydbac irmqmidegbqg cy cofgqmpcy ad twdlmadag" Cy rgywlqdacy ag qcady dy dbälmygy iråqmidy g dy dê÷gy qcedady agpge ygr rgjmyqrdacy"

0

Jgyqéc ag rgiwrycy

0"4 0"4"4

_giwrycy hwedbcy _gy{cbydomlmadag ac {gyycdl

D jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg ag`mbmr g aciwegbqdr dy rgy{cbydomlmadagy ag qcac c {gyycdl agymjbdac {drd c ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc" Crmgbqdêéc Gyqdy rgy{cbydomlmadagy {cage ygr ag`mbmady ge crjdbcjrdedy, agyirmêéc ag dqrmowmê÷gy g mbyqrwê÷gy ag qrdodlhc cw {rcigamegbqcy" {rcigamegbqcy" Gyqd Bcred béc gxilwm c wyc ag {gyycdl gy{gimdlmyqd gxqgrbc {drd d `wbêéc egqrclùjmid" 0"4"?

Ice{gqæbimd g qrgmbdegbqc

D jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg dyygjwrdr twg c {gyycdl gbpclpmac bc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc qgbhd agecbyqrdac qgr hdomlmadag {drd agyge{gbhdr dy qdrg`dy agymjbdady" Twdltwgr hdomlmadag gy{gimdlmvdad rgtwgrmad agpg ygr gy{gim`midad" D jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg dyygjwrdr twg ygfd `crbgimac qrgmbdegbqc `cidac bdy bgigyymadagy magbqm`midady, ygfde edbqmacy rgjmyqrcy ady dqmpmadagy ag qrgmbdegbqc, g twg d g`miäimd ac qrgmbdegbqc ygfd dpdlmdad g rgjmyqrdad" C {gyycdl agpg ygr icbyimgbqmvdac ycorg d gxqgbyéc ag ywdy rgy{cbydomlmadagy g ac me{diqc ag ywdy dqmpmadagy ycorg d g`miäimd ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc g bd twdlmadag ac {rcawqc" Crmgbqdêéc D ice{gqæbimd {cag ygr coqmad dqrdpíy ad gawidêéc, qrgmbdegbqc g gx{grmæbimd, g agecbyqrdad {cr qgyqgy cw agyge{gbhc coygrpdac" Twdbac {gyycdl twg gyqä ge qrgmbdegbqc í wydac, agpg ygr `crbgimad yw{grpmyéc dagtwdad" 0"? 0"?"4

_giwrycy ag mb`credêéc [rcigamegbqcy

Cy {rcigamegbqcy ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpge ygr aciwegbqdacy bd gxqgbyéc bgigyyärmd g pdlmadacy {drd dyygjwrdr d me{lgegbqdêéc dagtwdad, ywd icbymyqæbimd ag d{lmidêéc g d pdlmadag acy rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc" Bcpcy {rcigamegbqcy cw dlqgrdê÷gy ge {rcigamegbqcy aciwegbqdacy agpge ygr dwqcrmvdacy g icbqrcldacy" [rcigamegbqcy agpge gyqdr dqwdlmvdacy, amy{cbåpgmy g `crbgimacy twdbac rgtwgrmacy" Crmgbqdêéc [rcigamegbqcy qíibmicy {cage ygr odygdacy ge {räqmidy ag egamêéc, {daréc {wolmidacy cw ge mbyqrwê÷gy gyirmqdy ag ilmgbqgy cw ag `dormidbqgy ag gtwm{degbqc" gtwm{degbqc"

1




0"?"?

[rcjrded ag ice{wqdacr (yc`qzdrg-

[rcjrdedy ag ice{wqdacr wydacy bcy {rcigamegbqcy ag egamêéc g iäliwlcy ag rgywlqdacy agpge ygr aciwegbqdacy, magbqm`midacy g icbqrcldacy {drd dyygjwrdr ywd dagtwdomlmadag {drd c wyc icbqmbwdac" [rcjrded ag ice{wqdacr g twdltwgr rgpmyéc aglg agpge ygr qgyqdacy g#cw pdlmadacy dbqgy ac wyc mbmimdl, d{rcpdacy {drd wyc g drtwmpdacy" Qgyqgy agpge ygr rgdlmvdacy bd gxqgbyéc bgigyyärmd {drd dyygjwrdr rgywlqdacy pälmacy ady egamê÷gy" Crmgbqdêéc [rcjrdedy ag ice{wqdacrgy {cage gyqdr ge ampgrydy `credy, qdmy icec geowqmacy, {rcjrdeäpgmy, cw {rcbqcy {drd dtwmymêéc" [rcjrdedy ag ice{wqdacrgy {rcbqcy {drd dtwmymêéc {cage béc rgtwgrgr qgyqgy" Qgyqgy {cage mbilwmr pgrm`midêéc ag pårwy, pgrm`midêéc acy dljcrmqecy {rcjrdedacy ac wywärmc, cw wed iceombdêéc aglgy, yge{rg twg bgigyyärmc {drd gbicbqrdr c rgywlqdac ag egamêéc rgtwgrmac" Icbqrclg ad icb`mjwrdêéc ag {rcjrdedy ag ice{wqdacr {cag dfwadr d edbqgr d mbqgjrmadag g pdlmadag acy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc twg wqmlmvde {rcjrdedy ag ice{wqdacr" C drtwmpdegbqc {cag ygr {gld irmdêéc ag iù{mdy%rgygrpd, dredvgbdjge ge lcidmy am`grgbqgy, cw twdltwgr cwqrc egmc ag ydlpdjwdradr d {rcjrdedêéc, dyygjwrdr digyymomlmadag g `crbgigr c båpgl ag rdyqrgdomlmadag bgigyyärmc" bgigyyärmc" 0"?"9

_gjmyqrcy

Agpge ygr edbqmacy rgjmyqrcy icbqgbac mb`credê÷gy rgtwgrmady {drd d c{grdêéc ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc" [rcigamegbqcy aciwegbqdacy agpge dyygjwrdr d magbqm`midêéc, dredvgbdjge, {rcqgêéc, rgiw{grdêéc, qge{c ag rgqgbêéc g amy{cymêéc acy rgjmyqrcy" Crmgbqdêéc Gxge{lcy ag rgjmyqrcy yéc6 rgywlqdacy ag ice{rcpdêéc, rgywlqdac ag egamêéc, dtwmymêéc, adacy c{grdimcbdmy, adacy ag béc%icb`cremadagy, rgildedê÷gy ag ilmgbqgy, qrgmbdegbqc, twdlm`midêéc cw twdltwgr cwqrc adac hmyqùrmic twg yw{crqg cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc" 0"?"1

Magbqm`midêéc

Gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc g {rcigamegbqcy qíibmicy wydacy bc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpge ygr ildrdegbqg magbqm`midacy, mbampmawdl cw iclgqmpdegbqg" Agpg hdpgr wed magbqm`midêéc ad ymqwdêéc ad ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid ac gtwm{degbqc" Gtwm{degbqc ice{rcpdac {drd ygr wqmlmvdac wbmidegbqg ge we {rcigyyc cw {rcigyycy ag egamêéc gy{giå`micy agpg ygr ildrdegbqg magbqm`midac cw icbqrcldac ag cwqrd `cred {drd gpmqdr c wyc béc dwqcrmvdac" Gtwm{degbqc wydac bc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpg ygr amyqmbjwåpgl ag cwqrc gtwm{degbqc" 0"9 0"9"4

_giwrycy edqgrmdmy Gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc

Qcac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc bgigyyärmc {drd ydqmy`dvgr rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy gy{gim`midacy agpg gyqdr amy{cbåpgl g magbqm`midac bc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc" C gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc agpg qgr wed ymqwdêéc ag idlmordêéc pälmad dbqgy ag ygr ice{rcpdac" Gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc agpge ygr wydacy ge we deomgbqg twg í icbhgimac cw icbqrcldac bd gxqgbyéc bgigyyärmd {drd dyygjwrdr rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc pälmacy" Gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc wydacy {drd ecbmqcrdr g rgjmyqrdr dy jrdbagvdy twg mb`lwgbimde agpge ygr mbilwåacy bc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc"

