Mount Pinatubo Eruption
The Volcanic Eruption of 1991 that Cooled the Planet
The Event :In June 1991, the second largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century* took place on the island of Luzon in the Philippines Philippines,, a mere 90 kilometers (55 miles) northwest of the capital city Manila. Location: Mount Pinatubo is part of a chain of composite volcanoes along the Luzon arc on the west coast of the island (area (area map). map). The arc of volcanoes is due to the subduction of the Manila trench to the west. The volcano experienced major eruptions approximately 500, 3000, and 5500 years ago. Approximately 30,000 people lived on the flanks of the volcano prior to the disaster. The Run up: 1. Fresh Fresh activity activity was signalled signalled by by big earthquak earthquakes es occurring (7.8 on the Richter Scale). 2. Villages Villages around around Mount Pinatubo Pinatubo began feeling feeling earthquakes and vulcanologists began to study the mountain. Small explosions from vents dusted local villages with ash. 3. The first evacuation evacuations s of 5,000 people were ordered later that month. 4. Earthquake Earthquakes s and and explosio explosions ns contin continued ued and and a Level 3 alert was issued for two weeks due to the possibility of a major eruption. 5. The format formation ion of of a lava lava dome dome led to to the warning of a Level 5 alert indicating an eruption in progress. 6. An evacuation area 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) away from the volcano was established and 25,000 people were evacuated 7. The Clark Air Base, Base, a U.S. military military install installation ation near the volcano, was evacuated. The 18,000 personnel and their families were transported to Subic Bay Naval Station and most were returned to the United States. 8. On June June 12, 12, the danger radius radius was was extended extended to 30 kilometers (18.6 miles) from the volcano resulting in the total evacuation of 58,000 people. 9. On June June 15, 15, the the climatic climatic eruption eruption of Mount Mount Pinatubo began at 1:42 p.m. local time. The eruption lasted for nine hours and caused numerous large earthquakes due to the collapse of the summit of Mount Pinatubo Up to 800 people were killed and 100,000 became homeless following the eruptions, which climaxed with nine hours of eruption on June 15, 1991. On June 15, millions of tons of sulfur dioxide were discharged into the atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in t he temperature worldwide over the next few years.
.
and the creation of a caldera. The caldera reduced the peak from 1745 meters (5725 feet) to 1485 meters (4872 feet) high is 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) in diameter. diameter. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, at the time of the eruption Tropical Storm Yunya was passing 75 km (47 miles) to the northeast of Mount Pinatubo, causing a large amount of rainfall in the region. The ash that was ejected from the volcano mixed with the water vapor in the air to cause a rainfall of tephra that fell across almost the entire island of Luzon. The greatest thickness of ash deposited 33 centimeters (13 inches) approximately 10.5 km (6.5 mi) southwest of the volcano. There was 10 cm of ash covering an area of 2000 km 2 (772 square miles). Most of the 200 to 800 people (accounts vary) who died during the eruption died due to the weight of the ash collapsing roofs and killing to occupants. Had Tropical Storm Yunya Yunya not been nearby, nearby, the death toll from the volcano would have been much lower. In addition to the ash, Mount Pinatubo ejected between 15 and 30 million tons of sulfur dioxide gas. Sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere mixes with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to become sulfuric acid, a greenhouse gas that causes ozone depletion. Over 90% of the material released from the volcano was ejected during the nine hour eruption of June 15. The eruption plume of Mount Pinatubo's various gasses and ash reached high into the atmosphere within two hours of the eruption, attaining an altitude of 34 km (21 miles) high and over 400 km (250 miles) wide. This eruption was the largest disturbance of the stratosphere since the eruption of Krakatau of Krakatau in 1883 (but ten times larger than Mount St. Helens in 1980). The aerosol cloud spread around the earth in two weeks and covered the planet within a year. year. During 1992 and 1993, the Ozone hole over Antarctica reached an unprecedented size. The cloud over the earth reduced global temperatures. In 1992 and 1993, the average temperature in the Northern Hemisphere was reduced 0.5 to 0.6°C and the entire planet was cooled 0.4 to 0.5°C. The maximum reduction in global temperature occurred in August 1992 with a reduction of 0.73°C. The eruption is believed to have influenced such events as 1993 floods along the Mississippi river and the drought in the Sahel region of Africa. The United States experienced its third coldest and third wettest summer in 77 years during 1992. Overall, the cooling effects of Mount Pinatubo's eruption were greater than those of the El Niño that was taking place at the time or of the greenhouse gas warming of the planet. Remarkable sunrises and sunsets were visible around the globe in the years following the eruption. The human impacts of the disaster are staggering. In addition to the up to 800 people who lost their lives, there was almost one half of a billion dollars in property and economic damage. The economy of central Luzon was horribly disrupted. In 1991, the volcano destroyed 4,979 homes and damaged another 70,257. The following year 3,281 homes were destroyed and 3,137 were damaged. Damage following the eruption was usually caused by lahars - rain-induced torrents of volcanic debris that killed people and animals and buried homes in the months after the eruption. Additionally, Additionally, a 1992 eruption in August 1992 killed 72 people. The United States military never returned to Clark Air Base, turning over the damaged base to the Philippine government on November 26, 1991. Today, oday, the region continues to rebuild and recover from the disaster.
