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Movement Analysis
Movement Joints Running Analysis
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Detailed analysis of movement is a complex activity requiring sophisticated equipment. However, basic analysis of movement can be done visually and should involve the following: • • • •
A description of the actual movements movements which occur at the joints involved The plane(s) plane(s) in which which the movement movement occurs occurs The muscles muscles producin producing g the movement movement The function function of the the muscles muscles involved involved (agonists, (agonists, antagonists, synergists & fixators)) fixators • The type of contraction (isotonic - concentric or eccentric, isometric) isometric) • The range of the muscle action (inner, middle, outer) outer)
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The leg action in running is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.
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The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint. The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint. The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.
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Each of these joints produces two actions, one when the leg is in contact with the ground (driving phase) and one when the leg is not in contact with the ground (recovery phase).
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Driving Phase
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Joints involved
Action
Agonist Muscle
Hip
Extension & hyperextension
Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Knee
Extension
Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis)
Ankle
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius
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Biomechanics Analysis Example
Recovery phase Joints involved
Action
Agonist Muscle
Hip
Flexion
Iliopsoas
Knee
Flexion
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Ankle
Dorsi flexion
Tibialis anterior
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Motion Analysis Sports Analysis
Analysis of Throwing Throwing comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the throwing phase. Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the two joints primarily involved are the elbow and shoulder. The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula. Note: The javelin is incorrectly held. See the Javelin section for more details.
Preparatory phase Joints involved
Articulating bones
Action
Agonist Muscle
Shoulder
Humerus & scapula
Horizontal hyperextension
Posterior deltoids and latissimus dorsi
Elbow
Humerus & ulna
Extension
Triceps brachii
Throwing phase Joints involved
Articulating bones
Action
Agonist Muscle
Shoulder
Humerus & scapula
Horizontal flexion
Anterior deltoids and Pectoralis major
Elbow
Humerus & ulna
Flexion
Biceps brachii
Analysis of racket strokes There are two phases to striking a ball with a racket, the preparatory phase and the striking phase. Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the three joints concerned are the wrist, elbow and the shoulder The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula The wrist forms a condyloid joint between the ulna and carpal bones
Preparatory Phase Joints involved
Articulating bones
Action
Agonist Muscle
Wrist
Ulna & carpal Radius &ulna
Supination
Supinator
Elbow
Humerus & ulna
Extension
Triceps brachii
Shoulder
Humerus & scapula
Horizontal hyperextension
Posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi
Striking Phase Joints involved
Articulating bones
Action
Agonist Muscle
Wrist
Ulna & carpal Radius & ulna
Pronation
Pronator teres
Elbow
Humerus & ulna
Flexion
Biceps brachii
Shoulder
Humerus & scapula
Horizontal flexion
Pectoralis major and Anterior deltoid
Rotation
External obliques
Trunk
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Analysis of jumping The action in jumping is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints. The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint. The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint. The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.
Joints involved
Action
Agonist Muscle
Hip
Extension &hyperextension
Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Knee
Extension
Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis)
Ankle
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius
Analysis of Kicking
The action in kicking is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints. The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint. The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint. The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint. Kicking comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the kicking phase.
Preparatory Phase Joints involved
Action
Agonist Muscle
Hip
Extension & hyperextension
Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus)
Knee
Flexion
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Ankle
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius
Kicking phase Joints involved
Action
Agonist Muscle
Hip
Flexion
Iliopsoas
Knee
Extension
Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis)
Ankle
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius
Agonist, Antagonist, Fixator & Synergist Muscles Question often asked relate to which are the Agonist, Antagonist, Fixator & Synergist Muscles. When kicking the ball then: • • • •
Agonist - Quadricep muscles Antagonist - Hamstring muscles Fixator - Gluteus Maximus Synergist - Abdominal muscles
Related References The following references provide additional information on this topic: • PERRY, T. S. (1990) Biomechanically engineered athletes. Spectrum, IEEE , 27 (4), p. 43-44 • NILSOON, N. (2014) Movement analysis of side step cutting motion in agility testing for elite athletes.
Page Reference If you quote information from this page in your work then the reference for this page is: • MACKENZIE, B. (2007) Movement Analysis [WWW] Available from: https://www.brianmac.co.uk/moveanal.htm [Accessed 24/10/2016]
Related Pages The following Sports Coach pages provide additional information on this topic: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Articles on Physiology Books on Physiology Blood Pressure Body Fat Body Type Energy Pathways Ideal Weight Lactic Acid Maximum Heart Rate Movement Analysis Muscle Types Protein Range of Movement Vitamins VO2 max
Additional Sources of Information For further information on this topic see the following: • BEASHEL, P. and TAYLOR, J. (1996) Advanced Studies in Physical Education and Sport . UK: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. • BEASHEL, P. and TAYLOR, J. (1997) The World of Sport Examined. UK: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. • BIZLEY, K. (1994) Examining Physical Education. Oxford; Heinemann Educational Publishers • DAVIS, B. et al. (2000) Physical Education and the Study of Sport . UK: Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
• GALLIGAN, F. et al. (2000) Advanced PE for Edexcel. Oxford; Heinemann Educational Publishers • McARDLE, W. et al. (2000) Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
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