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7


DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

Crmgbqdêéc Gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc {cag ygr ice{rcpdac {drd wyc ge {rcigyycy gy{giå`micy ag egamêéc g béc ice{rcpdac {drd wyc ge cwqrcy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc {cr idwyd ag am`grgbqgy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy" _gtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy {drd c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc yéc agrmpdacy ag rgtwmymqcy gy{gim`midacy {drd c {rcawqc cw acy gtwm{degbqcy gtwm{degbqcy d ygrge idlmordacy, pgrm`midacy g ice{rcpdacy" C grrc eäxmec {gremyyåpgl {cag ygr ag`mbmac {gld rg`græbimd ëy gy{gim`midê÷gy {wolmidady ac `dormidbqg ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc cw {gld `wbêéc egqrclùjmid" Gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc {cage ygr idlmordacy {cr wed crjdbmvdêéc amyqmbqd adtwgld twg agyge{gbhd d `wbêéc egqrclùjmid bd ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid" D idrdiqgrmvdêéc ag edqgrmdmy ag rg`græbimd {cag ydqmy`dvgr c rgtwmymqc {drd d idlmordêéc" D jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg gyqdoglgigr, edbqgr g wydr {rcigamegbqcy aciwegbqdacy {drd rgigogr, edbwygdr, qrdby{crqdr, dredvgbdr g gx{gamr gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc, bc ygbqmac ag {rgpgbmr dowycy, edw wyc, adbcy g ewadbêdy bdy ywdy idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy" Agpg hdpgr {rcigamegbqc {drd {rcigyydr d rgqmrdad cw mbqrcawêéc ag gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc" 0"9"?

Deomgbqg

Dy icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy rgtwgrmady {drd d c{grdêéc g`midv acy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc icogrqcy {glc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpge ygr aciwegbqdady" Dy icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy twg d`gqde dy egamê÷gy agpge ygr ecbmqcrdady g rgjmyqrdady" Icrrgê÷gy odygdady bdy icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy agpge ygr rgjmyqrdady g d{lmidady dcy rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc" Crmgbqdêéc Icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy twg d`gqde cy rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc {cage mbilwmr qge{grdqwrd, qdxd ag pdrmdêéc ad qge{grdqwrd, wemadag, mlwembdêéc, pmordêéc, icbqrclg ag {cgmrd, lme{gvd, mbqgr`græbimd glgqrcedjbíqmid g cwqrcy `dqcrgy" @dormidbqgy ag gtwm{degbqcy gtwm{degbqcy bcredlegbqg `crbgige gy{gim`midê÷gy, adbac `dmxdy g idrjdy eäxmedy, g lmemqdê÷gy ady icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy, {drd c icrrgqc wyc ac gtwm{degbqc" 0"1

@crbgigacrgy gxqgrbcy

D jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg ag`mbmr g aciwegbqdr cy rgtwmymqcy {drd {rcawqcy g ygrpmêcy d ygrge `crbgimacy {cr `crbgigacrgy gxqgrbcy {drd c ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc" @crbgigacrgy gxqgrbcy agpge ygr dpdlmdacy g yglgimcbdacy ice odyg bd ywd hdomlmadag ge dqgbagr dcy rgtwmymqcy aciwegbqdacy" Irmqírmcy ag yglgêéc, ecbmqcrdegbqc g dpdlmdêéc agpge ygr ag`mbmacy g aciwegbqdacy, g cy rgywlqdacy ad dpdlmdêéc agpge ygr rgjmyqrdacy" Agpge ygr edbqmacy rgjmyqrcy acy {rcawqcy g ygrpmêcy `crbgimacy {glcy `crbgigacrgy gxqgrbcy" Crmgbqdêéc Yg we `crbgigacr gxqgrbc `cr wydac {drd qgyqgy cw idlmordêéc, c `crbgigacr agpg ygr id{dv ag agecbyqrdr ice{gqæbimd qíibmid ice wed bcred ag ldocrdqùrmc qdl icec d DOBQ BO_ MYC#MGI 4:;?7" [rcawqcy g ygrpmêcy `crbgimacy {cr `crbgigacrgy gxqgrbcy {cage rgtwgrgr pgrm`midê÷gy acy rgtwmymqcy gy{gim`midacy"

0




:

Ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid g rgdlmvdêéc ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc

:"4 :"4"4

Ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid Jgbgrdlmadagy

D ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid (pgr `mjwrd ? g dbgxc D- agpg ygr {rcfgqdad g me{lgegbqdad {drd dyygjwrdr twg idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc ydqmy`dêde cy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc" D ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid ice{rggbag d idlmordêéc g d pgrm`midêéc ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc" Crmgbqdêéc _gidlmordêéc ag we gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc béc í bgigyyärmd yg c gtwm{degbqc fä gyqmpgr ge wed ymqwdêéc ag idlmordêéc pälmad" [rcigamegbqc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid {cag mbilwmr eíqcacy {drd pgrm`midr twg dy mbigrqgvdy ag egamêéc g#cy grrcy ag gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc gyqéc agbqrc acy lmemqgy {gremyyåpgmy gy{gim`midacy bcy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy" Mb`credêéc {grqmbgbqg ë ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid ad ymqwdêéc ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc agpg gyqdr {rcbqdegbqg amy{cbåpgl {drd c c{grdacr, mbilwmbac twdmytwgr lmemqdê÷gy cw rgtwmymqcy gy{gimdmy" Dy idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc agpge ygr dagtwdady {drd ygw wyc {rgqgbamac" Crmgbqdêéc Gxge{lcy ag idrdiqgråyqmidy {drd gtwm{degbqcy gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc mbilwge6 ‑

`dmxd,

‑

qgbaæbimd,

‑

rg{gqmomlmadag,

‑

gyqdomlmadag,

‑

hmyqgrgyg,

‑

pdrmdê÷gy,

‑

g`gmqcy ag jrdbagvdy twg mb`lwgbimde,

‑

rgyclwêéc,

‑

amyirmembdêéc (lmemqg-,

‑

grrc,

‑

`dmxd ecrqd"

Idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy ag gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc yéc `dqcrgy twg icbqrmowge {drd d mbigrqgvd ag egamêéc (pgr :"9"4-, cy twdmy {cyymomlmqde ice{drdêéc amrgqd ice cy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy bc gyqdoglgimegbqc gyqdoglgimegbqc ad ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid" _gicegbad%yg twg ygfde gpmqdady ygbqgbêdy twdlmqdqmpdy ady idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy ge qgrecy ag, {cr gxge{lc, “gxdqmaéc rgtwgrmad ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc―"

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:


DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

:"4"?

Mbqgrpdlcy ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid

Cy eíqcacy wydacy {drd d agqgrembdêéc cw ewadbêd acy mbqgrpdlcy gbqrg ice{rcpdê÷gy egqrclùjmidy agpge ygr agyirmqcy ge {rcigamegbqcy aciwegbqdacy" Gyygy mbqgrpdlcy agpge ygr dbdlmydacy irmqmidegbqg g dfwyqdacy twdbac bgigyyärmc {drd dyygjwrdr d icbqåbwd icb`cremadag ice cy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy gy{gim`midacy" Crmgbqdêéc Adacy coqmacy ag hmyqùrmdy ag idlmordêéc g ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid, g dpdbêcy ag qgibclcjmd g ag icbhgimegbqc {cage ygr wydacy {drd agqgrembdêéc acy mbqgrpdlcy gbqrg ice{rcpdê÷gy egqrclùjmidy" _gjmyqrcy coqmacy wydbac qíibmidy ag icbqrclg gyqdqåyqmic ag {rcigyyc {drd egamê÷gy {cage ygr öqgmy bd agqgrembdêéc ad bgigyymadag cw béc ag dlqgrdr cy mbqgrpdlcy ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid" C mbqgrpdlc ag idlmordêéc {cag ygr mjwdl dc mbqgrpdlc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid" (pgr CMEL A4;-" Idad pgv twg we gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc béc icb`creg í rg{drdac, dfwyqdac cw ecam`midac c mbqgrpdlc {drd ywd ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid agpg ygr dbdlmydac irmqmidegbqg" :"4"9 Icbqrclg ag dfwyqgy ag gtwm{degbqc

Digyycy dcy egmcy ag dfwyqgy g amy{cymqmpcy ycorg gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc ice{rcpdac, iwfd {cymêéc d`gqd c agyge{gbhc, agpge ygr ygldacy cw ag dljwed cwqrd `cred {rcqgjmacy {drd {rgpgbmr ewadbêdy béc dwqcrmvdady" Yglcy cw {rcqgê÷gy agpge ygr {rcfgqdacy g me{lgegbqdacy ag qdl `cred twg ewadbêdy béc dwqcrmvdady ygfde agqgiqdady" [rcigamegbqcy ac {rcigyyc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid agpge mbilwmr dê÷gy d ygrge qcedady twdbac yglcy cw {rcqgêéc yéc gbicbqrdacy twgordacy, adbm`midacy, icbqcrbdacy cw `dlqdbac" Crmgbqdêéc C rgtwmymqc {drd ygldjge béc yg d{lmid d egmcy cw amy{cymqmpcy ag dfwyqg twg yéc mbqgbimcbdlegbqg {cymimcbdacy {glc wywärmc yge d bgigyymadag ag rg`græbimdy gxqgrbdy> {cr gxge{lc, dfwyqgy ag vgrc" _gicegbad%yg twg ygfd adad dqgbêéc gy{gimdl {drd qíibmidy ag {rcqgêéc ag gyirmqd, {drd {rgpgbmr dlqgrdê÷gy béc dwqcrmvdady ge {rcjrdedy ag ice{wqdacrgy ice{wqdacrgy g bcy {rcigamegbqcy {rcigamegbqcy ad crjdbmvdêéc" _gicegbad%yg twg dy agimy÷gy ycorg twg gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc agpgrmd ygr ygldac, cy icbqrclgy cw dfwyqgy twg ygréc ygldacy g c edqgrmdl ag ygldjge, qdmy icec gqmtwgqdy, yclady, `mcy, qmbqdy, ygfde bcredlegbqg agmxdady {drd d `wbêéc egqrclùjmid" _gicegbad%yg twg d me{lgegbqdêéc ag we {rcjrded ag ygldjge {gld `wbêéc egqrclùjmid ygfd aciwegbqdad" Bge qcacy cy gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc qæe d {cyymomlmadag ag ygrge ygldacy" :"4"1

_gjmyqrcy ac {rcigyyc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid

_gjmyqrcy ac {rcigyyc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid agpge ygr adqdacy g d{rcpdacy {cr wed {gyycd dwqcrmvdad {drd dqgyqdr d icrrgêéc acy rgywlqdacy, icec d{rc{rmdac" Gyygy rgjmyqrcy agpge ygr edbqmacy g gyqdr amy{cbåpgmy" Crmgbqdêéc C qge{c eåbmec {drd d rgqgbêéc ag rgjmyqrcy ag{gbag ag ewmqcy `dqcrgy, mbilwmbac cy rgtwmymqcy ac ilmgbqg, rgtwmymqcy gyqdqwqärmcy cw rgjwldegbqdrgy g rgy{cbydomlmadag impml ac `dormidbqg" _gjmyqrcy rgldimcbdacy ice {dar÷gy ag egamêéc {cage {rgimydr ygr edbqmacy mbag`mbmadegbqg" mbag`mbmadegbqg"

8




_gjmyqrcy ac {rcigyyc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid agpge agecbyqrdr yg idad mqge ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc ydqmy`dv cy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy gy{gim`midacy" Cy rgjmyqrcy agpge mbilwmr, twdbac bgigyyärmc6 d- agyirmêéc g magbqm`midêéc öbmid ac `dormidbqg ac gtwm{degbqc, qm{c, böegrc ag yírmg gqi"> o- adqd bd twdl d ice{rcpdêéc ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid `cm ice{lgqdad> i- rgywlqdac ad ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid> a- mbqgrpdlc `mxdac {drd ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid> g- magbqm`midêéc ac {rcigamegbqc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid (pgr 0"?"4-> `-

grrc(y- eäxmec(y- {gremyyåpgl(gmy- ag`mbmac(y->

j- icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy {grqmbgbqgy g agildrdêéc ycorg twdmytwgr icrrgê÷gy bgigyyärmdy> h- mbigrqgvdy gbpclpmady bd idlmordêéc ac gtwm{degbqc> m-

agqdlhgy ag twdltwgr edbwqgbêéc, edbwqgbêéc, qdmy icec dfwyqgy, rg{drcy cw ecam`midê÷gy rgdlmvdady>

f-

twdmytwgr lmemqdê÷gy ag wyc>

n- magbqm`midêéc ad(y- {gyycd(y- twg rgdlmvd(e- d ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid> l-

magbqm`midêéc ad(y- {gyycd(y- rgy{cbyäpgl(gmy- {gld icrrgêéc ad mb`credêéc rgjmyqrdad>

e- magbqm`midêéc öbmid (icec (icec böegrcy ag yírmg- ag twdltwgr rgldqùrmc cw igrqm`midac ag idlmordêéc g cwqrcy aciwegbqcy {grqmbgbqgy> b- gpmaæbimd ad rdyqrgdomlmadag acy rgywlqdacy ad idlmordêéc> c- rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy {drd c wyc {rgqgbamac> {- rgywlqdacy ad idlmordêéc coqmacy d{ùy, g cbag rgtwgrmac, dbqgy ag twdltwgr dfwyqg, ecam`midêéc ecam`midêéc cw rg{drc" Crmgbqdêéc _gicegbad%yg twg rgywlqdacy ag idlmordêéc ygfde rgjmyqrdacy ag `cred twg d rdyqrgdomlmadag ag qcady dy egamê÷gy {cyyd ygr agecbyqrdad g ag `cred twg cy rgywlqdacy ady idlmordê÷gy {cyyde ygr rg{rcawvmacy yco icbamê÷gy {rùxmedy ady icbamê÷gy crmjmbdmy" Dljwedy pgvgy, c rgywlqdac ad pgrm`midêéc í mbilwåac bc rgldqùrmc cw igrqm`midac ag idlmordêéc cbag í agildrdac yg c gtwm{degbqc gyqä ge icb`cremadag (cw `dlhd ge gyqdr ge icb`cremadag - ice cy rgtwmymqcy gy{gim`midacy" Cy rgjmyqrcy {cage ygr edbwyirmqcy, adqmlcjrd`dacy cw emirc`mledacy, cw ge we egmc glgqrñbmic cw ge egmc edjbíqmic, cw cwqrc egmc ag mb`credêéc" C grrc eäxmec {gremyyåpgl {cag ygr agqgrembdac {gld `wbêéc egqrclùjmid, cw {cr rg`græbimd ëy gy{gim`midê÷gy {wolmidady ac `dormidbqg ac gtwm{degbqc gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc" D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg dyygjwrdr twg ycegbqg d {gyycdy dwqcrmvdady ygfd {gremqmac jgrdr, gegbadr, gemqmr cw d{djdr rgjmyqrcy"

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[rcigyyc ag egamêéc Jgbgrdlmadagy

[rcigyycy ag egamêéc twg yéc {drqgy ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpge ygr {ldbgfdacy, pdlmadacy, me{lgegbqdacy, aciwegbqdacy g icbqrcldacy" Jrdbagvdy ag mb`lwæbimdy twg d`gqge cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc agpge ygr magbqm`midady g icbymagrdady" D gy{gim`midêéc ice{lgqd ag idad {rcigyyc ag egamêéc agpg mbilwmr d magbqm`midêéc ag qcac c gtwm{degbqc {grqmbgbqg, {rcigamegbqcy ag egamêéc, {rcjrdedy ag ice{wqdacr {drd egamêéc, icbamê÷gy ag wyc, hdomlmadagy ac c{grdacr g qcacy cy cwqrcy `dqcrgy twg d`gqde d icb`mdomlmadag ac rgywlqdac ag egamêéc" C icbqrclg acy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc agpg ygr icbawvmac ag dicrac ice {rcigamegbqcy aciwegbqdacy" Crmgbqdêéc We {rcigyyc ag egamêéc {cag ygr lmemqdac dc wyc ag we öbmic gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc" We {rcigyyc ag egamêéc {cag rgtwgrgr icrrgêéc ag adacy, {cr gxge{lc, agpmac ëy icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy" :"?"?

[rcfgqc ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc

Cy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy agpge ygr agqgrembdacy ice odyg bcy rgtwmymqcy ac ilmgbqg, ad crjdbmvdêéc, gyqdqwqärmcy g rgjwldegbqdrgy" Cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc {rcfgqdacy {drd ydqmy`dvgr gyygy rgtwmymqcy gy{gim`midacy agpge ygr aciwegbqdacy, pdlmadacy icec d{rc{rmdac g, yg bgigyyärmc, dicradacy ice c ilmgbqg" [drd idad {rcigyyc ag egamêéc, cy glgegbqcy g cy icbqrclgy ac {rcigyyc {grqmbgbqg agpge ygr magbqm`midacy" D gyiclhd ag glgegbqcy g lmemqgy ag icbqrclg agpg ygr ice{dqåpgl ice c rmyic ag `dlhd bd icb`cremadag ice cy rgtwmymqcy gy{gim`midacy" Gyygy glgegbqcy g icbqrclgy ac {rcigyyc agpge mbilwmr cy g`gmqcy ag c{grdacrgy, gtwm{degbqc, icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy, jrdbagvdy ag mb`lwæbimd g eíqcacy ag d{lmidêéc" Crmgbqdêéc Dc gy{gim`midr cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc, {cag ygr bgigyyärmc agqgrembdr6 ‑

twdmy egamê÷gy yéc bgigyyärmdy {drd dyygjwrdr d twdlmadag ac {rcawqc>

‑

cy eíqcacy ag egamêéc>

‑

c gtwm{degbqc rgtwgrmac {drd gxgiwqdr d egamêéc g ag`mbm%lc>

‑

d twdlm`midêéc g hdomlmadag rgtwgrmady ac {gyycdl twg gxgiwqd d egamêéc>

Cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc {cage ygr pdlmadacy {cr ice{drdêéc ice rgywlqdacy ag cwqrcy {rcigyycy pdlmadacy, {gld ice{drdêéc ag rgywlqdacy {cr cwqrcy eíqcacy ag egamêéc cw {cr dbälmyg icbqåbwd ag idrdiqgråyqmidy ag {rcigyyc ag egamêéc" C {rcigyyc ag egamêéc agpg ygr {rcfgqdac {drd {rgpgbmr rgywlqdacy ag egamê÷gy grrñbgcy g agpg dyygjwrdr d {rcbqd agqgiêéc ag ag`mimæbimdy g dê÷gy icrrgqmpdy ge qge{c c{crqwbc" Crmgbqdêéc _gicegbad%yg twg c gy`crêc agamidac dc icbqrclg ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc ygfd ice{dqåpgl ice d me{crqïbimd ady egamê÷gy {drd d twdlmadag ac {rcawqc `mbdl ad crjdbmvdêéc" Gxge{lcy ag cbag we dlqc jrdw ag icbqrclg ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc í d{rc{rmdac mbilwge ymyqgedy ag egamêéc iråqmicy cw ice{lgxcy, egamê÷gy twg dyygjwrge ygjwrdbêd ac {rcawqc cw egamê÷gy twg rgywlqge ge dlqc iwyqc ywoygtügbqg, yg `cr mbicrrgqd" Icbqrclgy eåbmecy ag {rcigyyc {cage ygr dagtwdacy {drd egamê÷gy yme{lgy ag {drqgy béc iråqmidy" [rcigamegbqcy {drd icbqrclg ac {rcigyyc {cage ygr jgbírmicy {drd qm{cy ymemldrgy ag

4;




gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc g d{lmidê÷gy, qdmy icec c wyc ag `grrdegbqdy ag eéc {drd egamr {drqgy wymbdady" _gicegbad%yg twg c me{diqc ady jrdbagvdy ag mb`lwæbimd ycorg c {rcigyyc ag egamêéc ygfd twdbqm`midac" [cag ygr bgigyyärmc {rcfgqdr g rgdlmvdr gx{grmegbqcy cw mbpgyqmjdê÷gy gy{giå`micy {drd gyqg `me" Twdbac myqc béc í {cyyåpgl, rgicegbad%yg twg ygfde wydacy cy adacy, gy{gim`midê÷gy g dapgrqæbimdy `crbgimady {cr we `dormidbqg ag gtwm{degbqc" Dy idrdiqgråyqmidy ag agyge{gbhc rgtwgrmady {drd c wyc {rgqgbamac ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc agpge ygr magbqm`midady g twdbqm`midady" Crmgbqdêéc Gxge{lcy ag idrdiqgråyqmidy mbilwge ‑

mbigrqgvd ag egamêéc,

‑

gyqdomlmadag,

‑

grrc eäxmec {gremyyåpgl,

‑

rg{gqmomlmadag,

‑

rg{rcawqmomlmadag, rg{rcawqmomlmadag, g

‑

båpgl ag hdomlmadag ac c{grdacr"

Cwqrdy idrdiqgråyqmidy {cage ygr me{crqdbqgy {drd dljwby {rcigyycy ag egamêéc" :"?"9

_gdlmvdêéc ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc

C {rcigyyc ag egamêéc agpg ygr rgdlmvdac yco icbamê÷gy icbqrcldady {rcfgqdady {drd dqgbagr dcy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy" Dy icbamê÷gy d ygrge icbqrcldady agpge mbilwmr6 d- c wyc ag gtwm{degbqc ice{rcpdac, o- d{lmidêéc ag {rcigamegbqcy ag egamêéc pdlmadacy, i- d amy{cbmomlmadag ady `cbqgy ag mb`credê÷gy rgtwgrmady, a- edbwqgbêéc ady icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy rgtwgrmady, g- c wyc ag {gyycdl ice{gqgbqg, `-

c rgldqc dagtwdac acy rgywlqdacy, g

j- d me{lgegbqdêéc ag ecbmqcrdegbqc icec gy{gim`midac" :"?"1

_gjmyqrcy ag {rcigyycy ag egamêéc

D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg edbqgr rgjmyqrcy {drd agecbyqrdr icb`cremadag ice cy rgtwmymqcy ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc, mbilwmbac6 d- wed agyirmêéc ice{lgqd ice{lgqd acy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc me{lgegbqdacy, me{lgegbqdacy, mbilwmbac qcacy cy glgegbqcy ({cr gxge{lc, c{grdacrgy, twdltwgr gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc cw {dar÷gy ag pgrm`midêéc- wydacy g dy icbamê÷gy ag c{grdêéc {grqmbgbqgy>

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DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

o- cy adacy {grqmbgbqgy coqmacy acy icbqrclgy ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc, egamêéc, mbilwmbac twdltwgr mb`credêéc {grqmbgbqg ë mbigrqgvd ag egamêéc> i- twdmytwgr dê÷gy qcedady qcedady icec we rgywlqdac ag adacy ac icbqrclg ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc> a- d(y- adqd(y- bd(y- twdl(my- `cm icbawvmad idad dqmpmadag ag icbqrclg ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc> g- d magbqm`midêéc ag twdmytwgr aciwegbqcy ag pgrm`midêéc {grqmbgbqg> `-

d magbqm`midêéc magbqm`midêéc ad {gyycd rgy{cbyäpgl {cr {rcpgr d mb`credêéc {drd cy rgjmyqrcy>

j- dy hdomlmadagy (rgtwgrmady g dlidbêdady- ac {gyycdl" Crmgbqdêéc [drd cy {rc{ùymqcy ag rgjmyqrc, magbqm`midê÷gy {cr lcqg {cage ygr dagtwdady dagtwdady {drd mqgby ag icbywec wydacy ge icbqrclg ag {rcigyyc ag egamêéc" D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg dyygjwrdr twg ycegbqg d {gyycdy dwqcrmvdady í {gremqmac jgrdr, gegbadr, gemqmr cw d{djdr rgjmyqrcy" :"9 :"9"4

Mbigrqgvd ag egamêéc g rdyqrgdomlmadag Mbigrqgvd ag egamêéc

D mbigrqgvd ag egamêéc agpg ygr gyqmedad {drd idad {rcigyyc ag egamêéc dordbjmac {glc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc (pgr 7"4-" Gyqmedqmpdy ad mbigrqgvd agpge ygr rgjmyqrdady" D dbälmyg ady mbigrqgvdy ag egamêéc agpg ygr ice{lgqdad dbqgy ad ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc g ad pdlmadêéc ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc" Qcady dy `cbqgy icbhgimady ad pdrmdomlmadag ag egamêéc agpge ygr aciwegbqdady" Crmgbqdêéc Cy icbigmqcy gbpclpmacy g cy eíqcacy twg {cage ygr wydacy bd iceombdêéc acy ice{cbgbqgy ag mbigrqgvd g d d{rgygbqdêéc acy rgywlqdacy yéc d{rgygbqdacy bc “Jwmd {drd d gx{rgyyéc ag mbigrqgvd ge egamêéc― (JWE-" Cwqrcy eíqcacy aciwegbqdacy g digmqcy {cage ygr wydacy" Í {cyyåpgl twg dljwby ice{cbgbqgy ag mbigrqgvd ygfde {gtwgbcy ice{drdacy ice cwqrcy ice{cbgbqgy, c twg {cagrmd qcrbdr mbfwyqm`miäpgl ywd agqgrembdêéc agqdlhdad yco dy{giqcy qíibmicy cw gicbñemicy" Agyqd `cred, rgicegbad%yg twg d agimyéc g d fwyqm`midqmpd ygfde rgjmyqrdady" Ge qcacy cy idycy, rgicegbad%yg twg c gy`crêc agamidac bd agqgrembdêéc g rgjmyqrc ag mbigrqgvd ag egamê÷gy ygfd ice{dqåpgl ice d me{crqïbimd acy rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc {drd d twdlmadag ac {rcawqc ad crjdbmvdêéc" C rgjmyqrc ag agqgrembdê÷gy ag mbigrqgvd {cag qcedr d `cred ag “agildrdê÷gy jgbírmidy― {drd qm{cy ymemldrgy ag gtwm{degbqc gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc, ice icbqrmowmê÷gy ygbac damimcbdady {drd {rcigyycy ag egamêéc mbampmawdmy" _gicegbad%yg twg d mbigrqgvd ag we rgywlqdac ag egamêéc lgpg ge icbqd, gbqrg cwqrdy icbqrmowmê÷gy, d mbigrqgvd ad idlmordêéc ac gtwm{degbqc gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc" C wyc d{rc{rmdac ag qíibmidy gyqdqåyqmidy {drd dbälmyg acy rgywlqdacy ag idlmordê÷gy {rípmdy g {drd d dpdlmdêéc acy rgywlqdacy ag idlmordê÷gy ag pärmcy mqgby ymemldrgy ag gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc {cag dwxmlmdr bd gyqmedqmpd ag mbigrqgvdy" :"9"?

_dyqrgdomlmadag

D jgyqéc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg dyygjwrdr twg qcacy rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc ygfde rdyqrgäpgmy ëy wbmadagy {dar÷gy ac Ymyqged Mbqgrbdimcbdl (YM-"

4?




_dyqrgdomlmadag ag egamê÷gy ëy wbmadagy ac YM agpg ygr dlidbêdad {cr rg`græbimd d we {daréc {rmeärmc d{rc{rmdac cw {cr rg`græbimd d wed icbyqdbqg bdqwrdl, iwfc pdlcr ge qgrecy ag wbmadagy YM {grqmbgbqgy í icbhgimac g rgicegbadac {gld Icb`græbimd Jgrdl ag [gycy g Egamady g {glc Icemqæ Mbqgrbdimcbdl ag [gycy g Egamady" Cbag dicradac, {dar÷gy ag icbygbyc wydacy ge ymqwdê÷gy icbqrdqwdmy agpge ygr ycegbqg wydacy twdbac béc gxmyqge wbmadagy ac YM cw icbyqdbqgy bdqwrdmy rgicbhgimady" Crmgbqdêéc _dyqrgdomlmadag í wywdlegbqg dlidbêdad dqrdpíy ag ldocrdqùrmcy ag idlmordêéc icb`mäpgmy qgbac ywd {rù{rmd rdyqrgdomlmadag dcy {dar÷gy bdimcbdmy ag egamêéc" [cr gxge{lc, we ldocrdqùrmc twg dqgbad dcy rgtwmymqcy ad DOBQ BO_ MYC#MGI 4:;?7 {cagrmd ygr icbymagrdac icb`mäpgl" Mbyqmqwqcy Bdimcbdmy ag Egqrclcjmd yéc rgy{cbyäpgmy {cr {dar÷gy bdimcbdmy ag egamêéc g ywd rdyqrgdomlmadag, mbilwmbac dtwglgy idycy cbag c {daréc bdimcbdl ag egamêéc í edbqmac {cr Mbyqmqwmê÷gy cwqrdy twg béc ygfde cy Mbyqmqwqcy Bdimcbdmy ag Egqrclcjmd" _gywlqdacy ag egamêéc {cage ygr rdyqrgäpgmy dqrdpíy ag we Mbyqmqwqc Bdimcbdl ag Egqrclcjmd gxqgrbc dc {dåy cbag d egamêéc í `gmqd" ` gmqd" Edqgrmdmy ag rg`græbimd igrqm`midacy {cage ygr icbymagrdacy icec {dar÷gy ag rg`græbimd" _gjmyqrcy ag rdyqrgdomlmadag ag rgywlqdacy ag egamê÷gy agpge ygr edbqmacy {cr qdbqc qge{c twdbqc rgtwgrmac {glc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc, {glc ilmgbqg cw {cr rgtwmymqcy gyqdqwqärmcy g rgjwldegbqdrgy"

8

Dbälmyg g eglhcrmd ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc

8"4

Jgbgrdlmadagy

D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg {ldbgfdr g me{lgegbqdr c ecbmqcrdegbqc, dbälmyg g eglhcrmdy bgigyyärmcy {drd6 d- dyygjwrdr icb`cremadag ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc ice gyqd Bcred, g o- eglhcrdr icbqmbwdegbqg c ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc" 8"? 8"?"4

Dwamqcrmd g ecbmqcrdegbqc Jgbgrdlmadagy

D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg wydr dwamqcrmd, ecbmqcrdegbqc g cwqrdy qíibmidy, icec d{rc{rmdac, {drd agqgrembdr d dagtwdêéc g d g`miäimd ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc" 8"?"?

Ydqmy`dêéc ac ilmgbqg

D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg ecbmqcrdr mb`credê÷gy rgldqmpdy ë ydqmy`dêéc ac ilmgbqg {drd pgrm`midr yg dy bgigyymadagy egqrclùjmidy ac ilmgbqg `crde ydqmy`gmqdy" Cy eíqcacy {drd coqgr g wydr gyqd mb`credêéc agpge ygr gy{gim`midacy" 8"?"9

Dwamqcrmd ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc

D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg {ldbgfdr g icbawvmr dwamqcrmdy ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc {drd dyygjwrdr ywd me{lgegbqdêéc g`midv icbqåbwd g dqgbamegbqc dcy rgtwmymqcy gy{gim`midacy" _gywlqdacy ady dwamqcrmdy agpge ygr rgldqdacy {drd dy {drqgy gbpclpmady bd jgyqéc ad crjdbmvdêéc" Cy rgywlqdacy ag qcady dy dwamqcrmdy ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc g qcady dy ewadbêdy ac ymyqged agpge ygr rgjmyqrdacy" D crjdbmvdêéc agpg dyygjwrdr twg dê÷gy yéc qcedady yge dqrdycy mbagpmacy {drd glmembdr béc%icb`cremadagy agqgiqdady g ywdy idwydy"

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DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

Crmgbqdêéc Dwamqcrmdy ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc {cage ygr icbawvmady icec wed {drqg ady dwamqcrmdy ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ad crjdbmvdêéc" D DOBQ BO_ MYC 4=;44 `crbgig crmgbqdê÷gy ycorg ymyqgedy ag dwamqcrmd" Dwamqcrmdy ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc {cage ygr icbawvmady {gld `wbêéc egqrclùjmid ad crjdbmvdêéc, cw {cr {gyycdl icbqrdqdac cw ag qgrigmrd {drqg" _gicegbad%yg twg dwamqcrgy béc dwamqge ywdy {rù{rmdy ärgdy ag rgy{cbydomlmadag" 8"?"1 Ecbmqcrdegbqc ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc

Bcy {rcigyycy icbqmacy bc ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc, agpge ygr ecbmqcrdacy d ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid g cy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc" C ecbmqcrdegbqc agpg ygr rgdlmvdac ag dicrac ice {rcigamegbqcy aciwegbqdacy g d mbqgrpdlcy gyqdoglgimacy" Glg agpg mbilwmr d agqgrembdêéc ag eíqcacy d{lmiäpgmy, mbilwmbac qíibmidy gyqdqåyqmidy, g d gxqgbyéc ac ygw wyc" C ecbmqcrdegbqc ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc agpg {rgpgbmr agypmcy acy rgtwmymqcy, dyygjwrdbac d {rcbqd agqgiêéc ag ag`mimæbimdy g qcedbac, ge qge{c c{crqwbc, dê÷gy {drd ywd icrrgêéc" Gyqg ecbmqcrdegbqc agpg ygr bd {rc{crêéc icrrgqd dc rmyic ag `dlhd {drd dqgbagr cy rgtwmymqcy gy{gim`midacy" Cy rgywlqdacy ac ecbmqcrdegbqc acy {rcigyycy ag egamêéc g ice{rcpdêéc g twdmytwgr dê÷gy icrrgqmpdy rgywlqdbqgy agpge ygr aciwegbqdacy {drd agecbyqrdr twg d egamêéc g cy {rcigyycy ag ice{rcpdêéc pæe dqgbagbac icbqmbwdegbqg ice cy rgtwmymqcy aciwegbqdacy" 8"9 Icbqrclg ag béc%icb`cremadagy 8"9"4 Ymyqgedy ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc béc%icb`cregy

D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg dyygjwrdr d agqgiêéc ag twdmytwgr béc%icb`cremadagy g dacqdr dêéc megamdqd" Crmgbqdêéc Icbpíe twg glgegbqcy béc%icb`cregy ygfde magbqm`midacy {drd {rgpgbmr wyc mbdapgrqmac" Bgyqg åbqgrme, dê÷gy ({cr gxge{lc, {ldbcy megamdqcy- {cage megamdqcy- {cage ygr qcedady dqí twg dy dê÷gy icrrgqmpdy ygfde me{lgegbqdady" 8"9"? [rcigyycy ag egamêéc béc%icb`cregy

Twdltwgr {rcigyyc ag egamêéc icbhgimac twg {rcawvd, cw ygfd, ywy{gmqc ag {rcawvmr, rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc mbicrrgqcy, agpg ygr dagtwdadegbqg magbqm`midac g béc agpg ygr wydac dqí twg dê÷gy d{rc{rmdady qgbhde ymac qcedady" Yg we {rcigyyc ag egamêéc béc%icb`creg `cr magbqm`midac, c wywärmc ac {rcigyyc agpg agqgrembdr dy icbygtüæbimdy {cqgbimdmy, `dvgr dy icrrgê÷gy bgigyyärmdy g qcedr dy dê÷gy icrrgqmpdy bgigyyärmdy" We {rcigyyc ag egamêéc, ecam`midac agpmac d wed béc%icb`cremadag, agpg ygr pdlmadac dbqgy ac ygw wyc"

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Crmgbqdêéc @dlhd ag we {rcigyyc ag egamêéc agpmad, {cr gxge{lc, ë agqgrmcrdêéc ag we {daréc ag pgrm`midêéc cw ewadbêdy bd ice{gqæbimd ac c{grdacr {cage ygr rgpgldady {glcy mbamidacrgy {ùy%{rcigyyc qdmy icec6 ‑

dbälmyg ag jrä`micy ag icbqrclg,

‑

dbälmyg ag jrä`micy ag qgbaæbimd,

‑

mby{gê÷gy ywoygtügbqgy, ywoygtügbqgy,

‑

ice{drdê÷gy ice{drdê÷gy mbqgrldocrdqcrmdmy,

‑

dwamqcrmdy mbqgrbdy, g

‑

rgqrcdlmegbqdêéc rgqrcdlmegbqdêéc ag ilmgbqg"

8"9"9 Gtwm{degbqcy ag egamêéc béc%icb`cregy

Twdltwgr gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc ice{rcpdac twg í ywy{gmqc cw icbhgimac6 d- qgr ymac adbm`midac, o- qgr ymac ycorgidrrgjdac, i-

qgr edw `wbimcbdegbqc ag `cred twg {cyyd mbpdlmadr ygw wyc {rgqgbamac,

a- {rcawvmr rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc mbicrrgqcy, g-

gyqdr dlíe ac ygw mbqgrpdlc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid gy{gim`midac,

`-

qgr ymac edbwygdac grrcbgdegbqg,

j-

qgr we yglc cw {rcqgêéc adbm`midac cw twgordac,

h-

qgr ymac gx{cyqc ë mb`lwæbimd ag jrdbagvdy twg {cyyde d`gqdr dapgrydegbqg ygw wyc {rgqgbamac ({cr gxge{lc, ide{c glgqrcedjbíqmic, {cgmrd-

agpg ygr rgecpmac ac ygrpmêc {cr ygjrgjdêéc cw magbqm`midac {cr edridêéc cw gqmtwgqdjge `dimlegbqg pmyåpgl, d béc%icb`cremadag agpg ygr pgrm`midad g we rgldqùrmc ag béc%icb`cremadag agpg ygr {rg{drdac" Qdl gtwm{degbqc béc agpg rgqcrbdr dc ygrpmêc dqí twg dy rdv÷gy {drd ywd béc%icb`cremadag qgbhde ymac glmembdady g glg ygfd ice{rcpdac bcpdegbqg" Gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc béc%icb`creg, twg béc rgqcrbcw ëy ywdy idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy {rgqgbamady, agpg ygr ildrdegbqg edridac cw magbqm`midac ag cwqrd edbgmrd" D ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid ag qdl gtwm{degbqc {drd cwqrcy wycy agpg dyygjwrdr twg d ymqwdêéc ag dlqgrdêéc gyqä ildrdegbqg d{drgbqg g mbilwm magbqm`midêéc ag twdltwgr lmemqdêéc ag wyc" Crmgbqdêéc Yg `cr me{rdqmiäpgl dfwyqdr, rg{drdr cw rgpmydr ice c {rc{ùymqc ag ygr rg{drdac c gtwm{degbqc icbymagrdac béc dagtwdac {drd ygw wyc {rgqgbamac, wed c{êéc í rgodmxdegbqc ag `wbêéc cw wed ewadbêd ge ygw wyc {rgqgbamac" Icbpíe twg rgildyym`midêéc ygfd ycegbqg wydad ice ewmqc iwmadac, {cmy {cag idwydr icb`wyéc gbqrg cy wycy {gremqmacy ag {drqgy ag gtwm{degbqcy d{drgbqgegbqg maæbqmidy" Myqc mbilwm ice{rcpdê÷gy egqrclùjmidy egqrclùjmidy lmemqdady ag ycegbqg dljwedy `dmxdy cw `wbê÷gy ag gtwm{degbqcy ewlqm`dmxdy"

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DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

Yg c rgywlqdac ag wed pgrm`midêéc egqrclùjmid dbqgy ag twdltwgr dfwyqg cw rg{drc mbamidr twg c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc béc dqgbagw dcy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy ag qdl `cred twg d icrrgêéc acy rgywlqdacy ag egamêéc {cag qgr ymac ice{rcegqmac, c wywärmc ac gtwm{degbqc agpg agqgrembdr dy icbygtüæbimdy {cqgbimdmy g qcedr twdltwgr dêéc bgigyyärmd" Myqc {cag gbpclpgr rggxdeg ac {rcawqc {rcawvmac, wydbac egamê÷gy rgdlmvdady ice c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc béc%icb`creg" 8"1 8"1"4

Eglhcrmd Jgbgrdlmadagy

D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg {ldbgfdr g jgrgbimdr d eglhcrmd icbqåbwd ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc ice odyg bcy rgywlqdacy ady dwamqcrmdy, dbälmyg iråqmid {gld daembmyqrdêéc g cwqrcy `dqcrgy {grqmbgbqgy, qdmy icec, rgqrcdlmegbqdêéc acy ilmgbqgy" D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg dbdlmydr irmqmidegbqg g magbqm`midr c{crqwbmadagy {cqgbimdmy {drd d eglhcrmd ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc g ecam`miä%lc yg bgigyyärmc" 8"1"?

Dêéc icrrgqmpd

Twdbac we glgegbqc me{crqdbqg ac ymyqged ag jgyqéc ag egamêéc béc dqgbag dcy rgtwmymqcy gy{gim`midacy, cw twdbac adacy {grqmbgbqgy ecyqrde we ice{crqdegbqc mbdigmqäpgl, dê÷gy agpge ygr qcedady {drd magbqm`midr d idwyd g glmembdr d amyirg{ïbimd" Icrrgê÷gy g yclwê÷gy ag dêéc icrrgqmpd agpge ygr pgrm`midady dbqgy ag rgqcrbdr c {rcigyyc ag egamêéc dc wyc" C irmqírmc {drd d dacêéc ag dêéc icrrgqmpd agpg ygr aciwegbqdac" 8"1"9

Dêéc {rgpgbqmpd

D `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agpg agqgrembdr dêéc(÷gy- {drd glmembdr dy idwydy {cqgbimdmy ag béc%icb`cremadag ag egamêéc cw ice{rcpdêéc, bc ygbqmac ag {rgpgbmr ywdy cicrræbimdy" Dê÷gy {rgpgbqmpdy agpge ygr d{rc{rmdady {drd c g`gmqc ac {rcolged {cqgbimdl" We {rcigamegbqc aciwegbqdac agpg ygr gyqdoglgimac {drd ag`mbmr rgtwmymqcy {drd6 d- agqgrembdêéc ag béc%icb`cremadagy {cqgbimdmy g ywdy idwydy, o- dpdlmdêéc ad bgigyymadag ag dê÷gy {drd {rgpgbmr cicrræbimd ag béc%icb`cremadagy, i- agqgrembdêéc g me{lgegbqdêéc ag dê÷gy bgigyyärmdy, a- rgjmyqrc ag rgywlqdacy ag dêéc qcedad, g g- dbälmyg iråqmid ag dêéc {rgpgbqmpd dacqdad"

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@mjwrd ? ’ [rcigyyc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid {drd gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc

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DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

Dbgxc D

(mb`credqmpc-

Pmyéc jgrdl ac {rcigyyc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid

D"4 Mbqrcawêéc C {rcigyyc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid qge awdy gbqrdady, cy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy ac ilmgbqg (_EI- g dy idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc (IEGE-, g wed ydåad, d ymqwdêéc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc"

D"? _gtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy egqrclùjmicy ac ilmgbqg (_EICy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy ac ilmgbqg yéc dtwglgy rgtwmymqcy ag egamêéc gy{gim`midacy {glc ilmgbqg icec {grqmbgbqg {drd cy {rcigyycy ag {rcawêéc ac ilmgbqg" Glgy, {crqdbqc, ag{gbage ady gy{gim`midê÷gy {drd dy pdrmäpgmy d ygrge egamady" Cy _EI mbilwge dtwglgy gbpclpmacy bd pgrm`midêéc ad icb`cremadag ac {rcawqc ice dy gy{gim`midê÷gy ac ilmgbqg, ge damêéc ëtwglgy crmwbacy ac icbqrclg ac {rcigyyc ag {rcawêéc g ywdy gbqrdady" D agqgrembdêéc g gy{gim`midêéc agyqgy rgtwmymqcy í ag rgy{cbydomlmadag ac ilmgbqg, geocrd gyqg {rcigyyc {cyyd ygr agyge{gbhdac ge bceg ac ilmgbqg ilmgbqg {cr dljwedy {gyycdy twdlm`midady dagtwdadegbqg" Myqc `rgtügbqgegbqg rgtwgr we {rc`wbac icbhgimegbqc ac {rcigyyc ag {rcawêéc, oge icec ag egqrclcjmd" _gicegbad%yg twg cy _EI qdeoíe lgpge ge icbqd c rmyic ag eäy egamê÷gy g cy g`gmqcy agldy ycorg d crjdbmvdêéc g cy bgjùimcy" Cy _EI {cage ygr gx{rgyycy ge qgrecy ag grrc eäxmec {gremyyåpgl, lmemqgy c{grdimcbdmy gqi" _gicegbad%yg twg glgy ygfde yw`mimgbqgegbqg agqdlhdacy {drd {gremqmr dcy c{grdacrgy ac {rcigyyc ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid agimamr mbgtwmpcidegbqg yg we gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc {drqmiwldr í id{dv cw béc ag icbqrcldr, egamr cw ecbmqcrdr d pdrmäpgl cw twdbqmadag gy{gim`midad ag dicrac ice c ygw wyc {rgqgbamac" Gxge{lc6 Í rgtwgrmac twg d {rgyyéc ygfd icbqrcldad gbqrg ?;; n[d g ?7; n[d ge we rgdqcr ag {rcigyyc {drd wed c{grdêéc iråqmid" Gyqg rgtwmymqc agpg ygr mbqgr{rgqdac g gx{rgyyc icec we _EI {drd c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc ag {rgyyéc" Myqc {cagrmd rgywlqdr ge we _EI twg c gtwm{degbqc ygfd id{dv ag egamr wed `dmxd ag {rgyyéc ag 47; n[d d 9;; n[d, ice ? n[d ag grrc eäxmec {gremyyåpgl, wed mbigrqgvd ag egamêéc ag ;,9 n[d (béc mbilwmbac cy g`gmqcy rgldimcbdacy ice c qge{c-, g ice wed qgbaæbimd béc edmcr twg ;,4 n[d {cr {gråcac ag qge{c gy{gim`midac" C ilmgbqg ice{drd cy _EI ice dy idrdiqgråyqmidy (gx{låimqdy cw me{låimqdygy{gim`midady {glc `dormidbqg ac gtwm{degbqc g yglgimcbd gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc g {rcigamegbqcy twg eglhcr dqgbade dcy _EI" C ilmgbqg {cag gy{gim`midr we `crbgigacr {drqmiwldr {drd we edbñegqrc ice wed ildyyg ag gxdqmaéc ag ;,7' g `dmxd ag ; n[d d 1;; n[d"

D"9 Idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc (IEGEPmyqc twg dy IEGE yéc `rgtügbqgegbqg agqgrembdady {cr idlmordêéc (cw pärmdy idlmordê÷gy- g#cw qgyqgy, d `wbêéc egqrclùjmid agbqrc ac ymyqged ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid gy{gim`mid g icbqrcld qcady dtwgldy dqmpmadagy bgigyyärmdy" Dy gbqrdady {drd c {rcigyyc ag idlmordêéc yéc c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc, we {daréc ag egamêéc g we {rcigamegbqc twg gyqdoglgêd dy icbamê÷gy deomgbqdmy" Icbpíe twg cy rgywlqdacy ad idlmordêéc mbilwde wed agildrdêéc ad mbigrqgvd ad egamêéc" Gyqd í wed me{crqdbqg idrdiqgråyqmid icec wed gbqrdad twdbac yg dpdlmd d mbigrqgvd ad egamêéc {drd c {rcigyyc ag egamêéc twdbac c gtwm{degbqc í wydac"

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Cy rgywlqdacy ad idlmordêéc {cage ygr aciwegbqdacy agbqrc ac ymyqged ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid {cr twdltwgr eíqcac d{rc{rmdac icec, {cr gxge{lc, igrqm`midacy ag idlmordêéc cw rgldqùrmcy ag idlmordêéc (cbag idlmordê÷gy yéc qgrigmrmvdady - cw {cr rgjmyqrcy acy rgywlqdacy ad idlmordêéc (twdbac agyge{gbhdac mbqgmrdegbqg agbqrc ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid ad crjdbmvdêéc-" Idrdiqgråyqmidy me{crqdbqgy {drd d egamêéc, {cr gxge{lc, mbigrqgvd ag egamêéc, yéc béc yù ag{gbagbqgy ac gtwm{degbqc, edy, qdeoíe, ac deomgbqg, ac {rcigamegbqc ag egamêéc gy{giå`mic g, dljwedy pgvgy, ad hdomlmadag g gx{grmæbimd ac c{grdacr" [cr gyqd rdvéc, í ewmqc me{crqdbqg twg c {rcigyyc ag egamêéc ice{lgqc ygfd icbymagrdac twdbac yg yglgimcbd c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc {drd ydqmy`dvgr rgtwmymqcy" Gyqd icbymagrdêéc í d rgy{cbydomlmadag ad `wbêéc egqrclùjmid {drd d crjdbmvdêéc, geocrd dqmpmadagy gy{giå`midy {cyyde ygr agyge{gbhdady {gld crjdbmvdêéc cw {cr wed {gyycd dagtwdadegbqg twdlm`midad, icec we egqrclcjmyqd mbag{gbagbqg"

D"1 Pgrm`midêéc g ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid D{ùy d idlmordêéc, dy idrdiqgråyqmidy egqrclùjmidy ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc (IEGE- yéc ice{drdady dcy rgtwmymqcy egqrclùjmicy ac ilmgbqg (_EI- dbqgy ag icb`mredr c gtwm{degbqc {drd ygw wyc {rgqgbamac" [cr gxge{lc, c grrc rgldqdac ad mbamidêéc ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc agpgrmd ygr ice{drdac dc grrc eäxmec gy{gim`midac icec we rgtwmymqc egqrclùjmic ac ilmgbqg (_EI-" (_EI-" Yg c grrc `cr egbcr twg c grrc eäxmec {gremyyåpgl, gbqéc c gtwm{degbqc gyqä icb`creg ice dtwglgy rgtwmymqcy g {cag ygr ice{rcpdac {drd wyc" Yg c grrc `cr edmcr, dê÷gy agpgrmde ygr qcedady {drd rgecpgr d béc%icb`cremadag cw c icbywemacr agpg ygr mb`credac twg c gtwm{degbqc béc {cag ygr ice{rcpdac" Qdl ice{drdêéc amrgqd ac IEGE g _EI í `rgtügbqgegbqg ihdedad ag pgrm`midêéc (pgr DOBQ BO_ MYC =;;;6?;;;-" C ymyqged ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid í `mregegbqg odygdac ge qdmy pgrm`midê÷gy, edy icbpíe, qdeoíe, mbilwmr icbymagrdê÷gy agqdlhdady g dbälmyg iråqmid ac {rcigyyc ag egamêéc ice{lgqc, bc ygbqmac ag `crbgigr jdrdbqmd ad twdlmadag ady egamê÷gy `gmqdy ice c gtwm{degbqc ge d{cmc ë agqgrembdêéc ad icb`cremadag ac {rcawqc ice cy rgtwmymqcy ac ilmgbqg" Gxge{lc6 Ygjwmbac c gxge{lc ag D"?, í dyywemac twg c grrc gbicbqrdac {gld idlmordêéc í 9 n[d ge ?;; n[d, ice wed mbigrqgvd ad egamêéc bd idlmordêéc ag ;,9 n[d" [crqdbqc, c mbyqrwegbqc béc dqgbag dc rgtwmymqc ag grrc eäxmec {gremyyåpgl" D{ùy c dfwyqg, c grrc gbicbqrdac {gld idlmordêéc í ;,0 n[d g d mbigrqgvd bc {rcigyyc ag idlmordêéc í ;,9 n[d" C mbyqrwegbqc djcrd dqgbag dc rgtwmymqc ac grrc eäxmec {gremyyåpgl g {cag ygr icb`mredac {drd wyc, dyywembac twg d gpmaæbimd ag agecbyqrdêéc ag dqgbamegbqc ac rgtwmymqc ag qgbaæbimd pge ygbac coqmad" Icbqwac, yg c mbyqrwegbqc `cm ywoegqmac d rgice{rcpdêéc, icbpíe twg c wywärmc ac mbyqrwegbqc ygfd mb`credac acy rgywlqdacy ad {rmegmrd idlmordêéc, wed pgv twg dê÷gy icrrgqmpdy rg`grgbqgy ë rgdlmvdêéc ac {rcawqc {cage ygr rgtwgrmady {drd c {gråcac dbqgy twg mbyqrwegbqc qgbhd ymac rgqmrdac ac wyc djwdradbac d rgicb`medêéc" Yg d pgrm`midêéc acy {rcigyycy `cr agyge{gbhdad {glcy wywärmcy cw {gld `wbêéc egqrclùjmid, cy rgywlqdacy agyqd pgrm`midêéc {cage ygr ice{mldacy ge we aciwegbqc ag pgrm`midêéc, ge damêéc d twdmytwgr rgldqùrmcy cw igrqm`midacy ag idlmordêéc cw qgyqg, icec {drqg ag coygrpdêéc ag dwamqcrmd agbqrc ac ymyqged ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid" C gyqäjmc `mbdl bc ymyqged ag ice{rcpdêéc egqrclùjmid í d magbqm`midêéc dagtwdad ad ymqwdêéc ac gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc, {cr gxge{lc, {cr gqmtwgqdjge, edridêéc gqi" D{ùy myqc, c gtwm{degbqc ag egamêéc {cag ygr wydac {drd d `mbdlmadag {drd d twdl glg qgbhd ymac ice{rcpdac"

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DOBQ BO_ MYC 4;;4?6?;;1 4;;4?6?;;1

Omolmcjrd`md

^4U MYC 9791%464==9, Yqdqmyqmiy  Pcidowldr} dba y}eocly  [drq 46 [rcodomlmq} dba jgbgrdl yqdqmyqmidl qgrey" ^?U MYC 9791%?64==9, Yqdqmyqmiy  Pcidowldr} dba y}eocly  [drq ?6 Yqdqmyqmidl twdlmq} icbqrcl ^9U MYC 7:?7%4, Diiwrdi} (qrwgbgyy dba {rgimymcb- c` egdywrgegbq egqhcay dba rgywlqy ‑ [drq 46 Jgbgrdl {rmbim{lgy dba ag`mbmqmcby" ^1U MYC 7:?7%?, Diiwrdi} (qrwgbgyy dba {rgimymcb- c` egdywrgegbq egqhcay dba rgywlqy ‑ [drq ?6 Odymi egqhcay `cr qhg agqgrembdqmcb c` rg{gdqdomlmq} dba rg{rcawimomlmq} c` d yqdbadra egdywrgegbq egqhca" ^7U MYC 7:?7%9, Diiwrdi} (qrwgbgyy dba {rgimymcb- c` egdywrgegbq egqhcay dba rgywlqy ‑ [drq 96 Mbqgregamdqg egdywrgy c` qhg {rgimymcb c` d yqdbadra egdywrgegbq egqhca ^0U MYC 7:?7%1, Diiwrdi} (qrwgbgyy dba {rgimymcb- c` egdywrgegbq egqhcay dba rgywlqy ‑ [drq 16 Odymi egqhcay `cr qhg agqgrembdqmcb c` qhg qrwgbgyy c` d yqdbadra egdywrgegbq egqhca" ^:U MYC 7:?7%7, Diiwrdi} (qrwgbgyy dba {rgimymcb- c` egdywrgegbq egqhcay dba rgywlqy ‑ [drq 76 Dlqgrbdqmpg egqhcay `cr qhg agqgrembdqmcb c` qhg {rgimymcb c` d yqdbadra egdywrgegbq egqhca" ^8U MYC 7:?7%0, Diiwrdi} (qrwgbgyy dba {rgimymcb- c` egdywrgegbq egqhcay dba rgywlqy ‑ [drq 0> Wyg mb {rdiqmig c` diiwrdi} pdlwgy ^=U DOBQ BO_ MYC =;;46?;;;, Ymyqgedy ag jgyqéc ad twdlmadag  _gtwmymqcy ^4;U DOBQ BO_ MYC =;;16?;;;, Ymyqgedy ag jgyqéc ad twdlmadag ’ Amrgqrmvgy {drd eglhcrmdy ag agyge{gbhc ^44U DOBQ BO_ MYC 4=;446?;;?, Amrgqrmvgy {drd dwamqcrmdy ag ymyqged ag jgyqéc ad twdlmadag g#cw deomgbqdl ^4?U MYC 41;;464==0, Gbpmrcbegbqdl edbdjgegbq y}yqgey ‑ Y{gim`midqmcb zmqh jwmadbig `cr wyg ^49U DOBQ MYC#Q_ 4;;4:64===6‑ ?- Jwmdy ag qíibmidy {drd DOBQ BO_ MYC =;;464==1 ^41U MYC#Q_ 491?764==7 ‑ Jwmag `cr qhg yglgiqmcb c` yqdqmyqmidl egqhcay mb yqdbadramvdqmcb dba y{gim`midqmcb ^47U DOBQ BO_ MYC#MGI 4:;?764=== ‑ _gtwmymqcy jgrdmy {drd ice{gqæbimd ag ldocrdqùrmc ag qgyqg g idlmordêéc ^40U JWE64==7, Jwmag qc qhg gx{rgyymcb c` wbigrqdmbq} mb egdywrgegbq" [wolmyhga fcmbql} o} OM[E, MGI, M@II, MYC, MW[DI, MW[D[, CMEL ^4:U CMEL A4;64=81, Jwmaglmbgy `cr qhg agqgrembdqmcb c` rgidlmordqmcb mbqgrpdly c` egdywrmbj gtwm{egbq wyga mb qgyqmbj ldocrdqcrmgy"

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D ygr {wolmidad" (_gpmyéc ac MYC#Q_ 4;;4:64===-


NBR ISO 10012 - 2004[1] (1)

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